Статті в журналах: "Axillary meristem fate"

1

Andrés, Javier, and Elli Koskela. "Axillary Bud Fate Shapes Plant Architecture in Horticultural Crops." Horticulturae 8, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020130.

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Above-ground plant architecture is dictated to a large extent by the fates and growth rates of aerial plant meristems. Shoot apical meristem gives rise to the fundamental plant form by generating new leaves. However, the fates of axillary meristems located in leaf axils have a great influence on plant architecture and affect the harvest index, yield potential and cultural practices. Improving plant architecture by breeding facilitates denser plantations, better resource use efficiency and even mechanical harvesting. Knowledge of the genetic mechanisms regulating plant architecture is needed for precision breeding, especially for determining feasible breeding targets. Fortunately, research in many crop species has demonstrated that a relatively small number of genes has a large effect on axillary meristem fates. In this review, we select a number of important horticultural and agricultural plant species as examples of how changes in plant architecture affect the cultivation practices of the species. We focus specifically on the determination of the axillary meristem fate and review how plant architecture may change even drastically because of altered axillary meristem fate. We also explain what is known about the genetic and environmental control of plant architecture in these species, and how further changes in plant architectural traits could benefit the horticultural sector.

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2

Cao, Xiuwei, and Yuling Jiao. "Control of cell fate during axillary meristem initiation." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 77, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 2343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03407-8.

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3

Gradziel, Thomas M., and Kenneth A. Shackel. "Propagation of an Epigenetic Age-Related Disorder in Almond Is Governed by Vegetative Bud Ontogeny Rather Than Chimera-Type Cell Lineage." Horticulturae 7, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070190.

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Almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb) represents a model system for the study of epigenetic age-related disorders in perennial plants because the economically important noninfectious bud-failure disorder is well characterized and shown to be associated with the clonal-age of the propagation source. Epigenetic changes regulating disorders such as changes in methylation or telomere-length shortening would be expected to occur in shoot apical meristem initial cells since subsequent daughter cells including those in ensuing shoot axillary meristems show an irreversible advance in epigenetic aging. Because multiple initial cells are involved in meristem development and growth, such ‘mutations’ would be expected to occur in some initial cells but not others, resulting in mericlinal or sectorial chimeras during subsequent shoot development that, in turn, would differentially affect vegetative buds present in the leaf axils of the shoot. To test this developmental pattern, 2180 trees propagated from axillary buds of known position within asymptomatic noninfectious bud-failure budstick sources were evaluated for the disorder. Results demonstrate that relative bud position was not a determinant of successful trait propagation, but rather all axillary buds within individual shoots showed very similar degrees of noninfectious bud-failure. Control is thus more analogous to tissue-wide imprinting rather than being restricted to discrete cell lineages as would be predicted by standard meristem cell fate-mapping.

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4

Furner I, J., and J. E. Pumfrey. "Cell fate in the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana." Development 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.115.3.755.

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Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, heterozygous for the alb1 mutation were treated with X-rays to generate sectors of albino tissue in the mature plants. Sectors were observed in tissues derived from L2 and L3 layers of the shoot meristem. Altogether 324 sectors were obtained affecting 512 leaves or the inflorescence. The majority of sectors affected only one or other of the first leaf pair. In later leaves, sectors were less frequent, and often affected more than one leaf. Sectors seen in the flowers almost invariably included some of the cauline leaves. Sectors in any region of the plant were of variable length and width. The axillary meristems of Arabidopsis were found to be clonally related to two or more cells near the centre of the subtending leaf. Overall the data are compatible with the idea that there are few, if any, restrictions on cell fate within the cell layers of the dry seed meristem. As in other higher plants, developmental fate could only be predicted in a general and probabilistic way. Such a pattern might be generated if the acquisition of cell fate occurred continuously as the plant grows, in a position-dependent, lineage-independent fashion. A general model of the meristem has been produced to accommodate the observations concerning the great majority of the sectors.

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5

Irish, V. F., and I. M. Sussex. "A fate map of the Arabidopsis embryonic shoot apical meristem." Development 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.115.3.745.

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We have mapped the fate of cells in the Arabidopsis embryonic shoot apical meristem by irradiating seed and scoring the resulting clonally derived sectors. 176 white, yellow, pale green or variegated sectors were identified and scored for their position and extent in the resulting plants. Most sectors were confined to a fraction of a leaf, and only occasionally extended into the inflorescence. Sectors that extended into the inflorescence were larger, and usually encompassed about a third to a half of the inflorescence circumference. We also find that axillary buds in Arabidopsis are clonally related to the subtending leaf. Sections through the dry seed embryo indicate that the embryonic shoot apical meristem contains approximately 110 cells in the three meristematic layers prior to the formation of the first two leaf primordia. The histological analysis of cell number in the shoot apical meristem, in combination with the sector analysis have been used to construct a map of the probable fate of cells in the embryonic shoot apical meristem.

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6

Gallavotti, A., J. A. Long, S. Stanfield, X. Yang, D. Jackson, E. Vollbrecht, and R. J. Schmidt. "The control of axillary meristem fate in the maize ramosa pathway." Development 137, no. 17 (August 10, 2010): 2849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.051748.

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7

McConnell, J. R., and M. K. Barton. "Leaf polarity and meristem formation in Arabidopsis." Development 125, no. 15 (August 1, 1998): 2935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.15.2935.

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Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of seed plants are small groups of pluripotent cells responsible for making leaves, stems and flowers. While the primary SAM forms during embryogenesis, new SAMs, called axillary SAMs, develop later on the body of the plant and give rise to branches. In Arabidopsis plants, axillary SAMs develop in close association with the adaxial leaf base at the junction of the leaf and stem (the leaf axil). We describe the phenotype caused by the Arabidopsis phabulosa-1d (phb-1d) mutation. phb-1d is a dominant mutation that causes altered leaf polarity such that adaxial characters develop in place of abaxial leaf characters. The adaxialized leaves fail to develop leaf blades. This supports a recently proposed model in which the juxtaposition of ad- and abaxial cell fates is required for blade outgrowth. In addition to the alteration in leaf polarity, phb-1d mutants develop ectopic SAMs on the undersides of their leaves. Also, the phb-1d mutation weakly suppresses the shoot meristemless (stm) mutant phenotype. These observations indicate an important role for adaxial cell fate in promoting the development of axiallary SAMs and suggest a cyclical model for shoot development: SAMs make leaves which in turn are responsible for generating new SAMs.

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8

Negrón, Claudia, Loreto Contador, Bruce D. Lampinen, Samuel G. Metcalf, Yann Guédon, Evelyne Costes, and Theodore M. DeJong. "How different pruning severities alter shoot structure: a modelling approach in young ‘Nonpareil’ almond trees." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 3 (2015): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14025.

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Axillary meristem fate patterns along shoots, also referred to as shoot structure, appear to be fairly consistent among trees within a genotype growing under similar conditions. Less is known about shoot structural plasticity following external manipulations, such as pruning. The aim of this study on almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.)) shoots was to investigate how pruning severity affects the structure of 1-year-old shoots that grew after pruning (regrowth shoots), the 2-year-old portion of shoots that remained from the previous year’s growth after pruning (pruned shoots), and whether regrowth shoots reiterate the structure of the original 1-year-old shoots before pruning. Three pruning severities were imposed and the structures along the different shoots were assessed by building hidden semi-Markov models of axillary meristem fates. The structures of regrowth and pruned shoots depended on pruning severity, but maintained some of the original shoot characteristics. Regrowth shoots developed more complex structures with severe pruning, but had simpler structures than original shoots indicating progressive simplification with tree age. Pruned shoot structures were affected by the severity of pruning, by the structure when the shoots were 1 year old, and probably by local competition among buds. Changes in structure due to pruning can be modelled and be predictable.

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9

Grbić, Vojislava. "Comparative analysis of axillary and floral meristem development." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-017.

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Axillary and floral meristems are shoot meristems that initiate postembryonically. In Arabidopsis, axillary meristems give rise to branches during vegetative development while floral meristems give rise to flowers during reproductive development. This review compares the development of these meristems from their initiation at the shoot apical meristem up to the establishment of their specific developmental fates. Axillary and floral meristems originate from lateral primordia that form at flanks of the shoot apical meristem. Initial development of vegetative and reproductive primordia are similar, resulting in the formation of a morphologically defined primordium partitioned into adaxial and abaxial domains. The adaxial primordial domain is competent to form a meristem, while the abaxial domain correlates with the formation of a leaf. This review proposes that all primordia partition into domains competent to form the meristem and the leaf. According to this model, a vegetative primordium develops as leaf-bias while a reproductive primordium develops as meristem-bias.Key words: SHOOTMERISTEMLESS, LATERAL SUPPRESSOR, AINTEGUMENTA, adaxial primordial domain, abaxial primordial domain, shoot morphogenesis.

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10

Gaston, Amèlia, Aline Potier, Marie Alonso, Silvia Sabbadini, Frédéric Delmas, Tracey Tenreira, Noé Cochetel, et al. "The FveFT2 florigen/ FveTFL1 antiflorigen balance is critical for the control of seasonal flowering in strawberry while FveFT3 modulates axillary meristem fate and yield." New Phytologist 232, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17557.

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11

Zhu, Yang, and Doris Wagner. "Plant Inflorescence Architecture: The Formation, Activity, and Fate of Axillary Meristems." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 12, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): a034652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a034652.

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12

Cutri, Lucas, Nahum Nave, Michal Ben Ami, Noam Chayut, Alon Samach, and Marcelo Carnier Dornelas. "Evolutionary, genetic, environmental and hormonal-induced plasticity in the fate of organs arising from axillary meristems in Passiflora spp." Mechanisms of Development 130, no. 1 (January 2013): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2012.05.006.

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13

Kervella, J. "Growth Context and Fate of Axillary Meristems of Young Peach Trees. Influence of Parent Shoot Growth Characteristics and of Emergence Date." Annals of Botany 76, no. 6 (December 1995): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1995.1133.

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14

Nicolas, Antoine, Aude Maugarny-Calès, Bernard Adroher, Liudmila Chelysheva, Yu Li, Jasmine Burguet, Anne-Maarit Bågman, et al. "De novo stem cell establishment in meristems requires repression of organ boundary cell fate." Plant Cell, August 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac269.

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Abstract Stem cells play important roles in animal and plant biology, as they sustain morphogenesis and tissue replenishment following aging or injury. In plants, stem cells are embedded in multicellular structures called meristems. The formation of new meristems is essential for the plastic expansion of the highly branched shoot and root systems. In particular, axillary meristems that produce lateral shoots arise from the division of boundary domain cells at the leaf base. The CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) genes are major determinants of the boundary domain and are required for axillary meristem initiation. However, how axillary meristems get structured and how stem cells become established de novo remain elusive. Here, we show that two NGATHA-LIKE (NGAL) transcription factors, DEVELOPMENT-RELATED PcG TARGET IN THE APEX4 (DPA4)/NGAL3 and SUPPRESSOR OF DA1-1 7 (SOD7)/NGAL2, redundantly repress CUC expression in initiating axillary meristems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Ectopic boundary fate leads to abnormal growth and organisation of the axillary meristem and prevents de novo stem cell establishment. Floral meristems of the dpa4 sod7 double mutant show a similar delay in de novo stem cell establishment. Altogether, while boundary fate is required for the initiation of axillary meristems, our work reveals how it is later repressed to allow proper meristem establishment and de novo stem cell niche formation.

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15

Tanaka, Wakana, Suzuha Ohmori, Naoto Kawakami, and Hiro-Yuki Hirano. "Flower meristem maintenance by TILLERS ABSENT 1 is essential for ovule development in rice." Development 148, no. 24 (December 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.199932.

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ABSTRACT Plant development depends on the activity of pluripotent stem cells in meristems, such as the shoot apical meristem and the flower meristem. In Arabidopsis thaliana, WUSCHEL (WUS) is essential for stem cell homeostasis in meristems and integument differentiation in ovule development. In rice (Oryza sativa), the WUS ortholog TILLERS ABSENT 1 (TAB1) promotes stem cell fate in axillary meristem development, but its function is unrelated to shoot apical meristem maintenance in vegetative development. In this study, we examined the role of TAB1 in flower development. The ovule, which originates directly from the flower meristem, failed to differentiate in tab1 mutants, suggesting that TAB1 is required for ovule formation. Expression of a stem cell marker was completely absent in the flower meristem at the ovule initiation stage, indicating that TAB1 is essential for stem cell maintenance in the ‘final’ flower meristem. The ovule defect in tab1 was partially rescued by floral organ number 2 mutation, which causes overproliferation of stem cells. Collectively, it is likely that TAB1 promotes ovule formation by maintaining stem cells at a later stage of flower development.

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16

Nicolas, Antoine, and Patrick Laufs. "Meristem Initiation and de novo Stem Cell Formation." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (April 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.891228.

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Plant aerial development relies on meristem activity which ensures main body plant axis development during plant life. While the shoot apical meristem (SAM) formed in the embryo only contributes to the main stem, the branched structure observed in many plants relies on axillary meristems (AMs) formed post-embryonically. These AMs initiate from a few cells of the leaf axil that retain meristematic characteristics, increase in number, and finally organize into a structure similar to the SAM. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on de novo establishment of a stem cell population and its regulatory niche, a key step essential for the indeterminate fate of AMs. We stress that de novo stem cell formation is a progressive process, which starts with a transient regulatory network promoting stem cell formation and that is different from the one acting in functional meristems. This transient stage can be called premeristems and we discuss whether this concept can be extended to the formation of meristems other than AMs.

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17

Nicolas, Antoine, and Patrick Laufs. "Meristem Initiation and de novo Stem Cell Formation." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (April 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.891228.

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Plant aerial development relies on meristem activity which ensures main body plant axis development during plant life. While the shoot apical meristem (SAM) formed in the embryo only contributes to the main stem, the branched structure observed in many plants relies on axillary meristems (AMs) formed post-embryonically. These AMs initiate from a few cells of the leaf axil that retain meristematic characteristics, increase in number, and finally organize into a structure similar to the SAM. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on de novo establishment of a stem cell population and its regulatory niche, a key step essential for the indeterminate fate of AMs. We stress that de novo stem cell formation is a progressive process, which starts with a transient regulatory network promoting stem cell formation and that is different from the one acting in functional meristems. This transient stage can be called premeristems and we discuss whether this concept can be extended to the formation of meristems other than AMs.

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18

Li, Manfei, Yuanyuan Zheng, Di Cui, Yanfang Du, Dan Zhang, Wei Sun, Hewei Du, and Zuxin Zhang. "GIF1 controls ear inflorescence architecture and floral development by regulating key genes in hormone biosynthesis and meristem determinacy in maize." BMC Plant Biology 22, no. 1 (March 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03517-9.

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Abstract Background Inflorescence architecture and floral development in flowering plants are determined by genetic control of meristem identity, determinacy, and maintenance. The ear inflorescence meristem in maize (Zea mays) initiates short branch meristems called spikelet pair meristems, thus unlike the tassel inflorescence, the ears lack long branches. Maize growth-regulating factor (GRF)-interacting factor1 (GIF1) regulates branching and size of meristems in the tassel inflorescence by binding to Unbranched3. However, the regulatory pathway of gif1 in ear meristems is relatively unknown. Result In this study, we found that loss-of-function gif1 mutants had highly branched ears, and these extra branches repeatedly produce more branches and florets with unfused carpels and an indeterminate floral apex. In addition, GIF1 interacted in vivo with nine GRFs, subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, and hormone biosynthesis-related proteins. Furthermore, key meristem-determinacy gene RAMOSA2 (RA2) and CLAVATA signaling-related gene CLV3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) 4a (CLE4a) were directly bound and regulated by GIF1 in the ear inflorescence. Conclusions Our findings suggest that GIF1 working together with GRFs recruits SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling ATPases to influence DNA accessibility in the regions that contain genes involved in hormone biosynthesis, meristem identity and determinacy, thus driving the fate of axillary meristems and floral organ primordia in the ear-inflorescence of maize.

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Andrés, J., J. Caruana, J. Liang, S. Samad, A. Monfort, Z. Liu, T. Hytönen, and E. A. Koskela. "Woodland strawberry axillary bud fate is dictated by a crosstalk of environmental and endogenous factors." Plant Physiology, September 1, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab421.

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Abstract Plant architecture is defined by fates and positions of meristematic tissues and has direct consequences on yield potential and environmental adaptation of the plant. In strawberries (Fragaria vesca L. and F. × ananassa Duch.), shoot apical meristems (SAMs) can remain vegetative or differentiate into a terminal inflorescence meristem. Strawberry axillary buds (AXBs) are located in leaf axils and can either remain dormant or follow one of the two possible developmental fates. AXBs can either develop into stolons needed for clonal reproduction, or into branch crowns that can bear their own terminal inflorescences under favorable conditions. Although AXB fate has direct consequences on yield potential and vegetative propagation of strawberries, the regulation of AXB fate has so far remained obscure. We subjected a number of woodland strawberry (F. vesca L.) natural accessions and transgenic genotypes to different environmental conditions and growth regulator treatments to demonstrate that strawberry AXB fate is regulated either by environmental or endogenous factors, depending on the AXB position on the plant. We confirm that the F. vesca GIBBERELLIN20-oxidase4 (FvGA20ox4) gene is indispensable for stolon development and under tight environmental regulation. Moreover, our data show that apical dominance inhibits the outgrowth of the youngest AXB as branch crowns, although the effect of apical dominance can be overrun by the activity of FvGA20ox4. Finally, we demonstrate that the FvGA20ox4 is photoperiodically regulated via FvSOC1 (F. vesca SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1) at 18 °C, but at higher temperature of 22 °C an unidentified FvSOC1-independent pathway promotes stolon development.

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20

Luong, Ai My, Hélène Adam, Carole Gauron, Pablo Affortit, Fabrice Ntakirutimana, Ngan Giang Khong, Quang Hoa Le, et al. "Functional Diversification of euANT/PLT Genes in Oryza sativa Panicle Architecture Determination." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (July 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.692955.

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Grain yield, which is one of the most important traits in rice breeding, is controlled in part by panicle branching patterns. Numerous genes involved in the control of panicle architecture have been identified through mutant and QTL characterization. Previous studies suggested the importance of several AP2/ERF transcription factor-encoding genes in the control of panicle development, including the AINTEGUMENTA/PLETHORA-like (euANT/PLT) genes. The ANT gene was specifically considered to be a key regulator of shoot and floral development in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the likely importance of paralogous euANT/PLT genes in the regulation of meristem identities and activities during panicle architecture development has not to date been fully addressed in rice. In this study, we observed that the rice euANT/PLT genes displayed divergent temporal expression patterns during the branching stages of early panicle development, with spatial localization of expression in meristems for two of these genes. Moreover, a functional analysis of rice ANT-related genes using genome editing revealed their importance in the control of panicle architecture, through the regulation of axillary meristem (AM) establishment and meristem fate transition. Our study suggests that the paralogous euANT/PLT genes have become partially diversified in their functions, with certain opposing effects, since they arose from ancestral gene duplication events, and that they act in regulating the branching of the rice panicle.

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Ren, Yifan, Zhen He, Pingyu Liu, Brian Traw, Shucun Sun, Dacheng Tian, Sihai Yang, Yanxiao Jia, and Long Wang. "Somatic mutation analysis in Salix suchowensis reveals early segregated cell lineages." Molecular Biology and Evolution, September 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab286.

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Abstract Long-lived plants face the challenge of ever-increasing mutational burden across their long lifespan. Early sequestration of meristematic stem cells is supposed to efficiently slow down this process, but direct measurement of somatic mutations that accompanies segregated cell lineages in plants is still rare. Here we tracked somatic mutations in 33 leaves and 22 adventitious roots from 22 stem-cuttings across eight major branches of a shrub willow (Salix suchowensis). We found that most mutations propagated separately in leaves and roots, providing clear evidence for early segregation of underlying cell lineages. By combining lineage tracking with allele frequency analysis, our results revealed a set of mutations shared by distinct branches, but were exclusively present in leaves and not in roots. These mutations were likely propagated by rapidly dividing somatic cell lineages which survive several iterations of branching, distinct from the slowly dividing axillary stem cell lineages. Leaf is thus contributed by both slowly and rapidly dividing cell lineages, leading to varied fixation chances of propagated mutations. By contrast, each root likely arises from a single founder cell within the adventitious stem cell lineages. Our findings give straightforward evidence that early segregation of meristems slows down mutation accumulation in axillary meristems, implying a plant “germline” paralogue to the germline of animals through convergent evolution.

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22

Kondhare, Kirtikumar R., Amit Kumar, Nikita S. Patil, Nilam N. Malankar, Kishan Saha, and Anjan K. Banerjee. "Development of aerial and belowground tubers in potato is governed by photoperiod and epigenetic mechanism." Plant Physiology, September 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab409.

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Abstract Plants exhibit diverse developmental plasticity and modulate growth responses under various environmental conditions. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), a modified stem and an important food crop, serves as a substantial portion of the world’s subsistence food supply. In the past two decades, crucial molecular signals have been identified that govern the tuberization (potato development) mechanism. Interestingly, microRNA156 overexpression in potato provided the first evidence for induction of profuse aerial stolons and tubers from axillary-meristems under short-day photoperiod. A similar phenotype was noticed for overexpression of epigenetic modifiers - MUTICOPY SUPRESSOR OF IRA1 (StMSI1) or ENAHNCER OF ZESTE 2 (StE[z]2), and knockdown of B-CELL SPECIFIC MOLONEY MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS INTEGRATION SITE 1 (StBMI1). This striking phenotype represents a classic example of modulation of plant architecture and developmental plasticity. Differentiation of a stolon to a tuber or a shoot under in vitro or in vivo conditions symbolizes another example of organ level plasticity and dual fate acquisition in potato. Stolon-to-tuber transition is governed by short-day photoperiod, mobile RNAs/proteins, phytohormones, a plethora of small RNAs and their targets. Recent studies show that polycomb group proteins control microRNA156, phytohormone metabolism/transport/signalling, and key tuberization genes through histone modifications to govern tuber development. Our comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes between the overexpression lines of StMSI1, StBEL5 (BEL1-LIKE transcription factor) and POTH15 (POTATO HOMEOBOX 15 transcription factor) revealed >1000 common genes, indicative of a mutual gene regulatory network potentially involved in the formation of aerial and belowground tubers. In this review, in addition to key tuberization factors, we highlight the role of photoperiod and epigenetic mechanism that regulates the development of aerial and belowground tubers in potato.

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