Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Aviation meteorological factors"

The direction of the agro-industrial complex development is considered through the use of agricultural aviation and unmanned aerial vehicles, in particular, the issues of integrated application of methods for meteorological conditions forecasting for solving problems of meteorological support for agricultural aviation are considered. The analysis of the impact of climate change on the development of dangerous weather events and complex weather conditions in areas located in different geographical zones was carried out, and their regional specificity was revealed. The identified climatic features of the considered areas indicate the priority importance of developing a regional observation network. It is assumed that the development and technical modernization of the meteorological network will significantly increase the efficiency of meteorological support for the agro-industrial complex. The article also discusses the use of various types of meteorological information in the model of regional meteorological support for aircraft flights in agricultural areas proposed by the authors. The model is based on a systematic approach in which the “crew - aircraft” system is considered as a single dynamic system that is continuously influenced by changing environmental factors.

The problem of the unfavorable weather conditions impact on aircraft, including electric discharges on aircraft, continues to be relevant. For the successful implementation of flights, aviation as a type of transport should ensure safety, regularity and economy of air transportation. The aerial meteorology always takes an active part in above problems solution, since flight safety depends on timely prediction of unfavorable weather conditions. Modern airfield and aircraft equipment, as well as a new meteorological technique, helped to improve flight safety and reduce the number of accidents associated with adverse weather conditions, but this did not solve all the problems of civil aviation meteorological support. This problem is especially acute in small airports, where there are often no means of meteorological support and warnings about dangerous weather phenomena or they are insufficient. The article analyzes various unfavorable weather conditions, their influence on aircraft, provides statistics related to unfavorable weather conditions of aviation accidents, and shows the proportion of meteorological conditions among the factors affecting safety. Particular attention is paid to the problem of electric discharges to aircraft. The consequences of electric discharges on aircraft, as well as weather conditions contributing to electric discharges, are analyzed. In order to improve flight safety at local airports, it is proposed to create mobile units for collecting, processing and transmitting meteorological information that is territorially spread over the aerodrome zone; it allows to create mobile meteorological radar network. The structural scheme of the deployment of the mobile network for meteorological radars is given.

High-quality organization of meteorological support along the flight routes, increasing its efficiency depends on many factors. These factors include the moderate and high intensity turbulence observed in the middle and upper flight echelons, icing, jet streams, volcanic ash clouds and their distribution areas, tropopause level, its altitude, and others. In the pre-flight preparation phase, the meteorological body provides meteorological support for all types of domestic and international flights planned in the middle and upper troposphere. The organization of flight efficiency and economic profitability depends on the high-quality forecast of the above-mentioned meteorological factors. The article analyzes the characteristics of weather conditions that affect flights in the middle and upper troposphere. The main recommendations and requirements of Annex 3 (ANEX 3) and its amendments (Amendment 79), ICAO's guidelines for meteorological support for international air navigation, are relevant to many of the issues discussed in this article. Key words: turbulence, jet stream, volcanic ash, aircraft, tropopause, aviation, flight echelon, pressure, wind, temperature, meteorological support, flight route

The phenomenon of encountering instrument meteorological conditions (IMCs) while operating an aircraft under visual flight rules (VFRs) remains a primary area of concern. Studies have established that pilots operating under VFRs that continue to operate under IMCs remains a significant cause of accidents in general aviation (GA), resulting in hundreds of fatalities. This research used the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) database, which contained a total of 196 VFR to IMC occurrences, from 2003 to 2019, with 26 having formal reports. An explanatory design was adopted, commencing with a qualitative study of the 26 occurrences with reports followed by a quantitative study of all 196 occurrences. Factors investigated included the locations and date of the occurrences, involved aircraft (manufacturer, model, type), pilot details (licenses, ratings, h, and medical), number of fatalities, and causal factors. Fisher’s exact tests were used to highlight significant relationships. Results showed occurrences were more likely to end fatally if (1) they involved private operations, (2) pilots only had a night VFR rating, (3) the pilot chose to push on into IMCs, (4) the pilot did not undertake proper preflight planning consulting aviation weather services, and (5) the pilot had more than 500 h of flight experience. Further results showed occurrences were less likely to end fatally if the meteorological condition was clouds without precipitation, if the pilot held a full instrument rating, or the pilot was assisted via radio. Analysis of the data using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework revealed that errors and violations occur with slightly greater frequency for fatal occurrences than non-fatal occurrences. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that the number of VFR to IMC occurrences have not decreased even though initiatives have been implemented in an attempt to address the issue.

Utilizing routine hourly meteorological data of Xinjin Airport and daily average PM2.5 concentration data for Chengdu, winter visibility characteristics at Xinjin Airport between 2013 and 2017 and their relationship with meteorological conditions and particulate matter were analyzed. Between 2013 and 2017, the average winter visibility in Xinjin Airport was lowest in January, followed by that in December. The occurrence frequency of haze days in winter was much higher than that of nonhaze (clean) days, being 90.2% and 9.8%, respectively. These were mainly mild haze days, with an occurrence frequency of 44.4%, while severe haze days occurred the least, with a frequency of 7.7%. The linear and nonlinear relationships between winter visibility, meteorological factors, and PM2.5 were measured using daily data in winter from 2013 to 2016. The linear correlation between PM2.5 concentration and visibility was the most evident, followed by that of relative humidity. Visibility had a higher nonlinear correlation with PM2.5 concentration, relative humidity, and dew point depression. When relative humidity was between 70% and 80%, the negative correlation between visibility and PM2.5 concentration was the most significant and could be described by a power function. The multivariate linear regression equation of PM2.5 concentration and relative humidity could account for 65.9% of the variation in winter visibility, and the multivariate nonlinear regression equation of PM2.5 concentration, relative humidity, and wind speed could account for 68.1% of the variation in winter visibility. These two equations reasonably represented the variation in winter visibility in 2017.

Meteorological support for aviation is an essential element of an integrated system for air traffic management as incorrect meteorological information about hazardous meteorological conditions has a significant impact on the level of flight safety and on all aspects of air traffic management. At present, a number of decisions have been taken at the state level in Russia, according to which a large-scale program is being implemented to develop the infrastructure of the Far North and the Arctic regions, the development of territories, the coast of the Northern Sea Route, and the development of mineral deposits. The climate of the Arctic is one of the severest on Earth. The instability of the meteorological situation is expressed in a sharp change in the wind direction and speed, a decrease in the height of the cloud cover, the rapid inflow of fog from the sea on the coast. Strong winds cause a snowstorm and drifting snow, in summer, under the influence of a powerful cyclone, a sudden increase in air temperature is possible. These natural factors together create adverse, at times extreme climatic conditions, which lead to the emergence of meteorological hazards dangerous to aviation. These phenomena are difficult to predict and significant in terms of impact. Making landing and takeoff in the Arctic, as a rule, is associated with an increased risk. This is due to the fact that temporary aerodromes and landing sites have minimal aerodrome equipment, meteorological provision is almost completely or partially not available, there are no statistical data on weather peculiarities at the place of take-off and landing. The problem of servicing landing sites is the use of outdated equipment, lack or inability of permanent maintenance staff residing in the area. Taking into account the above facts, for effective and safe use of aviation in the Arctic region, it is necessary to automate as much as possible the processes of obtaining, processing and reporting to the crews data on the meteorological situation in the area of the landing site and on the flight route. The article discusses the need to use automated systems for collecting, processing and transmitting meteorological information to inform crews of aircraft carrying out take-offs and landings in the areas of aircraft and helicopter landing areas of the Arctic zone about the state of the surface layer of the atmosphere and the altitudes where icing is possible.

The research of this paper is based on the domestic airline operational control that exist variety of factors under the state of emergency, such as emergent meteorological conditions, flight flow and alternate airport security conditions, the potential human factors and organizational management operation, in order to establish the correct hierarchy model, we analyzing the inherent correlation of these explicit and implicit factors which impact on the dispatch release work, then apply these factors to the Bayesian network structure and use Gaussian normal distribution to solve mean value and mean square error to determine the weight for influence factors so that run a aviation safety assessment for dispatch operation, it can help the company to propose targeted security operating strategy.

As the aviation industry has entered a critical period of development, the demand for Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) technology is becoming increasingly urgent. Real-time detection of aviation wind field information and the early warning of wind field shear by atmospheric sounding system are two important factors related to the safe operation of aviation and airport. According to the advantages of ADS-B and Mode S data, this paper uses the Meteo-Particle (MP) model proposed by Sun et al., in their previous research to retrieve high-altitude wind field. Comparing the precision and accuracy of wind field retrieved results, and the optimization parameters of MP model suitable for meteorological model are further studied. To solve the problem of incomplete wind field coverage obtained by retrieval, an extrapolation algorithm of wind field is proposed. The results show that: (1) a comprehensive evaluation index is introduced, which can more effectively evaluate the comprehensive difference of wind field retrieval results in wind speed and direction. (2) The adaptability results of MP model in different periods and altitudes provide some reference for the research of other scholars. (3) The new parameter setting can improve the accuracy of the retrieved results, and the appropriate extrapolation of wind field fills in the blank part of aviation and meteorology.

General Aviation (GA) accounts for most of the weather-related accidents in the United States. This may be due to several factors, such as inadequate weather knowledge and a lack of exposure to meteorological conditions. Currently, GA pilots are taught the theory on how to interpret weather charts and avoid weather systems; however, they receive little to no practice in such conditions. While simulation technology may be the solution, current GA flight training scenarios do not incorporate the effects of weather on simulated flight performance. Furthermore, these scenarios are designed for use on advanced simulators which GA pilots may not have access to. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of desktop simulation technology to provide GA pilots the opportunity to practice encounters of various meteorological conditions, such as low ceilings and visibility. This paper will also provide recommendations for developing such computer-based weather training scenarios.

The task to provide flight safety is solved both at the stage of design and manufacture of aircraft and during its operation. Flight safety is influenced by three groups of factors: a human factor, a technical factor and marginal ambient conditions. In spite of the fact that only about 3% of aviation accidents are caused by marginal ambient conditions, in many cases there was a combination of the human factor as the main one with the availability of the accompanying unfavorable external conditions, especially marginal weather conditions. The article provides a comparative analysis of a flight safety factor in commercial civil aviation in the Russian Federation and the United States and analyzes accident statistics caused by adverse meteorological conditions. Since the greatest number of accidents related to marginal weather conditions occurred with helicopters, the article has highlighted the possibility of increasing helicopter flight safety by creating a methodology for risk assessment associated with the influence of adverse weather conditions before the flight operation. Risk assessment techniques, such as the ICAO Risk Assessment Matrix, the CFIT checklist, FRAT, have been analyzed and the feasibility of using the FRAT methodology has been demonstrated. On the basis of the FRAT methodology after updating the section "Operating conditions of the aircraft", a risk assessment methodology for the forthcoming flight of helicopters was obtained. A risk level admissibility scale for the forthcoming flight was proposed to interpret the obtained values of the risk level.

Магістерська дисертація складається зі вступу, чотирьох розділів, висновку та двох додатків, містить 14 рисунків, 29 таблиць та 15 джерел. Повний обсяг магістерської дисертації складає 98 сторінок, з яких додатки – 8 сторінок. До магістерської дипломної роботи Новосьол Катерини Ігорівни на тему: «Математичне та програмне забезпечення для формулювання авіаційної метеодовідки». Актуальність теми. Мета дослідження. Метою магістерської дисертації є дослідження функціонування аеропортів за складних метеорологічних умов, розробка показників функціонування аеропортів при цих умовах, розробка методики їх аналітичного і статистичного моделювання та розробка прикладного програмного забезпечення для формування коду довідки, який можна використати для передачі у повідомленні закритого вигляду. Для досягнення поставленої мети необхідно вирішити комплекс наступних взаємопов’язаних завдань: - проаналізувати існуючі показники метеорологічних умов, котрі впливають на функціонування аеропортів за складних метеорологічних умов; - проаналізувати методи формування метеодовідок та їх залежність від погодних параметрів; - дослідити вплив метеорологічних умов (а саме кліматичних характеристик) на політ літака; - дослідити динамічні процеси розвитку кліматичних характеристик з урахуванням метеорологічних умов; - розробити методику аналітичного та статистичного моделювання показників; - спроектувати та розробити програмне забезпечення для формування довідки із застосуванням запропонованої методики. Об’єктом дослідження є прикладне програмне забезпечення для для формування коду довідки, який можна використати для передачі у повідомленні закритого вигляду. Предметом дослідження є засоби автоматизації формування кодів метеорологіної довідки з урахуванням впливу кліматичних характеристик на політ повітряних суден у складних метеорологічних умовах. Методами дослідженняє загальнонаукові принципи проведення досліджень. В дослідженні використано методи: - наукового аналізу та синтезу для виявлення проблемних аспектів систем моделювання; - методи теорії ймовірності; - метод статистичного моделювання. Наукова новизна. Вперше сформовано метеодовідку, яка відрізняється від існуючих новою методикою виведення горизонтальної дальності видимості, що дозволяє підвищити точність прогнозування польоту. Практичне значення отриманих результатів.Результатом роботи є прикладний програмний застосунок для оцінювання метеорологічних характеристик аеродрому та формулювання авіаційної метеодовідки. Зв'язок роботи з науковими програмами, планами, темами. Дисертаційна робота магістра виконувалась у Національному технічному університеті України "Київський політехнічний інститут ім. Ігоря Сікорського" згідно з планом науково-дослідницьких робіт кафедри а автоматизованих систем обробки інформації та управління. Публікації. Наукові положення дисертації були опублікованіна V всеукраїнській науково-практичній конференції молодих вчених та студентів «Інформаційні системи та технології управління»(ІСТУ-2020).
The master's dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion and two appendices, contains 14 figures, 29 tables and 15 sources. The full volume of the master's dissertation is 98 pages, of which the appendices are 8 pages. To Kateryna Ihorivna Novosyol's master's thesis on the topic: " Mathematical and software application for aviation meteorological report formulation ". Actuality of theme. The aim of the study. The purpose of the master's dissertation is to study the operation of airports in difficult weather conditions, to develop indicators of airport operation under these conditions, to develop methods for their analytical and statistical modeling and to develop application software for reference code that can be used to transmit in closed message. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve a set of the following interrelated tasks: - to analyze the existing indicators of meteorological conditions that affect the functioning of airports in difficult meteorological conditions; - to analyze the methods of forming meteorological reports and their dependence on weather parameters; - to investigate the influence of meteorological conditions (namely climatic characteristics) on the flight of the aircraft; - to study the dynamic processes of development of climatic characteristics taking into account meteorological conditions; - to develop a method of analytical and statistical modeling of indicators; - to design and develop the software for formation of the reference with application of the offered technique. The object of the study is application software for generating help code, which can be used for transmission in a closed message. The subject of the research is the means of automating the formation of meteorological reference codes taking into account the influence of climatic characteristics on the flight of aircraft in difficult meteorological conditions. Research methods are general scientific principles of research. The study used the following methods: - scientific analysis and synthesis to identify problematic aspects of modeling systems; - methods of probability theory; - method of statistical modeling. Scientific novelty. For the first time a meteorological report was formed, which differs from the existing ones by a new method of deriving the horizontal range of visibility, which allows to increase the accuracy of flight forecasting. The practical significance of the results. The result of the work is an applied software application for assessing the meteorological characteristics of the aerodrome and the formulation of aviation meteorological information. Connection of work with scientific programs, plans, themes. The dissertation of the master was performed at the National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute named after Igor Sikorsky" according to the plan of research work of the department of automated information processing and control systems. Publications. The scientific provisions of the dissertation were published at the V All-Ukrainian scientific-practical conference of young scientists and students "Information systems and management technologies" (ISTU-2020).

Cirrus clouds have only recently been recognized as having a significant influence on weather and climate through their impact on the radiative energy budget of the atmosphere. In addition, the unique difficulties presented by the study of cirrus put them on the “back burner” of atmospheric research for much of the twentieth century. Foremost, because they inhabit the frigid upper troposphere, their inaccessibility has hampered intensive research. Other factors have included a lack of in situ instrumentation to effectively sample the clouds and environment, and basic uncertainties in the underlying physics of ice cloud formation, growth, and maintenance. Cloud systems that produced precipitation, severe weather, or hazards to aviation were deemed more worthy of research support until the mid- 1980s. Beginning at this time, however, major field research programs such as the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program) Regional Experiment (FIRE; Cox et al. 1987), International Cirrus Experiment (ICE; Raschke et al. 1990), Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study (ECLIPS; Platt et al. 1994), and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program (Stokes and Schwartz 1994) have concentrated on cirrus cloud research, relying heavily on ground-based remote sensing observations combined with research aircraft. What has caused this change in research emphasis is an appreciation for the potentially significant role that cirrus play in maintaining the radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system (Liou 1986). As climate change issues were treated more seriously, it was recognized that the effects, or feedbacks, of extensive high-level ice clouds in response to global warming could be pivotal. This fortunately came at a time when new generations of meteorological instrumentation were becoming available. Beginning in the early 1970s, major advancements were made in the fields of numerical cloud modeling and cloud measurements using aircraft probes, satellite multispectral imaging, and remote sensing with lidar, short-wavelength radar, and radiometers, all greatly facilitating cirrus research. Each of these experimental approaches have their advantages and drawbacks, and it should also be noted that a successful cloud modeling effort relies on field data for establishing boundary conditions and providing case studies for validation. Although the technologies created for in situ aircraft measurements can clearly provide unique knowledge of cirrus cloud thermodynamic and microphysical properties (Dowling and Radke 1990), available probes may suffer from limitations in their response to the wide range of cirrus particles and actually sample a rather small volume of cloud during any mission.

Aviation in all countries, as in our country, from the moment it began to rule the sky, paid for this victory with great blood sacrifices! These sacrifices were much higher at that time in terms of flight time and performance. It was found that no matter how rigorous the selection of personnel, the human factor, along with other factors, aeronautical and meteorological material, was a major cause, and accidents could be largely reduced, but not eliminated. Appreciating the sacrifice of the aviators and their material disinterest in this ideal, the "FLIGHT", the highest forums, have taken measures in all countries to ensure the lives of disabled aviators or their descendants due to flight accidents. In line with this unanimously implemented trend at the international level, the system of insurance premiums was first legislated in our country by the Law of the Undersecretary of State for Air of June 5, 1932 and continued later, by the laws that followed, with various amendments. to this day.

The aim of the paper is to approach and get acquainted with meteorological elements that occur in mountain areas and how their occurrence affects the fluidity and safety of air traffic. The first part of the work was devoted to the history of observing meteorological conditions together with the development of monitored variables, their measurement scales and units used. Subsequently, climatology and meteorology were specified as scientific disciplines and weather in general. Furthermore, in the work we discussed in more detail the part of the atmosphere where the biggest changes in the weather and its creation take place. To illustrate the importance of monitoring and not underestimating meteorological phenomena, we emphasized the failure of the human factor in the most tragic aviation accident that occurred on the island of Tenerife. In the penultimate part of the theoretical part, we paid attention to the meteorological elements themselves, which have the greatest impact on aviation in mountainous areas. In the last theoretical part, we talked about aerial weather reports, which we also decoded. In the practical part, we characterized the airport Poprad-Tatry in terms of location in relation to the surrounding mountains and observed how the investigated meteorological elements affect the area.