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Статті в журналах з теми "Avalanche photodiode operated in Geiger mode"
Sugihara, K., E. Yagyu, and Y. Tokuda. "Numerical analysis of single photon detection avalanche photodiodes operated in the Geiger mode." Journal of Applied Physics 99, no. 12 (June 15, 2006): 124502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2207575.
Повний текст джерелаKarve, G., S. Wang, F. Ma, X. Li, J. C. Campbell, R. G. Ispasoiu, D. S. Bethune, et al. "Origin of dark counts in In0.53Ga0.47As∕In0.52Al0.48As avalanche photodiodes operated in Geiger mode." Applied Physics Letters 86, no. 6 (February 7, 2005): 063505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1861498.
Повний текст джерелаSalzmann, Hans, Per Nielsen, and Chris Gowers. "Digital single-photon-avalanche-diode arrays for time-of-flight Thomson scattering diagnostics." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 083517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0095252.
Повний текст джерелаKang, Jong-Ik, Hyuk-Kee Sung, Hyungtak Kim, Eugene Chong, and Ho-Young Cha. "Diode quenching for Geiger mode avalanche photodiode." IEICE Electronics Express 15, no. 9 (2018): 20180062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.15.20180062.
Повний текст джерелаSciacca, Emilio, G. Condorelli, S. Aurite, S. Lombardo, M. Mazzillo, D. Sanfilippo, G. Fallica, and E. Rimini. "Crosstalk Characterization in Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays." IEEE Electron Device Letters 29, no. 3 (March 2008): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2007.915373.
Повний текст джерелаBlazej, Josef. "Photon number resolving in geiger mode avalanche photodiode photon counters." Journal of Modern Optics 51, no. 9-10 (June 1, 2004): 1491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340408235287.
Повний текст джерелаKolb, Kimberly E., Donald F. Figer, Joong Lee, and Brandon J. Hanold. "Radiation tolerance of a Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode imaging array." Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 2, no. 3 (July 6, 2016): 036001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.2.3.036001.
Повний текст джерелаWang, Liang, Shaokun Han, Wenze Xia, and Jieyu Lei. "Adaptive aperture for Geiger mode avalanche photodiode flash ladar systems." Review of Scientific Instruments 89, no. 2 (February 2018): 023105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4989748.
Повний текст джерелаAull, Brian F., Erik K. Duerr, Jonathan P. Frechette, K. Alexander McIntosh, Daniel R. Schuette, and Richard D. Younger. "Large-Format Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays and Readout Circuits." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 24, no. 2 (March 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2017.2736440.
Повний текст джерелаWang, Liang, Shaokun Han, and Jieyu Lei. "Optical attenuator for Geiger mode avalanche photodiode laser detection systems." Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 153 (January 2018): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.10.002.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Avalanche photodiode operated in Geiger mode"
Lozza, Valentina. "Low energy low background photon counter for wisp search experiments." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3719.
Повний текст джерелаRemarkable interest has recently arisen about the search for Weakly Inter- acting Sub-eV Particles (WISPs), such as axions, Axion Like Particles (ALPs), Minicharged and chameleon particles, all of which are not included in the Stan- dard Model. Precision experiments searching for WISPs probe energy scales as high as 10^6 TeV and are complementary to accelerator experiments, where the energy scale is a few TeV. The axion, in particular, is the oldest studied and has the strongest theoretical motivation, having its origin in Quantum Chromodynamics. It was introduced for the first time in 1973 by Peccei and Quinn to solve the strong CP problem, while later on the cosmological implications of its postulated existence also became clear: it is a good candidate for the cold dark matter, and it is necessary to fully explain the evolution of galaxies. Among the different interactions of axions, the most promising for its detection, from an experimental point of view, is the coupling to two photons (Primakoff effect). Using this coupling, several bounds on the axion mass and energy scale have been set by astrophysical observations, by laboratory experiments and by the direct observation of celestial bodies, such as the Sun. Most of these considerations, as was recently recognized, not only constrain the mass and coupling of the axion, but are more generally applicable to all ALPs. The current best limits on the coupling, over a wide range of ALP masses, come from the the CAST (Cern Axion Solar Telescope) experiment at Cern, which looks for ALPs produced in the solar core. The experiment is based on the Primakoff effect in a high magnetic field, where solar ALPs can be reconverted in photons. The CAST magnet, a 10 T, 10 m long LHC superconducting dipole, is placed on a mobile platform in order to follow the Sun twice a day, during sunrise and sunset, and has two straight bores instrumented with X-ray detectors at each end. The re- generated photon flux is, in fact, expected to be peaked at a few keV. On the other hand, there are suggestions that the problem of the anomalous temperature profile of the solar corona could be solved by a mechanism which could enhance the low energy tail of the regenerated photon spectrum. A low energy photon counter has, for this reason, been designed and built to cover one of the CAST ports, at least temporarily. Low energy, low background photon counters such as the one just mentioned, are also crucial for most experiments searching for WISPs. The low energy photon counting system initially developed to be coupled to CAST will be applicable, with proper upgrades, to other WISPs search experiments. It consists of a Galilean telescope to match the CAST magnet bore cross section to an optical fiber leading photons to the sensors, passing first through an optical switch. This last device allows one to share input photons between two different detectors, and to acquire light and background data simultaneously. The sensors at the end of this chain are a photomultiplier tube and an avalanche photodiode operated in Geiger mode. Each detector was preliminary characterized on a test bench, then it was coupled to the optical system. The final integrated setup was subsequently mounted on one of the CAST magnet bores. A set of measurements, including live sun tracking, was carried out at Cern during 2007-2008. The background ob- tained there was the same measured in the test bench measurements, around 0.4 Hz, but it is clear that to progress from these preliminary measurements a lower background sensor is needed. Different types of detectors were considered and the final choice fell on a Geiger mode avalanche photodiode (G-APD) cooled at liquid nitrogen temperature. The aim is to drastically reduce the dark count rate, al- though an increase in the afterpulsing phenomenon is expected. Since the detector is designed to be operated in a scenario where a very low rate of signal photons is predicted, the afterpulsing effect can be accepted and corrected by an increase in the detector dead time. First results show that a reduction in background of a factor better than 10^4 is obtained, with no loss in quantum e ciency. In addition, an optical system based on a semitransparent mirror (transparent to X-rays and re ective for 1-2 eV photons) has been built. This setup, covering the low energy spectrum of solar ALPs, will be installed permanently on the CAST beamline. Current work is centered on further tests on the liquid nitrogen cooled G-APD concept involving different types of sensors and different layouts of the front-end read-out electronics, with a particular attention to the quenching cir- cuit, whether active or passive. Once these detector studies are completed, the final low background sensor will be installed on the CAST experiment. It is important to note that the use of a single photon counter for low energy photons having a good enough background (<1 Hz at least) is not limited to the CAST case, but is of great importance for most WISPs experimental searches, with special regard for photon regeneration experi- ments, and, in general, for the field of precision experiments in particle physics.
Negli ultimi tempi è riemerso un notevole interesse nel campo della ricerca di particelle leggere debolmenti interagenti (Weakly Interacting Sub-eV Particles - WISPs), come ad esempio assioni, particelle con comportamenti simili agli assioni (Axion Like Particles - ALPs), particelle con carica frazionaria e particelle camaleonte; tutti tipi di particelle non inclusi nel Modello Standard. Vista la loro natura debolmente interagente, la scala di energia coinvolta è dell'ordine dei 10^6 TeV, queste particelle non sono visibili nelle collisioni realizzabili negli attuali acceleratori e possono invece essere studiate in esperimenti di precisione, che, sotto questo punto di vista, diventano complementari agli esperimenti su acceleratori. L'assione in particolare è la prima particella, da un punto di vista cronologico, ad essere stata ipotizzata, ed inoltre la sua esistenza è supportata da forti basi teoriche: la sua origine va infatti ricercata all'interno della Cromodinamica Quantistica (QCD). L'assione fu introdotto per la prima volta nel 1973 da Peccei e Quinn come soluzione del problema di violazione di CP nelle interazioni forti, mentre le sue implicazioni cosmologiche risultarono chiare solo in seguito. L'assione infatti può essere considerato un buon candidato per la materia oscura fredda e la sua introduzione è necessaria per spiegare l'evoluzione delle galassie. Tra le diverse interazione degli assioni con la materia e la radiazione, la più interessante da un punto di vista sperimentale è l'accoppiamento con due fotoni (effetto Primakoff). Usando questo tipo di accoppiamento numerosi limiti, sia sulla massa dell'assione che sulle scale di energia coinvolte, possono essere ottenuti da osservazioni astrofisiche e da esperimenti di laboratorio così come dalla diretta osservazione di oggetti celesti tipo il Sole. Queste considerazioni possono essere applicate non solo all'assione ma più in generale a tutte le ALPs. Attualmente i limiti migliori sulla costante di accoppiamento, su un largo spettro di masse di ALPs, si sono ottenuti dall'esperimento CAST (Cern Axion Solar Tele- scope) al Cern, che guarda agli ALPs prodotti nel Sole. L'esperimento è basato sull'effetto Primakoff in un campo magnetico elevato, dove gli ALPs solari sono riconvertiti in fotoni. Il magnete dell'esperimento CAST è costituito da un prototipo per un dipolo superconduttore di LHC, lungo 10 m e con un campo magnetico totale di 10 T. Il magnete è posto su di un affusto mobile per poter seguire il sole durante le fasi di alba e tramonto. Alle due estremità del magnete sono disposti quattro rivelatori sensibili nel campo degli X molli. Il picco del usso di fotoni rigenerato è infatti atteso a pochi keV. Tuttavia, ci sono suggerimenti che il prob- lema ancora aperto del profilo di temperatura della corona solare può essere risolto tramite un meccanismo che contemporaneamente incrementerebbe le code a bassa energia dell'atteso usso di fotoni rigenerati. A questo scopo un contatore di fotoni sensibile nell'intervallo del visibile è stato progettato ed assemblato per coprire una delle quattro porte del magnete di CAST, almeno temporaneamente. I contatori di fotoni studiati hanno un largo campo di applicazione e possono essere usati in altri tipi di esperimenti per la ricerca di WISPs. Il sistema inizialmente sviluppato per CAST consiste in un telescopio Galileiano per accoppiare una fibra ottica all'apertura del magnete di CAST, la fibra ottica è quindi collegata ad un interruttore ottico che permette di utilizzare due rivelatori contemporaneamente. La fibra in ingresso è infatti collegata alternativamente a due fibre in uscita, in questo modo ciascun rivelatore acquisisce per metà del tempo segnale e per metà del tempo fondo, lasciando inalterato il tempo totale di integrazione. I sensori utilizzati fino ad ora al termine della catena ottica sono un tubo fotomoltiplicatore e un avalanche photodiode operato in modalità Geiger. Ciascun rivelatore è stato preliminarmente caratterizzato su un banco di prova e quindi collegato al sistema ottico. Il sistema finale è stato quindi installato su CAST. Una serie di misure, che includono reali prese dati, sono state condotte al Cern durante il 2007-2008. La misura del fondo ottenuta a CAST è stata la stessa misurata durante i test di prova a Trieste, circa 0.4 Hz, ma risulta chiaro che il vero sviluppo futuro è basato su un sensore a fondo molto più basso. A questo scopo sono stati considerati diversi tipi di sensore e la scelta finale è ricaduta su di un avalanche photodiode operato in modalità Geiger e raffreddato all'azoto liquido. Lo scopo è quello di ridurre drasticamente i conteggi di fondo, sebbene a queste temperature sia atteso un incremento del rateo di afterpulses. Tuttavia il rivelatore è pensato per essere utilizzato in un applicazione a basso rateo e quindi il fenomeno degli afterpulses può essere ridotto agendo direttamente sul tempo morto del rivelatore, cioè aumentandolo. I primi test condotti sul rivelatore mostrano un decremento del fondo pari ad un fattore meglio di 10^4, senza rilevabili variazioni in efficienza. In aggiunta a questo sistema, per ottenere un'installazione permanente sul fascio di CAST, è stato realizzato uno specchio semitrasparente, che lascia pressocchè inalterato il fascio di raggi X e invece de ette il fascio di fotoni con energia nel visibile. Il lavoro attuale è incentrato sullo sviluppo del rivelatore a basso fondo raffreddato all'azoto liquido, includendo anche lo studio di diversi tipi di sensore e diversi tipi di elettronica di lettura, con particolare attenzione all'elettronica di quenching del circuito con le varianti attiva e passiva. Una volta terminati gli studi sui diversi tipi di rivelatori, l'apparato finale sarà installato su CAST. E' comunque importante notare che l'uso di un rivelatore a singolo fotone sensibile tra 1-2 eV con un fondo sufficientemente basso (<1 Hz almeno) non è limitato all'uso su CAST ma in tutti gli altri esperimenti per la ricerca di WISPs, con particolare riguardo agli esperimenti di rigenerazione risonante, e in generale, nel campo di applicazione degli esperimenti di precisione alla fisica delle particelle.
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Vilella, Figueras Eva. "Feasibility of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes in CMOS standard technologies for tracker detectors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131100.
Повний текст джерелаAquesta tesi presenta el desenvolupament d’un detector de píxels de GAPDs (Geiger-mode Avalanche PhotoDiodes) dedicat principalment a rastrejar partícules en futurs col•lisionadors lineals. Els GAPDs ofereixen unes qualitats extraordinàries per satisfer els requisits extremadament exigents d’ILC (International Linear Collider) i CLIC (Compact LInear Collider), els dos projectes per la propera generació de col•lisionadors que s’han proposat fins a dia d’avui. Entre aquestes qualitats es troben una sensibilitat extremadament elevada, un guany virtualment infinit i una resposta molt ràpida, a part de ser compatibles amb les tecnologies CMOS estàndard. En concret, els detectors de GAPDs fan possible la conversió directa d’un esdeveniment generat per una sola partícula en un senyal CMOS digital amb un temps inferior al nanosegon. Com a resultat d’aquest fet, els GAPDs poden ser llegits després de cada bunch crossing (la col•lisió de les partícules), una qualitat única que cap dels seus competidors pot oferir en el moment actual. Malgrat tots aquests avantatges, els detectors de GAPDs pateixen dos grans problemes. D’una banda, existeixen fenòmens de soroll inherents al sensor, els quals indueixen polsos de soroll que no poden ser distingits dels esdeveniments reals generats per partícules i que a més empitjoren l’ocupació del detector a nivells inacceptables. D’altra banda, el fill-factor (és a dir, l’àrea sensible respecte l’àrea total) és molt baix i redueix l’eficiència detectora. En aquesta tesi s’han investigat solucions als dos problemes comentats i que a més compleixen amb les especificacions altament severes dels futurs col•lisionadors lineals. El detector de píxels de GAPDs, el qual ha estat monolíticament integrat en un procés HV-CMOS estàndard de 0.35 μm, incorpora circuits de lectura en mode voltatge que permeten operar el sensor en l’anomenat mode time-gated per tal de reduir el soroll detectat. L’eficiència de la tècnica proposada queda demostrada amb la gran varietat d’experiments que s’han dut a terme. Els resultats del beam-test dut a terme al CERN indiquen la capacitat del detector de píxels de GAPDs per detectar partícules altament energètiques. A banda d’això, també s’han estudiat els beneficis d’integrar un detector de píxels de GAPDs en un procés 3D per tal d’incrementar el fill-factor. L’anàlisi realitzat conclou que es poden assolir fill-factors superiors al 90%.
Pellion, Denis. "Modélisation, fabrication et évaluation des photodiodes à avalanche polarisées en mode Geiger pour la détection du photon unique dans les applications Astrophysiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00358847.
Повний текст джерелаDans l'état de l'art le meilleur détecteur de lumière est aujourd'hui le Photomultiplicateur (PMT), grâce à ses caractéristiques de sensibilité et de vitesse. Mais il présente quelques inconvénients : faible efficacité quantique, coût, poids etc. Nous présentons dans cette thèse une nouvelle technologie alternative : les compteurs de photons sur semi-conducteur, constitués de photodiodes polarisées en mode Geiger.
Ce mode de fonctionnement permet d'obtenir un effet de multiplication au moins identique à celui des PMT. Un modèle physique et électrique a été développé pour reproduire le comportement de ce détecteur.
Nous présentons ensuite dans ce travail de thèse un procédé technologique original permettant la réalisation de ces dispositifs dans la centrale de technologie du LAAS-CNRS, avec la simulation de chaque opération du processus.
Nous avons mis au point une fiche pour la caractérisation électrique des dispositifs, du mode statique au mode dynamique, et vérifié la conformité aux simulations SILVACO, et au modèle initial. Les résultats obtenus sont déjà excellents, compte tenu qu'il s'agit d'une première étape de prototypage, et comparables avec les résultats publiés dans la littérature.
Ces composants sur silicium peuvent intervenir dans toutes les applications où il y a un photomultiplicateur, et le remplacer. Les applications sont donc très vastes et la croissance du marché très rapide. Nous présentons une première expérience d'astrophysique installée au Pic du Midi qui a détecté des flashs Tcherenkov de rayons cosmiques avec cette nouvelle technologie à semi-conducteur.
Panglosse, Aymeric. "Modélisation pour la simulation et la prédiction des performances des photodiodes à avalanche en mode Geiger pour Lidars spatiaux." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ESAE0046.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focuses on modelling for simulation and prediction purposes ofCMOS SPADs performance parameters used in spaceborne Lidars. The innovative side ofthis work lies in a new methodology based on physical models for semiconductor devices,measurements performed on the targeted CMOS process and commercial simulation tools topredict CMOS SPADs performances. This method allows to get as close as possible to theprocess reality and to improve predictions. A set of SPAD has been designed and fabricated,and is used for measurements and model validation. SPAD design has been done with respectto CNES and Airbus Defence Space Lidar specification, in order to produce devices that willimprove our knowledge in terms of understanding of the involved physical mechanisms, SPADsdesign and test method, for a possible integration within their future spaceborne Lidars
Zhang, Yun. "Fabrication and characterization of GaN visible-blind ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29604.
Повний текст джерелаCommittee Chair: Shen, Shyh-Chiang; Committee Member: Doolittle, William A.; Committee Member: Dupuis, Russell Dean. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
Hsu, Chih-Teng, and 許志騰. "Electrical analysis of Avalanche Photodiode and Characteristics of Geiger-mode Avalanche Photodiode on Passive Quenching Circuit." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bsm842.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
電子工程學研究所
107
This thesis is divided into two parts to discuss the Avalanche Photodiode(APD). The front part analyses the electrical properties of the planer-type InP/InGaAs SAGCM (Separate Absorption, Grading, Charge, and Multiplication) APD. The measurement includes current-voltage analysis, capacitance-voltage analysis, and the effect of temperature variation on device. And we also discuss the influence on punch-through voltage and breakdown voltage with different pattern parameters. From the result of current-voltage measurement, when there is no spacing between the guard ring and the active region, the punch-through voltage is the smallest, the breakdown voltage is the biggest, and the dark current before breakdown is larger than others. It is also known form variable temperature current-voltage measurement that the main source of the dark current is generation-recombination current from InGaAs absorption layer, and the higher the temperature, the larger the breakdown voltage. The latter part is the measurement of Geiger-mode Si-APD operates on Passive Quenching Circuit(PQC). And we measure the real breakdown voltage and APD internal resistance with PQC. At last, we also propose the place where traditional PQC model needs to be modified.
Tseng, Shih-Ting, and 曾士庭. "InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode using gated-Geiger-mode for single photon detection." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3jcq46.
Повний текст джерела國立臺北科技大學
光電工程系
106
In this thesis, the changing in temperature, excess bias and gated frequency to detect single photon using a dual avalanche photodiode (APD) scheme was proposed and demonstrated. The characteristics of single photon detection, including dark count probability (DCP), single photon detection efficiency (SPDE), noise equipment power (NEP) and afterpulsing probability, are measured and discussed. In this work, APD1 was cooled down by TE cooler and operated excessed breakdown voltage. APD2 was operated in room temperature and bias act a proper voltage to match APD1. Then, the signals of APD1 and APD2 were self-differencing to reduce spiking noise and avalanche signal can be easy detected. Finally, the avalanche signals are observed by scope or recorded by photon counter. Temperature of -30°C, gated frequency of 1 MHz, gated pulse of 2 ns and excess bias of 3.2 V, the best single-photon performances. In this study are : dark count probability of 2.48×10-3, single photon detection efficiency of 12.86 %, noise equipment power of 1.56×10-15 (W/Hz)1/2 and afterpulsing probability of 5.67 %.
Книги з теми "Avalanche photodiode operated in Geiger mode"
Kindt, Willem Johannes. Geiger Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays: For Spatially Resolved Single Photon Counting. Delft Univ Pr, 1999.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Avalanche photodiode operated in Geiger mode"
Jo, Sung Eun, Tae Hoon Kim, and Hong Jin Kong. "Development of a Low-Noise Three-Dimensional Imaging LIDAR System Using Two 1×8 Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays." In Progress in Optomechatronic Technologies, 31–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05711-8_4.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Avalanche photodiode operated in Geiger mode"
Tsujino, Kenji, Yoshito Miyamoto, Jun Kataoka, Akihisa Tomita, Timothy Ralph, and Ping Koy Lam. "Experimental Demonstration Of Single-Photon Detection Using InGaAs Avalanche Photodiode Operated In Sub-Geiger Mode." In QUANTUM COMMUNICATION, MEASUREMENT AND COMPUTING (QCMC): The Tenth International Conference. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3630210.
Повний текст джерелаRail, Jonathan A. R., and James B. Abshire. "Antarctic Miniature Lidar." In Semiconductor Lasers: Advanced Devices and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slada.1995.tub.2.
Повний текст джерелаBrown, Robert G. W., and Matthew Daniels. "Photon counting and correlation properties of silicon avalanche photodiodes operated in sub-geiger mode." In Quantum-Limited Imaging and Image Processing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qlip.1989.ma4.
Повний текст джерелаDandin, M., A. Akturk, A. Vert, S. Soloviev, P. Sandvik, S. Potbhare, N. Goldsman, P. Abshire, and K. P. Cheung. "Optoelectronic characterization of 4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes operated in DC and in geiger mode." In 2011 International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdrs.2011.6135207.
Повний текст джерелаBeck, Ariane L., Xiangyi Guo, Han-Din Liu, Aruna Ghatak-roy, and Joe C. Campbell. "Low dark count rate 4H-SiC Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes operated under gated quenching at 325nm." In Optics East 2006, edited by Wolfgang Becker. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.685417.
Повний текст джерелаQiugui Zhou, Han-Din Liu, Dion McIntosh, Chong Hu, and Joe C. Campbell. "Simulation of Geiger mode silicon carbide avalanche photodiode." In 2010 10th International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nusod.2010.5595642.
Повний текст джерелаYuan, Ping, Rengarajan Sudharsanan, Xiaogang Bai, Eduardo Labios, Bryan Morris, John P. Nicholson, Gary M. Stuart, and Harrison Danny. "Large format geiger-mode avalanche photodiode LADAR camera." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Monte D. Turner and Gary W. Kamerman. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2016446.
Повний текст джерелаSmith, Gary M., K. Alex McIntosh, Joseph P. Donnelly, Joseph E. Funk, Leonard J. Mahoney, and Simon Verghese. "Reliable InP-based Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode arrays." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Mark A. Itzler and Joe C. Campbell. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.819126.
Повний текст джерелаKondratko, Peter, Ronda Irwin, Jeff Wilhite, Olaleye Aina, Daniel Ringoen, Rex Craig, and Roy Nelson. "Geiger-mode Avalanche Photodiode (GmAPD) Single Photon Receiver Technology." In Applications of Lasers for Sensing and Free Space Communications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lsc.2019.lw3b.1.
Повний текст джерелаJohnson, Steven E. "Foliage penetration optimization for Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode lidar." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Monte D. Turner and Gary W. Kamerman. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2018911.
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