Книги з теми "Available N"

Prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatment are essential for the control and elimination of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a public health problem. Currently, in Latin America and the Caribbean, treatment for gonorrhea infection is largely empiric and based on clinical diagnosis. In the Americas, the high burden of new N. gonorrhoeae infections (estimated at 11 million new cases a year), the complexity of the disease epidemiology, and in many countries the limited resources, make it difficult to fully understand the burden of disease and the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in N. gonorrhoeae. PAHO has developed this document to facilitate the navigation of available guidance and recommendations for N. gonorrhoeae AMR surveillance by public health and health care professionals, at the national and subnational levels, involved in designing, implementing, and/or strengthening AMR surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae and overall surveillance of sexually transmitted infections. This document aims to consolidate guidance on AMR surveillance for N. gonorrhoeae from documents published by WHO and PAHO, and strives to assemble relevant information in a summarized manner to help countries in strengthening and/or developing AMR surveillance systems for N. gonorrhoeae.

This chapter considers the sharp Weyl formula using the tools provided in the previous chapter. It attempts to prove the sharp Weyl formula which says that there is a constant c, depending on (M,g) in a natural way, so that N(λ‎) = cλ‎ⁿ + O(λ‎superscript n minus 1). The chapter then details the sup-norm estimates for eigenfunctions and spectral clusters. Next, this chapter proves the sharp Weyl formula and in doing so, outlines a number of theorems, the first of which the chapter focuses on in establishing its sharpness and in obtaining improved bounds for its Weyl formula's error term. Finally, the chapter shows that improved bounds are also available for the remainder term in the Weyl formula when (M,g) has nonpositive sectional curvature.

SUD remains a significant public health problem with limited evidence-based treatment options available for many individuals. This chapter provides a review of integrative treatment approaches for stimulant use disorder, including current literature on evidence-based behavioral interventions, pharmacotherapy, and complementary and alternative treatments (CAM) for both cocaine and amphetamine use. Current epidemiology, physical and mental health effects, and public health impacts, of these disorders is also discussed. The chapter provides an overview of current mainstream treatments for these disorders and challenges that have been faced in developing effective treatment modalities. With the relative paucity of available traditional treatments, the chapter seeks to explore the evidence for the use of such CAM treatments as acupuncture, exercise, yoga, transmagnetic cranial stimulation (TMS), meditation, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC).

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) comprise a family of multisystem diseases in which N- and O-linked glycosylation and glypiation of a variety of proteins and lipids is deficient. The hypoglycosylation of multiple glycoconjugates impairs normal development of the brain (and other organs), and is associated with both episodic and chronic organ dysfunction. Developmental disorders; seizures; strokelike episodes (and stroke); hearing and visual loss; peripheral neuropathy; coagulopathy; and immune, liver, endocrine, cardiac, and cutaneous manifestations may occur in varying combinations. Specific therapy is available for MPI-CDG and SLC35C2-CDG. Most forms of O-linked CDG affect muscle; these include congenital muscular dystrophies and limb girdle dystrophies.

About one in a trillion atoms of carbon is the radioactive isotope 14C. It is a ‘cosmogenic isotope’ produced by the interaction between atmospheric nitrogen (N) and cosmic rays. The half-life of 14C is 5,730 years, so every 5,730 years the ratio of 14C to 12C will halve. ‘Isotopic clocks: the persistence of carbon’ describes how scientists Willard Libby, Hessel de Vries, Hans Seuss, and their contemporaries established the radiocarbon dating technique. Radiocarbon has become one of the most valuable isotopic tools available to scientists looking to date materials formed over the past 50,000 years or to trace and apportion different sources of carbon.

The aim of this study was to map existing country policies and initiatives addressing population dietary sodium reduction in the Region of the Americas; to identify policy gaps following what is outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) “Best Buys” most cost-effective recommendations for the prevention and control of diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs); and to discuss priorities for future work to reduce population salt/sodium intake. We analyzed data from 34 countries in the Region. A review of different databases informed the mapping. Databases included (1) responses from the online Survey on National Initiatives for Salt/Sodium Reduction in the Americas carried out by PAHO in 2016; (2) the databases from the 2017 and 2019 PAHO Country Capacity Surveys for NCDs and Risk Factors; and (3) the repositories of legislation of the PAHO REGULA initiative as of 2018. Research in these databases was complemented by electronic searches on official websites from the ministries of health, education, and agriculture and the library of the national congress in each country. Additionally, when available, government regulatory gazettes were reviewed. National policies that have adopted the most cost-effective interventions for preventing and controlling diet-related NCDs of WHO “Best Buys” included reformulating food products with both voluntary (n=11/34) and mandatory (n=2/34) targets; establishing a supportive environment in public institutions (n=13/34); consumer awareness programs (n=26/34) and behavior-change communication and mass media campaigns (n=(0/34); and implementing front-of-pack labeling (n=5/34). We also found that some countries have implemented regulations that restrict marketing of foods high in salt/sodium to children (n=5/34), or are using nutritional labeling that includes sodium content, either voluntary (n=9/34) or mandatory (n=10/34). However, no country in the Region has implemented taxes on high salt/sodium foods. Based on our review, we concluded that there has been a significant advance in policies to reduce sodium intake in the Region of the Americas in recent years. However, we identified that the level of implementation is quite varied and is challenging to assess. Despite the progress, there remains much work to do on this issue, especially in countries where there is limited or no action yet. Reducing sodium consumption is a cost-effective intervention that can save many lives by preventing and reducing the burden of diet-related NCDs. Therefore, a further call to action is needed for governments to accelerate efforts to meet the 2025 global target of a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of sodium.

When researchers write methodological reflections on the use of qualitative research with RCTs, their focus is usually on individually randomized two-armed pragmatic full RCTs. However, qualitative research is used with a range of RCT types. The objectives, data collection, or analysis of the qualitative research may depend on the type of RCT. How qualitative research can be used with different types of RCT is described in this chapter. This includes explanatory and pragmatic RCTs; feasibility, pilot, or exploratory RCTs; cluster RCTs; N of 1 trials; and factorial RCTs. Where guidance is available about using qualitative research with a specific type of RCT, this is described along with any challenges specific to each type.

Rechargeable Energy Storage Technologies for Automotive Applications Abstract This paper provides an extended summary of the available relevant rechargeable energy storage electrode materials that can be used for hybrid, plugin and battery electric vehicles. The considered technologies are the existing lithium-ion batteries and the next generation technologies such as lithium sulfur, solid state, metal-air, high voltage materials, metalair and sodium based. This analysis gives a clear overview of the battery potential and characteristics in terms of energy, power, lifetime, cost and finally the technical hurdles. Inhalt Seite Vorwort 1 Alternative Energiespeicher – und Wandler S. Hävemeier, Neue Zelltechnologien und die Chance einer deutschen 3 M. Hackmann, Zellproduktion – Betrachtung von Technologie, Wirtschaft- R. Stanek lichkeit und dem Standort Deutschland N. Omar, Rechargeable Energy Storage Technologies for 7 R. Gopalakrishnan Automotive Applications – Present and Future ...

While amphetamine and especially methamphetamine (speed) is being misused by all social classes in order to increase stamina, intellectual expansion, endurance, and euphoria, the drug 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) (ecstasy) is preferentially abused by the younger generation for the feeling of empathy, the touching within, and enhancement of the senses. Acute intoxication differs in regard to their effects on the person. The predominant sympathetic overstimulation after methamphetamine results in cardiovascular and CNS hyperactivity accompanied by agitation and seizures, while tachycardia is a prodrome of fibrillation. The excess hypertonia often leads into myocardial infarction and may even induce cerebral haemorrhage. MDMA intoxication often seen in the emergency department is predominantly characterized by hyperthermia, the most important condition to treat, followed by rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Since there is no specific antidote available, in both cases therapy consists of treatment until the acute effects are gone.

This chapter draws attention to the effects of vertical specialization of organizations and how it affects public governance. The chapter documents that agency officials pay significantly less attention to signals from executive politicians than their counterparts within ministerial (cabinet-level) departments. This finding also holds when controlling for variation in tasks, the political salience of issue areas, and officials’ rank. In addition, it is documented that the greater the organizational capacity available within the respective ministerial departments, the more agency personnel tend to assign weight to signals from the political leadership. Expert concerns are strongly emphasized at both levels; however, agency personnel are more sensitive to the influence of affected parties. The chapter applies large-N questionnaire data at four points in time (1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016) that spans three decades and shifting administrative doctrines: New Public Management as well as post-New Public Management.

There are multiple complaints that existing project risk quantification methods—both parametric and Monte Carlo—fail to produce accurate project duration and cost-risk contingencies in a majority of cases. It is shown that major components of project risk exposure—non-linear risk interactions—pertaining to complex projects are not taken into account. It is argued that a project system consists of two interacting subsystems: a project structure subsystem (PSS) and a project delivery subsystem (PDS). Any misalignments or imbalances between these two subsystems (PSS–PDS mismatches) are associated with the non-linear risk interactions. Principles of risk quantification are developed to take into account three types of non-linear risk interactions in complex projects: internal risk amplifications due to existing ‘chronic’ project system issues, knock-on interactions, and risk compounding. Modified bowtie diagrams for the three types of risk interactions are developed to identify and address interacting risks. A framework to visualize dynamic risk patterns in affinities of interacting risks is proposed. Required mathematical expressions and templates to factor relevant risk interactions to Monte Carlo models are developed. Business cases are discussed to demonstrate the power of the newly-developed non-linear Monte Carlo methodology (non-linear integrated schedule and cost risk analysis (N-SCRA)). A project system dynamics methodology based on rework cycles is adopted as a supporting risk quantification tool. Comparison of results yielded by the non-linear Monte Carlo and system dynamics models demonstrates a good alignment of the two methodologies. All developed Monte Carlo and system dynamics models are available on the book’s companion website.

The preservation of South Africa’s indigenous languages – the extinct Bushman and Khoikhoi languages in particular – is a pressing concern. Voices Past and Present serves as a comprehensive, scholarly and practical source for documenting and preserving some of them. The subcontinent of Africa has been inhabited by Bushman, Khoikhoi and Bantu-speaking peoples for thousands of years, and, for the past few centuries, also by European-speaking peoples. Contact between these peoples brought about changes in the different languages. As a result, modern languages are no longer identical to the original ones, many of which, especially in the case of the Bushman and Khoikhoi languages, have become extinct. Words used in ancient times and recorded long ago often bear no resemblance to their modern counterparts. In this book, Peter E. Raper provides a detailed investigation of the earliest recordings of words available. Words from Old Cape dialects are compared for correspondences in sound and meaning to words from 29 Bushman languages and dialects, as well as to words from Nama, Koranna, Griqua, !Xuhn, !Xoon, Khwe and N/uu. Voices Past and Present provides an extensive corpus of words that can be further utilised for the purpose of shedding light on the specific languages from which the recorded words (and names) were derived, on historical distribution of the various groups, on the classification of the different languages and peoples, for determining relationships or otherwise between the different languages, potentially identifying components of place-names and ethnonyms from ancient and extinct languages, and elucidating other matters that have long vexed scholars who have complained about a lack of recorded data.