Дисертації з теми "Automotive signalization and lighting"

Afin d’améliorer l’expérience utilisateur de leurs véhicules, les constructeurs automobiles recherchent des systèmes d’affichage et de contrôles innovants, tels des dispositifs permettant de produire des images 3D. Pour ceci, l’holographie est une solution a priori très performante car elle permet de générer une scène 3D incluant la majorité des indices de perception de la 3D nécessaire au cerveau humain. Si la production en série d’hologrammes « classiques » (i.e. à enregistrement optique) est trop contraignante pour les applications automobiles, les hologrammes synthétiques en relief de surface sont compatibles avec la technique de nano-imprint et peuvent donc aisément être produits en grande série. Mais le milieu automobile impose de plus de fortes contraintes de coût, de compacité du système et de sécurité oculaire. Le recours à une illumination LED des hologrammes est donc largement préférable à l’illumination laser généralement utilisée. Une solution holographique illuminé par LED et générant la perception d’un objet flottant, dans le cadre d’une application d’IHM intérieure au véhicule est démontrée. La réalisation d’une étude statistique confirmant que la grande majorité des observateurs perçoivent la scène 3D flottante correctement est détaillée et discutée. Enfin, la démonstration d’une extension de l’approche encore plus compacte en permettant l’illumination par de multiples sources LED distinctes d’un hologramme synthétique générant une image flottante perçue en 3D est présentée
To improve the user experience in their vehicles, automotive manufacturers are searching for innovative display and control systems, such as devices producing 3D images. Holography is an attractive solution as it can generate 3D scenes incorporating most of the perceptual cues necessary for the human brain. While mass production of "classic" holograms (i.e., optically recorded) for automotive applications has strong constraints, surface relief synthetic holograms are compatible with nano-imprint technology, allowing easy large-scale production. However, the automotive environment imposes additional constraints of cost, system compactness, and eye safety. In this automotive context, the use of LED illumination for holograms is therefore highly preferable to the commonly used laser illumination. We demonstrate an LED illuminated holographic solution that creates the perception of a floating object, targeting an in-vehicle human-machine interface (HMI) application. We also present a statistical study confirming that a large majority of observers perceive the floating 3D scene correctly. Finally, we demonstrate an even more compact extension of the approach enabling simultaneous illumination by multiple distinct LED sources of a single synthetic hologram, generating the perception of floating 3D image

Over the past few years, the use of LEDs within the automotive and avionic industries has increased due to their high efficiency, durability and wide range of light brightness. As the use of LEDs within these industries grows, a need for reliable, high performance drivers becomes more relevant. Companies are implementing LEDs for applications involving adaptive lighting or simple dimming features. This thesis shows implementation of various non-isolated analog converters integrated with digital dimmers to achieve these adaptive lighting systems. Adaptive lighting systems involve reading an input from an external source (brake pedal or steering wheel) and changing the brightness and/or pattern of the brake/headlights to convey more information to the driver and their surroundings. The analog converters will implement Linear Technology’s LED driver IC’s, while the digital dimmers comprise of microcontrollers and discrete components. The design, simulation, and hardware verification will showcase the abilities of these analog converters. Results will demonstrate the proposed applications for both adaptive front and brake lighting.

The final thesis "Business valuation of the company Automotive Lighting s.r.o." is divided into the theoretical and the practical part. The theoretical part is first focused on general issues of valuation. Its following parts then theoretically describe the general method of business valuation. The practical part is dedicated to the application of methods described in the theoretical part. Only the discounted cash flow to equity method (representing income valuation methods) and the EV/EBITDA multiple method (representing market methods) are applied due to the scope of the thesis. The property approach is represented by the equity book value. The thesis concludes with the final value statement.

Diploma thesis deals with the valuation of the automotive company Automotive lighting, s.r.o for the management needs. The estimated value refers to October 2012. The basis for the valuation is strategic and financial analysis. The results will be taken into account for establishment of the financial plan, which will be used in the valuation process. Emphasis is placed on yield methods using free cash flow to the firm(FCFF) and economic value added EVA. Both methods are compared with book value of the company.

Thesis (MScEng (Department of Electrical Engineering))--University of Cape Town, 2008.
Energy drives technological societies. Developing countries such as South Africa are caught between the desperate need for economic growth and the emerging obligations to the environment. Efficient technologies can be used to mitigate the impact of these seemingly conflicting requirements in urban and rural environments. In this thesis the commercially available white light-emitting diode (LED) with its inherent efficiency, longevity and mechanical strength, is used to show, that success in energy efficiency can be obtained. Two cases are used to illustrate the need for efficient demand-side technology: the electricity shortages of the Western Cape Province in South Africa and a white LED pilot project in Namulonge, Uganda. The Namulonge Solar-Home System (SHS) is analyzed with the intention of creating a more acceptable general lighting solution. The concept of appropriateness through self-determination is discussed within the context of location-specific information integrated into a design procedure. The major thrust and contribution of this thesis, however, is the design of an interior luminaire for Golden Arrow Bus Services (GABS). This is in part based on the hypothesis that application-specific information will lead to implementation and human-needs success, and is researched, designed, fabricated and then laboratory tested. The biggest challenge to be overcome was the spatial light distribution of the LED array. Thus non-imaging optical lens design became the main focus of this project as it held the key to utilizing available light while conserving the light-systems energy. Circular Fresnel and Linear Fresnel (an adaptation of the concentric design) lenses were designed. Electrical, mechanical and thermal aspects of design are also detailed. Far-field, horizontal plane detection over the specified area is used to best gain the uniformity of distribution. The four criteria namely luminance, illuminance, intensity and étendue (collection efficiency), against which each design and focal length iv configuration is compared to, are extensively explored and eventually lead to a final design. In the first designs, the area of the spatial distribution between 50% and 80% of its relative intensity is collimated. The Hybrid Circular Fresnel and Hybrid Linear Fresnel lenses now redirects the relative intensity in two areas, from 50% to 70% (creating parallel rays) and then from 70% to 100% (away from the central axis), renders a distinct difference is spatial uniformity and a reduction in the peak and offaxis located intensity. All four criteria are met, with a minor adjustment of configuration within the bus internal luminaire spacing, with the hybrid designs. It is proposed that GABS employ polished designs of the Hybrid Circular Fresnel, in any of the configurations, which have collection efficiencies ranging between 64.8% and 78.3%.
Sponsored by the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Stellenbosch University

Includes bibliographical references.
In this thesis the commercially available white light-emitting diode (LED) with its inherent efficiency, longevity and mechanical strength, is used to show, that success in energy efficiency can be obtained. Two cases are used to illustrate the need for efficient demand-side technology: the electricity shortages of the Western Cape Province in South Africa and a white LED pilot project in Namulonge, Uganda.

This thesis deals with optimization of a press line part for the manufacture of reflectors present at the Automotive Lighting Company, Jihlava. The first part focuses on describing the current workplace layout of the press line. The workplaces are located inconveniently and thus require a larger number of operators and a considerable amount of manual work. The second part of the thesis proposes layout solutions for the injection presses and for other machine parts. At the same time, a smoother transition design is proposed for the press line and for the manufacturing section that follows. Based on an evaluation of selected criteria, the optimum version is chosen, thereby adding to the efficiency of the molding process by reducing the number of operators required, by lowering the proportion of manual work relative to other activities, and by limiting the risk of poor quality. The conclusion of the thesis sums up the necessary investment costs and offers an economic assessment of introducing the selected press line arrangement to operation.

The thesis deals with the design and arrangement of a new paint line at company Automotive Ligting s.r.o in Jihlava. It deals with design of several possible options of arrangement of machines that are required for the processing of polycarbonate granules and their conversion into acrylic glass using two-component injection molding. The glass is then coated with the coating line which is part of the arrangement included in this project. Design of the individual sites and their organization is based on both the company's requirements and the principles of technological design. The best of the three options is analyzed in detail and evaluated from the economic point of view.

For a long time, auxiliary lights utilizing halogen or xenon light sources has been fitted in front of the car’s front grille when needing an improved high beam performance. The bigger the auxiliary light, the better its light performance has been. Today’s LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology, where several small light sources are used, has enabled a new market of auxiliary lights, smaller in size and more flexible in shape but with performance able to both match and outperform the traditional auxiliary lights. This master thesis focuses on developing an overall solution for mounting the type of LED auxiliary light commonly referred to as LED light bars on the roof of a car and aims to broaden an existing market. LED light bars are characterized by its oblong and cuboid-like shape. High-performance light bars are theft-desirable by nature as they have a high price and lack of theft security in themselves. In today’s market, there is no given solution for the attachment of roof mounted light bars without harming the car. As a result, mountings of this kind are mostly seen neither aerodynamic nor aesthetically appealing. The project has been performed according to the CDIO (Conceive, Design, Implement, Operate) phases. During the conceive phase, a comprehensive pre-study was carried out in which car, relevant theories, LED light bars, competitors and expert observations were investigated. In the design phase, ideas were developed using a number of creative methods implemented individually, in groups and in the form of a workshop. Ideas were clustered into categories and were screened prior to the implement phase. In the following phase, the ideas were combined into a concept that was defined in details. A prototype was manufactured and evaluated, after which the concept was iterated into a final solution. During the last phase, operate, all deliverables were produced at the same time as a manufacturing process was initiated. Together with Vparts, a company dedicated entirely to Volvo owners, an overall solution has been developed to enable a good-looking, anti-theft-proof, model specific and aerodynamic mounting of LED light bars onto the roofs of cars. The concept consists of a double curved light bar in combination with lockable and adjustable mounts having an aerodynamic shape. The solution is modular and includes two different versions of the mounts, which together cover 9 Volvo models, each variant consisting of four different components per side of the light bar.

The master thesis deals with layout optimizing of pre-assembly workplaces in company Automotive Lighting Jihlava. Identification of actual status and analysis of defects was provided. Based of this investigation two versions of future ordering were compared. One of them was chosen by multi-criterion evaluation and detail plan was plotted. Ergonomic analysis by software simulation and economic balance were done too.

本論文は，知的照明システムの改良に関わるものであり，従来の課題であった色温度の実現精度の向上と高価な色温度センシング機材を無くす方法ならびにそれらの最適制御法，これまで不明であったシステムがもたらす省エネルギー性に関する詳細な解析方法を提案し，これらの提案手法の有効性を検証するため新たに改良した知的照明システムを用いて実験を行い，それらの手法の有効性を確認した．
An advanced intelligent lighting system has been proposed and introduced to provide a comfortable personal lighting environment for the workplace using the evaluation and biological information of workers. The research studies the appropriate perspectives of using the intelligent lighting system as a solution of the smart design in the office workspace. In the first part, the research paper has utilized the computerized system and the optimization method to generate the lighting automatically instead of using the sensing devices. The second part is related to energy consumption. The illuminance has been distributed based on the individual preference available of each user inside the office.
博士(工学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering
同志社大学
Doshisha University

This work examines the so-called in-vehicle ambient lighting, also known as atmosphere light, with particular respect to customers' perceived quality. The ambient light concept applied to the automotive world, in general, is quite recent. It was first developed to make the automobile's interior compartment as comfortable as possible; then, over the past few years, it has been implemented together with other in-vehicle systems such as ADAS and infotainment in order to gain a more functional role. I had the opportunity to focus on this field of study during my Master's internship at Maserati Innovation Lab headquarters in Modena, where I dealt with the global problem to assess the ambient lighting-related parameters objectively. Due to this notion's newness, there are not any standards available for this system evaluation and development phases. More into detail, while collaborating with the Maserati Perceived Quality team, I have carried out a series of operations in order to gather potential customers' wants and needs. This was achieved through a starting benchmark analysis of Maserati's main competitors, followed by the focus-group research method. Afterward, the ambient lighting prototype for the user test procedure was developed. These procedures allow to define the vehicle technical specifications, that is to say fundamental parameters necessary to respect FCA-Group's directives referring to the vehicle development process. Despite all the challenges presented by the Covid-19 global pandemic's impact, we managed to carry out our research obtaining satisfying results. As a matter of fact, we identified potential customers' perceptions on ambient lighting, and we designed a user-test useful for gathering lighting-related technical parameters.

Chief topic of a Master’s Thesis is comparing of conventional sources of light with LED diodes, their characteristics. This work deals with utilizing LED diodes in automotive lighting, in railway applications and universal information about principle of lighting. Else this work describes feasibility study of headlight of railway locomotive. Emphasis is laying for clearness of this work.

The thesis is focused on three basic parts – description of the theoretical and practical parts of measurements of LED modules front automotive headlamps, then design and realization of system for collecting and storing measurement data source and finally creation of server applications allowing via a web interface selection and display the required data.

Der Mensch erfasst die Umwelt mithilfe seiner Sinnessysteme. Licht macht die physikalische Welt sichtbar und liefert dem visuellen System dadurch wichtige Informationen über unsere Umgebung. Im Straßenverkehr wird die visuelle Wahrnehmung durch die Fahrzeugbeleuchtung unterstützt. Dabei erfüllen Heckleuchten zwei zentrale Funktionen: Zum einen wird die Sichtbarkeit des Fahrzeugs bei Dunkelheit und schlechter Sicht für andere Verkehrsteilnehmer erhöht. Das Schlusslicht übermittelt Informationen über die Anwesenheit eines Fahrzeugs, über den Fahrzeugtyp und über die Fahrzeugbreite. Diese Informationen sind notwendig, um während der Fahrt einen angemessenen Abstand zu einem vorausfahrenden Fahrzeug einschätzen und einhalten zu können. Die zweite zentrale Funktion von Heckleuchten ist die Kommunikation und Interaktion mit dem rückwärtigen Verkehr. Mithilfe von Lichtsignalen der Bremsleuchte und des Fahrtrichtungsanzeigers wird die Aufmerksamkeit auf das vorausfahrende Fahrzeug gelenkt und es werden gezielt Informationen an andere Verkehrsteilnehmer übertragen. So werden Verzögerungen in Längsrichtung, Fahrtrichtungsänderungen und der Hinweis auf eine mögliche Gefahrenquelle durch die Heckleuchte kommuniziert. Für alle Lichtfunktionen gilt, dass die ausgesendeten Signale in jeder Situation gut wahrnehmbar und intuitiv verständlich sein müssen. In dieser Arbeit wurde der mögliche Einfluss verschiedener Heckleuchtenattribute auf den Straßenverkehr untersucht. Eine Unfallanalyse ergab, dass der Großteil der Auffahrunfälle durch ein angemessenes Geschwindigkeits- und Abstandsverhalten sowie eine adäquate Aufmerksamkeitsverteilung vermieden werden könnte. Adaptive Schlusslichtfunktionen weisen das Potenzial auf, bei schlechter Sicht die Erkennbarkeit des Fahrzeugs zu erhöhen, ohne dabei den Hinterherfahrenden zu blenden. In der Literatur finden sich Hinweise darauf, dass die Anbauhöhe und Position von Heckleuchten sowie die Helligkeit des Schlusslichts die Entfernungsschätzung zwischen zwei Fahrzeugen beeinflussen können. Im Rahmen von verkehrspsychologischen Untersuchungen wurde der Einfluss einer adaptiven Helligkeitssteuerung im Schlusslicht auf die Wahrnehmung untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass eine kontinuierliche Helligkeitsanpassung des Schlusslichts an den Abstand zum Hinterherfahrenden die Entfernungsschätzung nicht beeinflusste. Um die Bedeutung der Gestaltungsform einer Heckleuchte für die Güte der Entfernungsschätzung beurteilen zu können, wurden zwei psychophysikalische Experimente durchgeführt. Diese Experimente zeigten, dass der Abstand zwischen zwei Elementen durch das Hinzufügen einer Verbindungslinie minimal verändert wahrgenommen wurde. Auf Heckleuchten übertragen könnte man daher von einer leichten Überschätzung der Breite des Fahrzeughecks bei verbundenen Schlussleuchten ausgehen. Dies könnte das Abstandsverhalten eines Hinterherfahrenden tendenziell positiv beeinflussen, indem der Fahrer durch diese Wahrnehmungstäuschung den Abstand zum Fahrzeug minimal unterschätzen würde. Da Licht und Bewegung durch ihre Salienz ein großes Potenzial zur Aufmerksamkeitslenkung aufweisen, beschäftigte sich eine weitere Versuchsreihe mit der Wirkung dynamischer Lichtfunktionen. Die Reaktionszeiten auf die Deaktivierung eines Bremslichts konnten durch eine Dynamik im Bremslicht nicht weiter verbessert werden. Die Untersuchung von Dynamiken im Schlusslicht zeigte jedoch, dass in Abhängigkeit bestimmter Umgebungsbedingungen, der Bewegungsart und -geschwindigkeit unterschiedliche Reaktionen hervorgerufen werden können. Durch die Entwicklung salienter und intuitiv verständlicher Lichtfunktionen könnten somit die Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten im Straßenverkehr erweitert und differenziert werden. Die gezielte Steuerung der Aufmerksamkeit durch Heckleuchtenfunktionen in kritischen Situationen kann zur Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit führen. Ziel der automobilen Lichtentwicklung ist eine innovative, allgemein akzeptierte und sicherheitsfördernde Heckleuchtengestaltung. Die Arbeit zeigte im Rahmen einer Unfallanalyse und verschiedenen wahrnehmungspsychologischen Experimenten die sicherheitsrelevanten Anforderungen an Heckleuchten auf. Dabei weisen verschiedene Heckleuchtenattribute und -funktionen das Potenzial auf, positiven Einfluss auf die Verkehrssicherheit nehmen zu können
Humans perceive the world through their senses. Light makes the world visible and provides the visual system with important information about our environment. On the road, visual perception is supported by automotive lighting. Tail lights have two main functions: firstly, they improve the visibility of the vehicle for other road users at night time and in bad weather conditions. The tail light gives information about the presence of a car and the type and width of the vehicle. This information is necessary to assess and keep the appropriate distance to a vehicle in front. The second important function of tail lights is the communication and interaction with the following traffic. The lighting signals of the brake light and the turn signal draw attention to the car in front and specific information can be transmitted to other road users. In this manner, the tail light communicates decelerations in the longitudinal direction, changes in the driving direction and the indication of a possible source of danger. It is essential for every lighting signal that it is detectable in all situations and that it is highly intuitive at any time. This doctoral thesis studied the potential influence of distinct attributes of tail lights on the road traffic. Accident analysis showed that the majority of rear end crashes could be prevented by an appropriate speed and distance behavior as well as an adequate allocation of attention. Adaptive rear lighting shows potential to improve the perceptibility of the vehicle in poor visibility conditions without excessive glare for the following driver. Evidence from literature shows that the distance estimation between two vehicles could be influenced by the mounting height and the position of tail lights as well as by the brightness of the rear position lamp. Psychological experiments showed the influence of adaptive brightness control in the rear position lamp on the human perception. There was no effect on the distance perception by continuous adjustment of the brightness of the rear position lamp to the distance of the following vehicle. To evaluate the importance of the design of a tail light, two psychophysical experiments were conducted. These experiments showed a minimal influence on the perceived distance between two elements by adding a connection line. Transferred to tail lights, this effect implies a small overestimation of the width of the vehicle rear with connected rear position lamps. This could have a small positive effect on the distance behavior of the following driver due to the sensory illusion of slightly underestimating the distance. Because of the high potential for attention control by light and movement, another series of experiments was conducted, to assess the effect of dynamic light functions. Reaction times were not further improved through the use of dynamic functions in the brake light deactivation. However, the use of dynamics in the rear position lamp produced different responses as a function of distinct environment variables, the type of movement and the speed of animation. The development of salient and intuitive understandable light functions points out various communication possibilities for use within road traffic. Capturing the attention of other road users in critical situations through tail light functions could lead to an improvement in road safety. The aim of automotive lighting development is an innovative, universally accepted and safety enhancing tail light design. The dissertation demonstrated the safety requirements for tail lights through accident analysis and different perception experiments. Different attributes and functions of the tail light show the potential to have a positive influence on road safety

Les systèmes d'éclairage automobiles sont conçus pour éclairer la route de manière optimale. Une dégradation des optiques et des matériaux plastiques peut altérer la qualité du faisceau lumineux. En phase de conception, les simulations thermiques visent à minimiser les coûts engendrés par les tests expérimentaux réalisés sur des maquettes. Avec le développement de nouvelles optiques, la méthode numérique des ordonnées discrètes, utilisée pour le calcul des transferts radiatifs, souffre d'un manque de précision en raison d'une discrétisation spatiale limitée pour les réflexions spéculaires. Une augmentation de la discrétisation pourrait mener à des temps de calculs importants. Pour palier à ce problème, la méthode de Monte Carlo a été choisie afin d'évaluer les densités de flux aux parois dans le cas des surfaces opaques, ou un terme source radiatif dans le cas des matériaux semi-Transparents. Notre algorithme est implémenté dans l'environnement de développement EDStar. Cet environnement inclut la bibliothèque de synthèses d'images PBRT permettant de reproduire les trajets optiques dans une géométrie 3D complexe. L'étude porte sur des produits d'éclairage composés de lampes, ainsi le développement d'un modèle numérique fiable requiert des paramètres pertinents en entrée de modèle. Les travaux ont donc été scindés en trois axes d'études. Le premier inclut une phase de caractérisation des propriétés thermiques d'une lampe à incandescence (25W). Différentes méthodes de mesures ont été étudiées pour déterminer la température du filament, moteur des transferts thermiques, et la température de l'enveloppe. Le second axe consiste à développer un modèle des transferts radiatifs dans le système d'éclairage. L'objectif est de localiser les zones de concentration du rayonnement et estimer leur étendue. Enfin, le troisième axe vise à coupler le calcul radiatif à des simulations thermiques dans l'outil de CFD Fluent. La CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) est ici nécessaire pour résoudre les problèmes convectifs couplés aux autres transferts thermiques dans un produit industriel
Automotive lighting systems are designed to illuminate the road optimally. Degradation of optical properties or plastics materials may altering the quality of lighting. In the design stage, thermal simulations are intended to minimize the costs of experimental tests performed on prototypes. With the apparition of new headlights optics, the Discrete Ordinates method (DO) is not suitable in certain cases due to a lack of accuracy when dealing with specular reflections and refractions. A raise of the spatial discretization could lead to significant time computation. To overcome this problem, we chose the Monte Carlo method in order to estimate flux densities to the walls in the case of opaque surfaces, or to estimate a radiative source term in the case of semi-Transparent media. Our algorithm is implemented in EDStar coding environment. This environment includes the PBRT synthesis images library allowing the use of raytracing techniques with our algorithm, thus reproducing optical paths of rays in a complex 3D geometry. The development of a reliable numerical model requires relevant parameters in input. This need led us to split the work into three main parts. The first axis includes a characterization phase of thermal properties of an incandescent lamp (25W) in order to model its radiative emission. Different measurements methods have been investigated to determine the temperature of the filament, which is the origine of heat transfers, and the temperature of the glass envelope. The second axis consists in obtaining a precise distribution of flux density distributions in order to locate hot spots and assess their extent. Finally, the third part of study is to couple the radiative calculation to CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations. CFD is here necessary to solve problems with convective phenomena coupled with other heat transfers in an industrial product

碩士
中華大學
電機工程學系
104
In recent years, LED becomes an important component in car lighting. The reliability of car lighting is key issue for safety. Therefore, from the beginning of product design, we should prepare to assess the reliability or worst case analysis, that is, we have to find out defective or malfunctions, and even affect safety in the design phase. In general, automotive LED circuit architectures are divided into two methods including linear regulator circuit and switching regulator circuit. This thesis will focus on the worst case circuit analysis for linear regulator circuit formed LED driving. The extreme value analysis, root sum square analysis, and Monte Carlo analysis three methods will be used in this thesis. According to the results of analysis we found that the negative feedback architecture (closed-loop) is better than the open loop. Because closed-loop architecture can provide a more stable output power, lower flickering light, and the much better quality in mass production .

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
機械與自動化工程研究所
101
This study investigates the design of LED edge-lit light bar using V-cut as light coupling structures to divert the light out of light guide. We control the lead angles of v-cut and the distribution of the size of v-cuts to improve the efficiency and uniformity of illuminance. This research applies the optical simulation software, TracePro to analyze the optical characteristics of a typical light bar with light sources at one and both ends to identify the corresponding optimum lead angles of the V-cut for peak axial luminous intensity. Circular and rectangular cross sections of light bar are investigated. For a planar curved light bar, the light is likely bound to the outer portion of the curve. The variation of the bilateral thickness of light bar is proposed to reduce the illuminance difference between the inner and the outer portions of the curved section. The v-cuts are evenly distributed on the light bar. The local illuminance is controlled by the size of v-cut and the distribution of v-cut will determine the illuminance uniformity. The size distribution of v-cut is modeled as a line graph with pivot points selected at the peaks and valleys of the illuminance distribution. The local illuminance at the pivot point is compared with the average illuminance to adjust the pivot value. By manipulating the pivot points, we can control the illuminance distribution. Next, a fuzzy optimization scheme is applied to iterate the pivot values of the line graph for optimum illuminance uniformity. The designs of two automotive auxiliary lights are presented to illustrate the proposed optimization scheme.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
機械與精密工程研究所
97
The design of an automotive headlamp by combining LEDs and optical fibers is proposed. The light bundle is first coupled onto the optical fiber by using a reflective mirror and an aspheric lens, then transferred to the light pipe through the fiber, and finally imaged to the desired illuminated plane by another lens. Our simulations conclude that the distribution of illuminance fits the standard of European regulation ECE. Using optical fibers can keep the LED light sources away from the car engine of which the generated high temperature will decrease the output and lifetime of the LEDs.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
模具系碩士在職專班
102
Over years of development, illumination components for automotive use have gradually changed its direction from pursuing pure brightness to both taking aesthetics and brightness into considerations. Applications of Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) make this goal doable and, further have become symbolic item for automotive brands. For an automotive light-emitting component, the main courses of designing are geometry and optical control. For example, thickness of light guide & lens and application of light guide technology have grown importance for avant-garde car lens design. This study focus on research of superficial contour rate and the contour mold shrinkage effects after samples conditions are changed. The optical tests and superficial contour spectroscopy are introduced. In this study, the contraction effects on geometry size and brightness of two different base size of light guide samples: Original thicknese 2.5mm, Improved thicknese 5mm, Block structure is defined by automotive factory (No change in appearance) are compared. Molding shrinkage includes change of contour rate on light guide. Brightness is light-emitting angle and luminance. The result shows that thickness of original sample thicknese 2.5mm has obvious molding shrinkage phenomenon in superficial contour spectroscopy analysis. In optical photometry, original sample is also influenced greatly by molding shrinkage effect on luminance and light-emitting angles which reduce the brightness and have Astigmatism. On the other hand, improved sample thicknese 5mm gets evidence improved results on molding shrinkage effect, light-emitting angle, and luminance. Keywords: Light guide, Sink Mark, differential dimension, warpage.

碩士
東吳大學
國際經營與貿易學系
100
With the rise of consumer awareness, the purchase mindset has changed from the basic need to want. Every purchase selection will now cover more parameters such as appealing, branding and so on which is far beyond the earlier days of product pricing comparison. However, the new consumer behavior posts a new challenge to the retailers to keep their operational cost down and also becomes extremely painful which are dealing with icy thin margin consumer products. In the late 1980s, among global countries aggressively apply QR (Quick Response) / ECR (Efficient Consumer), Obviously, a dramatic change was needed. They had to reconnect with consumers and satisfied their needs. Category Management is an essential part of demand side in QR/ECR. It's a systematic approach to manage a product category as a business unit which is also closely establishing cooperation between retailer and manufacturer. However, most studies and successful experiences showed the strategic competitive advantage can be realized by Category Management on FMCG industries but little studies have done to non-FMCG industries. Thus, it's the intention of this paper to examine the history and implementation practices can also be adapted to non-FMCG industries. The study would like to use “After Market sales of automotive lighting” as an example. The result shows that sales increases 16% after adapting category management and margin increases by 5.3%. There is also a significant growth in customer satisfaction. In addition, it still has the following intangible benefits: 1. Category management is an important learning tool for the enterprise. An important feedback what is preferred or useful to the end user, thus making the necessary execution adjustment. 2. Understanding from customer what is important and what is not. After all, having the right motivation from the target audience will create sales and also discover new opportunities which have yet to tap on. 3. More and more trust and commitment are established between retailer and manufacturer during adaption. Thus, a clear indication that category management is also applicable to non-FMCG products.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
機械與自動化工程研究所
100
This study investigates the design of LED edge-lit light bar, and analyzes the influence of light guide features and component curvature to the optical characteristics. An automotive taillight with LED edge-lit light bar is used as an illustrated example. The angles and the distribution of the V-cut on the light bar are varied to satisfy the requirements of the illumination uniformity. This research applies the optical simulation software, TracePro to simulate optical characteristics of a simple unilateral and bilateral into the light of light bar with various light guide into the plane design and bending characteristics to achieve the optimum parameter design. The simulation analyzes the influence of light bar curvature for inside and outside thickness to the state of emitting luminance, and applies to the automotive taillight design. This design utilizes Pro-E 3D modeling software to establish the distributed V-cut structure of the curved light bar, and introduces to the TracePro program for the simulations of illuminance map and Candela distribution. Based on the simulation results, V-cut is carried out to obtain the optimum centralized luminous intensity. To achieve a uniform luminance of light bar, a Fuzzy optimization scheme is applied to vary the V-cut density along the light bar. Finally with the surface diffusion parameter settings.The analysis of Candela plot is derived to the luminous intensity. The proposed design provides a high illuminance and uniformity for the application of automotive tailight.

碩士
南台科技大學
高階主管企管碩士班
93
Global competition is fiercer and fiercer, development of basic technology is very fast, and consumer demand is changing and the market is changing as well. Product life cycle becomes shorter and shorter. No product can dominate the market for 5 or 10 years. New product may be eliminated within one or two years or even a few months because of the appearance of competitor. Therefore, new product development is the future focal point of any business. Also, how to get technological knowledge and effectively applied to the development of new product is the only way to keep the business to establish and maintain competitive advantage. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of knowledge management to the performance of new product development and also the influence in the process by the personality of different engineers. The main index of knowledge management are the activities of knowledge management value chain — knowledge creation, knowledge storage, knowledge distribution and knowledge application. The indexes of technical and overall performance are used to evaluate the performance of new product development. A survey has been conducted, targeted to the development engineers and managers of automobile lighting industries located in Taiwan Tainan area to prove the supposition of this study. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Knowledge management has paramount effect to the performance of new product development. Research results indicated that most of the respondent of the survey do agree. 2. New product development mangers and engineers all concur the four major activities of knowledge management, which are knowledge creation, knowledge storage, knowledge distribution and knowledge application. However it does not make evident differ to the activities of the knowledge management value chain by personality. 3. All new product development managers and engineers take a positive view to the overall and technological performance of the new product development. However difference in personality does not affect too much to the results of new product development.

碩士
國立成功大學
財務金融研究所碩士在職專班
106
Violation of the Fair Trade Law in Taiwan is first administrative and post-judicial. The illegal gains obtained by enterprises in violation of the Fair Trade Law are often much higher than the fines and compensations they pay. It causes the owners and managers neglected the rules and violated the antitrust laws. Once the company violated the anti-trust law, it can use the Corporate Leniency Policy, including the stained witness or the guilty plea negotiation in the first time to reduce the criminal liability of companies and individuals. This dissertation uses the case study analysis method of qualitative research to take the Taiwan lamp industry as an evidence to explore whether the joint pricing behavior violates corporate social responsibility? Does it make a positive impact for the business performance and stock price return rate during the illegal period? The study found that: According to the perspective of corporate social responsibility, the case companies violated the anti-monopoly and fair competition for competitors. In addition, the “joint pricing behavior” just made a positively profitable impact on the” business performance” in a short period of time, but in the long term, it’s not profitable. The stock price return rates of the case companies during the illegal period were not better than the non-violation period.

碩士
國立成功大學
製造資訊與系統研究所
105
With the development of Taiwan's motor vehicle parts manufacturing, Taiwan's motor vehicle parts of the self-made rate is higher and higher, has become one of Taiwan's important industries, but the face of international and customer demand presents a variety of small impact, enterprise must promote business reform import low-cost and high-flexible production system, towards low-cost, high quality and shorter delivery as the goal to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises and meet customer needs. This study is conducted to the case firm, a automotive lighting manufacturing, and try to impel material flow in design of automotive lighting’s production line and propose the improvement plan and the future plan which can be referred by case firm. At first, we use the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to analyze the current situation of the case company, and find where it can be our turning point of improvement. Second, taking advantage of the six step submitted from this study, we can develop four feasible logistic plan to offer them the direction of the logistic plan in the future. As considering the completeness of the logistic plan, we not only collect equal the moving distance of material, equal the cycle time, and number of operator three quantitative indexes by simulation, the study will present four qualitative indexes which are judged by expert, and through a systematic, fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making method at the same time to judge the pros and cons of the four logistic plan. Finally, the results of the selection case 4 for the best sort of the case. Compared with the worst-case scenario, the moving distance index is reduced by 35%, and the number of operators is reduced by one person. The case 4 between quantitative indicators and qualitative indicators are all the best, however, changing the difficulty in the index is considered the highest. Although it can’t be achieved in the near future, manager can improve it step by step and use case 4 as the future goal.

Der Mensch erfasst die Umwelt mithilfe seiner Sinnessysteme. Licht macht die physikalische Welt sichtbar und liefert dem visuellen System dadurch wichtige Informationen über unsere Umgebung. Im Straßenverkehr wird die visuelle Wahrnehmung durch die Fahrzeugbeleuchtung unterstützt. Dabei erfüllen Heckleuchten zwei zentrale Funktionen: Zum einen wird die Sichtbarkeit des Fahrzeugs bei Dunkelheit und schlechter Sicht für andere Verkehrsteilnehmer erhöht. Das Schlusslicht übermittelt Informationen über die Anwesenheit eines Fahrzeugs, über den Fahrzeugtyp und über die Fahrzeugbreite. Diese Informationen sind notwendig, um während der Fahrt einen angemessenen Abstand zu einem vorausfahrenden Fahrzeug einschätzen und einhalten zu können. Die zweite zentrale Funktion von Heckleuchten ist die Kommunikation und Interaktion mit dem rückwärtigen Verkehr. Mithilfe von Lichtsignalen der Bremsleuchte und des Fahrtrichtungsanzeigers wird die Aufmerksamkeit auf das vorausfahrende Fahrzeug gelenkt und es werden gezielt Informationen an andere Verkehrsteilnehmer übertragen. So werden Verzögerungen in Längsrichtung, Fahrtrichtungsänderungen und der Hinweis auf eine mögliche Gefahrenquelle durch die Heckleuchte kommuniziert. Für alle Lichtfunktionen gilt, dass die ausgesendeten Signale in jeder Situation gut wahrnehmbar und intuitiv verständlich sein müssen. In dieser Arbeit wurde der mögliche Einfluss verschiedener Heckleuchtenattribute auf den Straßenverkehr untersucht. Eine Unfallanalyse ergab, dass der Großteil der Auffahrunfälle durch ein angemessenes Geschwindigkeits- und Abstandsverhalten sowie eine adäquate Aufmerksamkeitsverteilung vermieden werden könnte. Adaptive Schlusslichtfunktionen weisen das Potenzial auf, bei schlechter Sicht die Erkennbarkeit des Fahrzeugs zu erhöhen, ohne dabei den Hinterherfahrenden zu blenden. In der Literatur finden sich Hinweise darauf, dass die Anbauhöhe und Position von Heckleuchten sowie die Helligkeit des Schlusslichts die Entfernungsschätzung zwischen zwei Fahrzeugen beeinflussen können. Im Rahmen von verkehrspsychologischen Untersuchungen wurde der Einfluss einer adaptiven Helligkeitssteuerung im Schlusslicht auf die Wahrnehmung untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass eine kontinuierliche Helligkeitsanpassung des Schlusslichts an den Abstand zum Hinterherfahrenden die Entfernungsschätzung nicht beeinflusste. Um die Bedeutung der Gestaltungsform einer Heckleuchte für die Güte der Entfernungsschätzung beurteilen zu können, wurden zwei psychophysikalische Experimente durchgeführt. Diese Experimente zeigten, dass der Abstand zwischen zwei Elementen durch das Hinzufügen einer Verbindungslinie minimal verändert wahrgenommen wurde. Auf Heckleuchten übertragen könnte man daher von einer leichten Überschätzung der Breite des Fahrzeughecks bei verbundenen Schlussleuchten ausgehen. Dies könnte das Abstandsverhalten eines Hinterherfahrenden tendenziell positiv beeinflussen, indem der Fahrer durch diese Wahrnehmungstäuschung den Abstand zum Fahrzeug minimal unterschätzen würde. Da Licht und Bewegung durch ihre Salienz ein großes Potenzial zur Aufmerksamkeitslenkung aufweisen, beschäftigte sich eine weitere Versuchsreihe mit der Wirkung dynamischer Lichtfunktionen. Die Reaktionszeiten auf die Deaktivierung eines Bremslichts konnten durch eine Dynamik im Bremslicht nicht weiter verbessert werden. Die Untersuchung von Dynamiken im Schlusslicht zeigte jedoch, dass in Abhängigkeit bestimmter Umgebungsbedingungen, der Bewegungsart und -geschwindigkeit unterschiedliche Reaktionen hervorgerufen werden können. Durch die Entwicklung salienter und intuitiv verständlicher Lichtfunktionen könnten somit die Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten im Straßenverkehr erweitert und differenziert werden. Die gezielte Steuerung der Aufmerksamkeit durch Heckleuchtenfunktionen in kritischen Situationen kann zur Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit führen. Ziel der automobilen Lichtentwicklung ist eine innovative, allgemein akzeptierte und sicherheitsfördernde Heckleuchtengestaltung. Die Arbeit zeigte im Rahmen einer Unfallanalyse und verschiedenen wahrnehmungspsychologischen Experimenten die sicherheitsrelevanten Anforderungen an Heckleuchten auf. Dabei weisen verschiedene Heckleuchtenattribute und -funktionen das Potenzial auf, positiven Einfluss auf die Verkehrssicherheit nehmen zu können.
Humans perceive the world through their senses. Light makes the world visible and provides the visual system with important information about our environment. On the road, visual perception is supported by automotive lighting. Tail lights have two main functions: firstly, they improve the visibility of the vehicle for other road users at night time and in bad weather conditions. The tail light gives information about the presence of a car and the type and width of the vehicle. This information is necessary to assess and keep the appropriate distance to a vehicle in front. The second important function of tail lights is the communication and interaction with the following traffic. The lighting signals of the brake light and the turn signal draw attention to the car in front and specific information can be transmitted to other road users. In this manner, the tail light communicates decelerations in the longitudinal direction, changes in the driving direction and the indication of a possible source of danger. It is essential for every lighting signal that it is detectable in all situations and that it is highly intuitive at any time. This doctoral thesis studied the potential influence of distinct attributes of tail lights on the road traffic. Accident analysis showed that the majority of rear end crashes could be prevented by an appropriate speed and distance behavior as well as an adequate allocation of attention. Adaptive rear lighting shows potential to improve the perceptibility of the vehicle in poor visibility conditions without excessive glare for the following driver. Evidence from literature shows that the distance estimation between two vehicles could be influenced by the mounting height and the position of tail lights as well as by the brightness of the rear position lamp. Psychological experiments showed the influence of adaptive brightness control in the rear position lamp on the human perception. There was no effect on the distance perception by continuous adjustment of the brightness of the rear position lamp to the distance of the following vehicle. To evaluate the importance of the design of a tail light, two psychophysical experiments were conducted. These experiments showed a minimal influence on the perceived distance between two elements by adding a connection line. Transferred to tail lights, this effect implies a small overestimation of the width of the vehicle rear with connected rear position lamps. This could have a small positive effect on the distance behavior of the following driver due to the sensory illusion of slightly underestimating the distance. Because of the high potential for attention control by light and movement, another series of experiments was conducted, to assess the effect of dynamic light functions. Reaction times were not further improved through the use of dynamic functions in the brake light deactivation. However, the use of dynamics in the rear position lamp produced different responses as a function of distinct environment variables, the type of movement and the speed of animation. The development of salient and intuitive understandable light functions points out various communication possibilities for use within road traffic. Capturing the attention of other road users in critical situations through tail light functions could lead to an improvement in road safety. The aim of automotive lighting development is an innovative, universally accepted and safety enhancing tail light design. The dissertation demonstrated the safety requirements for tail lights through accident analysis and different perception experiments. Different attributes and functions of the tail light show the potential to have a positive influence on road safety.