Статті в журналах з теми "AUTOMOTIVE PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR"

Determine the effect of trustworthiness, customer participation behaviour, customer citizenship behaviour, and expected brand value towards purchase intention in high involvement product. This research uses purposive sampling, quantitative approach and SEM-PLS method with the Smart-PLS version 4 software. All direct effects are proven as significant and affective, except for trustworthiness effect against customer participation behaviour, and customer participation behaviour against brand expected value. All mediation effects are not significant, except for expected brand value’s mediation variables which mediate trustworthiness with purchase intention. There is no moderation effect by para-social relationship between neither trustworthiness and customer participation behaviour, nor trustworthiness and customer citizenship behaviour. Novelty of this research can be found in the research object itself, which is influencer's influence on products' high involvement with independent trustworthiness as variable, where automotive influencer is used as research object. Moreover, this research is conducted in a different country than previous research. Building trust is one of the most important things in ensuring the success of customer citizenship behavior, by giving key updates via various social media or brand influencer. Brand owners could also increase their own involvement in exploring social media, one of the examples is by doing campaign to communicate and interact with customers, reviews, comments, and votes. Brand owners could also consider whether Fitra Eri is the most suitable automotive influencer to promote their brand, in accordance with their objectives. The conclusions taken from the research in another countries, cultures, or influencers cannot be generalized. Followers’ intention of following the influencer is not necessarily related with their purchase intention.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the mediating factor of attitude on the consumers’ intention to purchase the remanufactured automotive components in Malaysia. Theoretical framework: The Theory of Perceived Behaviour (TPB) can be expanded, in accordance with Ajzen (1991), by adding new variables or modifying the present paths between variables. As previously mentioned, the TPB contends that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control serve as the three pillars that support behavioural intention. However, other researchers asserted that the model's ability to predict actual behaviour may be improved by other variables that are not been included by TPB (Armitage and Conner, 1999, 2001). Therefore, the present study attempts to extend the TPB by including new variables, i.e., perception on the quality, perception about price and environmental consciousness. Design/Methodology/Approach: The quantitative study used primary data that gathered from 561 vehicle users using purposive sampling. Data were analysed using Partial-Least Square - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to examine the mediating effects and the strength of the relationships among the constructs. Findings: The results reveal that price (P) and subjective norm (SN) have significant positive relationship with attitude. Furthermore, attitude, subjective norm, price, and perceived behavioural control (PBC) exert significant positive effect on the behaviour intention (BI) to purchase remanufactured automotive components. Moreover, the findings indicate that attitude significantly mediates the relationship between price, subjective norms and behaviour intention. Research, practical & social implications: The results of this study emphasized that remanufacturers need to implement various marketing strategies including discounts and advertisements to bring positive influence on consumers’ behaviour intention to purchase remanufactured automotive components. Originality/Value: This study extends the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) by incorporating price, quality and environmental consciousness perceptions. The expanded theoretical framework improved the predictive ability of the TPB.

Dependence on energy-intense transportation systems could escalate the chances of environmental degradation. A shift of transportation modes from conventional vehicles to energy-efficient vehicles is a viable method of mitigating the rate of carbon emissions; however, the adoption rate of environment-friendly vehicles is still low globally and vital to explore. This study aims to investigate the determinants that influence individuals’ intention to purchase hybrid vehicles, through the development of a research model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, integrated with environmental knowledge as an additional variable. Data were collected from 256 car users across Malaysia’s metropolitan city. The findings augment the rich theoretical basis of the Theory of Planned Behavior by incorporating environmental knowledge as a supplementary variable in assessing individuals’ behaviour in the sustainable transportation domain, which constitutes the novelty value of this study. The outcomes imply the need for governments and practitioners to execute appropriate approaches in nurturing public’s motivation in adopting energy-efficient cars, so that the adoption rate of pro-environmental vehicles can be increased. Overall, this study infers that the adoption of hybrid vehicles is viable if individuals are properly provided with sufficient awareness and education, which subsequently builds trust, empowerment, and confidence in owning these vehicles.

ABSTRACTElectric Car Penetration Potential in Indonesia: Automotive industry is one of the pillars that support Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in Indonesia. Moreover, despite of the pandemic condition, unlike internal combustion engine car, the sales of electric car isfound to be increasing in Indonesia and global. This signs that there may be transformation in automotive industry towards electric car. To prepare for the transformation, company must be able to understand customer. Furthermore, this study was done to know the potential of electric car in Indonesia and provide suggestions to company in the industry by understanding the customers. As a result, company needs to comprehend the factors that influence purchase intention of electric car. was In this study, understanding those factors was done with Theory of Planned Behaviour(TPB). In addition, it was found that purchase intention of electric car(PI) is greatly influenced by attitude(AT). While attitude to purchase electric car(AT) is greatly influenced by environment value. To sum up, this study showed that electric car has big growth potential in Indonesia. It is also showing the factors that influence customer purchase intention towards electric car in Indonesia. Keywords: electric car; growth potential; purchase intention; theory of planned behaviour.ABSTRAKOtomotif industri adalah salah satu penopang Produk Domestik Bruto(GDP) di Indonesia. Meskipun adanya pandemi, tidak seperti mobil pembakaran dalam, jumlah penjualan mobil listrik di Indonesia dan global meningkat. Ini adalah tanda yang memungkinkan perubahan pada industri otomotif ke arah mobil listrik. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan perlu mengetahui factor yang mempengaruhi niat untuk membeli mobil listrik. Analisa ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi dari mobil listrik di Indonesia dan memberikan saran untuk perusahaan yang berada dalam industri dengan cara mengerti niat membeli. Mengetahui faktor yang mempengatuhi niat membeli dianalisa menggunakan Teori Perilaku Terencana(TPB). Hasil Analisa menunjukkan bahwa niat membeli mobil listrik(PI) sangat dipengaruhi oleh sikap(AT). Sedangkan sikap untuk membeli mobil listrik(AT) sangat dipengaruhi oleh nilai lingkungan(NV). Untuk merangkum, penelitian ini menunjukkan potensi pertumbuhan mobil listrik di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan faktor yang mempengaruhi niat membeli mobil listrik di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: mobil listrik, niat membeli, potensi bertumbuh, teori perilaku terencana

Environmental problems caused by global warming are becoming alarming with every passing day. To curb greenhouse gas (GhG) emissions, promoting alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) and sustainable transport mode choices is critical. This study explores the predictors of eco-social purchase, use, and conservation intentions in a developing country by employing an extended model of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Using a self-administered survey technique, data were collected from a nationally representative sample of 1372 customers of three leading automobile manufacturers from eight big cities of Pakistan. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to test the measurement and structural models. Results showed that the extended model of TPB received support in the context of Pakistani culture and for the targeted behaviours related to eco-social purchase, use, and conservation intentions concerning AFVs. Implications for marketers and theoretical contribution are discussed at the end.

The paper’s objective is to define the consumption patterns in the organic food market in Poland. Therefore, in 2019, a questionnaire survey among 204 organic food consumers was carried out. The survey covered reasons for organic food purchases, places of purchase, purchase frequency, barriers to this purchase, and willingness to pay. The research results show that the investigated consumers were mostly young women (aged up to 40 years) with monthly incomes between 2,001 and 4,000 PLN per person in a household. On average, the surveyed had been present in the organic food market for about 4 years, and their expenditures on food mainly constituted about 20% of the total food expenditures. From the variety of reasons for buying organic food, the ones of egoistic character dominated, i.e., high quality of products, lower content of agricultural chemicals, belief in a higher content of nutrients, followed by altruistic motives, i.e., a positive impact on the environment or ethical production motives. The respondents most often and more regularly bought products with a shorter shelf life, i.e., organic vegetables and fruits, eggs, bread, and cereal products, and less frequently, more durable products. Fish, meat products, and meat were relatively rarely purchased. Among the places where the organic food was purchased, specialized stores and outlets of commercial networks prevailed. The most critical barrier for the respondents is still the high price of organic products.

Today’s markets have become highly competitive and challenging, therefore, a careful understanding of the key success factors that may help firms to sustain their brands is very important. In past literatures, it is evident that consumers prefer to purchase brands that provide them with unique values and differentiated features. However, this study focuses on advertising and country of origin effects as key success factors for building sustainable brand equity, because they were found to be important in influencing consumer behaviour. To explore our knowledge in this area, Malaysian automotive industry was selected. The data were collected from a total of 287 passenger cars owners through survey questionnaire at shopping malls in the northern region of Malaysia. The findings revealed that advertising and country of origin had significant positive effects on overall brand equity. Moreover, this study found that advertising and country of origin had significant positive effects on the dimensions of brand equity, namely; brand loyalty, brand image, brand awareness, and brand leadership. Based on the findings of this study, some implications have been highlighted to enhance our knowledge on the importance of the selected factors in building strong brand equity.

In this study, it was revealed how we experience the pandemic in the context of consumption behaviors for health by acting on the idea that being healthy is surrounded by a number of cultural behavior patterns. In order to collect data, in-depth interviews were conducted face-to-face in Erzurum, Turkey, based on the behavior of "food consumption”. During the pandemic, some changes that individuals make in their nutritional behavior in order to be healthy have attracted attention. This situation, on the other hand, has created effects that increase "solidarity" at a time when individualization is rising. In addition, there have been behaviors such as stock making or postponing purchase. As a result, the pandemic increased individuals ' confidence in traditional phenomena, as well as their confidence in each other.

Online car-hailing services have become an integral part of people’s daily travel in China. Considering that young people are the major consumer group in car purchases, it is worth investigating how the experience of online car-hailing services affects their intention to purchase a car. Based on the extended theory of Planned Behavior, this study found that the factors that negatively impact the car purchase intention of the youth are firstly the public transportation service quality, followed by the risks of private cars, and finally the online car-hailing services quality. Elevating the convenience and comfort of public transportation is conducive to reducing car purchasing intention. The indirect effect of online car-hailing services on car purchase intention is greater than its direct effect, and the most important factor is attitude. The car purchase intention is significantly heterogeneous across age and annual household income groups. Improving the convenience of public transportation will reduce the car purchase intention of people in the early youth. For middle and later youth, providing demand-responsive transit for important individuals to meet their diverse needs can reduce car purchase intention. As for online car-hailing services, youth care most about their convenience and comfort and worry most about their safety. Providing better online car-hailing services can reduce the car-purchasing intention of youth.

This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN) model that simulates user’s choice of electric or internal combustion engine automotive vehicles based on basic vehicle attributes (purchase price, range, operating cost, taxes due to emissions, time to refuel/recharge and vehicle price depreciation), with the objective of analyzing user behavior and creating a model that can be used to support policymaking. The ANN was trained using stated preference data from a survey carried out in six European countries, taking into account petrol, diesel and battery electric automotive vehicle attributes. Model results show that the electric vehicle parameters (especially purchase cost, range and recharge times), as well as the purchase cost of internal combustion engine vehicles, have the most influence on consumers’ vehicle choices. A graphical interface was created for the model, to make it easier to understand the interactions between different attributes and their impacts on consumer choices and thus help policy decisions.

This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN) model that simulates user’s choice of electric or internal combustion engine automotive vehicles based on basic vehicle attributes (purchase price, range, operating cost, taxes due to emissions, time to refuel/recharge and vehicle price depreciation), with the objective of analyzing user behavior and creating a model that can be used to support policymaking. The ANN was trained using stated preference data from a survey carried out in six European countries, taking into account petrol, diesel and battery electric automotive vehicle attributes. Model results show that the electric vehicle parameters (especially purchase cost, range and recharge times), as well as the purchase cost of internal combustion engine vehicles, have the most influence on consumers’ vehicle choices. A graphical interface was created for the model, to make it easier to understand the interactions between different attributes and their impacts on consumer choices and thus help policy decisions.

Indications of the Indonesian economy are reflected in the growth of the middle class of society in Indonesia. One sector that drives Indonesia's economic growth is the automotive industry sector. The growth of economic level and income has a direct impact on the level of car ownership, especially in big cities. The development of the internet and also the growth of mobile device users open up alternative opportunities for online purchases, including the purchase of automotive or car products. Changes in consumer behavior and technology are accelerating digital innovation, the emergence of online digital media is the preferred source of information for people who have the intention of buying a car and the emergence of digital automotive platforms that provide and enable consumers to buy new cars online. However, in another study, e-commerce for new and second-hand car sales did not have a significant contribution to sales growth and from this study it was found that there is a digital transformation gap for buying new cars online in Indonesia. This study will examine whether digital advertising media and Youtube media can be a bridge for the development of online car sales e-commerce. Testing this hypothesis involved 100 correspondents as a sample and analyzed using SmartPLS3.3.2 software. and has passed the valid and reliable test. The results of this test can be concluded, the e-commerce platform has no effect on purchasing decisions, Youtube media has no effect on purchasing decisions, digital advertising media has no effect on purchasing decisions, Youtube media has no effect on mediating e-commerce platforms on the occurrence of purchasing decisions, digital advertising media influential in mediating e-commerce platforms on the occurrence of purchasing decisions, e-commerce platforms influencing Youtube media, e-commerce platforms influencing digital advertising media.

Service firms frequently contact customers after a transaction to solicit feedback and assess satisfaction with the service experience. Customers who have an ongoing relationship with a firm may receive satisfaction surveys after many or even most of their service encounters, yielding effects that are likely to be cumulative over time. Yet how these cumulative effects influence customer purchase behavior is not clear. Because satisfaction surveys serve a dual purpose of providing valuable customer feedback and incorporating bidirectional communication into relational marketing strategies, understanding their longer term effects is important. This study examines the influence of recurring posttransaction satisfaction surveys on purchase behavior at the individual customer transaction level using service transaction data and relational contact data spanning 3 years at a large North American automotive dealership. The findings reveal that repeatedly soliciting a customer’s feedback may have detrimental cumulative effects on purchase amount and interpurchase time, and the cumulative effects vary with customers’ cross purchasing history. Results indicate diminished impact of other individualized direct contacts when a customer also receives a posttransaction satisfaction survey. The authors discuss how companies can use satisfaction surveys as an effective tool within a firm’s portfolio of relational communications and minimize detrimental effects over time.

As e-commerce develops in Indonesia, sales of fresh fruit and vegetable products move from physical stores to virtual markets through technological innovation. The adoption of e-commerce is marked by changes in purchasing behavior of fresh fruits and vegetables that originally relied on the senses, now mediated by a screen measuring at least 7 inches. Interaction between seller and buyer, or buyer with buyer also mediated. This condition does not require consumers to be able to see, hold and smell the product they want directly. When compared with conventional methods, the purchase of fresh vegetables and fruit through e-commerce has risks, namely uncertainty such as the physical quality of the product, taste or freshness. Consumers need knowledge and experience to reduce this uncertainty, where this knowledge and experience is obtained through a consumer learning process. This study describes the forms of consumer learning behavior starting from the beginning to get acquainted with adopting e-commerce. The research method used is qualitative with descriptive research type, and the method of data collection in the form of in-depth interviews with informants who are adopters of the Surabaya branch of the E-Commerce Tani Hub. This informant consists of a group of friends who have the same values, namely implementing a lifestyle and eating healthy food. The results of this study are in the form of learning behaviors shown by Tani Hub consumers through the process of information exchange with information sources that they consider credible, namely friendship circles and also primary information from the Tani Hub’ company itself.

[Purpose/Significance] Under the influence of various factors such as the pandemic, oil prices, and economic conditions, the global automotive industry has entered a period of downturn. Therefore, how to activate market potential and increase consumers’ willingness to purchase cars has become an important research topic. Unlike many other products, test drives play a significant role in the car-buying process. [Method/Procedure] This study employs a questionnaire survey to explore how consumer perceptions of product aesthetics, space quality, and service quality during their initial visit to an automobile 4S store influence their test drive intention through two dimensions of brand image: symbolic and experiential. A structural equation model is used to establish a test drive intention impact model incorporating these dimensions. [Results/Conclusions] The study found that brand image, both symbolic and experiential, plays a significant mediating role in enhancing potential consumers’ test drive intentions. Space image had the most significant impact on brand image. Although product aesthetics did not directly affect brand image experientially, they remained an important factor in enhancing brand image symbolically. [Contribution/Value] The results of this study can provide insights for automotive brand managers, automobile 4S store designers, and others aiming to promote the sustainable development of automotive consumption.

Indonesia's economic sector continues to rely on carbon-emitting fossil fuels. The government is speeding up electrification by encouraging people to switch from traditional to electric automobiles. Electric motorcycles are one option for lowering CO2 emissions. Many researchers have investigated the value attributes affecting consumers’ attitudes and behavior around electric motorcycles. The structural model was created using the Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The questionnaires were circulated through the internet, and 1,223 valid responses were received. Researching people's interest in environmentally friendly vehicles and the growing ecosystem of electric vehicles will indicate that the electric motorcycle business has a bright future. This research also shows that attitude is a major impact on electric motorcycle purchase intention and infrastructure, and subjective norms and perceived behavioral control have a direct effect on electric motorcycle purchase intention. Cost and technology do not influence a person in determining his desire to buy an electric vehicle.

China?s current vehicle emissions caused by air pollution problems have become increasingly prominent. How to improve new energy vehicle market share, and effectively guide the consumer buying behavior become a problem, which the government and social have to be solved. In this paper, according to establish the stochastic evolutionary game model between the government and consumers in the car market, introducing of random factors analysis on the impact of evolutionary stability ,will obtain the stable strategy of government and automotive consumers. And on the basis of it, we study the government support, cost of vehicles, the use of cost, the utility of automobile use for the ways of evolutionary stability, with case further illustrates the external disturbance factors on consumer purchase of new energy vehicles in evolutionary game process stability. Studies show that: the increasing government subsidy policy, the reducing life cycle costs of new energy vehicles and the improving effectiveness of new energy vehicles will lead the model?s evolution to the orientation of consumer purchasing new energy vehicles.

Battery charging mode (CM) is a prevalent method of trans-shipping power to new energy vehicles (NEVs). Unfortunately, due to the limited capacity of batteries, typical NEVs can only travel for approximately 350 miles on a single charge and require hours to be recharged. Battery swapping mode (SM), as a novel alternative, can offer an ideal solution by exchanging depleted batteries for recharged ones at swapping stations in the middle of long trips, inevitably influencing potential consumers’ purchase behaviors. To examine the impact of SM and CM on consumers’ purchase intention, this paper examines a duopolistic market consisting of two new energy vehicle manufacturers (i.e., a NEV-SM manufacturer and a NEV-CM manufacturer), who adopt SM and CM to service consumers, respectively. Considering SM is characterized by low initial investment and ease of use for consumers, NEV-CM manufacturers capitalize on extended battery warranty services in response to rivals’ utilization of SM. Thereby, non-cooperative game models are formulated, in which government subsidies are taken into account. The optimal production decision for both the NEV-SM manufacturer and the NEV-CM manufacturer are analyzed under three scenarios: without extended warranty service, with extended warranty service, and with extended warranty service and subsidy. The results show that the two manufacturers’ market dominance relies on the ratio of the swapping station’s convenience to the extended warranty service and the valuation incremental rate. Additionally, we also find that the government subsidy can dramatically improve the NEV-SM manufacturer’s performance at the initial stage, but if the subsidy is insufficient in size at the subsequent stage, this will lead to policy failure and inefficiency in propelling the diffusion of swapping mode.

Many countries have made great efforts to boost the use of electric vehicles in recent years; for example, advanced countries including Norway and the Netherlands in Europe and the United States have enhanced people’s willingness to use electric vehicles by means of appropriate subsidies and suppression of private vehicles. In Asia, Taiwan has been promoting the policy of replacing traditional fuel two-wheeled vehicles (FTWVs) with electric two-wheeled vehicles (ETWVs) and strengthening the policy by means of replacing a large number of old FTWVs and subsidizing the purchase of ETWVs. This study took college students as the subjects, as they were the first potential group to buy ETWVs, and their concept of environmental sustainability can be shaped for cultivating vehicle use habits. This study applies a questionnaire to probe into the ETWV usage preferences of college students and explores the significant factors affecting college students’ purchase of ETWVs. This study uses a mixed logit (MXL) model for estimation. The results of model estimation show that those who are younger, have higher income, have good experience in using ETWVs, and are in user-friendly external traffic environments, are more inclined to choose ETWVs. In the future, government units can formulate policies to promote ETWVs according to the characteristics of different relevant factors.

In recent times, there has been a growing demand for e-shopping as compared to in-store shopping due to rapid changes in technology as well as extensive usage of the internet. E-shopping has changed people's shopping and travel behaviour. Due to the increase in internet usage, there is a tremendous change in people's shopping choices and it further impacts the travel patterns in urban communities. In this context, the proposed study evaluates people’s shopping choice behaviour in an urban scenario. To fulfil the proposed objective, a questionnaire survey has been conducted in order to understand consumer behaviour about their shopping choices as well as the number of online orders that have been made by the user during the specified duration of time (viz., during the last one month). To analyse the collected data, a principal component based logistic regression analysis has been adopted to estimate the significant contributing factors affecting consumer shopping choices. The results show that motivational factors (viz., saving in travel time and better prices) have a significant positive impact on online shopping; however, there are concerns such as delivery time as well as care required during online payment. The frequency of using online shopping mode and recently made purchases has had a significant positive impact on online shopping. Further, it has been concluded that higher income levels and higher occupation levels negatively impact e-shopping choice. The results are useful for transport planners to predict the transformation in people's travel behaviour with respect to shopping trips in present and future scenarios.

In the last decade, the growth of the automotive market with the aid of technologies has been notable for the economic, automotive and technological sectors. Alongside this growing recognition, the so called Internet of Intelligent Vehicles (IoIV) emerges as an evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) applied to the automotive sector. Closely related to IoIV, emerges the concept of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which is the current revolution seen in industrial automation. IIoT, in its turn, relates to the concept of Industry 4.0, that is used to represent the current Industrial Revolution. This revolution, however, involves different areas: from manufacturing to healthcare. The Industry 4.0 can create value during the entire product lifecycle, promoting customer feedback, that is, having information about the product history throughout it is life. In this way, the automatic communication between vehicle and factory was facilitated, allowing the accomplishment of different analysis regarding vehicles, such as the identification of a behavioral pattern through historical driver usage, fuel consumption, maintenance indicators, so on. Thus, allowing the prevention of critical issues and undesired behaviors, since the automakers lose contact with the vehicle after the purchase. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a customer feedback platform for vehicle manufacturing in Industry 4.0 context, capable of collecting and analyzing, through an OBD-II (On-Board Diagnostics) scanner, the sensors available by vehicles, with the purpose of assisting in the management, prevention, and mitigation of different vehicular problems. An intercontinental evaluation conducted between Brazil and Italy locations shown the feasibility of platform and the potential to use in order to improve the vehicle manufacturing process.

Purpose – This paper aims to understand the factors that influence a supplier’s choice to treat selected customers more preferentially than others. Suppliers often lack the resources to treat all their customers equally, instead having to make choices to treat some customers as preferred. Empirical evidence indicates that preferential treatment by suppliers provides substantial benefits for the purchasing firm. Design/methodology/approach – This study applies a mixed-methods approach. First, a qualitative analysis of a sample of buyers from an automotive manufacturer was conducted. In the second step, the findings were triangulated via a quantitative survey among key account managers of the automotive firm’s suppliers. Findings – This paper is the first to provide quantitative data collected from a large sample of automotive suppliers about the drivers of preferential customer treatment. The authors were able to show that the growth opportunities for suppliers and customers’ operative excellence, reliability and relational behavior are factors that induce suppliers to award preferential customer treatment. In contrast, innovation potential for suppliers, customers’ support of suppliers, supplier involvement and contact accessibility do not show a significant effect on suppliers’ behavioral intentions toward preferential customer treatment. Originality/value – The mixed-methods approach is introduced as a form of academic enquiry in supply chain management. The factors influencing preferential customer treatment by suppliers are explored in discussions with purchasers and validated in a subsequent survey among suppliers. Recommendations for managerial practice and theory are drawn.

In recent years, the movement that banning the sale of gasoline cars and diesel vehiclesespecially in Europe and allowing only electric cars for passenger’s cars has been accelerated. Forexamples, Germany’s federal council, the Bundesrat, has passed a resolution calling for a ban oncombustion engine cars by 2030. If the ban were to go through, German citizens would only bepermitted to purchase electric or hydrogen-fueled cars. In Norway, until 2025 there is a movement tolegislation prohibiting the registration of new cars for passenger car gasoline and diesel cars.Beginning in 2025 in the Netherlands, a bill to prohibit the sale of new cars for gasoline and dieselvehicles was submitted to Congress. Under the circumstances, the growing demand for light weightproducts for automotive industries has been increased due to global trend of environmentalpreservation. Although requires of magnesium has risen dramatically, production of magnesium alloysheet remains still at a very low level in practical use. The aim of the study is to establish a guidelinefor roll design in the roll forming of wrought magnesium alloys to extend practical use of roll formedproducts of wrought magnesium alloys. A three-dimensional elasto-plastic analysis by finite elementmethod has been conducted to express exact roll forming behavior of wrought magnesium alloys thathave different stress-strain curves in tension and compression. A simple V-sections were formed by atandem six stands roll forming machine to demonstrate effectiveness of the simulation methods withdifferent stress-strain curves in the case of tension and compression. Also, spring back analysis hasbeen performed to investigate exact cold roll forming phenomenon for wrought magnesium alloysheets.

This paper presents an approach for the design and derivation for establishing a digital product twin for battery cells. A digital product twin is a virtual replica of a physical battery cell and can be used to predict and optimize quality properties and performance in real-time. The study focuses on pouch cell manufacturing and aims to map the large amount and variety of process information down to purchased parts and interim products. The approach for this study was to collect and analyze data from the physical production process and use this information to structure a digital battery product twin based on its product architecture. The main findings of this study indicate that a digital product twin can be effectively structured and implemented in a digital interface based on its product architecture in combination with data from the physical production process. The results of this study show the potential of digital product twins, in which statements about material, design, and behavior can be made using real information from production. Further research will focus on the practical application and implementation of digital product twins in a battery cell pilot production.

AbstractToday low-alloy steels with boron achieve high resistance to abrasive wear and high strength. These features are obtained by using advanced technology of manufacturing. This makes boron steels increasingly popular and their application more diverse. Application of these steels can extend the lifetime of very expensive machine construction in many industries such as mining, the automotive, and agriculture industries. An interesting subgroup of these materials is steel with boron intended for heat treatment. These steels are supplied by the manufacturer after cold or hot rolling so that it is possible for them to be heat treated in a suitable manner by the purchaser for its specific application. Very important factor that determines the mechanical properties of final product is austenite grain growth occurring during hot working process such us quenching or hot rolling. Investigation of the effect of heating temperature and holding time on the austenite grain size is necessary to understand the growth behavior under different conditions. This article presents the result of investigation of austenite grain growth in selected low-allow boron steel with high resistance to abrasive wear and attempts to describe the influence of chemical composition on this process.

In the current era of globalization, competition between industries is getting tougher, both similar and unequal industries. Understanding consumer behavior is an important thing that companies must do so that consumers accept the products the company offers. Yamaha as a growing automotive company today certainly has realized the existence of competition. Purchase decision is a stage where consumer actually buys a product offered. Several factors can influence purchasing decisions, including product quality and price. If a product is considered to have better quality compared to competing products, consumers will tend to choose to buy the product. Pricing strategy is very significant in giving value to consumers and influencing the product image, as well as the consumer's decision to buy. This study aims to determine the effect of product quality (X1) and price (X2) on purchasing decisions (Y) of Yamaha Mio at Yamaha Mataram Sakti Semarang. This type of research is explanatory research. The sampling technique uses non-probability and purposive sampling techniques. The number of samples taken was 100 respondents, who were users and buyers of Yamaha Mio at Yamaha Mataram Sakti Semarang. The analysis technique uses validity and reliability test, cross tabulation, correlation coefficient, determination coefficient, simple regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, t test, and F test with the help of IBM SPSS version 21.0.

The dynamics of change in the contemporary world affect all areas including cross-border material flows. On the one hand, globalization has disseminated thought models and patterns of behavior based on decision patterns, thus bringing logistics to the "templates" of efficient logistics. On the other hand, has imposed and forced the need for continuous changes in the optimization of decision-making processes that are adequate to increasingly complex challenges. The main purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to decision making scenarios taken in military transport processes with particular emphasis to logistics and transport costs. This article is an attempt as well at evaluating decision scenarios in transport processes, determined mainly by the cost criterion. The whole of the considerations relates to the security of transports carried out for the purpose of military operations, that is to say, military security, understood as a safe and reliable implementation of a military operation, which must be preceded by the movement of troops into theater operations. The publication uses the experience of "lessons learned", resulting from the actions of Polish military contingents abroad. The conducted studies and analyzes show that it is possible to model transport taking into consideration the cost of specific cargo mass to areas of peacekeeping operations using services provided by carriers operating on the transport market. This kind of approach will lead in the future to changes in the logistics system without the need to spend a great deal on the purchase or hire of transport resources needed to carry out the transport function at the strategic level. As it was proved, logistics processes that take place in an international system require interpersonal cooperation and consequently appropriate relations and a high level of coordination, which change should be determined by the extent of responsibility.

As a sustainable transportation system, car-sharing schemes have been attracting increasing attention. A large amount of research and practice has proved that the application and promotion of car sharing can help reduce the number of private cars purchased, increase the utilization rate of automobiles, effectively alleviate traffic congestion, save energy, and reduce emissions. Therefore, research on car sharing is imperative. The logit model is widely used in studies on car sharing and is an effective tool for analyzing traffic problems. This study first introduces the status of research into car sharing and analyzes the potential users and market prospects for shared cars. The study then provides the results from a questionnaire survey in Nanjing, China, to obtain sample data. Finally, a mixed logit model is established to analyze the influencing factors of car-sharing selection behavior. The results show that factors such as an individual’s housing situation and income significantly affect car-sharing decisions and that respondents who choose to use shared cars are relatively similar to commuters. The main contribution of this study is to use empirical analysis to determine the key influencing factors of car-sharing behavior in China and to provide practical insights for commercial practitioners and traffic planners.

This paper quantified the impact of outbound and return flight schedule preferences on airline choice for international trips. Several studies have used airline choice data to identify preferences and trade-offs of different air carrier service attributes, such as travel time, fare and flight schedule. However, estimation of the effect return flight schedules have on airline choice for an international round-trip flight has not yet been studied in detail. Therefore, this study introduces attributes related to return flight characteristics and round-trip flight schedule interaction into the airline choice models, which have not previously been reported in the literature. We developed a stated preference survey that includes round-trip fares based on flight schedule combinations and the number of days prior to departure fares was purchased. We applied modelling techniques using a set of stated preference data. A mixed logit model was tested for the presence of heterogeneity in passengers' preferences. Our results indicated that models with attributes related to return flight and its interaction with outbound flight attributes have a superior fit compared with models only based on attributes reported in the literature review. The model found shows that airfare, travel time, arrival preference schedule in the outward journey, departure preference in the return journey and the schedule combination of round-trip flight are significantly affecting passenger choice behaviour in international round-trip flights. Sensitivity analysis of airline service characteristics and their marketing implications are conducted. The analysis reports seven policies with the greatest impact on each airline choice probabilities. It shows that by reducing travel time and airfare and by adopting an afternoon and night schedule preference for outbound and return flight, respectively, the highest probability on airline choice would be reached. This research contributes to the current literature by enhancing the understanding of how passengers choose airlines, considering both outbound and inbound journey characteristics. Thus, this study provides an analytical tool designed to provide a better understanding of international round-trip flight demand determinants and support carrier decisions.

The flagship project in this area in Poland is the Electromobility Development Program, one of the strategic documents of which is the Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels of 11 January 2018, which includes a system of benefits aimed at influencing consumer behaviors towards the choice of electric vehicles. According to the decision-makers, its implementation is expected to result in the achievement of a number of goals, among others, 1 million of such vehicles are forecast to be present at the national level in 2025. The intention of the authors is to analyze the progress in the development of electromobility in Poland, in the areas such as the market of electric cars, charging infrastructure, with an indication of whether the actions that are implemented by the legislator, i.e., guidelines on where and in what quantities charging stations dedicated to such vehicles are to be established, subsidies in the form of the possibility of driving on the lanes designed for buses, subsidies for the purchase of such vehicles intensify the development of electromobility in the country. The considerations were carried out for cars powered exclusively by electricity, i.e., BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) type, category M1. Cars in this category represent the largest share of the automotive market in Poland—over 75%. The utilitarian value of this research may be supported by the fact that the example of Poland and its problems concerning the discussed issue may be a source of preliminary analysis for other countries of the European Union.

Although the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been under control in Taiwan, the accumulated number of confirmed patients has reached up to 14,853, where 661 cases were fatal with a fatality rate of 4.45% (since the virus outbreak until July 1, 2021). Globally, the toll of confirmed cases has reached 182,641,391 people, where 3,955,679 cases were fatal with a fatality rate of 2.17% (from the virus outbreak until July 1, 2021). Considering the disease has not been under control yet and IT still significantly influences people’s daily travel behavior worldwide, it is urgent to investigate as to what extent it changes people’s travel habits. Therefore, we conducted a survey from April 24 to May 2, 2020, to obtain data on Taiwanese people’s travel behavior before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. Two models, logistic regression and ordered logit models, were used. As for the models’ performance, the estimated thresholds of the ordered logit model are significantly positive, and its coefficient is smaller than that of the logistic model, indicating that the estimated coefficients would be overestimated if the dependent variable is dichotomous. Hence, this study suggests that the influence of COVID-19 on travel behaviors in Taiwan can be explained by the ordered logit models. Several important conclusions are described as follows. First, people might significantly reduce travel activities related to social entertainment during the pandemic outbreak. Second, the total travel activities by private vehicles are significantly reduced, while there is no significant decrease in the use of transit. Finally, the important explanatory variables included the importance of the time to promote government policies (such as implementing the real-name registration system for mask purchases, publishing confirmed cases, and establishing the transit disinfection system), types and number of weekly activities, and storage of various types of consumer goods. The results of our study can serve as an important reference for accommodating similar scales of pandemics occurring in the future.

In recent years, the movement for banning the sale of gasoline cars and diesel vehicles, especially in Europe, and allowing only electric passenger cars has been accelerated. For examples, Germany’s federal council, the Bundesrat, has passed a resolution calling for a ban on combustion engine cars by 2030. If the ban were to go through, German citizens would only be permitted to purchase electric or hydrogen-fueled cars. In Norway, until 2025 there is a movement for legislation prohibiting the registration of new gasoline passenger cars and diesel cars. Beginning in 2025 in the Netherlands, a bill prohibiting the sale of new cars gasoline and diesel vehicles was submitted to Congress. Under the circumstances, the demand for light-weight products for automotive industries has increased due to global trends in environmental preservation. Although demands for magnesium has risen dramatically, production of magnesium alloy sheet still remains at a very low level. This study seeks to establish a guideline for roll design in the roll forming of wrought magnesium alloys to extend practical use of roll-formed products of wrought magnesium alloys. A three-dimensional elasto-plastic analysis by the finite-element method has been conducted to express exact roll-forming behavior of wrought magnesium alloys that have different stress-strain curves in tension and compression. Simple V-sections were formed by a tandem six-stand roll forming machine to demonstrate the effectiveness of the simulation methods with different stress-strain curves in the case of tension and compression. Also, spring-back analysis has been performed to investigate the exact cold roll-forming phenomenon for wrought magnesium alloy sheets.

The automotive industry is at a crossroad. Electric Vehicles (EV) now pose an existential threat to the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). In some Northern European nations over 50% of new cars sold are EVs, owing in large part to substantial financial incentives to buy and own an EV, such as tax discounts when purchasing an EV, fuel savings, and preferential use of transportation infrastructure. These countries have pledged to cease all imports of non-EVs by 2035. On the other end of the spectrum are Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where EVs account for less than 1 percent of vehicles on the road, due in large part to financial and non-financial impediments to buying and owning an EV. In addition, the price per kilometer driven in the GCC is considerably lower with gasoline than with electricity, which contradicts the European experience where cost savings from electricity versus gasoline can be around 8 to 1. Furthermore, as there is an absence of purchase and ownership/utilization taxation of vehicles in the GCC, no tax discount can be levied, in contrast to the EV tax incentives common in Europe. This paper explores which qualities of driving and owning an EV in the GCC are necessary to persuade certain kinds of new automobile consumers to pay a higher purchasing price for owning an EV as opposed to an ICE, in spite of higher costs for electricity compared to gasoline per kilometer driven. This pilot study attempts to provide an insight to new car purchasing behavior among consumers in Kuwait via a qualitative innovative approach known as ‘Q Methodology’. Interestingly, the factors that emerged from the research represent three subjective perspectives of new car purchase in Kuwait which were labeled as Factor 1, ‘Value Seeker’; Factor 2, ‘Safety Seeker’; and Factor 3, ‘Performance Seeker’. The study concludes that given financial constraints, the ‘Value Seeker’ group is not likely to become an early adopter of EVs in the GCC region. Conversely, the ‘Performance Seeker’, which includes mainly younger men who are more likely to view the fast acceleration of EVs as a deciding factor, and the ‘Safety Seekers’, who are mainly younger women who would value the environmental aspects of EVs as well as the quiet driving experience and low maintenance requirements are determining factors for EV adoption in the GCC region in the future.

Due to the rising of consumer awareness, consumers not just pay more attention to leisure activities but also demand more on the related service quality. In recent years, low-cost carriers (LCCs) have continued to expand their routes, and traditional aviation is no longer the only choice for travel abroad. Different from the traditional way of operation, LCCs focus on reducing nonessential expenses. The concept of payment by service offers passengers the options for relatively low ticket price. To continuously operate in the highly competitive aviation industry, most airlines have introduced distinctive “value-added additional services” to attract air passengers. This study discusses the seat preselection, value-added service, and behavior of Taiwanese passengers who take low-cost flights to Japan. The results indicate that passengers who have experienced purchasing preselected seats are more willing to purchase this additional service and spend higher amount of money for that service. In addition, the result also indicates that younger people are more willing to accept novel services. These findings could be used as an importance reference for LCCs to guide managerial strategy in the future.

Buses represent the main mode for intercity passenger transportation in China. In recent years, a multichannel ticketing strategy has been widely employed in the bus passenger transportation industry. However, the mechanisms and key drivers of the channels through which bus passengers purchase tickets are underexplored. Thus, the aim of this study is to empirically apply an integrated choice and latent variable (ICLV) approach to analyze ticketing channel choice behavior and the heterogeneous preferences of bus passengers. The variables incorporated in the model include the socioeconomic characteristics of passengers, trip attributes, and latent attitudes with 12 ordinal indicators. Based on the data of 1800 participants collected from the city of Beijing, China, this study develops a ticketing channel choice ICLV model merging a discrete choice model with a structural equation model. The key factors that affect the channel preference are further discussed through a comparison with a conventional multinomial logit (MNL) model. The results reveal that the three attitudinal variables have a significant influence on ticketing channel choice. Furthermore, this study indicates that perceptual differences exist due to various socioeconomic and trip characteristics. Personal privacy is a major obstacle that prevents passengers from choosing online channels, especially for older passengers and those with lower education.

Purpose Bankruptcy is the last phase of economic life of companies and has some impacts on all of the entity’s stakeholders. Thus, the prediction of bankruptcy is very important. The inherent aim of preparing and developing financial accounting information is to provide a basis for economic decision-making, and any decision requires information acquisition, processing and data analysis as well as logical and correct interpretation of information. Developing models for predicting financial crisis and comparing the capabilities of existing models can help to alert management about ongoing activities and investors about economic decision for purchase shares or granting loan facilities to companies. So, the purpose of this study is the predict bankruptcy of listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Design/methodology/approach From the statistical methods’ perspective, the present research is classified as modeling and with respect to research methodology, it is a correlative-descriptive study in which the relationship between variables is analyzed based on the research objective. Predictive variables are the best ratios of cost of goods sold, non-operating revenues, net sales, predicted earnings per share (EPS) and real EPS. Findings Prediction of corporate bankruptcy crisis is one of the vital research areas. Predictive models are means for estimating the company’s future situation. Investors and creditors are highly willing to predict the bankruptcy crisis because the high costs associated with bankruptcy crisis will spoil the economy as a whole. On the other hand, this raises concerns among owners, and they are always seeking to find ways to preserve their capital through prediction of stocks continuing operations in the future. Having knowledge about bankruptcy or non-bankruptcy of automotive parts companies makes it possible to recognize weaknesses and strengths in the companies’ current performance and to make investment decisions. Practical implications Development of financial markets and, subsequently, creation of fierce competition has resulted in bankruptcy of many companies. Investors are always looking for predicting possible bankruptcy of a firm to prevent their investments risks because bankruptcy costs are high for investors, creditors, lenders and government agencies. Hence, they are seeking ways to estimate corporate bankruptcy. For this reason, over the past four decades, bankruptcy prediction has been enumerated as a key issue in companies and consequently because of its importance, many studies have been conducted to achieve the best model to predict bankruptcy. Originality/value Bankruptcy forecast is an economically important issue in every organization and company. Financial and accounting researchers are trying to offer financial models using various combinations of financial ratios with better measuring ability for performance and dividends payments as well as company continued activities. Bankruptcy prediction models are among financial analysis techniques in which the purpose of financial analysis and bankruptcy forecasting is recognition of efficiency and management executive performances. Moreover, the analysis of stock value by shareholder is another application of such research results. Basically, shareholders are interested in knowing the future status of the companies that are going to buy. In this way, shareholders use this method of analysis to estimate future activity or inactivity of firms.

A review article devoted to the book of Andrzej Blikle – Doktryna jakości. Rzecz o skutecznym zarządzaniu. As pointed out by the Author, the book is a case of a work rare on the Polish publishing market, written by an outstanding scientist, who successfully runs a business activity. The combination of practical experience with theoretical knowledge gave a result that may be satisfying both for practitioners as well as theorists, and also those who want to get to know the ins and outs of an effective and efficient business management. The Author of the review believes that it is an important voice for shaping an inclusive socio-economic system, which constitutes a value in itself. Although the book is mainly concerned with business management, its message has a much wider dimension and is concerned with real measures of wealth, money and people’s lives. The book was awarded The SGH Collegium of Business Administration Award “For the best scientific work in the field of business administration in the years 2014-2015”. Andrzej Jacek Blikle Doktryna jakości. Rzecz o skutecznym zarządzaniu (The Doctrine of Quality. On Effective Management) Gliwice, Helion Publishing Company, 2014, p. 546 Introduction One of the distinctive features of the contemporary economy and contemporary world is a kind of obsession of quantity which is related to thoughtless consumerism, unfavourable to the care for the quality of the work and the quality of the produced and consumed goods and services. It is accompanied by culture (or rather non-culture) of singleness. Therefore, the book The Doctrine of Quality by Andrzej Blikle is like a breath of fresh air. It is a different perspective on the economy and the model of operation of enterprises, on the model of work and life of people. A. Blikle proves that it can be done otherwise. He proves it on the basis of careful studies of the source literature – as expected from a professor of mathematics and an economist, but also on the basis of his own experience gained during the scientific and educational work, and most of all through the economic practice. In the world governed by the obsession of quantity, characterised by fragility, shortness of human relationships, including the relationship of the entrepreneur – employee, A. Blikle chooses durability of these relations, creativity, responsibility, quality of work and production, and ethics. The Doctrine of Quality is a rare example of the work on the Polish publishing market, whose author is a prominent scientist, successfully conducting a business activity for more than two decades, which has contributed to the development of the family company – a known confectionery brand “A. Blikle”. The combination of practical experience with theoretical knowledge gave a result that may be satisfying both for practitioners as well as theorists, and also those who want to get to know the ins and outs of an effective and efficient business management, or develop the knowledge on this topic. In an attractive, clear narrative form, the author comprehensively presents the complexities of business management, indicating the sources of success, but also the reasons and the foundations of failures. At the same time, he presents these issues with an interdisciplinary approach, which contributes to thoroughness of the arguments and deeper reflections. Holism, typical to this book, is also expressed in the focus of A. Blikle not only on the economic, but also on social and ecological issues. Here, the author points to the possibility and need of reconciliation of the economic interests with social interests, and the care for the public good. Analyses of this subject are presented using the achievements of many areas of studies, in addition to economic sciences, including mathematics, sociology, psychology, medicine, and others. This gives a comprehensive picture of the complexity of business management – taking into account its close and distant environment. There are no longueurs in the book, although extensive (over 500 pages), or lengthy, or even unnecessary reasoning overwhelming the reader, as the text is illustrated with a number of examples from practice, and coloured with anecdotes. At the same time, the author does not avoid using expressions popular in the world of (not only) business. He proves that a motivational system which is not based on the approach of “carrot and stick” and without a devastating competition of a “rat race” is possible. The author supports his arguments with references not only to the interdisciplinary scientific achievements, but also to the economic historical experiences and to a variety of older and newer business models. There is a clear fascination with the reserves of creativity and productivity in the humanization of work. In fact, the author strongly exposes the potential of productivity and creativity in creating the conditions and atmosphere of work fostering elimination of fear of the future. He shows that such fear destroys creativity. It is not a coincidence that A. Blikle refers to the Fordist principles, including the warning that manufacturing and business do not consist of cheap buying and expensive selling. He reminds that Henry Ford, a legendary creator of the development of the automotive industry in the United States, put serving the public before the profit. The Doctrine of Quality is at the same time a book – proof that one of the most dangerous misconceptions or errors in the contemporary understanding of economics is finding that it is a science of making money, chremastics. Edmund Phelps and others warned against this in the year of the outbreak of the financial crisis in the USA in 2008, reminding that economics is not a science of making money but a science of relations between the economy and social life [Phelps, 2008]. Economics is a science of people in the process of management. Therefore, by definition, it applies to social values and ethos. Ethos is a general set of values, standards and models of proceedings adopted by a particular group of people. In this sense, ethos and economics as a science of people in the process of management are inseparable. Detaching economics from morality is in contradiction to the classical Smithian concept of economics, as Adam Smith combined the idea of the free market with morality. He treated his first work, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, as an inseparable basis for deliberations on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, which was the subject of the subsequent work of this thinker [Smith, 1989; Smith, 2012]. Identifying economics with chremastics would then mean that all actions are acceptable and desired, if their outcome is earnings, profit, money. The book of A. Blikle denies it. It contains a number of case studies, which also stimulate broader reflections. Therefore, and also due to the features indicated above, it can be a very useful teaching aid in teaching entrepreneurship and management. The appearance of a book promoting the doctrine of quality and exposing the meaning of ethos of work is especially important because today the phenomenon of product adulteration becomes increasingly widespread, which is ironically referred to in literature as the “gold-plating” of products [Sennett, 2010, pp. 115-118], and the trend as “antifeatures”, that is intentionally limiting the efficiency and durability of products of daily use to create demand for new products. A model example of antifeature is a sim-lock installed in some telephones which makes it impossible to use SIM cards of foreign operators [Rohwetter, 2011, p. 48; Miszewski, 2013]. These types of negative phenomena are also promoted by the development of systemic solutions aiming at the diffusion of responsibility [Sennett, 2010]. This issue is presented among others by Nassim N.N. Taleb, in the book with a meaningful title Antifragile: How to Live in a World We Don’t Understand? The author proves that the economy and society lose their natural durability as a result of the introduction of numerous tools and methods of insurance against risks, but mostly by shifting the burden of risks on other entities [Taleb, 2012]. N.N. Taleb illustrates his arguments with numerous convincing examples and references to history, recalling, inter alia, that in ancient times there was no building control, but the constructors, e.g. of bridges had to sleep under them for some time after their construction, and the ancient aqueducts are still working well until today. So, he shows that a contemporary world, focused on quantitative effects, does not create a sound base for ethical behaviours and the care for the quality of work and manufacturing. Andrzej Blikle points to the need and possibility of opposing this, and opposing to what the Noble Price Winner for Economics, Joseph Stiglitz described as avarice triumphs over prudence [Stiglitz, 2015, p. 277]. The phrase emphasised in the book “Live and work with a purpose” is the opposition to the dangerous phenomena listed above, such as for example antifeatures. convincing that although the business activity is essentially focused on profits, making money, limited to this, it would be led to the syndrome of King Midas, who wanted to turn everything he touched into gold, but he soon realised that he was at risk of dying of starvation, as even the food turned into gold. What distinguishes this book is that almost every part of it forces in-depth reflections on the social and economic relations and brings to mind the works of other authors, but at the same time, creates a new context for them. So, A. Blikle clearly proves that both the economy and businesses need social rooting. This corresponds to the theses of the Hungarian intellectual Karl Polanyi, who in his renowned work The Great Transformation, already in 1944 argued that the economy is not rooted in the social relations [Polanyi, 2010, p. 70]. He pointed to the risk resulting from commodification of everything, and warned that allowing the market mechanism and competition to control the human life and environment would result in disintegration of society. Although K. Polanyi’s warnings were concerned with the industrial civilization, they are still valid, even now – when the digital revolution brings fundamental changes, among others, on the labour market – they strengthen it. The dynamics of these changes is so high that it seems that the thesis of Jeremy Rifkin on the end of work [Rifkin, 2003] becomes more plausible. It is also confirmed by recent analyses included in the book of this author, concerning the society of zero marginal cost and sharing economy [Rifkin, 2016], and the analyses concerning uberisation [Uberworld, 2016]. The book of Andrzej Blikle also evokes one of the basic asymmetries of the contemporary world, which is the inadequacy of the dynamics and sizes of the supply of products and services to the dynamics and sizes of the demand for them. Insufficient demand collides with the rapidly increasing, as a result of technological changes, possibilities of growth of production and services. This leads to overproduction and related therewith large negative implications, with features of wasteful economy of excess [Kornai, 2014]. It is accompanied by phenomena with features of some kind of market bulimia, sick consumerism, detrimental both to people and the environment [Rist, 2015]. One of the more compromising signs of the economy of excess and wasting of resources is wasting of food by rich countries, when simultaneously, there are areas of hunger in some parts of the world [Stuart, 2009]. At the same time, the economy of excess does not translate to the comfort of the buyers of goods – as in theory attributed to the consumer market. It is indicated in the publication of Janos Kornai concerning a comparative analysis of the features of socio-economic systems. While exposing his deep critical evaluation of socialist non-market systems, as economies of constant deficiency, he does not spare critical opinions on the capitalist economy of excess, with its quest for the growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) and profits. As an example of the economy of excess, he indicates the pharmaceutical industry, with strong monopolistic competition, dynamic innovativeness, wide selection for the buyers, flood of advertisements, manipulation of customers, and often bribing the doctors prescribing products [Kornai 2014, p. 202]. This type of abnormalities is not alien to other industries. Although J. Konrai appreciates that in the economy of excess, including the excess of production capacities, the excess is “grease” calming down and soothing clashes that occur in the mechanisms of adaptation, he also sees that those who claim that in the economy of excess (or more generally in the market economy), sovereignty of consumers dominates, exaggerate [Kornai, 2014, pp. 171-172], as the manufacturers, creating the supply, manipulate the consumers. Thus, there is an excess of supply – both of values as well as junk [Kornai, 2014, p. 176]. Analysing the economy of excess, J. Kornai brings this issue to the question of domination and subordination. It corresponds with the opinion of Jerzy Wilkin, according to whom, the free market can also enslave, so take away individual freedom; on the other hand, the lack of the free market can lead to enslavement as well. Economists willingly talk about the free market, and less about the free man [Wilkin, 2014, p. 4]. The economy of excess is one of the consequences of making a fetish of the economic growth and its measure, which is the gross domestic product (GDP) and treating it as the basis of social and economic activity. In such a system, the pressure of growth is created, so you must grow to avoid death! The system is thus comparable to a cyclist, who has to move forwards to keep his balance [Rist, 2015, p. 181]. It corresponds with the known, unflattering to economists, saying of Kenneth E. Boulding [1956], criticising the focus of economics on the economic growth, while ignoring social implications and consequences to the environment: Anyone who believes in indefinite growth in anything physical, on a physically finite planet, is either mad or an economist. [from: Rist, 2015, p. 268]. GDP is a very much needed or even indispensable measure for evaluation of the material level of the economies of individual countries and for comparing their economic health. However, it is insufficient for evaluation of the real level of welfare and quality of life. It requires supplementation with other measures, as it takes into account only the values created by the market purchase and sale transactions. It reflects only the market results of the activity of enterprises and households. Additionally, the GDP account threats the socially desirable and not desirable activities equally. Thus, the market activity related to social pathologies (e.g. functioning of prisons, prostitution, and drug dealing) also increase the GDP. It was accurately expressed already in 1968 by Robert Kennedy, who concluded the discussion on this issue saying that: the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country, it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile [The Guardian, 2012]. While Grzegorz W. Kołodko even states that it should be surprising how it is possible that despite a number of alternative measures of social and economic progress, we are still in the corset of narrow measure of the gross product, which completely omits many significant aspects of the social process of reproduction [Kołodko, 2013, p. 44]. In this context he points to the necessity of triple sustainable growth – economic, social, and ecological [Kołodko, 2013, p. 377]. Transition from the industrial civilisation model to the new model of economy, to the age of information, causes a kind of cultural regression, a phenomenon of cultural anchoring in the old system. This type of lock-in effect - described in the source literature, that is the effect of locking in the existing frames and systemic solutions, is a barrier to development. The practice more and more often and clearer demonstrates that in the conditions of the new economy, the tools and traditional solutions turn out to be not only ineffective, but they even increase the risk of wrong social and economic decisions, made at different institutional levels. All this proves that new development models must be searched for and implemented, to allow counteraction to dysfunctions of the contemporary economy and wasting the development potential, resulting from a variety of maladjustments generated by the crisis of civilisation. Polish authors who devote much of their work to these issues include G.W. Kołodko, Jerzy Kleer, or Maciej Bałtowski. Studies confirm that there is a need for a new pragmatism, new, proinclusive model of shaping the social and economic reality, a model which is more socially rooted, aiming at reconciling social, economic and ecological objectives, with simultaneous optimisation of the use of the social and economic potential [Kołodko, 2013; Bałtowski, 2016; Kleer, 2015]. There is more and more evidence that the barriers to economic development growing in the global economy are closely related with the rooting of the economy in social relations. The book of A. Blikle becomes a part of this trend in a new and original manner. Although the author concentrates on the analyses of social relations mainly at the level of an enterprise, at the same time, he comments them at a macroeconomic, sociological and ethical level, and interdisciplinary contexts constitute an original value of the book. Conclusion I treat the book of Andrzej Blike as an important voice in favour of shaping an inclusive social and economic system, in favour of shaping inclusive enterprises, that is oriented on an optimal absorption of knowledge, innovation and effective reconciliation of the interests of entrepreneurs with the interests of employees and the interests of society. Inclusiveness is indeed a value in itself. It is understood as a mechanism/system limiting wasting of material resources and human capital, and counteracting environmental degradation. An inclusive social and economic system is a system oriented on optimisation of the production resources and reducing the span between the actual and potential level of economic growth and social development [Reforma, 2015]. And this is the system addressed by Andrzej Blikle in his book. At least this is how I see it. Although the book is mainly concerned with business management, its message has a much wider dimension and is concerned with real measures of wealth, money and people’s lives. null

The article outlines the peculiarities of consumer behavior of households in the food market of Ukraine. The importance of studying the peculiarities of the formation of consumer behavior of households in the food market of Ukraine in modern socio-economic conditions is outlined. In analyzing the behavior of consumers in the food market, three periods of its formation are distinguished. Changes in consumer practices of Ukrainian households over the past ten years have been analyzed. Trends in consumer behavior of households that prevailed until 2020 were determined. Among them are the growth of retail turnover of grocery chains, the development of electronic commerce, the dependence of the choice of store type on the level of household income, the active development of local trade networks and the growing demand for organic products. The peculiarities of the second period of the formation of consumer trends that began with the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic are considered. In particular, the purchase of the most necessary goods, the reduction of impulsive purchases, the importance of the product price when making a purchase, the popularization of food and ready-made food delivery services, and the increase in online shopping by households. The consumer behavior trends of households that arose due to the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion are indicated. The following trends in consumer behavior of households at the beginning of last year can be distinguished: reduction of household expenditures on food products, lack of food consumption, cash purchases, the spread of survival strategies in consumer behavior of households, giving preference to cheaper products by households, borrowing money by households, increase in the average number of households, and change of residence by households. The study of the consumer behavior of Ukrainians during the 10 months of the full-scale invasion made it possible to single out slightly different consumer trends. In particular, the rationalization of demand, consumers' attention to the brand when making a purchase, and growing demand for Ukrainian brands.

Abstract Introduction To reduce pollution from motorized private cars, a modal shift toward more sustainable modes, such as public transport, is desired. A first step to achieving this is the subscription to a public transport ticket. It was investigated if an extended version of the theory of planned behavior is suited to predict subscription to a public transport ticket, and if environmental concern—the channel through which many sustainable transport modes are advertised—plays a significant role. It was further examined if nudging serves as an effective measure in convincing employees to subscribe to the offered ticket. Nudges encourage desired behaviors by changing the information set that individuals face when taking decisions; in this paper, this includes favorable defaults and the manipulation of the social norm. Since nudges lack a coherent theory, it was tested if these nudges can be integrated into the aforementioned theory. Method By means of an online experiment, participants (N = 373) were randomly assigned to different nudging conditions or a control condition. The questionnaire mimicked a working contract, including the decision for or against a subscription to the ticket. Results Results of structural equation modeling revealed that the theory predicted the purchase decision well, yet the impact of environmental concern was surprisingly low. Most tickets were purchased in the default condition, but no nudge reached statistical significance. Discussion and Conclusion The limitations of nudging in the transport sector are discussed, along with the effectiveness of advertising public transport through an environmental lens.

The student's decision to consume an item is also influenced by the student's personal characteristics. This research is a descriptive quantitative approach with survey techniques and online interviews using questionnaires filled out online using google form. There are five variables that are measured to determine the consumer behavior of students in buying fashion products, including: cultural factors, reference groups, roles and status, lifestyle, and learning. The population in this study were students of Economics Education, Faculty of Economics and Business, Makassar State University, batch 2019-2020, totaling 222 students. The sample amounted to 70 students. Based on the research data, it is known that the influence of cultural factors on the purchase of fashion products is 47.15%, the influence of reference group factors on the purchase of fashion products has a percentage of 72.62%, the influence of role and status factors has a percentage of 73.86%, the influence of style factors living has a percentage of 71.42%. And the influence of learning factors is 55.59%. So the role and status factors, reference groups, and lifestyle factors are more dominant that influence the consumer behavior of students in buying fashion products. Meanwhile, in simple linear regression analysis, the research results show that the research results prove that the variable that has a dominant influence on the fashion product purchase variable (Y) is the reference group variable (X2) where the regression coefficient value (β) is 0.368 it can be concluded that the reference group variable (X2) is the variable that has the most dominant influence on the variable purchasing fashion products (Y).

The automotive industry has paid close attention to the promising future of new energy vehicles, and the new energy hybrid electric vehicles that fall under this category are gradually entering the public eye. This paper uses the SPSS software to conduct an experimental study on the “purchase preference for new energy hybrid vehicles” and its influencing factors of different types of consumers in China, based on 379 questionnaires and the results of situational experiments conducted by the research group in 24 cities across the country. The findings are as follows: 1) Different categories of consumers have a large gap in their cognitive preferences for new energy hybrid electric vehicles; 2) There is little difference in “purchase preference for new energy hybrid electric vehicles” among different categories of consumers; 3) The improvement of education and income has a significant effect on promoting consumers’ “environmental awareness”; 4) Consumers’ perception of the government’s new energization policy is positive. Based on the preceding conclusions, this paper puts forward the policy recommendations to promote new energy hybrid electric vehicles.

The most lucrative sector of the economy nowadays is the car business. Due to a growth in both rural and urban income. The key factors influencing high volume automobile categories are the sector and the availability of simple financing. With a number of new competitors entering the market and major international brands preparing to enter the Indian market, the rivalry is intensifying. To learn more about consumer expectations and their market offers, current and new automobile manufacturing firms in India will find this research to be useful. Several domestic and international firms have an impact on the Indian automotive industry. In this essay, research on consumer behaviour among customers of automobiles is analysed. Marketing professionals may flourish in the market by having a thorough awareness of customer purchasing habits. A study of the Indian automobile market revealed that each segment's customer priorities differed, with disposable money serving as the primary motivator for purchases. Customers' top priorities in terms of needs are affordability, safety, and comfort while brand reputation largely determines how well customers perceive quality. For this study, the research papers in the passenger automobile category were examined, along with the buying decision-making process and how it interacts with other behaviour factors. This study's goal is to identify the variables that affect consumers' choices for a certain automobile category. This research also makes an effort to synthesize data and recommendations for addressing the current sales stasis situation and fostering future demand for the automotive industry.

In recent years, electric two-wheeled vehicles (E2Ws) including electric bicycles and electric motorcycles have been used widely in Vietnam. Currently, the total number of E2Ws used is 3 million and with an average growth rate of 13.33% an estimated 6 million E2Ws will be used in 2024. E2Ws have been used widely among Vietnam’s youth. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) of Ajzen (2005, 2016) [1, 2], the main purpose of this research is to identify factors affecting the attitude to and intention of high school students in Hanoi city towards E2W usage and their affected level. The analytical results show that the attitude towards E2W usage is influenced respectively in descending order by (i) perceptions of economic benefit, (ii) usage convenience, (iii) friendly environmental awareness, (iv) stylish design. Usage intention towards E2Ws is determined respectively in descending order by (i) subjective norm, (ii) attitude toward E2W usage, (iii) the attraction of motorcycles. Based on the research results, some proposals for producers, authorities and policy-makers have been recommended. Keywords Electric two-wheeled vehicle, intention, attitude toward E2W usage, perception, emission, battery References [1] I. Ajzen, Attitude, personality and behavior, 2nd Edition, England: Berkshire, 2005.[2] I. Ajzen, The Theory of Planned Behavior. https://people.umass.edu/ aizen/pdf.html/, 2016..[3] R.C. Christopher, Electric Two-Wheelers in China: Analysis of Environmental, Safety, and Mobility Impacts, PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, Spring 2007.[4] Chu Tien Dat, “Consumer behavior and marketing - mix strategy of mobile communication businesses in Vietnam”, Doctorate Dissertation, National Economic University, 2014.[5] Dang Thi Ngoc Dung, “Factors Affect Intention Usage Toward Metro System in Ho Chi Minh City” Master Thesis, Ho Chi Minh Economics University, 2012.[6] Government website, http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban. [7] Hanoi Department of Transport, “Scheme on strengthening management of road transport means to reduce traffic congestion and environmental pollution in Hanoi city, period 2017-2020, a vision to 2030”, General report, Hanoi People’s Committee, 2017. 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Jonathan, The Rise of Electric Two-wheelers in China: Factors for their Success and Implications for the Future, Doctor of Philosophy In Transportation Technology and Policy, University of California, 2007.[14] P. Kotler, G. Amstrong, Principles of Marketing, 15th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2014.[15] Le Quan Hoang, Toshiyuki Okamura, “Influences of Motorcycle Use on Travel Intentions in Developing Countries: A case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam”, Journal of Eastern Asia Society of Transportation Studies. 11 (2015) Số trang.[16] R. Luke et al, “The effect of incentives and technology on the adoption of electric motorcycles: A stated choice experiment in Vietnam”, Transportation Research Part A 57, 2013.[17] National Traffic Safety Committee, “The study on the traffic safety of highschool students in Hanoi and some proposed solutions”, Final Report, Vietnam Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers VAMM, 2017. 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Solomon, Behaviour - Buying, Having, Being, 10th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2013.[26] Statistic Office of Hanoi. http://thongkehanoi.gov.vn/, 2018.[27] Tran Thuy, “Located fuel motorcycles, remote controls, and accident notices: a mother buys to supervise her child”. https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/kinh-doanh/dau-tu/xe-may-dien-ban-ra-nua-trieu-chiec-dai-gia-them-muon-475551.html/, 2018.[28] Trinh Thu Thuy, “Factors affects consumer’s behavior towards two-wheeled vehicles in Hanoi city”, Doctorate Dissertation, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 2018.[29] S. William et al., “The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption”, Journal of Energy Policy. 68 (2014) 183-194. Ch. Yi-Chang, T. Gwo-Hshiung, “The market acceptance of electric motorcycles in Taiwan experience through a stated preference analysis”, Transportation Research, Pergamon, Part D 4, January 9, 1999, pp. 127-146 (Published by Elsevier Science Ltd).

The psychological aspects of consumer behavior were studied, taking into account the influence of the principles of marketing pricing. Various types of consumer behavior on the market and factors affecting it during the purchase of goods are considered. It is noted that the importance of price as a factor in making a purchase decision among consumers is quite high. In the perception of a significant share of consumers, price is an indicator of the quality of a product or service. The higher the buyer's income level, the more often he believes that price is directly related to quality. The considered features of the attitude of consumers to changes in the price level indicate that, depending on the nature of needs, the goals of purchasing products, the motivation of behavior, the level of supply and the influence of other factors, their behavior on the market may manifest itself in different ways. However, there is a certain sequence in these actions, which requires a study of the nature of its manifestation of actions in the process of making a decision by the consumer regarding the purchase of the product and its further implementation. Coordination of the general offer of the enterprise with the requirements of buyers for the quality of goods and their prices is the basis of its success in the sale of products. Taking this into account, the algorithm for forming a consumer's purchase decision when the company's price level changes has been improved. When adjusting the price level, special attention should be given to determining the degree of consumer satisfaction with the company's products, to studying the dynamics and forecasting the level of market prices for similar types of products, to studying competition trends in the market, to analyzing the dynamics of product sales volumes and profits. At the same time, it should focus on ensuring competitive advantages in the market with the help of a new price. The main psychological methods of marketing pricing are described. It is noted that in order to achieve higher efficiency, enterprises need to combine pricing methods, applying a complex situational approach.

The research aims to classify the personalization techniques as optional and those that are taken for granted, define the influence of consumer-related characteristics and purchase channel on the perception of personalization effects. The results are both practical and theoretical in nature. The classification of personalization techniques is conducted, and optional and critically important techniques are identified. The influence of digital literacy,hedonic shopping behavior and purchase channel on the perception of personalization effects is examined and a multifactor model is constructed. It has been identified that these factors do not play the deciding role in the perception of personalization effects.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to address supplier evaluation and selection in a constrained environment of advance purchasing. The study presents the potential solutions to supplier evaluation and selection issues in the Indian automobile sector where advance purchases are carried out to fulfill the supply chain demand. Design/methodology/approach Based on the literature review and expert elicitation, nine major factors which are responsible for the successful implementation of supplier selection in a constrained environment of advance purchasing are identified. This paper explores supplier selection in constrained environment issues based on an integrated method based on Shannon entropy, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques and failure mode effects analysis (FMEA). Findings Analysis of the results of the study suggests that traditional suppliers are not suitable in advance purchasing scenarios; hence, criteria developed in this paper to accommodate the requirement of advance purchasing with possible risk considerations are of high importance. This research paper is an original attempt to develop supplier selection criteria for advance purchasing with special identification of deliverability, flexibility, innovation and productivity factors through a case demonstration. Research limitations/implications This study uses data from secondary sources, literature reviews and expert opinions. It formalizes the important factors of successful supplier selection in the constrained environment of advance purchasing in the automotive industry context. Practical implications The paper shows how the engagement of suppliers through advance purchasing helps automotive companies in developing a competitive advantage. The integrated approach of Shannon entropy, AHP techniques and FMEA is an effective and useful method that can be applied to the supplier selection process. Originality/value The proposed FMEA-AHP method integrated with Shannon entropy used for evaluation represents a useful tool to embrace the suitable functioning tactics for efficient supplier selection. The study is unique as supplier evaluation and selection in a constrained environment of advance purchasing is not investigated much and has good industry applicability.