Статті в журналах: "Automotive glass"

1

Mitch Jacoby. "Making and recycling automotive glass." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 14 (April 25, 2022): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10014-cover.

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2

Hanot, Frédéric, Kristof Vanclooster, and Stepan V. Lomov. "Compression Behaviour of Steel Fibre Knitted Fabrics." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.273.

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Knitted steel fiber fabrics are used in the fabrication of automotive windshields. To obtain the complex window shapes, the leading technology to produce automotive glass is compression molding at high temperatures. Direct contact between the mold and the glass during the forming process would lead to inadmissible defects and optical distortion of the automotive glass. To ensure the quality of the glass, a soft heat resisting separating layer is used. Knitted steel fiber fabrics are draped over the mould prior to production, shown in Fig. 1, and thus the fabric comes in direct contact with the glass playing a primary role in the quality of the formed windshield.

3

Min, Yan, and Pang Kun. "Dynamic Analysis of Head-Form Test on Actual Automotive Windscreen." Key Engineering Materials 768 (April 2018): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.768.251.

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The head-form test on actual automotive windscreen with the analytic method of explicit dynamics is researched in this paper. Based on the experiment specification, the geometric models of head-form weight and laminated glass for actual automotive windscreen are built, and the loading conditions of the head-form test are also acquired. According to the analysis results, the process of crack initiation & propagation and the failure mechanism in laminated glass are studied, which is of great significance for the evaluation on laminated glass for actual automotive windscreen.

4

Munhoz, Antonio H., Sonia Braunstein Faldini, Leila F. de Miranda, Terezinha Jocelen Masson, Claudio Yuji Maeda, and Alexandre R. Zandonadi. "Recycling of Automotive Laminated Waste Glass in Ceramic." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.588.

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Reducing the environmental impact is an important factor for the sustainability of environment. This paper discusses the characterization of white ceramic bodies with an industrial waste produced in the automotive industry. The use of laminated glass residue as a raw material of a ceramic body was endeavor to make a positive impact on the environment. The laminated safety glass was ground to promote separation of glass from poly (vinilbutiral). Then, the powdered glass was used as starting material in the ceramic mass and PVB was used to confer plasticity to the ceramic mass. The fired ceramic body was analyzed using thermal analysis (DTA and TG). The specimens were tested to obtain the flexural resistance and water absorption. The data shows that PVB addition improved mechanical properties and that the grinded glass powder reduced the water absorption and increased the mechanical strength of ceramic bodies after firing.

5

Li, Jianwei. "Thermomechanical constitutive equations for glass and numerical simulation on automobile glass forming technology." Glass Technology: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part A 63, no. 4 (2022): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13036/17533546.63.4.006.

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To establish a comprehensive numerical model for automotive glass forming, firstly, this paper conducts material tests of 3·2 SG glass to obtain detailed material properties. Through thermal expansion experiments, the thermal expansion coefficients including glassy and liquid states are obtained; then by using three-point bending stress relaxation and differential scanning calorimetry experiments, the stress relaxation and structural relaxation properties of the glass are obtained. Finally, a comparison analysis of the simulation and the actual spherical deviation for an actual automobile glass product is carried out. The result shows that the product simulation and the actual product spherical deviation correspond. The maximum value of the spherical deviation is within 0·94 mm between simulation and the actual product spherical deviation. The accuracy can meet the design requirements, and the established numerical model is reliable.

6

Cameron, R., and R. C. Constable. "The Use of Chemical Coupling Agents in Glass Reinforced Polyolefins." Engineering Plastics 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 147823919300100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919300100106.

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European demand for glass filled reinforced polyolefins continues to show significant growth rates. The main drive behind this is material replacement within the automotive and household appliance markets. In particular the automotive industry is turning towards glass filled polypropylene components both to reduce weight and increase recyclability. One route by which the performance of glass filled composites can be improved is by incorporating chemical coupling agents. In this paper the property enhancement achievable with POLYBOND 3002, supplied by BP Chemicals, is described. In addition development work with glass filled polymer alloys is presented.

7

Cameron, R., and R. C. Constable. "The Use of Chemical Coupling Agents in Glass Reinforced Polyolefins." Polymers and Polymer Composites 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119300100106.

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European demand for glass filled reinforced polyolefins continues to show significant growth rates. The main drive behind this is material replacement within the automotive and household appliance markets. In particular the automotive industry is turning towards glass filled polypropylene components both to reduce weight and increase recyclability. One route by which the performance of glass filled composites can be improved is by incorporating chemical coupling agents. In this paper the property enhancement achievable with POLYBOND 3002, supplied by BP Chemicals, is described. In addition development work with glass filled polymer alloys is presented.

8

Hemati, Sepideh, Smitirupa Biswal, Farshid Pahlevani, Sanjith Udayakumar, and Veena Sahajwalla. "Degradation Kinetics of Automotive Shredder Residue and Waste Automotive Glass for SiC Synthesis: An Energy-Efficient Approach." Crystals 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2023): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13081183.

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Generally, fossil carbon materials (coal, coke/char, and petroleum coke), biological carbon materials (charcoal, woodchips), and quartz from the earth’s crust are sources of carbon and silica to synthesise silicon carbide (SiC) at temperatures between 2000 and 2200 °C. The study investigated the isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics of synthesising SiC from automotive shredder residues (ASR) and windshield glass of end-of-life-vehicle (ELVs) at 1300 °C, 1400 °C, and 1500 °C for 30 min. The kinetics of ASR and waste glass degradation were studied by relating the thermogravimetric data via the Coats–Redfern model. The reaction mechanism includes the rapid formation of a gaseous SiO intermediate, and carbon reduction of the SiO to SiC is reaction-rate-controlling. The understanding of kinetics inferred that the optimisation of SiC formation is entirely associated with the conversion of SiO2 to SiO vapour and their reaction with CO and carbon particles. The kinetic parameters of the degradation of mixed ASR and waste glass were determined, and the activation energy of mixed ASR and glass for non-isothermal conditions are 22.48 kJ mol−1, 2.97 kJ mol−1, and 6.5 kJ mol−1, and for the isothermal study to produce SiC is 225.9 kJ mol−1, respectively. The results confirmed that this facile way of synthesising SiC would conserve about 50% of chemical energy compared to the traditional way of producing SiC. A beneficial route of transforming the heterogenous ASR and glass wastes into SiC with economic and environmental benefits is recognised.

9

Annandarajah, Langhorst, Kiziltas, Grewell, Mielewski, and Montazami. "Hybrid Cellulose-Glass Fiber Composites for Automotive Applications." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2019): 3189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193189.

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: In the recent years, automakers have been striving to improve the carbon footprint of their vehicles. Sustainable composites, consisting of natural fibers, and/or recycled polymers have been developed as a way to increase the “green content” and reduce the weight of a vehicle. In addition, recent studies have found that the introduction of synthetic fibers to a traditional fiber composite such as glass filled plastics, producing a composite with multiple fillers (hybrid fibers), can result in superior mechanical properties. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of hybrid fibers on characterization and material properties of polyamide-6 (PA6)/polypropylene (PP) blends. Cellulose and glass fibers were used as fillers and the mechanical, water absorption, and morphological properties of composites were evaluated. The addition of hybrid fibers increased the stiffness (tensile and flexural modulus) of the composites. Glass fibers reduced composite water absorption while the addition of cellulose fibers resulted in higher composite stiffness. The mechanical properties of glass and cellulose filled PA6/PP composites were optimized at loading levels of 15 wt% glass and 10 wt% cellulose, respectively.

10

Jia, Wentao, Jiaxin Liu, Yaohong Wang, Guanpeng Yao, Xiaofang Gao, Xuezhou Fang, Xiaoyong Kou, and Guangyi Xu. "Study on the effect of annealing rate on the impact resistance of the H-ZLaF50 vehicle plate glass." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2720, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2720/1/012033.

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Abstract The H-ZLaF50 glass has attracted much attention in the field of automotive glass applications due to its excellent mechanical properties. The effect of the annealing rate on the impact resistance of the H-ZLaF50 glass was studied. High-precision infrared stress meter was used to test the stress distribution of glass under different annealing rates and the influence of annealing rate on the stress distribution was found. Secondly, the impact resistance of the H-ZLaF50 glass samples was evaluated by the test method of electric falling ball impact resistance. The maximum impact energy of the H-ZLaF50 glass samples was 0.120 J. The results show that, compared with other annealing rates, the annealing rate of 1°C/min effectively improves the impact resistance of the H-ZLaF50 glass, which makes it more widely used in the automotive flat glass market.

11

Crișan, Nicolae. "Laminated Glass UHF-RFID Antenna for Automotive Applications." Carpathian Journal of Electronic and Computer Engineering 12, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjece-2019-0003.

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Abstract This paper presents a new technique for UHF RFID antenna integration with a great impact on the automotive industry. The antenna has been optimized in HFSS and the prototype has been laminated and measured, in between two thin glass slices. The design takes into account the aspects related to the automotive safety glass, used for the windscreens in front of the automobiles. The paper proposes the use of aluminum sheets for the active element of the antenna together with three glass layers as substrates. This approach exhibits excellent results and could be applicable for vehicle long-range identification (AVI) or for cars tracking and localization.

12

Lv, Hui, Shihao Huang, Wenming Xie, Zhe Chen, Zhou Guo, and Xuanxuan Zhang. "Multi-scale based defect detection for automotive glass." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2303, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2303/1/012068.

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Abstract Small targets have low resolution and small size. Using the YOLOv3 model may not detect the target object. In view of this situation, this paper improves the YOLOv3 model and proposes a network structure with refined features. The channel feature refinement mechanism is introduced, and four detection scales are designed to prevent small objects from being submerged; and the spatial pyramid structure-Spp module is added to detect five defects of glass. The experimental results show that compared with the YOLOv3 model, the mAP value of the optimized model is 97.22%, and the mAP value of the original version is 92.31%, an increase of 4.91%. In the self-built data set, the accuracy of automotive glass defect recognition reached 97.66%, and the optimized model’s recognition effect on small targets was significantly improved. Compared with the traditional glass defect detection method, the method improves the detection accuracy and the recognition accuracy.

13

Nosov, Nikolay, Roman Grishin, Vladimir Rodionov, and Roman Ladyagin. "The formation of residual stresses in the bonding of automotive glass." MATEC Web of Conferences 329 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032901005.

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This article discusses the formation of residual stresses during the assembly of automotive glass. The influence of various parameters of the adhesive bead on the spatial deviations of glasses during their installation is shown. Currently, the glass assembly technology involves filling the gap between the automotive glass and the car body with a glue roller. It has been established that the formation of residual stresses is influenced by the width and thickness of the glue roll, with a minimum width of the glue roll during drying, a discontinuity of the glue joint along the contour is possible, and with a maximum width, unacceptable residual deformations occur in the glass, which lead to cracks.

14

Tounchuen, Kanyakan, Wantanee Buggakupta, and Withaya Panpa. "Characteristics of Automotive Glass Waste-Containing Gypsum Bodies Made from Used Plaster Mould." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.91.

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This work focuses on characterization of gypsum building materials based on used plaster mould and automotive safety glass waste. The used plaster mould was another source of relatively high purity calcium sulfate. Meanwhile, automotive print-screened glass waste derived from glass machining processes and sedimented as a lump of glass powder was rich in silica. The used mould was ground and calcined in order to convert gypsum dihydrate into hemihydrate while the glass lump was dried and become loose cullet powder. The waste materials were thoroughly mixed and cast into blocks, using used plaster mould. Various glass waste contents from 0, 5, 10, 15 to 20 %wt were employed as a filler. Chemical compositions of the mix were carefully characterized. Phase content microstructural features were also determined. Development in compressive strength as well as water resistance were investigated. The experimental works showed that the addition of the glass waste in the used plaster mould containing gypsum bodies could comparatively improve both strength and water insolubility.

15

Sochor, M. R., P. Deflorio, and B. Singal. "147: GLASS Rule: Automotive Glass Left Intact Associated With Safe Cervical Spine." Annals of Emergency Medicine 51, no. 4 (April 2008): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.01.115.

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Ruhimat, Agus. "Model Rencana Produksi Kaca Otomotif Dengan Metode Klasifikasi ABC Untuk Menurunkan Tingkat Persediaan (Studi kasus di PT. Asahimas Flat Glass, Tbk.)." JURNAL TEKNIK INDUSTRI 1, no. 2 (July 19, 2011): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jti.v1i2.6999.

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The paper discusses about the model of production plan for automotive glasses using the ABC classification method to reduce the supply level. The step being taken in this research is to classify each glass size based on each class and calculate the weight of primary factors influencing the accumulation of supply in form of cash value, risk of under supply and accuracy of estimate. The model of proposed production planning is based on the ABC classification method, and the result could direct the planning officer to conduct the different handling of supply for all glass sizes based on their actual condition. Using this model, we obtain the realistic figure of supply level according to the needs and after being verified the figure can be reduced and the model cab be applied. In this paper, we also conduct case study in a main producer of automotive glass in Indonesia, which is PT. AMG Tbk., which hereinafter is called AMG. AMG is a primary producer for automotive glass in Indonesia with a market share accounting for more than 80%. Currently, almost all automotive industries implement Lean concept which among other is known as Kanban system where the incoming goods should exact, either in time and in the quantity. AMG as the supplier of automotive glasses should anticipate the risk of under supply because of the lack of estimate accuracy or reliability of the production process; so far the production planning officer has set the policy in the supply level of 1,3 month in the end of the current month for all glass sizes with average value of supply per month reaching 20 billions rupiah. The figure is too big because it is the retained cash flow, so that the level of supply for 1.3 month should be reviewed

17

Min, Yan, Zeng Chen Cao, and Shuang Li. "Finite Element Analysis of Head-Form Impacting Laminated Glass for Automotive Windscreens." Key Engineering Materials 680 (February 2016): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.72.

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Based on GB/T 5137.1-2002 experiment specification, the finite element model of head-form impacting laminated glass for automotive windscreens is set up in this paper. According to Finite Element Analysis results of laminated glass with different structure and further analyzing impact property and mechanism of laminated glass , the influence rule of the structure of the laminated glass on the mechanical behavior is discussed. (H)

18

Suzuki, Hiroshi. "Long Glass Fiber Reinforced Material for Automotive Application." Seikei-Kakou 20, no. 6 (June 20, 2008): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.20.343.

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Chen, Mingzhang, Xiaoshuang Xiong, Wuhao Zhuang, and Zhongbao Chen. "Statics analysis for automotive rope-wheel glass regulator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1654 (October 2020): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1654/1/012031.

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20

Zhao, Tiangui, Wei Wang, Kun Liu, Li Liu, Weixia Dong, Qifu Bao, Heliang Xu, and Jianer Zhou. "Preparation of Glass-Ceramics in the R2O-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 System Applied in Automobile Glass Enamel." Inorganics 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2023): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11040166.

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Environmental deterioration has put higher requirements on the acid resistance of automotive glass enamel. The present paper aims to prepare acid-resistant glass-ceramics used in automobile glass enamel. Base glasses with the compositions 15R2O-xBi2O3-10B2O3-(75-x) SiO2 (R2O is a mixture of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O (1:1:1, molar ratio), where x = 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30, respectively) was prepared by the melt-quenching method, and glass-ceramics were prepared by their controlling crystallization heat treatment. Crystallization behavior and crystallization ability of base glasses were investigated using the thermal stability parameter (S), the crystallization kinetics calculation results of base glasses, as well as the phase identification results of the heat-treated samples. The effects of the heat treatment temperature on the micromorphology and acid resistance of the heat-treated glasses were also investigated. Then, the optimized glass ceramic was used to prepare automotive glass enamel. The results indicate that: (I) with the increase of Bi2O3/SiO2 ratio, the characteristic temperature of the base glass decreases, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and crystallization ability increases significantly, the crystallization temperature range becomes wider; (II) the crystallization activation energy of base glasses are in the range of 169~264 kJ/mol; (III) Bi2SiO5 and Bi2O2SiO3 metastable phases are mainly precipitated when the crystallization temperature is between 530 °C and 650 °C, while only Bi4Si3O12 phase is precipitated when the crystallization temperature is above 650 °C; (IV) crystallinity of base glass increases significantly with increasing heat treatment temperature, which is beneficial to improve the acid resistance of heat treated products; (V) automotive glass enamel was prepared by mixing 15R2O-25Bi2O3-10B2O3-50SiO2 glass-ceramic powder with copper-chrome black and varnish, and then printed on the automobile glass substrate. All the properties of the sintered enamel can meet the market requirements, and the acid resistance of our product is better than that of market products.

21

Song, Hyeonseok, Deasung Jang, Jeongmin Lee, Kang Yong Lee, and Sang Kug Chung. "SAW-driven self-cleaning drop free glass for automotive sensors." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 31, no. 12 (October 27, 2021): 125007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac2fec.

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Abstract This paper presents surface acoustic wave (SAW)-driven self-cleaning glass aimed at removing contaminants that occur on the surfaces of automotive sensors for autonomous driving. The proposed self-cleaning glass comprises an interdigitated transducer (IDT) patterned on top of the transparent piezoelectric substrate (LiNbO3) and a hydrophobic layer (Cytop) covering the IDT. First, the sliding angle and contact angle of a droplet on a hydrophobic layer are measured in different volumes without the application of any external forces. The experiment shows that the droplets smaller than 4 μl do not slide on the inclined surface. To investigate the effect of SAW on droplet removal, the traveled distances and speeds of droplets are measured in different volumes, viscosities, and applied voltages when the droplets are removed on the surface by the SAW operation of the fabricated self-cleaning glass. Then, it is also investigated that the motion of the droplets by SAW on the inclined substrate in the direction of gravity and the opposite direction. Quantitative tests on the droplet removal performance of the SAW-driven self-cleaning glass are carried out by analyzing captured images recorded during the droplet removal by the SAW operation. As proof of concept, the proposed self-cleaning technology is demonstrated on droplets formed on a lens surface of a camera on which the SAW device is mounted. The demonstration shows that the camera image distorted by droplets that occur on the initial glass cover of the camera module is quickly restored by the SAW operation. The proposed SAW-driven drop free glass can promptly remove various contaminants on the surface of the sensors. Hence, it can be applied not only for automotive sensors but also for outdoor security cameras for daily life safety and future industries such as smart factories and smart cities.

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Переверзев, A. Pereverzev, Семенихин, and B. Semenikhin. "SURFACE MICRODEFECTS AS A CAUSAL FACTOR OF FORMATION OF CRACKS ON THE CAR WINDSCREEN." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19532.

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The article sets out the impact of automotive glass to the safe operation of the vehicle, basic notions of the strength of glass that explain demonstratively strengthening characteristics of glass and demonstrate an important role of surface microdefects and protection methods from them. In addition, this article offers an alternative method of protection

23

Sun, X., and M. A. Khaleel. "Effects of different design parameters on the stone-impact resistance of automotive windshields." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x34784.

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A constitutive model based on continuum damage mechanics is used to study the stone-impact resistance of automotive windshields. An axisymmetric finite element model is created to simulate the transient dynamic response and impact-induced damage tensors for laminated glass layers subject to stone-impact loading. The windshield glass consists of two glass outer layers laminated by a thin poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) layer. The constitutive behaviour of the glass layers is simulated using the continuum damage mechanics model with linear damage evolution. The PVB layer is modelled with a linear viscoelastic solid. The model is used to predict and examine damage patterns on different glass surfaces for different windshield designs including variations in ply thickness and curvatures.

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Xiaoyin, Wang, Liu Xiandong, Shan Yingchun, Wan Xiaofei, Liu Wanghao, and Pan Yue. "Lightweight design of automotive wheel made of long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 10 (May 21, 2015): 1634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215583081.

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Aiming to the lightweight design of the long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic (LGFT) composite wheel, this paper constructs the design process and the strength analysis method of long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic wheel. First, the multi-objective topology optimization under multiple design spaces and multiple loading cases is conducted to obtain the robust structure, where the complicated ribs generated in design spaces are quite distinct from conventional steel or aluminum alloy wheel. The effects of weighting factors of two objectives and three loading cases on the topological results are discussed. And the long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic wheel including the aluminum alloy insert is also designed in detail based on the concept structure and molding process. The novel metallic insert molded-in is another typical feature of long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic wheel. Capturing the material anisotropy, the strength performances of long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic wheel are simulated by using the finite element analysis method. The results show that there is a larger safety margin than the baseline wheel based on the maximum stress failure criterion. The long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic wheel of 5.59 kg saves 22.3% weight compared to the aluminum alloy baseline. For the increasing requirement of automotive components lightweight design, the method and consideration in this paper may also provide some ways for the design and strength analysis of other carrying structures made of thermoplastic composite.

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Lin, Hong-Dar, Yuan-Chin Lo, and Chou-Hsien Lin. "Vision based deformation inspection system for automotive glass using Hough circle detectors." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 21, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 598–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2023.21.4.1930.

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Production of automotive glass with the accurate shape and form is a challenge that fabricates the glass products with properties of adequate transparency and lack of imaging deformations and optical flaws. An auto windscreen with deformation flaws will likely distort the driver’s view of surrounding objects, leading to errors in visual judgment that may be dangerous to other road users. In the traditional method of examining vehicle glass in the manufacturing process, human inspectors perform the bulk of the work. This study proposes a frequency reconstruction method established on computer vision to automatically detect deformation flaws in automotive glass. To quantify the deformation level of an outwardly curving glass product, we exploit the digital imaging of a known standard pattern with base dots through a testing sample to capture a transmitted and reflected deformation image of that sample. Then, the proposed method applies the circular Hough transform voting scheme to find the peak points of the base dots in parameter space and reconstructs an image with the base dots of the captured image. The binary testing image subtracts the binary reconstructed image to obtain a binary difference image that displays the detected deformation areas. Experimental outcomes present that the proposed approach using dots pattern reaches a high 82.76% probability of exactly discriminating deformation flaws and a low 1.14% probability of wrongly investigating regular regions as deformation flaws on transmitted appearances of transpicuous glass.

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Tartakowski, Zenon, Maksymilian Burzyński, and Katarzyna Cimander. "Exploitive properties of composites on the polymer waste from the manufacture of car windows." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.288.

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In the last five years, the number of laminated glass produced in Poland for the automotive industry has almost doubled. It is the effect of increasing requirements in the area of vehicle safety and use. This also caused the increase in the amount of waste in glass production technology. The demands of circular economy require the re-use of waste as raw materials. PVB as a structural material is characterized by good mechanical properties in a wide range of positive and negative temperatures and high sensitivity to moisture (high hygroscopy). On the basis of PVB waste from the production of glass and using recyclate of polyethylene and polyester-glass dust, new material composites were made. Taking into account the hygroscopic properties of PVB, aging tests of new materials were made after exposure to them in the HHC climate. The influence of the aging process on the tested properties was determined. The results confirmed the possibility of using composites for technical products in the automotive industry.

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Kordová, T., A. Mareška, and Míka M. Havlík. "Experimental assessment of packaging paper properties effect in combination with storage conditions on the adhesion performance of automotive glass." Koroze a ochrana materialu 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kom-2022-0009.

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Abstract The aim of this work was an experimental comparison of different types of packaging paper, determining the effect of packaging material properties in combination with storage conditions on the purity of glass surface and the related quality of adhesion of bonded materials. In the automotive industry, the quality of adhesion is a key factor, as automotive glass must meet the safety requirements. During the experiments, the glass sheets were wrapped in four types of paper and stored according to the conditions that are common in a real production. The research was focused on the influence of different composition of packaging papers on the resulting adhesive properties of glass sheets. According to the results obtained in this work, it can be stated that during the storage there is an interaction between paper and glass. According to XRF analyzes, ongoing corrosion of the glass can be inferred. The resulting adhesion was assessed based on a peel test, which took place under defined conditions given by standard customer specifications. It has been observed that the negative effect of unsuitable paper increases over time. For optimal adhesion it is necessary to emphasize the packaging materials and the storage conditions of the glass. The results and knowledge achieved in this work can significantly improve the quality of production in which a material is glued to the glass surface.

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Regenfelder, Max, Jürgen Faller, Stefan Dully, Harald Perthes, Ian Williams, Emilia den Boer, Gudrun Obersteiner, and Silvia Scherhaufer. "Recycling glass-fibre-reinforced plastics in the automotive sector." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management 167, no. 4 (November 2014): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/warm.13.00028.

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Shirasawa, Masahiro, Takeshi Toi, Nobuyuki Okubo, Toru Takabayashi, Katsuhito Sato, and Jiro Nishihama. "20717 Comfortable car interior sound due to automotive glass." Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2006.12 (2006): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2006.12.493.

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Park, W. G., M. S. Park, Y. R. Jung, and K. L. Jang. "NUMERICAL STUDY OF DEFROSTING PHENOMENA OF AUTOMOTIVE WINDSHIELD GLASS." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 47, no. 7 (April 6, 2005): 725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407780590911512.

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31

Krasnov, Alexey. "Textured glass as an optical material for automotive sunroofs." Optical Materials 135 (January 2023): 113302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.113302.

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Ismail, Anis Nadhirah, Mohd Hakim Ibrahim, Rita Mohd Said, Flora Somidin, and Syarifah Aminah Ismail. "Influence of recycled wastes on ferrosilicon production in steel making applications: A short review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2169/1/012028.

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Abstract The potential transforming the waste materials into an alternative source was found in iron and steelmaking application that also would solved the world’s most problematic waste stream. Generally, converting the waste materials into auxiliary source only is accessible to certain wastes industries due to its difficulty to recycle hence generally landfilled. Recycling waste materials used in ferrosilicon production as carbon and silica source to control the reduction reaction with iron oxide. The present paper reviews the phase transformation and morphology in the production of ferrosilicon at temperature 1550°C on graphite and plastic waste (bakelite) as the potential carbon materials and silica powder and glass waste (automotive glass - windshield, window glass) as alternatives silica source in production of ferrosilicon. The utilization of carbon material from plastic waste and silica source from glass waste (automotive glass) can be used for ferrosilicon synthesis and CO gas concentration comparable with conventional carbon source (graphite) typical silica source (silica powder). The utilization of recycled wasted is efficient due to enhancement in the reaction with iron oxide thus potentially replacing the conventional materials in ferrosilicon synthesis as well as minimizing the landfill wastes.

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Nikitakos, Vasilis, Athanasios D. Porfyris, Konstantinos Beltsios, Constantine Papaspyrides, Simone Bordignon, Michele R. Chierotti, Stefano Nejrotti, et al. "An Integrated Characterization Strategy on Board for Recycling of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) from Laminated Glass Wastes." Polymers 16, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16010010.

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Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is widely used as an interlayer material in laminated glass applications, mainly in the automotive industry, but also for construction and photovoltaic applications. Post-consumed laminated glass is a waste that is mainly landfilled; nevertheless, it can be revalorized upon efficient separation and removal of adhered glass. PVB interlayers in laminated glass are always plasticized with a significant fraction in the 20–40% w/w range of plasticizer, and they are protected from the environment by two sheets of glass. In this work, the aim is to develop a thorough characterization strategy for PVB films. Neat reference PVB grades intended for interlayer use are compared with properly processed (delaminated) post-consumed PVB grades from the automotive and construction sectors. Methods are developed to open opportunities for recycling and reuse of the latter. The plasticizer content and chemical nature are determined by applying well-known analytical techniques, namely, FT-IR, TGA, NMR. The issue of potential aging during the life cycle of the original laminated material is also addressed through NMR. Based on the findings, a sensor capable of directly sorting PVB post-consumer materials will be developed and calibrated at a later stage.

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Vedrtnam, Ajitanshu, and SJ Pawar. "Experimental and simulation studies on flexural strength of laminated glass using ring-on-ring and three-point bending test." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 21 (November 24, 2017): 3930–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217744815.

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Flexural strength of laminated glass is noteworthy in architectural, glazing, automotive safety, photo-voltaic, and decorative applications. The flexural strength of laminated glass samples having polyvinyl butyral/ethyl vinyl acetate interlayer of different critical thickness (0.38/0.76/1.52 mm) was determined by ring-on-ring test following the ASTM C1499-15 and also by three-point bending test (for an interlayer of 0.38 mm thickness) following the ASTM D790-03. The effect of inter-layer type and inter-layer thickness on flexural strength is evidently reported from this brief study. The significance F-statics value during regression analysis shows the strong association of flexural strength with inter-layer types and inter-layer thickness, and P-value shows that the error in the analysis is within considerable limits. It is also concluded that the laminated glass samples with polyvinyl butyral interlayer have comparatively lower load capacity than laminated glass samples with ethyl vinyl acetate interlayer for same interlayer and glass thickness. The inter-layer thickness has more prominent role in the determination of load capacity in case of ethyl vinyl acetate laminated glass samples. There is an increment in average load capacity with an increment in critical inter-layer thickness in laminated glass. A finite element analysis is also carried out for simulating the experimentation and obtaining the variation of displacements in the laminated glass samples at their load capacity. The output of the finite element analysis fairly describes the fracture pattern (based on deformation and stress) of the laminated glass samples. The conclusions may be utilized for the selection of suitable laminated glass and predicting failure of laminated glass while used in various structural, automotive and other applications.

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Volpe, Valentina, Sofia Lanzillo, Giovanni Affinita, Beniamino Villacci, Innocenzo Macchiarolo, and Roberto Pantani. "Lightweight High-Performance Polymer Composite for Automotive Applications." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020326.

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The automotive industry needs to produce plastic products with high dimensional accuracy and reduced weight, and this need drives the research toward less conventional industrial processes. The material that was adopted in this work is a glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 (PA66), a material of great interest for the automotive industry because of its excellent properties, although being limited in application because of its relatively high cost. In order to reduce the cost of the produced parts, still preserving the main properties of the material, the possibility of applying microcellular injection molding process was explored in this work. In particular, the influence of the main processing parameters on morphology and performance of PA66 + 30% glass-fiber foamed parts was investigated. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to identify the significant factors that influence the morphology of the molded parts. According to ANOVA results, in order to obtain homogeneous foamed parts with good mechanical properties, an injection temperature of 300 °C, a high gas injection pressure, and a large thickness of the parts should be adopted.

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Volpe, Valentina, Maria Sofia Lanzillo, Alfonso Molaro, Giovanni Affinita, and Roberto Pantani. "Characterization of Recycled/Virgin Polyethylene Terephthalate Composite Reinforced with Glass Fiber for Automotive Applications." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6020059.

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The use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a matrix for composite materials based on glass fiber reinforced virgin PET could be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to upgrade the bottle-grade recycled PET into engineering-grade PET for injection molding. In this work, a commercial virgin PET reinforced with 50%wt of glass fibers was compounded by mechanical mixing with a recycled PET, in order to minimize breakage of the glass fibers. The obtained compound, composed by 60%wt of recycled pet and 40%wt glass fiber reinforced virgin PET, was injection molded at three different mold temperatures (4, 40 and 80 °C) to analyze the effect of crystallization of the material during the production process. The results in terms of thermal and mechanical properties were compared with those obtained from recycled PET molded in the same conditions. The flexural tests and the analysis of thermal resistance showed that by adding 40%wt of glass fiber reinforced virgin PET to the recycled PET causes a noticeable improvement of crystallization kinetics and of mechanical properties with respect to that of the pure recycled PET, making it suitable for technical applications.

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Manideep, CH, and E. Raja. "Analysis and Optimization of Composite Propeller Shaft for Automotive Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2272, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2272/1/012027.

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Abstract In the field of automotive engineering polymeric composites played vital role due to its outstanding properties such as high strength, low weight and high stiffness. The purpose of this research is to develop a single piece steel (Cr–Mo SCM440) drive shaft using computer aided modelling tool and finite element method was used for analysing static analysing and free vibration. These results were compared with the propeller shaft made by carbon and glass epoxy composites. ANSYS software is used for accomplish total deflection, natural frequency, and modal analyses. From this work it was noted that the propeller shaft made using carbon epoxy offered better results as compared with steel and glass epoxy composite propeller.

38

UZAY, Çağrı, and Muhammed Safa KAMER. "Silan Kaplı SiO2 Nanopartiküllerin Cam FRP Kompozitlerin Sertlik Değerlerine Etkisi." Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1076888.

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In this study, silane-coated SiO2 nanoparticles (as-received) were used as secondary reinforcement for glass fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, and the microhardness values of the developed composites were investigated. The nanoparticles were dispersed within the polymer epoxy at 1.5 wt.% and 3 wt.% ratios, respectively. Two different types of silane coating were used that were KH550 and KH570. The mixture of the epoxy resin and nanoparticles were subjected to ultrasonic homogenization to achieve a fine dispersibility of the SiO2 nanoparticles. Then the matrix was prepared with a suitable hardener at a weight ratio of 100:25. The strengthened polymer matrix was reinforced by woven glass fiber fabrics (primary reinforcing element). The vacuum bag method was applied to produce silane-coated nano SiO2 filled glass FRP composites. A digital microhardness testing device was used to determine the Vickers hardness values. While the pure glass/epoxy composite has resulted in a hardness of 20.69 HV, the maximum hardness value was recorded as 36.56 HV and it was obtained with 3 wt.% KH550-SiO2 filled glass/epoxy. The incorporation of silane-coated SiO2 nanoparticles has provided dramatic enhancements, approximately from 28% to 77%. The microscopic examination was also conducted via an optical microscope and the images were found helpful to explain the test results. Therefore, the findings of this study have shown that silane-coated nano SiO2 filler can be used as secondary reinforcement where high hardness and better wear resistance are desired for glass/epoxy composite applications.

39

Abdurakhmonov, S. M., Sh Sayitov, and S. I. Xaliev. "Mathematical modeling of soldering iron heating process in automated terminal soldering installations." E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 05064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340105064.

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The article describes a mathematical model of temperature changes in the soldering iron of an automated installation used in the terminal of the glass heating system created for automotive glass manufacturers. The effect of changing the shape of the welding machine on the temperature distribution has been studied. The results of the mathematical model were compared with the experimental data

40

Lucaci, Mariana, Delia Patroi, Violeta Tsakiris, Magdalena Valentina Lungu, Eugen Manta, and Alexandru Iorga. "Studies on Fe-Cr-Ni-Si-B Bulk Metallic Glass for Automotive Applications." Advanced Materials Research 1114 (July 2015): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1114.68.

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Researches and developments were carried out for obtaining of bulk metallic glass (BMG) from the Fe-Cr-Ni-Si-B system. The used processing methods were copper mold casting and melt spinning method. The resulted materials are in form of sheets with sizes of 69.7 x 64 x 3/1.5 mm and of strips with thickness less than 50 microns, which were obtained by varying the melt spin technological parameters. The both processing variants are not suitable for obtaining such of alloy in bulk metallic glass form. Adding of zirconium to this alloy produces bulk metallic glasses only for the melt spin products. The DSC analysis emphases that the zirconium modified alloy processed by melt spinning method exhibits a high glass forming ability (GFA).

41

Kus, Hüsamettin, and Duran Altiparmak. "Effect of glass powder on the friction performance of automotive brake lining materials." Science of Sintering, no. 00 (2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos211017006k.

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In this study, bronze-based brake linings containing 0-8 wt% glass powder were manufactured by a hot pressing process and tribological properties of produced samples were investigated using a Chase-type friction tester. The hardness and density of the samples were also determined. The microstructures and friction surfaces of the samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, it was dermined that the sample that was reinforced with 8 wt% glass powder has exhibited the best wear behavior. Furthermore, a reduction in the friction coefficient of all the samples with increasing friction surface temperature was observed. The results have showed that friction coefficient stability of the brake lining samples could be improved with the increasing content of glass powder.

42

Khaleel, Moe A., Vladimar N. Korolev, and Kenneth I. Johnson. "Modelling and Simulation of Glass Forming in the Automotive Industries." International Journal of Forming Processes 7, no. 4 (December 30, 2004): 459–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ijfp.7.459-486.

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43

Grainger, Megan N. C., Merilyn Manley-Harris, and Sally Coulson. "Classification and discrimination of automotive glass using LA-ICP-MS." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 27, no. 9 (2012): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ja30093a.

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44

De Felice, Fabio, and Antonella Petrillo. "Optimization of Automotive Glass Production through Business Process Reengineering Approach." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 75 (April 2013): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.031.

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45

Makarov, R. I. "Axiomatic approach to evaluating the stability of automotive glass manufacturing." Glass and Ceramics 69, no. 11-12 (March 2013): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-013-9483-z.

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46

Hufenbach, W., R. Böhm, M. Thieme, A. Winkler, E. Mäder, J. Rausch, and M. Schade. "Polypropylene/glass fibre 3D-textile reinforced composites for automotive applications." Materials & Design 32, no. 3 (March 2011): 1468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.08.049.

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47

Perná, Ivana, Martina Havelcová, Monika Šupová, Margit Žaloudková, and Olga Bičáková. "The Synthesis and Characterization of Geopolymers Based on Metakaolin and on Automotive Glass Waste." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2024): 3439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083439.

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The presented article studies a metakaolin-based geopolymer matrix for which two types of non-recyclable automotive glass waste (AGW) have been used as an alternative aggregate. Their composition and character, as well as their influence on the properties and structure of geopolymer composites (AGW-Gs), have been investigated by means of X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analyses, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Infrared analysis has proven that the use of AGW does not affect the formation of geopolymer bonds. GC/MS analysis has revealed the presence of triethylene glycol bis(2-ethylhexanoate) in AGW and geopolymers, whose concentration varied according to the size of the fractions used. Preliminary compressive-strength tests have shown the promising potential of AGW-Gs. From the presented results, based on the study of two types of automotive glass waste, it is possible to assume that automotive glass will generally behave in the same or a similar manner in metakaolin-based geopolymer matrices and can be considered as potential alternative aggregates. The result is promising for the current search for new sources of raw materials, for ensuring resource security, for the promotion of sustainability and innovation and for meeting the needs of the growing world population while reducing dependence on limited resources.

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Song, Xue Min, and Xian Dong Liu. "Research on Method of Recycling Abandoned Automotive Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 4557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4557.

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In recent years, the number of End-of-Life Vehicle has increased dramatically, the prevention and control pollution and resource recycling become increasingly serious. The paper analyzes the scrapped automobiles recycling methods in metal materials, non-metallic materials, such as plastic, rubber, glass, specially, propose the new composite materials recycling method. Through these materials recycling method, provide references for the scrap automobile materials recycling in our country.

49

Smoleń, Jakub, Berk Değirmenci, Berke Doğuş Tekeli, and Bartłomiej Nowacki. "The application of automotive glass waste in the production of epoxy polymer concrete." Cement Wapno Beton 26, no. 5 (2021): 402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2021.26.5.4.

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In this paper, the production of aggregate from car windshield cullet and the use of this aggregate, in various compositions with fine quartz sand, as the reinforcing phase of the epoxy matrix polymer concrete were used and the obtained samples were tested. The bending and compressive strength, Charpy’s impact resistance tests were performed on the obtained composites. The porosity, water absorption, and density were also determined. The tests performed have shown that the application of car windshield cullet in polymer concrete, seems to be a good way to recycle this waste. The highest compressive strength, equal to 101 MPa, was obtained by composites containing 20 vol% of milled glass. It is nearly 7 times higher than the value of traditional concrete tested simultaneously, which has about 15 MPa. The highest flexural strength was noted for the composite containing 35 vol% of the glass. Polymer concrete samples did not show high impact resistance, which was in the range of 5.85 - 10.13 kJ/m2 . However, it increases with increasing glass content and the highest value was obtained for the composite containing 50% of the glass volume. Among the polymer concrete samples, the best properties were obtained for the mixture of 35% sand, 35% ground glass and 30% epoxy resin. Open porosity of traditional concrete is 15.9%, and for polymer concrete it was lower than 0.38%. The large difference in open porosity and water absorption for traditional concrete and polymer concrete, allow us to conclude that the latter will have higher frost resistance. The test results clearly show the significantly better mechanical properties of polymer concrete than of traditional concrete.

50

Mansor, Muhd Ridzuan, Mohd Sapuan Salit, Edi Syams Zainudin, Nuraini Abd Aziz, Hambali Arep, and Mohd Fuad Alias. "A Simplified Life Cycle Analysis of an Automotive Parking Brake Lever Using Polymer Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.395.

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This paper presents a simplified life cycle analysis case study of a new developed automotive parking brake lever using polymer composites. Two composite materials were analysed for the component construction, namely glass fiber/polypropylene composites and hybrid kenaf/glass fiber/polypropylene composites. The rule of mixture and hybrid rule of mixture composite’s micromechanical models were utilized to determine the functional unit in the life cycle analysis. Later, the life cycle inventory data were defined for the production, use and end-of-life stages for the component. The Eco-indicator 99 method was selected for the overall LCA process. The final life cycle analysis results show that parking brake lever using the hybrid kenaf/glass fiber/polypropylene composites scores better environmental impact when compared to the similar component using glass fiber composites. This proved that the introduction of kenaf natural fiber, as the alternative reinforcement material in the polymer composites construction, is able to reduce the environmental impact throughout the product life cycle towards achieving better sustainable performance of the product.

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