Статті в журналах: "Automobile parking Computer simulation"

1

Mei, Hong. "Control of Automobile's Automatic Parking." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.28.

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An automatic parking controller is proposed. Fuzzy control is taken to simulate the action of experienced driver as an alternative to conventional methods. The angle between the midline of the car and ideal path and the distance between the midpoint of the car and the ideal path are taken as the inputs of the fuzzy controller. The angle of the steering wheel is taken as the output of the fuzzy controller. A set of fuzzy logic rules are build for reasoning. With sensors installed in the car to replace people’s eyes and computer to replace people’s brain, the automatic parking system is more precise and quicker than human’s parking. At last, simulation is made and proved the validity of the proposed method.

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2

Lee, Geun An, Seong Joo Lim, Dong Jin Kim, and Yong Bok Park. "Finite Element Analysis for Precision Forging Process of United Transfer Driven Parking Gear." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.327.

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Forging process is one of the most basic metal forming processes. In this study a new forging process is applied to fabricate a precision forging product uniting parking and driven gears in order to obtain lightweight and cost effectiveness of an automobile. Since the united product using the precision forging process needs high quality and new manufacturing process, 3D computer simulation by FEM has been used to reduce some trial and errors in experiment and obtain the deformation, strain, stress and load of the workpiece and die. The study has tried to find out an optimal process including preform design putting emphasis on tooth filling by DEFORM-3D, a 3-dimensional rigid-plastic finite element code.

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3

Zhao, Changfu, Hongchang Ding, Guohua Cao, and Ying Zhang. "A New Method for Detecting Compensation Hole Parameters of Automobile Brake Master Cylinder Based on Machine Vision." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (April 8, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8864679.

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The machining accuracy of the compensation hole of the automobile brake master cylinder directly determines the safety of the automobile and the reliability of parking. How to detect the parameters of the compensation hole with high precision becomes a crucial issue. In this paper, by analyzing the principle of Hough transform detection technology and several optimization algorithms, a new method combining Zernike moment and improved gradient Hough transform is proposed to detect the circular hole parameters. The simulation experiment shows that the proposed algorithm satisfies 0.1 pixels in the coordinate detection of the center position, and the radius detection accuracy is 0.05 pixels, with fast detection speed and good robustness. Compared with the random Hough transform algorithm and the gradient Hough transform algorithm, the algorithm proposed in this paper has higher detection accuracy, faster detection speed, and better robustness, which meets the online detection accuracy requirements of the brake master cylinder compensation hole.

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4

Poh, Li Zhe, Tee Connie, Thian Song Ong, and Michael Kah Ong Goh. "Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Dynamic Pricing for Parking Solutions." Algorithms 16, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16010032.

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The growth in the number of automobiles in metropolitan areas has drawn attention to the need for more efficient carpark control in public spaces such as healthcare, retail stores, and office blocks. In this research, dynamic pricing is integrated with real-time parking data to optimise parking utilisation and reduce traffic jams. Dynamic pricing is the practice of changing the price of a product or service in response to market trends. This approach has the potential to manage car traffic in the parking space during peak and off-peak hours. The dynamic pricing method can set the parking fee at a greater price during peak hours and a lower rate during off-peak times. A method called deep reinforcement learning-based dynamic pricing (DRL-DP) is proposed in this paper. Dynamic pricing is separated into episodes and shifted back and forth on an hourly basis. Parking utilisation rates and profits are viewed as incentives for pricing control. The simulation output illustrates that the proposed solution is credible and effective under circumstances where the parking market around the parking area is competitive among each parking provider.

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5

Agureev, I. E., and D. A. Yurchenko. "FUNCTIONING OF THE CAR PARKING PLACES NEAR HOUSES: FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM OF THE ROAD CITY NETWORK." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 16, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 670–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2019-6-670-679.

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Introduction. The load models of the road network make it possible to understand a lot of the transport, social, environmental, and other city problems. Creating transport models requires knowledge of the traffic flows’ formation and functioning. The paper formulates a goal and poses tasks for the research conducting of the adjoining territories of residential areas in Tula as one of the urban traffic flows’ sources and of the identifying patterns of the parking places near houses’ influence on the road network loading.Materials and methods. The basis of the research was the development in the field of predictive simulation of automobile transport systems. The authors used complex of computer-aided design “TransNet”, which allowed adjusting the initial data in the base model by the results of the parking places’ functioning.Discussion and conclusions. As a result, the improved transport model of Tula allows making the forecast for determining the main parameters of the transport system taking into account the dynamics of vehicles’ local area departure at different time intervals. Moreover, the proposed methodological tools and algorithm for solving the problem of the road network loading in a quasi-dynamic setting helps to solve existing transport problems and to improve the traffic organization.The authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

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6

Gao, Shuang, Jianzhong Wu, and Bin Xu. "Controllability Evaluation of EV Charging Infrastructure Transformed from Gas Stations in Distribution Networks with Renewables." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081577.

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A considerable market share of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected in the near future, which leads to a transformation from gas stations to EV charging infrastructure for automobiles. EV charging stations will be integrated with the power grid to replace the fuel consumption at the gas stations for the same mobile needs. In order to evaluate the impact on distribution networks and the controllability of the charging load, the temporal and spatial distribution of the charging power is calculated by establishing mapping the relation between gas stations and charging facilities. Firstly, the arrival and parking period is quantified by applying queuing theory and defining membership function between EVs to parking lots. Secondly, the operational model of charging stations connected to the power distribution network is formulated, and the control variables and their boundaries are identified. Thirdly, an optimal control algorithm is proposed, which combines the configuration of charging stations and charging power regulation during the parking period of each individual EV. A two-stage hybrid optimization algorithm is developed to solve the reliability constrained optimal dispatch problem for EVs, with an EV aggregator installed at each charging station. Simulation results validate the proposed method in evaluating the controllability of EV charging infrastructure and the synergy effects between EV and renewable integration.

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7

Tsugawa, Sadayuki. "Special Issue on Fundamental Technologies for ITS." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 4 (August 20, 2001): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0339.

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Intelligent transport systems (ITS), a combination of IT(Information Technology) and TS (Transport Systems), solves problems such as accidents and congestion, lessening environmental impact and conserving energy. As conventional solutions to traffic issues became less and less effective, high-tech solutions have been sought. Preceding the term ITS, coined in 1994, were road transport informatics (RTI), advanced transport telematics (AT), and intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS). In the mid-1980s, large ITS projects started in Europe, the US, and Japan, but the use of high-tech solutions emerged in the 1950s. As indicated above, ITS includes systems covering passenger-car safety and freight management, supported by a wide range of technologies including sensing, control, communications, and human factors. This special issue on ITS focuses on ITS technologies that share similarities with robotics and mechatronics. The papers in this issue are classed into sensing, control, simulation, and electric vehicles. Papers in sensing deal with the application of vehicle localization in automated driving, 3-dimensional localization with corner cubes and laser radar, vision-based passage detection, and night-time obstacle detection with machine vision. The technology presented in these papers is expected to play an important role in robotics and mechatronics. The 4 control papers include an overview on control algorithms for automated driving and 3 papers on control algorithms for lateral control, lane changing, and parking assistance. The major difference between mobile robots and automobiles is that, due to speed, the behavior of mobile robots can be described with kinematics, but that of automobiles must be described with dynamics. Nevertheless, control algorithms for automated automobiles are insightful in robotics. Simulation technologies are essential in ITS to present virtually situations difficult or not possible to realize in the real world. One paper deals with a driving simulator and the other with automobile traffic. The last area in this ITS issue is electric vehicles. Their handicaps can be overcome by ITS, leading to new road transport. The paper on electric vehicles introduces an experimental electric vehicle both educational and informative to readers planning electric vehicles to conduct experiments involving ITS. We thank those on the JSME Research Committee 179 for cooperation between human and systems in ITS for reviewing submitted papers.

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8

Halada, Ladislav, Peter Weisenpacher, Gabriel Oksa, Jan Glasa, and Martin Becka. "Computer Simulation of Automobile Fires." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2011.2.69-73.

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9

Yu, Liang, Luo Jie, Luo Haoru, Liu Sijia, and Yang Xu. "Unmanned parking method based on cloud platform." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 02046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124802046.

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With the intelligent development of automobile driving, automatic parking technology is widely concerned by relevant technicians at home and abroad. Automatic parking technology is a method that can realize automatic parking in and out of parking Spaces without manual intervention. At present, automatic parking system has been equipped and used in many models, but there are many problems such as low parking accuracy and unable to effectively identify irregular parking Spaces. In order to solve the above problems, this article is based on a cloud platform developed a driverless car parking method, through the cloud server, GPS (Global Positioning System) and inertial navigation. It can according to the parking information and real-time Positioning planning adjustment path of the vehicle, and controls the complete vehicle posture adjustment, so as to improve the accuracy of parking and parking intelligent identification accuracy and ensure the safety and efficiency in the process of path planning. The effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation experiments with MATLAB software, which can be demonstrated by data.

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10

Xi, Jian Zhong, and Cheng Chun Han. "Parking Navigation System Based on the Double Signal Double Display Intersection Vehicle Terminal and Automobile Internal Information." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.803.

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In view of more and more complicate driving and parking problems in urban traffic, the parking guidance system are proposed based on a double signal double display intersection vehicle terminal. The system is based on the information interaction between intelligent terminal, vehicle terminal and vehicle of internet, and to introduce the space maze module and automobile internal information, by simulation maze module planning the different target route and its navigation through the intelligent terminal screen, at the same time instant maze module choice and determine the real-time path navigation through the on-board navigator screen, and to improve the accuracy of target navigation. The system will be the target route and real-time route through their channel respectively on the intelligent terminal and vehicle navigation cross presentation, realize the whole process of target parking navigation, or real-time navigation guidance section step by step according to the real-time parking lots, and in order to improve the parking navigation accuracy to provide an effective means of technology.

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11

Patten, William Neff, Hsien-Cheng Wu, and Wei Cai. "Perfect Parallel Parking Via Pontryagin’s Principle." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 116, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899271.

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Parallel parking of an automobile can be a frustrating exercise for the driver. A simple, on vehicle control augmentation design for parallel parking is described in the paper. Using a steering control model, parking is cast as an optimal control problem. The minimization of a path length objective function, which was constrained by the bounds on the steering control angle, provided the setting for the problem definition. Pontryagin’s maximum principal was employed to discover a family of optimal trajectories that guaranteed perfect parallel parking. A bang-bang controller logic was shown to result. The design was experimentally tested using a light duty truck outfitted with a drive-by-wire capability.

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12

Galadanci, GSM, SM Gana, and HA Aliyu. "Design and simulation of 120 capacity automobile parking control system using up/down decade counters." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 8, no. 2 (June 2, 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v8i2.29.

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13

Zhao, Ziyao, Yi Zhang, Yi Zhang, Kaifeng Ji, and He Qi. "Neural-Network-Based Dynamic Distribution Model of Parking Space Under Sharing and Non-Sharing Modes." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 4864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124864.

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In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s automobile industry, the number of vehicles in China has been increasing steadily. Vehicles represent a convenient mode of travel, but the growth rate of the number of urban motor vehicles far exceeds the construction rate of parking facilities. The continuous improvement of parking allocation methods has always been key for ensuring sustainable city management. Thus, developing an efficient and dynamic parking distribution algorithm will be an important breakthrough to alleviate the urban parking shortage problem. However, the existing parking distribution models do not adequately consider the influence of real-time changes in parking demand and supply on parking space assignment. Therefore, this study proposed a method for dynamic parking allocation using parking demand predictions and a predictive control method. A neural-network-based dynamic parking distribution model was developed considering seven influencing factors: driving duration, walking distance, parking fee, traffic congestion, possibility of finding a parking space in the target parking lot and adjacent parking lot, and parking satisfaction degree. Considering whether the parking spaces in the targeted parking lots are shared or not, two allocation modes—sharing mode and non-sharing mode—were proposed and embedded into the model. At the experimental stage, a simulation case and a real-time case were performed to evaluate the developed models. The experimental results show that the dynamic parking distribution model based on neural networks can not only allocate parking spaces in real time but also improve the utilisation rate of different types of parking spaces. The performance score of the dynamic parking distribution model for a time interval of 2–20 min was maintained above 80%. In addition, the distribution performance of the sharing mode was better than that of the non-sharing mode and contributed to a better overall effectiveness. This model can effectively improve the utilisation rate of resources and the uniformity of distribution and can reduce the failure rate of parking; thus, it significantly contributes to more smart and sustainable urban parking management.

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14

MURABAYASHI, Atsushi, Eiji YASUI, and Kohshi YAMAMOTO. "Development of Computer Simulation System for Parking Lot Planning." Journal of Construction Management, JSCE 1 (1993): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/procm.1.29.

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15

He, Chunhong, Hongchao Li, and Bin Ren. "Design of Intelligent Parking Control System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2113, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2113/1/012019.

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Abstract Along with the historical process of the industrial revolution, the automobile has undoubtedly made life more convenient. But at the same time, various problems also come along: Traffic jams are becoming more and more serious, and problems such as parking are becoming urgent problems. This design uses STC89C52 microcontroller, through the infrared sensor module to detect the information of the garage, then the nRF24L01 wireless module is used to carry out the wireless transmission of master and slave information. Finally, the LCD1602 LCD screen is used to establish the human-computer interaction page, and an intelligent parking space management system is designed. The owners can easily check the parking lot to understand the flow of the parking lot through the system, and judge whether to enter the parking lot, saving time. At the same time, it is easier to integrate with other intelligent systems, which provides a foundation for more advanced management and is the premise for making the parking lot a highly intelligent product in the future.

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16

Salah, Bashir. "Design, simulation, and performance-evaluation-based validation of a novel RFID-based automatic parking system." SIMULATION 96, no. 5 (December 9, 2019): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549719890676.

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Automated parking systems play an important role in improving the utilization of parking facilities, particularly in busy public areas that receive many visitors, such as airports, government buildings, and shopping malls. The current parking facilities of airports in Saudi Arabia use barrier gates and ticket-issuing machines. Such parking facilities increase the waiting time at every circulation point, especially at the entry and exit terminals, and when a large number of vehicles are waiting in the queue. In this study, we address this problem by applying an automated technology at the entry/exit terminals of the current parking facilities. In particular, we introduce a parking system that uses radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology for the entry and exit terminals. The basic components of the current entry/exit system and the proposed one (i.e., using RFID technology) are described in detail. Subsequently, a simulation model for the entry/exit system using Arena 14.7 is developed to evaluate the current and proposed entry/exit systems. The evaluation is based on two performance metrics: average waiting time and average number of waiting vehicles. The developed simulation model is validated using actual data through a systematic procedure. The outcome of this study shows that the proposed RFID-based entry/exit system significantly outperforms the current system. Similarly, the validated results confirm the robustness of the simulation model. Thus, it can be concluded that an RFID-based parking system will provide an effective solution for parking facilities.

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17

Shi, Ruifeng, Jie Zhang, Hao Su, Zihang Liang, and Kwang Y. Lee. "An Economic Penalty Scheme for Optimal Parking Lot Utilization with EV Charging Requirements." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 6155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226155.

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In the parking lots of public commercial areas, such as shopping malls, hospitals, and scenic spots, the parking spaces with electric vehicle (EV) charging facilities are often occupied by ordinary cars. How to regulate the parking order in the parking lot is a key issue in the operation and management of the parking facilities. In this paper, a method of assessing parking fees for vehicles parked at the charging facilities is proposed based on an economic penalty strategy, including fixed-penalty and dynamic-penalty strategies. First, a traffic flow model of the parking lot in public area is established. Then, a price and consumption model of parking fees and parking lot utilization is established, along with different penalty strategies. Finally, taking the parking lot of a shopping mall as an example, the penalty strategies are optimized through particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The simulation results show that the method proposed can help to improve the utilization of EV charging facilities in parking lots and guide the orderly parking and charging of EVs at the same time.

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18

Wang, Wei, Yuwei Zhou, Jianbin Liu, and Baofeng Sun. "On-Street Cruising for Parking Model in Consideration with Gaming Elements and Its Impact Analysis." Mathematics 10, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 3423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10193423.

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On-street cruising by drivers impedes the effectiveness of road traffic conditions and increases energy consumption and environmental impact. Existing models of on-street cruising for parking mainly embody those intrinsic on-street parking factors and disregard the extrinsic impacts from off-street parking gaming factors. This research focused on both the intrinsic and extrinsic elements, especially gaming factors, of off-street parking, i.e., the price of off-street parking, the waiting time of off-street parking, and the difference in walking time between their parking lots to their destinations. On-street cruising for a parking model is reconstructed in this paper in consideration with the equilibrium cruising time, i.e., the maximum tolerable cruise time after evaluating the cost of on-street and off-street parking. Correlation analysis showed that the off-street parking gaming factors were all positively related with the maximum tolerable cruise time. A simulation model was further presented for on-street cruising for the parking model by the cellular automata approach with real-world data. Simulation experiments demonstrated that the average speed of vehicles on the street increases by 9.858 km/h, the average delay decreases by 44.934 s, and the price of on-street parking increases by 4.5 CNY/h. The proposed on-street cruising for parking model proved effective by decreasing the maximum tolerable cruising time to bring significant improvements in average speed, average delay, and on-street cruising vehicles in road traffic flow.

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19

Sun, Di, Jin Zhou, Furong Wan, Zhiqiang Sun, and Xueying Gao. "Optimization of bike-sharing parking spot layout based on usage requirements." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 11, no. 01 (February 2020): 2050007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962320500075.

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In this paper, two problems that exist in parking spot layout of bike-sharing which need to be solved are addressed. One is the size of parking spot, while another is the location of parking spot. First, the generation and attraction model of traffic travel is used to predict the usage requirements of bike-sharing, to acquire the parking requirements of bike-sharing. Then, we establish the best station spacing model to calculate the optimal quantity of parking spots. Moreover, the method of shortest distance clustering is applied to cluster the parking demand spots. Finally, the location optimization of bike-sharing parking spot is carried out by using gravity location model. In summary, the layout of bike-sharing parking spot is finished based on the abovementioned four steps.

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20

Nakrani, Naitik M., and Maulin M. Joshi. "Fuzzy Based Adaptive Dimension Parking Algorithm Including Obstacle Avoidance for Autonomous Vehicle Parking." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 19 (January 29, 2021): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23205.2020.19.33.

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Autonomous vehicle parking and obstacle avoidance navigation have drawn increased attention in recent times for autonomous vehicle-related solutions. Existing autonomous vehicle parking algorithms generally fail to mimic the human-like tendency to adapt naturally, and most of these designs are practically fixed. They do not preserve adaptive nature with machine dynamics, especially vehicles related. In this paper, a novel fuzzy-based adaptive dimension parking algorithm (FADPA) is proposed that integrates obstacle avoidance capabilities to a standalone parking controller that is made adaptive to vehicle dimensions in order to provide human-like intelligence for parking problems. This algorithm adopts fuzzy membership thresholds with respect to vehicle dimensions to enhance the vehicle's path during parking with taking care of obstacles. It is generalized for all segments of cars, and different simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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21

Chi, Michael, and Jafar Vossoughi. "Engineering Aspect of Automobile Accident Reconstruction Using Computer Simulation." Journal of Forensic Sciences 30, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 11014J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs11014j.

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22

Xu, Yi, Shanshang Gao, Guoxin Jiang, Xiaotong Gong, Hongxue Li, Xiaoqing Sang, Liming Wang, Ruoyu Zhu, and Yuqiong Wang. "Parking Space Detection and Path Planning Based on VIDAR." Journal of Robotics 2021 (December 2, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4943316.

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The existing automatic parking algorithms often neglect the unknown obstacles in the parking environment, which causes a hidden danger to the safety of the automatic parking system. Therefore, this paper proposes parking space detection and path planning based on the VIDAR method (vision-IMU-based detection and range method) to solve the problem. In the parking space detection stage, the generalized obstacles are detected based on VIDAR to determine the obstacle areas, and then parking lines are detected by the Hough transform to determine the empty parking space. Compared with the parking detection method based on YOLO v5, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has higher accuracy in complex parking environments with unknown obstacles. In the path planning stage, the path optimization algorithm of the A ∗ algorithm combined with the Bezier curve is used to generate smooth curves, and the environmental information is updated in real time based on VIDAR. The simulation results show that the method can make the vehicle efficiently avoid the obstacles and generate a smooth path in a dynamic parking environment, which can well meet the safety and stationarity of the parking requirements.

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23

Chi, Yao Dan, Hai Long Gu, Yin Han Gao, Xiao Tian Yang, and Sheng Qian Zhang. "Survey to Automobile Electromagnetic Compatibility Simulation Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 2968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2968.

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With the rapid developments of computer technology and computing electromagnetism, it is possible to simulate the electromagnetic compatibility of automobiles. At the beginning of the design, electromagnetic compatibility simulation analysis of automobiles can not only shorten the research cycle, but also reduce the cost. In this paper, we summarized the current commercial electromagnetic compatibility simulation analysis software, analyzed the features and applied algorithms of each software, and gave the simulation examples of Ansoft HFSS and FEKO.

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24

H.Bhangale, J., and A. M. Mahalle. "Performance Issues of CMS in Automobile Industries using Computer Simulation." International Journal of Computer Applications 52, no. 5 (August 30, 2012): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8200-1593.

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25

Minghai Yuan, Minghai Yuan, Chenxi Zhang Minghai Yuan, Kaiwen Zhou Chenxi Zhang, and Fengque Pei Kaiwen Zhou. "Real-time Allocation of Shared Parking Spaces Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning." 網際網路技術學刊 24, no. 1 (January 2023): 035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642023012401004.

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<p>Aiming at the parking space heterogeneity problem in shared parking space management, a multi-objective optimization model for parking space allocation is constructed with the optimization objectives of reducing the average walking distance of users and improving the utilization rate of parking spaces, a real-time allocation method for shared parking spaces based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed, which includes a state space for heterogeneous regions, an action space based on policy selection and a reward function with variable coefficients. To accurately evaluate the model performance, dynamic programming is used to derive the theoretical optimal values. Simulation results show that the improved algorithm not only improves the training success rate, but also increases the Agent performance by at least 12.63% and maintains the advantage for different sizes of parking demand, reducing the user walking distance by 53.58% and improving the parking utilization by 6.67% on average, and keeping the response time less than 0.2 seconds.</p> <p> </p>

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26

Saltzman, Robert M. "An Animated Simulation Model for Analyzing On-Street Parking Issues." SIMULATION 69, no. 2 (August 1997): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003754979706900201.

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27

Reutov, Aleksandr. "GEARSHIFT SIMULATION OF AUTOMOBILE TRANSMISSION WITH TORQUE CONVERTER." Automation and modeling in design and management 2022, no. 2 (June 22, 2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2658-6436-2022-2-27-38.

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The aim of the work is to evaluate the influence of gear shift parameters on the performance indicators of an automobile transmission with a torque converter (TC). The research objective is to develop a computer dynamic model of an automobile transmission with a three-row planetary gearbox and a TC to assess the transmission quality. The research applies the method of computer simulation using the software package “Universal Mechanism”. The novelty of the work is building a computer dynamic model of an automobile transmission with a three-row planetary gearbox and a torque converter to study the processes of gear shifting. The work results in developing a computer model to study the dynamic processes in a car transmission to assess the influence of gear shift parameters on the performance indicators of a car transmission with a TC. Recommendations are given on choosing gear shift control parameters. The work findings state that increasing the rise time of the friction clutch tup compression force raises the TC efficiency and the synchronization time of the clutch disks, reduces the values of the maximum angular acceleration and the change rate in the angular acceleration of the vehicle wheels (Jerk), increases the work of the friction forces of the clutches (W) when shift up is engaged and reduces W when shift down is engaged regardless of the TC blocking. When upshifting is actuated, one can recommend the minimum value of tup, which provides an acceptable value of Jerk.

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28

Guo, Yucheng, and Hongtao Shi. "Automatic Parking System Based on Improved Neural Network Algorithm and Intelligent Image Analysis." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (September 17, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4391864.

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This research designs an intelligent parking system including service application layer, perception layer, data analysis layer, and management layer. The network system adopts opm15 system, and the parking space recognition adopts improved convolution neural networks (CNNs) algorithm and image recognition technology. Firstly, the parking space is occupied and located, and the shortest path (Dynamic Programming, DP) is selected. In order to describe the path algorithm, the parking system model is established. Aiming at the problems of DP low power and adjacent path interference in the path detection system, a method of combining interference elimination technology with enhanced detector technology is proposed to effectively eliminate the interference path signal and improve the performance of the intelligent parking system. In order to verify whether the CNNs system designed in this study has advantages, the simulation experiments of CNNs, ZigBee, and manual parking are carried out. The results show that the parking system designed in this study can control the parking error, has smaller parking error than ZigBee, and has more than 25.64% less parking time than ZigBee, and more than 34.83% less time than manual parking. In terms of parking energy consumption, when there are less free parking spaces, CNNs have lower energy consumption.

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29

Serpen, Gursel, and Jayanta Debnath. "Design and performance evaluation of a parking management system for automated, multi-story and robotic parking structure." International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 12, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 444–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijicc-02-2019-0017.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present design and performance evaluation through simulation of a parking management system (PMS) for a fully automated, multi-story, puzzle-type and robotic parking structure with the overall objective of minimizing customer wait times while maximizing the space utilization. Design/methodology/approach The presentation entails development and integration of a complete suite of path planning, elevator scheduling and resource allocation algorithms. The PMS aims to manage multiple concurrent requests, in real time and in a dynamic context, for storage and retrieval of vehicles loaded onto robotic carts for a fully automated, multi-story and driving-free parking structure. The algorithm suite employs the incremental informed search algorithm D* Lite with domain-specific heuristics and the uninformed search algorithm Uniform Cost Search for path search and planning. An optimization methodology based on nested partitions and Genetic algorithm is adapted for scheduling of a group of elevators. The study considered a typical business day scenario in the center of a metropolis. Findings The simulation study indicates that the proposed design for the PMS is able to serve concurrent storage-retrieval requests representing a wide range of Poisson distributed customer arrival rates in real time while requiring reasonable computing resources under realistic scenarios. The customer waiting times for both storage and retrieval requests are within acceptable bounds, which are set as no more than 5 min, even in the presence of up to 100 concurrent storage and retrieval requests. The design is able to accommodate a variety of customer arrival rates and presence of immobilized vehicles which are assumed to be scattered across the floors of the structure to make it possible for deployment in real-time environments. Originality/value The intelligent system design is novel as the fully automated robotic parking structures are just in the process of being matured from a technology standpoint.

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30

Xu, Tongxin. "Simulation Study of the Efficiency of Unmarked On-Street Parking and Vehicle Downsizing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 11 (June 13, 2019): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119853562.

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Does unmarked on-street parking accommodate more cars—because smaller cars take less space? Or is unmarked spacing actually less efficient, because of the mismatch effect of very small cars? Should we charge shorter cars less for parking based on their space saving contribution? With many factors in effect, the judgement is not easy. For the first time this study uses computer simulation to assign queues of randomly generated vehicles to marked and unmarked spaces using a parallel world method, to directly test which method is more efficient and can accommodate more cars. Simulation results show that unmarked spacing is more efficient only when the curb is shorter, or not close to any integer times of the optimal length of one marked space, and when drivers are all considerate when choosing the parking location. Under other situations, marked spacing accommodates more cars. This simulation study also found that vehicle downsizing only significantly improves parking efficiency if the vehicle is downsized to two-seaters that can vertically park. In other cases, vehicle downsizing only helps the owners of the downsized vehicles themselves, and making it more difficult for all other people to find parking. To better benefit from vehicle downsizing, a new type of “block-based” spacing is proposed, which achieves some of the flexibility of unmarked spacing and keeping the mismatch-effect relatively low.

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31

Yu, Li Ming, Xi Liang Chen, and Yang Yang. "The Stamping Process Simulation of Plate Using CAE Technology." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.901.

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Stamping process of sheet metal is widely used in the automobile industry. How to improve the quality of plate molding is a challenge for stamping process workers. With the development of the numerical analysis method and the computer technology, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) technology is widely applied in the industrial areas. As the CAE technology comes up, a qualitative change has happened in the stamping process of automobile sheet metal parts. This paper presents one stamping process simulation of auto rearview mirror installation plate by using the software DYNAFORM.

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32

Toyama, Shigeki, and Yasuo Murakuki. "Dynamic Autonomous Car Mobile Analysis Simulating Mechanical Systems Analysis – First Dynamic Characteristics of Running Mouse –." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 10, no. 6 (December 20, 1998): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1998.p0488.

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This paper dynamically simulates a small running 2DW2C automobile (mouse) and simulates path tracking control. Our purpose was to optimize mouse design using simulation results. We added tire force and DC motor force to A1 Motion, a simulator for analyzing mechanical systems developed in our laboratory, and improved the simulator simulating a running automobile. Experiments with a small 2DW2C automobile compared experimental and simulation results involving dynamic characteristics of an actual mouse. We got correct simulation results using this model and simulator. We studied its running performance, affected by its wheelbase and caster length, and evaluated path tracking control using closoidal curves.

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33

Bourel, B., A. Combescure, and L. Di Valentin. "Handling contact in multi-domain simulation of automobile crashes." Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 42, no. 8-9 (May 2006): 766–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2006.01.003.

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34

Chen, Yan, Longda Wang, Gang Liu, and Bing Xia. "Automatic Parking Path Optimization Based on Immune Moth Flame Algorithm for Intelligent Vehicles." Symmetry 14, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 1923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14091923.

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Automatic parking path optimization is a key point for automatic parking. However, it is difficult to obtain the smooth, accurate and optimal parking path by using traditional automatic parking optimization algorithms. So, based on the automatic parking path optimization model for cubic spline interpolation, an improved automatic parking path optimization based on the immune moth flame algorithm is proposed for intelligent vehicles. Firstly, to enhance the global optimization performance, an automatic parking path optimization model for cubic spline interpolation is designed by using shortest parking path as optimization target. Secondly, an improved immune moth flame algorithm (IIMFO) based on the immune mechanism, Gaussian mutation mechanism and opposition-based learning strategy is proposed, and an adaptive decreasing inertia weight coefficient is integrated into the moth flame algorithm so that these strategies can improve the balance quality between global search and local development effectively. Finally, the optimization results on the several common test functions show that the IIMFO algorithm proposed in this paper has higher optimization precision. Furthermore, the simulation and semi-automatic experiment results of automatic parking path optimization practical cases show that the improved automatic parking path optimization based on the immune moth flame algorithm for intelligent vehicles has a better optimization effect than that of the traditional automatic parking optimization algorithms.

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35

Yıldırım, Mehmet Sinan, Metin Mutlu Aydin, and Ümit Gökkuş. "Multimethod simulation approach for capacity design of a truck parking area in city ports." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (July 28, 2022): e58110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.58110.

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The port induced freight can cause traffic congestion problems in city ports if road freight transportation is used. The secondary congestion problem arises from the pooling of the trucks at the port gates because of the delays of the port operations. The absence of the truck parking areas inside the port causes additional truck trips between the port and auxiliary truck servicing areas around the port. For reducing the impacts of the associated problems of the port induced truck traffic, truck parking areas can be used as buffer zones between the port and city. The purpose of this study is to develop a Decision Support System (DSS) with using multimethod simulation and cost optimization model for the capacity design of a truck parking area for a city port. The preliminary design of the parking area is used to estimate the development cost and outputs of the simulation model is coupled for the capacity optimization for truck arrival scenarios. The methodology is implemented for a case study of the İzmir city port in Turkey. The results of the study indicated that significantly different parking area capacities are required for different truck dwell times for the time restricted and unrestricted truck arrivals

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36

Hsiao, Shih-Wen, Hsin-Hung Lin, Chi-Hung Lo, and Ya-Chuan Ko. "Automobile shape formation and simulation by a computer-aided systematic method." Concurrent Engineering 24, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063293x16660598.

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37

Yang, Guang, Jun Chen, Kuan Lu, and Chu Zhang. "Improving Utilization Efficiency and Drivers’ Degree of Satisfaction in Urban Complex Parking Lot through Modelling the Dynamic Allocation of Parking Spaces." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 8680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188680.

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There are significant differences in the utilization efficiency of parking spaces in different spatial locations within the complex parking lots, which reduces the utilization efficiency of parking resources. For the above problem, a parking spaces supply demand characteristics indexes system was constructed. The Metro City complex was taken as an example, and its parking demand utilization characteristics were analyzed to judge the problem of parking spaces utilization. On this basis, a model of the dynamic allocation of parking spaces for parking spaces was constructed to improve drivers’ degree of degree of satisfaction and balance the occupancy rates for parking spaces in different zones. The simulation results show that after the implementation of the dynamic allocation of parking spaces, the differences of the parking spaces’ demand characteristic indexes between two different parking zones are significantly reduced. It was specifically observed that the differences between parking zones A and B in terms of turnover number, total parking time and average parking time were reduced from 2.24 times to 0.03 times, 1.3 h to 0.6 h and 2.2 h to 0.1 h, respectively, and the average interval time of parking spaces became smaller and more evenly distributed. It can be seen that this model can improve the overall utilization efficiency of the complex parking lot and drivers’ degrees of satisfaction.

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38

Xiang, Zhijun, and Jianjun Pan. "Design of Intelligent Parking Management System Based on ARM and Wireless Sensor Network." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (September 27, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2965638.

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Motor vehicles are changing the way people live, but they are also putting a huge strain on urban traffic. In the majority of major cities, parking has become the number one problem for car owners to get around. The management efficiency of car parks directly affects the traffic of the whole city. In order to improve the management efficiency of the car park, this paper designs an intelligent parking management system based on ARM and ZigBee wireless sensor network. Firstly, according to the internal environment and economic cost of the car park, ultrasonic sensors are used to monitor whether the parking space is empty or not. The information collected by the ultrasonic sensors is transmitted to the ARM host controller through the ZigBee wireless sensor network, and the ARM host controller determines whether there are free parking spaces based on the collected information. Secondly, Faster R-CNN, a deep learning algorithm, is selected as the license plate recognition model, and the Faster R-CNNN is improved by the residual module. Finally, in order to extend the lifetime of the ZigBee wireless network, the ZigBee routing algorithm is investigated, and an improved routing algorithm based on energy averaging is proposed. The effectiveness of the improved routing algorithm is demonstrated by a simulation analysis through NS2. The test results show that the designed intelligent parking management system is able to complete the functions of parking space detection and license plate recognition normally, thus effectively improving the efficiency of the car park and providing great convenience to motorists.

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39

Balfaqih, Mohammed, Waheb Jabbar, Mashael Khayyat, and Rosilah Hassan. "Design and Development of Smart Parking System Based on Fog Computing and Internet of Things." Electronics 10, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 3184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243184.

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Current parking systems employ a single gateway-centered solution (i.e., cloud) for data processing which leads to the possibility of a single point of failure, data loss, and high delays. Moreover, the parking-spot selection process considers criteria that do not maximize parking utilization and revenue. The pricing strategy does not achieve high revenue because a fixed pricing rate is utilized. To address these issues, this paper proposes a smart parking system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) that provides useful information to drivers and parking administrators about available parking spots and related services such as parking navigation, reservation, and availability estimation. A multi-layer architecture is developed that consists of multiple sensor nodes, and fog and cloud computing layers. The acquired parking data are processed through fog computing nodes to facilitate obtaining the required real-time parking data. A novel algorithm to obtain the optimal parking spot with the minimum arrival time is also presented. Proof-of-concept implementation and simulation evaluations are conducted to validate the system performance. The findings show that the system reduces the parking arrival time by 16–46% compared to current parking systems. In addition, the revenue is increased for the parking authority by 10–15%.

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40

Hamaguchi, Yutaka, and Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. "Automated Steering Control System for Reverse Parking Maneuver of Semi-Trailer Vehicles Considering Motion Planning by Simulation of Feedback Control System." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 3 (June 20, 2020): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0561.

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With the increase in the demand for road freight transportation, semi-trailers are being increasingly preferedowing to their large maximum load capacity. However, for such vehicles, excellent driving skills are required because unique steering is often necessary during reverse parking. In this paper, the concept of a parking assist system and path tracking controller is proposed. The control system consists of a pure pursuit motion planner for handling the reference path tracking and a feedback controller for stabilizing the hitch angles. We propose a control method to realize the ideal control performance of an actual vehicle subjected to unmeasured disturbance. An actual full-scale vehicle experiment is conducted and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by evaluating the error from the target parking position.

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41

MEI, Zhenyu, Yiqiang XIANG, Jun CHEN, and Wei WANG. "Optimizing Model of Curb Parking Pricing Based on Parking Choice Behavior." Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 10, no. 1 (February 2010): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-6672(09)60027-1.

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42

Liu, Jia Xin, Shu Yu Liu, and Wei Zhao. "Research on Computer Control System of Automobile Safe Checking Process." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.1285.

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According to the national standard GB7258-2004 “The Safety Technology Qualification of the Automobile Run”, the Computer control system of automobile safe checking process we designed can gathers the data of stage meter exactly. It can process and store the data by computer then display and print the result of the examination. This subject mainly emphasizes on the design of the system hardware, mainly include develop a set of stable and dependable analog signal processing circuit and simulation.

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43

Yamashita, Shohei, and Kazumasa Takami. "Autonomous, Distributed Parking Lot Vacancy Management Using Intervehicle Communication." International Journal of Vehicular Technology 2014 (July 21, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/647487.

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We have developed a method of managing vacancy information of a large parking lot in a distributed manner using only intervehicle communication. A group of parking spaces is defined as a cluster. Vacancy information of a cluster is managed by a vehicle in it. This vehicle is called a cluster head. The proposed method generates a communication path topology between cluster heads. The topology is a tree structure with the cluster head of the cluster nearest to the parking lot entrance as the root node. Cluster heads are ranked in order of the number of vacant spaces and the distance to the shop entrance. The vehicle entering the parking lot collects vacancy information of clusters. This information is transmitted along the tree structure from the lowest ranking cluster head. We have developed a simulation model for a parking lot that can accommodate nearly 1,000 vehicles and used it to evaluate the proposed method. We have confirmed that the proposed method generates less communication traffic and enables the vehicle entering a parking lot to collect vacancy information about the area near the shop entrance with a higher probability and in a shorter time.

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44

Yamamoto, Motoji, Masaaki Kobayashi, and Akira Mohri. "Parking Motion Planning and Control of a Car-Like Robot Using a Fuzzy Neural Network." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 7, no. 1 (February 20, 1995): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1995.p0052.

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This paper discusses a parking motion planning and control of a car-like robot. Because of non-holonomic constraints of the system, motion planning and control is regarded as a difficult problem. In this paper, constraints of steering operation and obstacle avoidance with garage and walls are also considered. As one approach to this problem, extracting human control strategy can be considered, because many drivers can easily park their cars in garages. This paper proposes a motion planning and control method using a fuzzy neural network (FNN). The fuzzy neural network system for parking motion planning learns good parking motions by human operations to generate motion strategy of parking. The fuzzy neural network is then used for parking motion planning in a restricted area surrounded by walls. Computer simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the planning method. Furthermore, the method can be considered as a feedback control law for the parking of car-like robot. Therefore, an experiment of parking motion control using the fuzzy neural network is also tested.

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45

Lei, Liping. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HYDROFORMING PROCESS FOR AUTOMOBILE LOWER ARM." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 38, no. 10 (2002): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2002.10.090.

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46

Horbova, O. V., and O. D. Merzlyi. "Research of Automobile Flows by Imitation Simulation." Science and Transport Progress, no. 5(95) (October 18, 2021): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/252703.

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Purpose. Road transportation has become a very important part of the transportation process and interaction with all modes of transport, carrying out the transportation of goods and passengers. Due to the increase in traffic flows in the transport network, the problem of their rational organization is urgent. However, taking into account the influence of various factors, such as the congestion of the road section, the condition of the road, this problem cannot be solved using analytical models based on graph models. The purpose of solving the problem is to develop a safe traffic model by the method of simulation of coordinated traffic flows in the urban road network and to develop a computer simulation system necessary to achieve this purpose. Methodology. To search for effective strategies for controlled traffic flows in a megalopolis, optimal solutions for the design of the road network and traffic management, it is necessary to take into account a wide range of traffic flow characteristics, the regularities of the influence of external and internal factors on the dynamic characteristics of a mixed traffic flow. The use of modeling and the creation of an adequate model of traffic flow is an urgent task in the process of organizing and managing traffic. The research methodology will make it possible to create an integrated approach to solving problems of the given type and will contain a symbiosis of theoretical and experimental research. Findings. During the experiments, it was found that with the normal operation of the transport network, the travel speed of the entire mode of transport is satisfactory. With the appearance of factors creating a large load, the travel time of the entire mode of transport increases. We have identified the factors that can affect the optimal operation of the network, even under heavy load. Originality. For the first time the general methodology of simulation modeling was created and the formalization of the agent-based modeling method was improved. Practical value. The results of the work are used as the basis for a system of simulation modeling of traffic flows, which makes it possible to analyze the properties of existing and projected transport hubs. The system is implemented in the form of a software package that can be used in public administration institutions, design organizations and consulting companies involved in the design and reorganization of traffic patterns. The proposed agent model can be used as part of more complex simulation models of organizational and technical systems.

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47

Li, Wei, Kai Xian, Jiateng Yin, and Dewang Chen. "Developing Train Station Parking Algorithms: New Frameworks Based on Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (August 4, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3072495.

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Train station parking (TSP) accuracy is important to enhance the efficiency of train operation and the safety of passengers for urban rail transit. However, TSP is always subject to a series of uncertain factors such as extreme weather and uncertain conditions of rail track resistances. To increase the parking accuracy, robustness, and self-learning ability, we propose new train station parking frameworks by using the reinforcement learning (RL) theory combined with the information of balises. Three algorithms were developed, involving a stochastic optimal selection algorithm (SOSA), a Q-learning algorithm (QLA), and a fuzzy function based Q-learning algorithm (FQLA) in order to reduce the parking error in urban rail transit. Meanwhile, five braking rates are adopted as the action vector of the three algorithms and some statistical indices are developed to evaluate parking errors. Simulation results based on real-world data show that the parking errors of the three algorithms are all within the ±30cm, which meet the requirement of urban rail transit.

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48

Sun, Rong Chun, Yan Piao, Yu Wang, and Han Wang. "Parking Guidance Control System Based on Internet of Things." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.641.

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To help drivers to quickly find a spare parking, a parking guidance control system was proposed. The principle of ultrasonic ranging was used to detect the state of a parking space, and through the internet of things the parking detector transmits the real-time information to the control center. The control center mainly is an industrial computer and is responsible for dealing with the real-time information and sending the control command by internet of things. The guidance signs at each crossroad receive the wireless commands and execute them, by which the guidance function is performed. The internet of things was realized by ZigBee star network, in which the control center is a coordinator and other parts are routers or terminal equipments. The simulation experiment results show that the parking guidance system works well, and has the value of application and promotion to some extent.

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49

Jiang, Shengchuan, Jindong Wang, and Zhouyang Du. "Intelligent Control Strategies for Vehicle Departure in Urban Complex Parking Lots of the Jinding Area in Shanghai, China." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 8781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178781.

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The entrances and exits of underground parking lots of large complexes are the key nodes for the conversion between ground-level dynamic traffic and underground static traffic. Since congestion is caused by a large number of vehicles leaving parking lots at peak hours, the departure control strategy can effectively manage vehicle departure and reduce the congestion of ground-level traffic. In this study, we introduce cooperative control in ramp control into parking lot exit management. The frequency of parking lot exit gate lever lift is used as the control and optimization variable. To ensure the efficiency of regional traffic, we designed timing and inductive control strategies to control the speed of departing vehicles. In an experimental model, we took Shanghai Jinding super-large underground parking lot as an example. The changes in the external road network were simulated when different strategies were implemented on the Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) simulation platform. The experimental results show that the proposed control strategies can significantly ease the congestion of the regional road network, improve the average speed of dynamic traffic, and reduce the queue length at intersections.

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50

Chung, Yi, and Yee-Pien Yang. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of Self-Driving Electric Vehicles by Dynamic Path Planning and Model Predictive Control." Electronics 10, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 2447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192447.

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This paper applies a dynamic path planning and model predictive control (MPC) to simulate self-driving and parking for an electric van on a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) platform. The hardware platform is a simulator which consists of an electric power steering system, accelerator and brake pedals, and an Nvidia drive PX2 with a robot operating system (ROS). The vehicle dynamics model, sensors, controller, and test field map are virtually built with the PreScan simulation platform. Both manual and autonomous driving modes can be simulated, and a graphic user interface allows a test driver to select a target parking space on a display screen. Three scenarios are demonstrated: forward parking, reverse parking, and obstacle avoidance. When the vehicle perceives an obstacle, the map is updated and the route is adaptively planned. The effectiveness of the proposed MPC is verified in experiments and proved to be superior to a traditional proportional–integral–derivative controller with regards to safety, energy-saving, comfort, and agility.

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