Статті в журналах: "Automated test run tests"

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Kamble, Namita Mohan*, and Ramakanth Kumar P*. "Scriptless GUI Automation Testing Tool for Web Applications." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 10, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.a5849.0510121.

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Software tests must be repeated frequently throughout development cycles to attain certain quality. Every time program code is changed software assessments need to be repeated. Once created, automated tests may be run repeatedly at no extra value and they may be tons quicker than manually conducted test and free from human errors. Automated software program testing can lessen the time to run repetitive tests from days to hours. Test automation can easily run thousands of different complex test cases in each test run, so there is no manual testing involved. But Automation testing has its own disadvantages one of it is that the testers should come from a programming background. To eliminate this dependency over programmers Scriptless automation testing tools are emerging. There are many Scriptless GUI automation testing tools in the market that use various methods to achieve the goal, this paper proposes a new record and playback method to achieve the same using Selenium framework and JavaScript for web application.

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Huey-Der Chu. "AN INTELLIGENT FRAMEWORK FOR DYNAMIC TEST PLAN OF CLIENT/SERVER APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i4.2018.220.

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To assist a solution to the problem of the test environment spanning multiple platforms, this paper proposes a decision support framework with the blackboard model to integrate all complementary features into a single automated test environment for multi-platform client/server applications. Before testing client/server applications, the input into this framework are testing tools with different approaches and client sites which are going to run the test. The planning agent will make a decision dynamically and produce a testing plan to allocate testing tasks to these testing tools to client sites. Two complementary features for testing client/server applications are illustrated in this paper to demonstrate how the framework works. The concept of mobile agents is applied to launch the test driver to different client sites, execute the tests and bring back the test results from client sites as well as the trace file from the server site for inspecting the interaction behavior among clients. Based on the multicast framework, the same test data can be broadcasted to multiple clients sites to run the tests simultaneously and the test results can be returned from client sites for examining the problem of repeated executions.

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Westgard, J. O., F. A. Smith, P. J. Mountain, and S. Boss. "Design and assessment of average of normals (AON) patient data algorithms to maximize run lengths for automatic process control." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 1683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.10.1683.

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Abstract Achieving high quality and high productivity with automated testing processes will require process control systems that are optimized for the necessary error detection, minimum false rejection, and maximum run length. This study investigates whether run length could be monitored by average of normals (AON) algorithms that truncate the patient test distribution and estimate the average of a suitable number of patient results. The design of AON algorithms for individual analytes is facilitated by computer-simulated power curves that consider the ratio of the population biological variation (Spop) to the test method variation (Smeas), represent a range of Spop/Smeas ratios from 2 to 15, and include numbers of patient test results from 10 to 600. The potential applications of AON algorithms are assessed for 38 tests whose quality requirements represent the total error criteria from the Ontario Medical Association Laboratory Proficiency Testing Program, Spop/Smeas ratios from 0 to 32, critical systematic shifts from 0.02 to 10.85 Smeas, and test workloads representative of a regional reference laboratory. Approximately half of these tests provide high potential for applying AON algorithms to monitor run length.

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Shtokal, Alla, and Jakub Smołka. "Comparative analysis of frameworks used in automated testing on example of TestNG and WebdriverIO." Journal of Computer Sciences Institute 19 (June 30, 2021): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jcsi.2595.

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The article presents a comparative analysis of frameworks supporting the development of automated tests for defined test scenarios. The comparative study concerned the TestNG and WebDriverIO frameworks. The overview of the tool has been analyzed both in terms of the test development process as well as the speed and efficiency of their execution. The website github.com was used for the purposes of the work. This application was used to run test scripts written in both frameworks. The results were compared by five defined criteria: the time of running the test files in different browser operation modes, the average value of memory and CPU usage during the test execution. The summary includes the evaluation of the compared frameworks.

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Martin, P., F. Fabrizi, V. Dixit, S. Quan, M. Brezina, E. Kaufman, ,. K. Sra, R. DiNello, A. Polito, and G. Gitnick. "Automated RIBA Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Strip Immunoblot Assay for Reproducible HCV Diagnosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 2 (1998): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.2.387-390.1998.

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A comparison between the CHIRON RIBA hepatitis C virus (HCV) processor and manual systems was performed by using 88 specimens repeatedly reactive by the second-generation HCV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (HCV 2.0 ELISA) and 111 random specimens from volunteer donors. For the second-generation RIBA HCV strip immunoblot assay (SIA) (RIBA HCV 2.0 SIA), test results correlated strongly between the manual and the automated runs (kappa value, 0.937). For the RIBA HCV 3.0 SIA, the correlation of the test results was also high (kappa value, 0.899). Among the specimens with positive results by RIBA HCV 2.0 and 3.0 SIAs, there was a very strong concordance of the test results between the manual and the automated runs with regard to the reactive bands. Nine samples had discordant results between the manual and the automated runs; this was probably attributable to increased variability in antigen scores close to the cutoff values for both tests. Run-to-run and within-run testing by the CHIRON RIBA HCV Processor System showed a very low rate of conflicting values. In conclusion, the CHIRON RIBA HCV Processor System is capable of performing RIBA HCV 2.0 and 3.0 SIAs accurately with minimal operator involvement. In addition, the CHIRON RIBA HCV Processor System shows excellent reproducibility, with the potential for operator-to-operator and site-to-site variability being greatly reduced. Our data indicate that this novel methodology may be very useful for supplemental anti-HCV testing of specimens repeatedly reactive by ELISA in routine clinical assessments and epidemiologic evaluations.

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Silva, Thiago Rocha, Jean-Luc Hak, and Marco Winckler. "A Formal Ontology for Describing Interactive Behaviors and Supporting Automated Testing on User Interfaces." International Journal of Semantic Computing 11, no. 04 (December 2017): 513–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x17400219.

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Nowadays many software development frameworks implement Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) as a mean of automating the test of interactive systems under construction. Automated testing helps to simulate user’s actions on the User Interface and therefore check if the system behaves properly and in accordance to scenarios that describe functional requirements. However, tools supporting BDD run tests on implemented User Interfaces and are a suitable alternative for assessing functional requirements in later phases of the development process. However, even when BDD tests can be written in early phases of the development process they can hardly be used with specifications of User Interfaces such as prototypes. To address this problem, this paper proposes to raise the abstraction level of both system interactive behaviors and User Interfaces by means of a formal ontology that is aimed at supporting test automation using BDD. The paper presents an ontology and an ontology-based approach for automating the test of functional requirements of interactive systems. We demonstrate the feasibility of this ontology-based approach to assess functional requirements in prototypes and full-fledge applications through an illustrative case study of e-commerce applications for buying flight tickets.

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Kuzmanovska, Sonja, and Daniela Miladinova. "Comparison of Thyroid -Stimulating Hormone and Free Thyroxine Immunoassays Performed on Immulite 2000 and Maglumi 800 Automated Analyzers." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, B (April 25, 2020): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4318.

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OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate the analytical performance of the novel immunoassay platform and to compare the agreement between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and FT4 results, obtained by novel and currently used platform. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both immunoassay platforms, current Immulite 2000 and novel Maglumi 800, are based on chemiluminecsence immunoassay method. Analytical performance was evaluated by the use of serum pools and commercial quality control samples. The comparison study was carried out with 80 serum samples. Obtained results were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Paired t-test. Method comparison was performed with Passing-Bablok regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: TSH Maglumi 800 showed better within-run precision for both concentration ranges (1.7–2.8 CV%) in comparison to Immulite 2000 (4.4–5.7 CV%). FT4 Maglumi 800 imprecision was higher compared with Immulite 2000 FT4 in both within-run (3.5–3.9 CV% vs. 4.9–6.6 CV%) and between-run (3.6–4.2 CV% vs. 4.6–5.9 CV%) tests. Mann–Whitney U-test for TSH revealed non-significant difference between data (p = 0.9011). Regression analysis showed no systematic (intercept = 0.01), nor proportional (slope = 0.9781) differences. Non-significant bias was observed in Bland-Altman Plots. For FT4, we found significant differences between methods using paired t-test (t39 = 10.5, p < 0.0001) and significant difference (p = 0.00745) with Mann–Whitney U-test. Bland-Altman plot revealed 22.8% average bias. CONCLUSION: TSH evaluation showed good precision and close agreement between Maglumi 800 and Immulite 2000 methods, which assures transferability of results. However, FT4 performance evaluation revealed higher imprecision of Maglumi 800 platform and significant differences of test results.

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Singh, Sahil Viday, and Dr Mahesh A. "Using Katalon for Mobile App Test Automation." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/07122.

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Software testing is a study conducted to provide interested parties with information about the quality of the software product or service under test. Software testing also provides an objective independent perspective of the software. Helping companies recognize and understand the risks of software deployment. Testing technique includes the process of running a program or application with the aim of finding errors and verifying that the product is suitable for use. There are two ways of writing tests: manually and automatic. Certain ways of manual testing, which include exploratory testing and usable testing, are not that valuable. One can manually run other types of tests, such as regression tests and functional tests, anyways it doesn’t really make sense for developers to repeat the exact process again and again. Because of this type of iterative test which results us to move towards testing automation.

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Klüpfel, Julia, Rosa Carolina Koros, Kerstin Dehne, Martin Ungerer, Silvia Würstle, Josef Mautner, Martin Feuerherd, et al. "Automated, flow-based chemiluminescence microarray immunoassay for the rapid multiplex detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma (CoVRapid CL-MIA)." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, no. 22 (May 13, 2021): 5619–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03315-6.

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AbstractIn the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for rapid serological tests that allow multiplexing emerged, as antibody seropositivity can instruct about individual immunity after an infection with SARS-CoV-2 or after vaccination. As many commercial antibody tests are either time-consuming or tend to produce false negative or false positive results when only one antigen is considered, we developed an automated, flow-based chemiluminescence microarray immunoassay (CL-MIA) that allows for the detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), spike protein (S1 fragment), and nucleocapsid protein (N) in human serum and plasma in less than 8 min. The CoVRapid CL-MIA was tested with a set of 65 SARS-CoV-2 serology positive or negative samples, resulting in 100% diagnostic specificity and 100% diagnostic sensitivity, thus even outcompeting commercial tests run on the same sample set. Additionally, the prospect of future quantitative assessments (i.e., quantifying the level of antibodies) was demonstrated. Due to the fully automated process, the test can easily be operated in hospitals, medical practices, or vaccination centers, offering a valuable tool for COVID-19 serosurveillance.

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Chapman, J. F., J. C. Phillips, M. A. Rosenthal, and W. N. Herbert. "Evaluation of the PG-Numeric assay for semi-automated analysis for phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 1974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.11.1974.

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Abstract We evaluated the performance of the PG-Numeric (PGN; Isolab, Inc.) enzymatic assay for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) adapted for semi-automated analysis on the Cobas-Bio (Roche) centrifugal analyzer. We evaluated precision, linearity, and potential interference from endogenous glycerol. In addition, we compared the results of the PGN assay with those for two other PG assays. Amniostat-FLM (AFLM; Hana Biologics) and phosphatidylglycerol/sphingomyelin ratio (PG/S), on amniotic fluid samples from 51 patients. Within-run and total CVs for the PGN test (n = 80) were respectively 8.6% and 11.4% for PG at 2.6 mumol/L, and 4.5% and 6.2% at 7.3 mumol/L. The PGN test exhibited no significant deviation from linearity between PG concentrations of 0.4 and 15 mumol/L. Endogenous glycerol up to 500 mumol/L did not affect PGN results significantly. Results of the PGN assay compared favorably with those of the other PG assays for tests of fetal lung maturation. The Cobas-Bio adaptation of the PGN test performed well analytically and clinically, and allowed the determination of PG in less than 1 h.

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Swanborough, Jack, Min-Koo Kim, Eva Agapaki, and Ioannis Brilakis. "Automated optimum visualization system for construction drawing reading." Journal of Information Technology in Construction 26 (October 5, 2021): 681–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2021.036.

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The task of reading drawings on construction sites has significant efficiency and cost problems. Recent products utilising laser projectors attempt to address the issue of drawing comprehension by projecting full scale versions of the drawings onto 3D surfaces, giving an in-place representation of the steps required to complete a task. However, they only allow projection in red or green at a single brightness level due to the inherent constraints of using a laser-based system, which could cause problems depending on the surface to be projected on and the ambient conditions. Thus, there is a need for a solution that is able to adjust the visualisation parameters of the displayed information based on the surface being projected onto. This study presents a system that automatically changes the visualisation parameters based on the colour and texture of the current surface to make drawings visible under any planar-like surfaces. The proposed system consists of software and hardware, and the software algorithm contains of two parts 1) the optimisation run that computes and updates the visualisation parameters and 2) the detection loop which runs continually and checks if the optimisation run needs to be triggered or not. In order to verify the proposed system, tests on 8 subjects with 4 background surfaces commonly found on site were performed. The test subjects were timed to find 10 bolt holes projected onto the surface using the optimisation system, which was then compared to a control case of black lines projected onto a white background. The system allowed users to complete the task on the real-world backgrounds in the same time as the control case, with the system resulting in up to a 600% decrease in recognition time on some backgrounds.

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Swanborough, Jack, Min-Koo Kim, Eva Agapaki, and Ioannis Brilakis. "Automated optimum visualization system for construction drawing reading." Journal of Information Technology in Construction 26 (October 5, 2021): 681–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2021.036.

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The task of reading drawings on construction sites has significant efficiency and cost problems. Recent products utilising laser projectors attempt to address the issue of drawing comprehension by projecting full scale versions of the drawings onto 3D surfaces, giving an in-place representation of the steps required to complete a task. However, they only allow projection in red or green at a single brightness level due to the inherent constraints of using a laser-based system, which could cause problems depending on the surface to be projected on and the ambient conditions. Thus, there is a need for a solution that is able to adjust the visualisation parameters of the displayed information based on the surface being projected onto. This study presents a system that automatically changes the visualisation parameters based on the colour and texture of the current surface to make drawings visible under any planar-like surfaces. The proposed system consists of software and hardware, and the software algorithm contains of two parts 1) the optimisation run that computes and updates the visualisation parameters and 2) the detection loop which runs continually and checks if the optimisation run needs to be triggered or not. In order to verify the proposed system, tests on 8 subjects with 4 background surfaces commonly found on site were performed. The test subjects were timed to find 10 bolt holes projected onto the surface using the optimisation system, which was then compared to a control case of black lines projected onto a white background. The system allowed users to complete the task on the real-world backgrounds in the same time as the control case, with the system resulting in up to a 600% decrease in recognition time on some backgrounds.

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Sakamaki, Nozomi, Yoshiyuki Ohiro, Mitsuki Ito, Mitsuru Makinodan, Tsubasa Ohta, Wataru Suzuki, Susumu Takayasu, and Harufumi Tsuge. "Bioluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of Norovirus Capsid Antigen." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 12 (October 17, 2012): 1949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00427-12.

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ABSTRACTAn ultrasensitive and fully automated bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay (BLEIA) was developed for the detection of norovirus (NV) capsid antigen. In the evaluation tests with recombinant virus-like particles, the BLEIA demonstrated broad reactivity against several NV genotypes (genotypes 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 12 in genogroup I [GI] and genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 13 in GII), a wide dose-response range from 0.25 pg/ml to 10,000 pg/ml, and good reproducibility with low coefficients of variation (CVs) (within-run CVs of <2.8%, between-day CVs of <3.7%). In the evaluation tests with NV-positive fecal samples, a good correlation (y= 0.66x −3.21,r= 0.84) between the BLEIA and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was obtained. Furthermore, in the dilution test with NV specimens, the analytical sensitivity of NV was estimated to be 105to 106copies/g of fecal sample, indicating that the analytical sensitivity of the BLEIA is comparable to that of commercially available molecular methods. All assay steps are fully automated, the turnaround time is 46 min, and the throughput of the assay is 120 tests/h. These results indicate that the BLEIA is potentially useful for the rapid diagnosis of NV in epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis.

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Kovalevskiy, Oleg, Robert A. Nicholls, and Garib N. Murshudov. "Automated refinement of macromolecular structures at low resolution using prior information." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 72, no. 10 (September 30, 2016): 1149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798316014534.

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Since the ratio of the number of observations to adjustable parameters is small at low resolution, it is necessary to use complementary information for the analysis of such data. ProSMART is a program that can generate restraints for macromolecules using homologous structures, as well as generic restraints for the stabilization of secondary structures. These restraints are used by REFMAC5 to stabilize the refinement of an atomic model. However, the optimal refinement protocol varies from case to case, and it is not always obvious how to select appropriate homologous structure(s), or other sources of prior information, for restraint generation. After running extensive tests on a large data set of low-resolution models, the best-performing refinement protocols and strategies for the selection of homologous structures have been identified. These strategies and protocols have been implemented in the Low-Resolution Structure Refinement (LORESTR) pipeline. The pipeline performs auto-detection of twinning and selects the optimal scaling method and solvent parameters. LORESTR can either use user-supplied homologous structures, or run an automated BLAST search and download homologues from the PDB. The pipeline executes multiple model-refinement instances using different parameters in order to find the best protocol. Tests show that the automated pipeline improves R factors, geometry and Ramachandran statistics for 94% of the low-resolution cases from the PDB included in the test set.

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Jeppsson, J. O., P. Jerntorp, G. Sundkvist, H. Englund, and V. Nylund. "Measurement of hemoglobin A1c by a new liquid-chromatographic assay: methodology, clinical utility, and relation to glucose tolerance evaluated." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 1867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.10.1867.

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Abstract A chromatographic method for determining glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1c) by use of a new monodisperse cation-exchanger has been investigated. Hb A1c was separated from other "minor hemoglobins": Hb F, Hb A3 (the glutathione adduct), and the acetaldehyde adduct in alcoholics. The method was fully automated and a single column could be used for more than 1000 runs. The normal reference interval was 4.0-5.2%; the interval for diabetic outpatients was 5.6-12.4%. Within-run and the between-run CVs were less than 0.9% and 1.7%, respectively. Carbamylation in uremic patients who were undergoing hemodialysis increased the proportion of Hb A1c to 1%. Hb A1c results were compared with results from glucose tolerance tests. In our study, Hb A1c less than 5.5% excluded diabetes: subjects with Hb A1c greater than 6.2% showed diabetes. If blood sampled during fasting had been screened with determinations of glucose and Hb A1c, only 20% of referred subjects would have needed an oral glucose tolerance test for diagnosis of diabetes.

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Kerraoui, Sara, and Moussa Saker. "MATT: Multi Agents Testing Tool Based Nets within Nets." Journal of information and organizational sciences 40, no. 2 (December 9, 2016): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31341/jios.40.2.1.

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Testing is a software development activity, devoted to evaluating product quality and improving it by identifying defects and problems. Concerning multi agent systems, testing is a challenging task, which asks for new testing techniques dealing with their specific nature. The techniques need to be effective and adequate to evaluate agent’s autonomous behaviors and build confidence in them. The "Model Based Testing" (MBT) is a technique particularly interested among all existing solutions of tests. This latter is based on a system model, which produces abstract test cases. To run these last ones against systems under test,the abstract test cases have to be transformed to concrete ones. As part of this effort, we propose a model based testing approach for multi agent systems based on such a model called Reference net, where a tool, which aims to providing a uniform and automated approach is developed. The feasibility and the advantage of the proposed approach are shown through a short case study.

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Aslam, Rabeea’h W., Vickie Bates, Yenal Dundar, Juliet Hounsome, Marty Richardson, Ashma Krishan, Rumona Dickson, et al. "Automated tests for diagnosing and monitoring cognitive impairment: a diagnostic accuracy review." Health Technology Assessment 20, no. 77 (October 2016): 1–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta20770.

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BackgroundCognitive impairment is a growing public health concern, and is one of the most distinctive characteristics of all dementias. The timely recognition of dementia syndromes can be beneficial, as some causes of dementia are treatable and are fully or partially reversible. Several automated cognitive assessment tools for assessing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early dementia are now available. Proponents of these tests cite as benefits the tests’ repeatability and robustness and the saving of clinicians’ time. However, the use of these tools to diagnose and/or monitor progressive cognitive impairment or response to treatment has not yet been evaluated.ObjectivesThe aim of this review was to determine whether or not automated computerised tests could accurately identify patients with progressive cognitive impairment in MCI and dementia and, if so, to investigate their role in monitoring disease progression and/or response to treatment.Data sourcesFive electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science and PsycINFO), plus ProQuest, were searched from 2005 to August 2015. The bibliographies of retrieved citations were also examined. Trial and research registers were searched for ongoing studies and reviews. A second search was run to identify individual test costs and acquisition costs for the various tools identified in the review.Review methodsTwo reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts to identify potentially relevant studies for inclusion in the review. Full-text copies were assessed independently by two reviewers. Data were extracted and assessed for risk of bias by one reviewer and independently checked for accuracy by a second. The results of the data extraction and quality assessment for each study are presented in structured tables and as a narrative summary.ResultsThe electronic searching of databases, including ProQuest, resulted in 13,542 unique citations. The titles and abstracts of these were screened and 399 articles were shortlisted for full-text assessment. Sixteen studies were included in the diagnostic accuracy review. No studies were eligible for inclusion in the review of tools for monitoring progressive disease. Eleven automated computerised tests were assessed in the 16 included studies. The overall quality of the studies was good; however, the wide range of tests assessed and the non-standardised reporting of diagnostic accuracy outcomes meant that meaningful synthesis or statistical analysis was not possible.LimitationsThe main limitation of this review is the substantial heterogeneity of the tests assessed in the included studies. As a result, no meta-analyses could be undertaken.ConclusionThe quantity of information available is insufficient to be able to make recommendations on the clinical use of the computerised tests for diagnosing and monitoring MCI and early dementia progression. The value of these tests also depends on the costs of acquisition, training, administration and scoring.Future workResearch is required to establish stable cut-off points for automated computerised tests that are used to diagnose patients with MCI or early dementia. Additionally, the costs associated with acquiring and using these tests in clinical practice should be estimated.Study registrationThe study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015025410.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

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Kanluan, Taweesook, Srisanit Intaramanee, Surapon Tangvarasittichai, Orathai Tangvarasittichai, Lerson Suwanton, Sudarat Manochiopinij, Soontharee Tantrarongroj, and Pimpan Leangphibul. "Laboratory evaluation of the COBAS MIRA S random access analyser." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 13, no. 3 (1991): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924691000184.

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The random access analyser COBAS MIRA S (Roche Diagnostics) was evaluated for two months. The instrument is a computer-controlled discrete analyser which can be run in a combination profile and single test mode. This instrument has special features, including an automatic cuvette segment changer, a reagent rack cooling system, an external keyboard and monitor, as well as a bar-code facility for the entry of test parameters, worklists and sample identification numbers. Study of within-run and between-run precision gave values of % CV 0.54-3.37 and 0.61-3.65, respectively, for a variety of assays. Linearity testing to the upper limit of each test was also studied and were found to cover the necessary pathological range. Within the two-month period, no major problems were encountered. The instrument required minimum operator attention during operation. Correlation studies with the Hitachi 705 using six clinical chemistry tests (glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, ALP, AST, ALT) gave correlation coefficients ranging from 0.95-0.99 and slopes of 0.91-1.17.

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Lapić, Ivana, Elisa Piva, Federica Spolaore, Francesca Tosato, Michela Pelloso, and Mario Plebani. "Automated measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate: method validation and comparison." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 57, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 1364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-0204.

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Abstract Background Development of automated analyzers for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has imposed the need for extensive validation prior to their implementation in routine practice, to ensure comparability with the reference Westergren method. The aim of our study was to perform the analytical validation of two automated ESR analyzers, the Ves-Matic Cube 200 and the TEST1. Methods Validation was performed according to the recent International Council for Standardization in Hematology recommendations and included determination of intrarun and inter-run precision, assessment of sample carryover, hemolysis interference, sensitivity to fibrinogen, method comparison with the gold standard Westergren method and stability test. Results The highest intrarun imprecision was obtained for the low ESR range (33.5% for Ves-Matic Cube; 37.3% for TEST1) while inter-run coefficients of variation on three levels were much better for the TEST1 (0%, 2% and 1.2%) compared to the Ves-Matic Cube 200 on two levels (24.9% and 5.8%). Both Ves-Matic Cube 200 and TEST1 showed no statistically significant difference when compared with Westergren. Bland-Altman analysis yielded overall insignificant mean biases for all comparisons, but a wider dispersion of results and 95% limits of agreement for comparisons including the Ves-Matic Cube 200. Carryover was considered insignificant, while hemolysis had a negative effect on all assessed ESR methods. The highest sensitivity to fibrinogen was observed for the Ves-Matic Cube 200, followed by Westergren and the least sensitive was the TEST1. Conclusions The obtained results proved the analytical validity of the TEST1 and the Ves-Matic Cube 200, and high comparability with the gold standard Westergren method, showing obvious improvements in standardization of ESR methods.

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Moon, Sungdo, Byoungro So, and Mary W. Hall. "Combining Compile-Time and Run-Time Parallelization." Scientific Programming 7, no. 3-4 (1999): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/490628.

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This paper demonstrates that significant improvements to automatic parallelization technology require that existing systems be extended in two ways: (1) they must combine high‐quality compile‐time analysis with low‐cost run‐time testing; and (2) they must take control flow into account during analysis. We support this claim with the results of an experiment that measures the safety of parallelization at run time for loops left unparallelized by the Stanford SUIF compiler’s automatic parallelization system. We present results of measurements on programs from two benchmark suites – SPECFP95and NASsample benchmarks – which identify inherently parallel loops in these programs that are missed by the compiler. We characterize remaining parallelization opportunities, and find that most of the loops require run‐time testing, analysis of control flow, or some combination of the two. We present a new compile‐time analysis technique that can be used to parallelize most of these remaining loops. This technique is designed to not only improve the results of compile‐time parallelization, but also to produce low‐cost, directed run‐time tests that allow the system to defer binding of parallelization until run‐time when safety cannot be proven statically. We call this approachpredicated array data‐flow analysis. We augment array data‐flow analysis, which the compiler uses to identify independent and privatizable arrays, by associating predicates with array data‐flow values. Predicated array data‐flow analysis allows the compiler to derive “optimistic” data‐flow values guarded by predicates; these predicates can be used to derive a run‐time test guaranteeing the safety of parallelization.

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Micocci, Massimo, Peter Buckle, Gail Hayward, A. Joy Allen, Kerrie Davies, Patrick Kierkegaard, Karen Spilsbury, et al. "Point of care testing using rapid automated antigen testing for SARS-COV-2 in care homes – an exploratory safety, usability and diagnostic agreement evaluation." Journal of Patient Safety and Risk Management 26, no. 6 (November 20, 2021): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25160435211054207.

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Introduction Successful adoption of POCTs (Point-of-Care tests) for COVID-19 in care homes requires the identification of ideal use cases and a full understanding of the contextual and usability factors that affect test results and minimise biosafety risks. This paper presents a scoping-usability and test performance study of a microfluidic immunofluorescence assay for COVID-19 in care homes. Methods A mixed-methods evaluation was conducted in four UK care homes to scope usability and to assess the agreement with qRT-PCR. A dry run with luminescent dye was conducted to explore biosafety issues. Results The agreement analysis was conducted on 227 asymptomatic participants (159 staff and 68 residents) and 14 symptomatic participants (5 staff and 9 residents). Asymptomatic specimens showed 50% (95% CI:1.3%−98.7%) positive agreement and 96% (95% CI: 92.5%−98.1%) negative agreement with overall prevalence and bias-adjusted Kappa (PABAK) of 0.911 (95% CI: 0.857−0.965). Symptomatic specimens showed 83.3% (95% CI: 35.9%−99.6%) positive agreement and 100% (95% CI: 63.1%−100%) negative agreement with overall prevalence and bias-adjusted Kappa (PABAK) of 0.857 (95% CI: 0.549−1). The dry run highlighted four main sources of contamination that led to the modification of the standard operating procedures. Simulation post-modification showed no further evidence of contamination. Conclusion Careful consideration of biosafety issues and contextual factors associated with care home are mandatory for safe use the POCT. Whilst POCT may have some utility for ruling out COVID-19, further diagnostic accuracy evaluations are needed to promote effective adoption.

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Kanter, Julie, Amber L. Allison, Caitlin Henry, Sheryl Martin-Schild, Melody Benton, Ernest DeJean, Katarina Unger, and Stacy Drury. "The Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) Is Feasible and Valuable for the Evaluation of Neurocognitive Deficits in Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: Results of a Pilot Study." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 4839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4839.4839.

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Abstract Abstract 4839 Background: As children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at significant risk for neurocognitive complications, an automated and objective measure of neurocognitive functioning would address several challenges facing both clinical and research progress in SCD including longitudinal monitoring of deficits, cross-site comparability of neurocognitive tests in multicenter trials, and limited access to pediatric neuropsychologists. The Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) is a well-validated computerized test with significant normative data in individuals age 4 to 80 that has been used to monitor disease progression and treatment response in children and adults with a range of disorders but has not been used previously in SCD. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the CANTAB system is a useful and viable tool for the neurocognitive evaluation of pediatric patients with SCD. We expect that the CANTAB testing will be well tolerated by SCD patients and parents, easy to administer in our comprehensive clinic, and generate valid results that correlate with both medical and psychological outcomes. Methods: 7 CANTAB tests which assess attention, executive function and memory were run on pediatric SCD patients during scheduled clinic visits. Parents completed the child behavior checklist (CBCL) which generates t-scores for children on internalizing, externalizing scales as well as DSM-oriented scales of affective, anxiety, pervasive developmental, attention and oppositional scales. Medical data including SCD genotype, average hemoglobin (hgb), hematocrit (hct), reticulocyte count (rct), lactate dehydrogenase and hospital utilization records (ER visits, # hospital visits in the last year) was collected. Demographic information and a total pain burden assessment were also collected. Results: 11 children with HbSS SCD were enrolled in the pilot study (table 1). All patients successfully completed the CANTAB testing without difficulty. Hgb and rct were associated with strategy score on spatial working memory and the latency score on the motor screening task. Hgb and rct also correlated with internalizing, externalizing, and total symptoms scores on the CBCL (table 2). Specifically lower hgb and higher rct were associated with increased CBCL scores. A regression model incorporating average hgb and total internalizing scores with spatial working memory as the dependent variable revealed a significant interaction between internalizing scores and hgb and a significant model p=.01 and r2 of 0.89 offering preliminary support for a multi-level model incorporating disease and child specific factors (table 2). The total pain burden score correlated error making in several tests including the delayed match to sample test (p=.01), spatial working memory test (p=.06), and Stockings of Cambridge task (p=.0038). The pain burden score was not associated with performance or latency on these tests indicating that pain burden may have a specific association with error making. Pain burden also correlated with the somatic measure on the CBCL (p=.01) indicating cross validation between the two measures. Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility and value of the CANTAB system in evaluating neurocognitive deficits in pediatric patients with SCD. These results can be assessed longitudinally following medical interventions. Furthermore, results indicate a multi-level model that includes medical factors, child specific factors, and demographics may be a more appropriate model to utilize in determining the etiology of neurocognitive deficits in SCD. Ongoing studies with an increased sample size will examine the association of neurocognitive function with SCD genotype, MRI, transcranial doppler studies, and family stress. SWM: Spatial working memory SOC: Stockings of Cambridge MOT: Motor Screening Test Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Detert, Martin, Cornelia Schütz, and Rebekka Czerny. "Development and Tests of a 3D Fish-Tracking Videometry System for an Experimental Flume." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184003018.

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To design effective and efficient fish passage facilities at hydropower plants, the knowledge of swim behaviour of fish is essential. Therefore, living wild fish were investigated at different fish guidance structures in an experimental flume in a test section of 11 m length and 2.5 m width at water depths of about 0.6 m. Besides analysis of time data and manual recordings of the fish behaviour, video recordings of the fish movements can allow more detailed analysis of fish behaviour in different hydraulic situations. Thus, a videometry system was installed consisting of eleven synchronous cameras with overlapping views lined-up under dry conditions outside the flume. A 3D tracking algorithm was developed and implemented to analyse the video data. Core of the code is a motion-based multiple object tracking method, in which several objects can be tracked in 2D pixel-frame coordinates at the same time. After undistorting and stereo-calibrating the cameras, the 2D tracks are transferred to a 3D metric-space according to their epipolar geometry. Within this paper video data from a single experimental run of 15 min with three fishes with lengths of 100–150 mm are analysed exemplarily. The path-time diagram gives a distinct ‘big picture’ of the fish movement, which helps to identify preferred and disliked regions. However, due to imperfect actual camera setup, a 3D view in the near field of the cameras and an automated separation of individual tracks in a group of fish remains challenging.

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Qin, An Bi. "Based on Single Chip Microcomputer Intelligent Bathroom Lighting System Design Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 3212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.3212.

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The system test results show that the system modules can run normally. When the infrared detection circuit, Zigbee accept module detects information, microcontroller will drive the relay open the lights and headlamp unit, or shut down. In the display, dot matrix can work normally, can carry on the automatic control the fan, DHT11 sensor to detect the indoor temperature, can work normally. Through repeated tests, ZigBee protocol based on HOLTEK microcontroller remote intelligent control system successfully developed bath bully.

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Tuovenen, J., M. Oussalah, and P. Kostakos. "MAuto: Automatic Mobile Game Testing Tool Using Image-Matching Based Approach." Computer Games Journal 8, no. 3-4 (October 19, 2019): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40869-019-00087-z.

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Abstract The exponential increase in the speed of the mobile industry has led to a decreasing quality in many associated mobile apps. Besides, the number of distinct Android devices reached thousands. This challenged the development of universally accepted test applications that can run on all devices. This paper focuses on the development of a new mobile game testing framework, referred to, MAuto. MAuto records the user actions in the game and replays the tests on any Android device. MAuto uses image recognition, through AKAZE features, to record the test cases and the Appium framework to replay the user actions automatically. The feasibility of the developed tool has been demonstrated through testing on the Clash of Clans mobile game.

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Chaturvedi, Akhil, Sujith Kumar Nagaraj, Sai Siva Gorthi, and Chandra Sekhar Seelamantula. "An Efficient Microscale Technique for Determining the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 22, no. 5 (April 10, 2017): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630317703982.

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The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a commonly used test to screen for inflammatory conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. However, it is a bulk macroscale test that requires a relatively large blood sample and takes a long time to run. Moreover, it provides no information regarding cell sizes or interactions, which can be highly variable. To overcome these drawbacks, we developed a microfluidic microscopy-based protocol to dynamically track settling red blood cells (RBCs) to quantify velocity of cell settling, as a surrogate for the ESR. We imaged individual cells in a vertical microfluidic channel and applied a hybrid cell detection and tracking algorithm to compute settling velocities. We combined eigenvalue background subtraction and centroid detection together with the Kalman filter and Hungarian assignment solver algorithms to increase accuracy and computational speed. Our algorithm is designed to track settling RBCs/aggregates in high cellularity samples rather than single cells in suspension. Detection accuracy was 79.3%, which is comparable to state-of-the-art cell-tracking techniques. Compared with conventional ESR tests, our approach has the advantages of being automated, using microliter volumes of blood samples, and rapid turnaround.

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Badmus, E. O., O. P. Odekunle, and D. O. Oyewobi. "Smart Fingerprint Biometric and RFID Time-Based Attendance Management System." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 4 (July 27, 2021): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2021.5.4.339.

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Attendance documentation is a crucial metric for determining a student's dedication, qualification, and status. Several types of systems have been developed for automated attendance. The majority of these implementations were built on a single factor template, representing a line of security error. In recent years, rapid development has taken place in several applications such as authorization, data access, and access control by implementing biometrics and radio frequency identification technologies. This research work focuses on designing a smart protocol for RFID authentication in combination with fingerprint biometric information, which guarantees confidentiality, identity verification, and data protection. Reaction time and event performance evaluation were the tests performed on the system. Ten students with unique fingerprints and RFID cards are assessed for the test. The test results show an average duration of 20.61 respective seconds for each student, and zero percent of false refusal rate was recorded in the implementation. Finally, the result shows the system is reliable and efficient. Each result revealed high-speed performance due to software and hardware coordination. Biometric systems provided data integrity and security, RFID provided limited complexity, and the proposed method's technical programming pattern provided an average run time.

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Ginther, April, Slobodanka Dimova, and Rui Yang. "Conceptual and empirical relationships between temporal measures of fluency and oral English proficiency with implications for automated scoring." Language Testing 27, no. 3 (June 15, 2010): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265532210364407.

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Information provided by examination of the skills that underlie holistic scores can be used not only as supporting evidence for the validity of inferences associated with performance tests but also as a way to improve the scoring rubrics, descriptors, and benchmarks associated with scoring scales. As fluency is considered a critical, perhaps foundational, component of speaking proficiency, temporal measures of fluency are expected to be strongly related to holistic ratings of speech quality.This study examines the relationships among selected temporal measures of fluency and holistic scores on a semi-direct measure of oral English proficiency. The spoken responses of 150 respondents to one item on the Oral English Proficiency Test (OEPT) were analyzed for selected temporal measures of fluency. The examinees represented three first language backgrounds (Chinese, Hindi, and English) and the range of scores on the OEPT scale. While strong and moderate correlations between OEPT scores and speech rate, speech time ratio, mean length of run, and the number and length of silent pauses were found, fluency variables alone did not distinguish adjacent levels of the OEPT scale. Temporal measures of fluency may reasonably be selected for the development of automated scoring systems for speech; however, identification of an examinee’s level remains dependent on aspects of performance only partially represented by fluency measures.

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Jansen, J. R., E. Hoorn, J. Van Goudoever, and A. Versprille. "A computerized respiratory system including test functions of lung and circulation." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 1687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.4.1687.

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The design of a microcomputer-controlled ventilator for automatic performance of lung function and circulatory tests has been described. It incorporates the characteristics of normal mechanical ventilation and also allows one to perform a multitude of test procedures for lung function and circulatory studies in paralyzed animals. The major components of the setup are a pump assembly with solenoid valves to direct gas flow, an electromechanical servo system, and a MS-DOS microcomputer system. The pump assembly has been constructed as a relatively simple device. Great versatility is created by the use of a microcomputer for the control of the ventilator. The software can be easily adapted to several other types of experimental studies. Besides the keyboard input the ventilator can be controlled by a remote computer system. This allows one to run an experimental protocol automatically and to use it in closed-loop servo ventilation. The flexibility in the choice of the respiratory parameters makes the ventilator suitable for lung function and circulatory studies during artificial ventilation. The ventilator has been successfully used in different animal studies during the last 6 yr.

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Lau, Chin Shern, Soon Kieng Phua, See Ping Hoo, Boran Jiang, and Tar-Choon Aw. "Evaluation and Validation of the Roche Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Electro-Chemiluminescent Immunoassay in a Southeast Asian Region." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020198.

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Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests can complement and substitute for RT-PCR tests. Centralized laboratory automated SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests that can be scaled to process a large number COVID-19 cases simultaneously are now available. We have evaluated the new Roche Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 antigen electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay. Methods: The Roche SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay is a double-antibody sandwich electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay, which reports a cut-off index (COI) (COI ≥ 1.0 considered positive). We assessed assay precision and linearity, and confirmed the reactivity limit. We determined the assay sensitivity and specificity with a verification group (289 controls and 61 RT-PCR positive COVID-19 cases). Assay performance was also validated against the consecutive samples we received (7657 controls and 17 cases) for SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing from June to October 2021. Result: The assay had a within-run precision CV of 3.0% at COI 0.68, and a CV of 1.5% at COI 3.49. Between-run precision was 3.0% at COI 0.68 and 1.8% at COI 3.49. The assay was linear from COI 0.65 to 7.84. All 35 C50 ± 20% test results performed over 7 days were positive/negative, respectively. In the verification group, overall sensitivity was 42.6% (26/61 positive, 95% CI 30.0–55.9), and specificity was 99.7% (1/289 positive, 95% CI 98.1–100). The agreement between the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and the RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) count was good (r = 0.90). In cases with Ct counts ≤ 30, the antigen assay sensitivity improved to 94.7% (18/19 positive, 95% CI 74.0–99.9). In our validation group, antigen sensitivity was 62.5% (5/8 antigen positive, 95% CI 24.5–91.5) within the first week of disease onset, but no cases were reactive after the first week of disease onset. Conclusion: The Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay has good performance within manufacturer specifications. The sensitivity of the Roche antigen assay was greatest when used in patients with lower RT-PCR Ct values (≤30) and within the first week of disease onset.

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MD Isa, Siti Fazlina, A. T. S. Azhar, and M. Aziman. "Design, Operation and Construction of a Large Rainfall Simulator for the Field Study on Acidic Barren Slope." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 8 (August 27, 2018): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091119.

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The utilization of rainfall simulators has turned out to be more far reaching with the automated instrumentation and control systems. This paper portrays a rainfall simulator designed for analysis of erosion on steep (2.5H: 1V). A rainfall simulator designed to perform experiments in slope is introduced. The large scale of the apparatus allows the researcher to work in remote areas and on steep slopes. This simulator was designed to be effortlessly set up and kept up as well as able and additionally ready to create a variety of rainfall regimes. The nozzle performance tests and lateral spacing tests were performed at Research Center for Soft Soil (RECESS), which is another Research and Development (R and D) activity by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. This test system is the standard for research involving simulated rainfall. The rainfall simulator is a pressurized nozzle type simulator. It discharges uniform rainfall on a square plot 6 m wide by 6 m (19.685 ft) long. The fundamental parts of a sprinkler rainfall simulator are a nozzle, a structure in which installs the nozzle, and the connections with the water supply and the pumping system. The structure of the test system was manufactured created with four fixed hollow rectangular galvanised on which a header with 25 nozzles attached to it. The nozzles are spaced 1 m apart. Flow meters control the inflow of water from the storage tank, ensuring each nozzle has a similar release rate, regardless of the introduction of the test system. The tank that was utilized has the 200 gallons of water which is 757.08 Lit and the full with water in tank can run the artificial rainfall simulation roughly around 50 to 60 minutes. The support system is collapsible, easy to set up and maintain. The subsequent test system is conservative (under RM9,000 to build), made with industrially accessible parts, simple to set-up and maintain and highly accurate.

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Ageenko, V. A., M. N. Tavostin, and I. S. Vakulenko. "TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTING OF FROZEN SOILS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RHEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS." Mining science and technology, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2017-3-18-22.

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Detailed investigation of mechanical, deformation and rheological properties of frozen soils is an actual issue, as they are basis of civil- engineering survey for underground constructions in permafrost holding more than 50% of the territory of Russia. The majority of modern software packages which calculate structures stability considering stress state of soils massive, demand knowledge of mechanical and rheological parameters defined by triaxial compression tests. The current article presents: estimation method of frozen soils rheological parameters by triaxial compression testing; required equipment and the research results. The samples of frozen soil 10 – 50 m depth from Kharasavey gas field were used as test material. Mostly they are presented by loam, clay and sand. The experiments were run at the range of temperature from −3°C to −6°C.. Triaxial compression testing was provided by the laboratory equipment which allows to run experiments in the mode of automatic load, maintenance and deformation processes registration. Test procedure of rheological parameters identification under conditions of long-term triaxial compression considered incremental load Stage duration was equal to 24 hours. The experiments were run until th specimen’s failure. As a result of the testing, mechanical, deformation and rheological parameters for frozen soils are defined at temperatures −3°C  −6°C. The achieved results can be interpreted in different models (Mohr-Coulomb, Drucker-Prager, Tresca etc.). The described experiments were carried out at LLC Gazprom Geotechnology for the design of underground drill cutting s storages in permafrost.

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Eichler, Nadav, Shmuel Raz, Adi Toledano-Shubi, Daphna Livne, Ilan Shimshoni, and Hagit Hel-Or. "Automatic and Efficient Fall Risk Assessment Based on Machine Learning." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041557.

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Automating fall risk assessment, in an efficient, non-invasive manner, specifically in the elderly population, serves as an efficient means for implementing wide screening of individuals for fall risk and determining their need for participation in fall prevention programs. We present an automated and efficient system for fall risk assessment based on a multi-depth camera human motion tracking system, which captures patients performing the well-known and validated Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Trained machine learning classifiers predict the patient’s 14 scores of the BBS by extracting spatio-temporal features from the captured human motion records. Additionally, we used machine learning tools to develop fall risk predictors that enable reducing the number of BBS tasks required to assess fall risk, from 14 to 4–6 tasks, without compromising the quality and accuracy of the BBS assessment. The reduced battery, termed Efficient-BBS (E-BBS), can be performed by physiotherapists in a traditional setting or deployed using our automated system, allowing an efficient and effective BBS evaluation. We report on a pilot study, run in a major hospital, including accuracy and statistical evaluations. We show the accuracy and confidence levels of the E-BBS, as well as the average number of BBS tasks required to reach the accuracy thresholds. The trained E-BBS system was shown to reduce the number of tasks in the BBS test by approximately 50% while maintaining 97% accuracy. The presented approach enables a wide screening of individuals for fall risk in a manner that does not require significant time or resources from the medical community. Furthermore, the technology and machine learning algorithms can be implemented on other batteries of medical tests and evaluations.

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QUIETA, MARIE THERESE, and SHENG-UEI GUAN. "CONFIGURABLE CELLULAR AUTOMATA FOR PSEUDORANDOM NUMBER GENERATION." International Journal of Modern Physics C 16, no. 07 (July 2005): 1051–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183105007728.

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This paper proposes a generalized structure of cellular automata (CA) — the configurable cellular automata (CoCA). With selected properties from programmable CA (PCA) and controllable CA (CCA), a new approach to cellular automata is developed. In CoCA, the cells are dynamically reconfigured at run-time via a control CA. Reconfiguration of a cell simply means varying the properties of that cell with time. Some examples of properties to be reconfigured are rule selection, boundary condition, and radius. While the objective of this paper is to propose CoCA as a new CA method, the main focus is to design a CoCA that can function as a good pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). As a PRNG, CoCA can be a suitable candidate as it can pass 17 out of 18 Diehard tests with 31 cells. CoCA PRNG's performance based on Diehard test is considered superior over other CA PRNG works. Moreover, CoCA opens new rooms for research not only in the field of random number generation, but in modeling complex systems as well.

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Hendriks, Henriëtte Alice, Wouter Kortlandt, and Willem Marius Verweij. "Standardized Comparison of Processing Capacity and Efficiency of Five New-Generation Immunoassay Analyzers." Clinical Chemistry 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.1.105.

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Abstract Background: With the trend toward laboratory and workstation consolidation, more studies are necessary to evaluate instrumentation, solutions for coping with workflow and test diversity, and opportunities for increasing the overall efficiency of laboratory testing. We assessed the processing capacity and efficiency of new-generation immunoassay analyzers by determining productivity parameters of five commercially available systems. Methods: A workload protocol was developed and used to assess processing capacity and efficiency parameters of five immunoassay analyzers under standardized conditions in a real-life routine situation. We studied the ACS:Centaur® (analyzer A), ArchitectTMi2000 (analyzer B), Elecsys® 2010 tandem (analyzer C), Immulite® 2000 (analyzer D), and Vitros ECi (analyzer E) on the basis of a standardized workload protocol that reflected a routine laboratory situation. This workload encompassed reflex and STAT testing, dilutions, and in-run calibration of a new reagent lot number. The analyzers were compared for hands-on labor time, unattended time (UT), throughput, and differentiated relative productivity indexes [RPI(UT); number of reportable results/(processing time − sum of unattended time)]. The RPI data for analyzers linked to an automated (aut) sample-handling system [RPI(aut)] were also calculated. Results: The evaluation produced a set of parameters for the productivity of the instruments. An overview of the most important parameters revealed the following: the throughput was 193, 123, 97, 109, and 46 tests/hour for instruments A, B, C, D and E, respectively; the RPI(10) was 425, 238, 161, 445, and 151 tests/operator-hour; the RPI(30) was 229, 136, 118, 264, and 86 tests/operator-hour; the RPI(10,aut) was 1701, 637, 235, 964, and 223 tests/operator-hour; and the RPI(30,aut) was 298, 150, 174, 400, and 114 tests/operator-hour. Conclusions: The combination of a standardized workload protocol and determination of parameters for productivity and labor efficiency, especially the differentiated RPIs, made it possible to make an objective comparison of the organizational consequences of the use of these instruments. The described parameters allow for a scientifically based choice, given a certain workflow and a particular laboratory organization.

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Hoppensteadt, Debra, Jeanine M. Walenga, Josephine Cunanan, Omer Iqbal, and Jawed Fareed. "Prothrombinase Induced Clotting Time (PICT) and Commercially Available Diluted Russell's Viper Venom Times For The Monitoring Of New Oral Anticoagulants." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 3642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.3642.3642.

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Abstract The new oral anticoagulants such as Rivaroxaban (Bayer Healthcare) (R) Apixaban (BMS/Pfizer) (A) and Dabigatran (Boehringer Ingleheim) (D) have been approved for Several indications in the US and Europe. Initially it was suggested that these agents did not require monitoring at the approved dosages for specific indications, however there have been reported bleeding complications with some of these agents that warrants the monitoring of these drugs to optimize therapy in some patient populations. A new clot-based assay, the prothrombinase induced clotting time (PICT) (Pentapharm, Basal, Switzerland) has been developed to monitor the anticoagulant effect of these new oral anticoagulants. In the assay, plasma is mixed with FXa, phospholipids, calcium and RVV-V from the venom of the Daboia russelli. The prothrombinase complex formed and the Xa and IIa generated is inhibited by the test agent. Two other forms of diluted Russell's Viper Venom time, namely DRVVT (screen), and DRVVT (confirm) are also available for the laboratory diagnosis of the lupus anticoagulant. The purpose of this study is to compare the PICT teste with the two versions of DRVVT test times for the monitoring of newer anticoagulants. Materials Citrated blood was drawn from 15 donors and spun at 800 rpm to obtain platelet rich plasma (PRP). The PRP was removed and spun at 3000 rpm to obtain platelet poor plasma (PPP). Both PRPand PPP were frozen at -80ºC for 24 hours. Thawed PPP and PRP were supplemented with A, R and D in a concentration range of 0-2.5 ug/ml. The plasma samples were analyzed using 3 PT/INR reagents (Innoven, Dade-Behring, Germany; Recombiplastin, Instrumentation Laboratories, Bedford, MA; Neoplastin, Stago, Parsippany, NJ), two APTT reagents (Platelin, TCoag, Ireland; Actin FSL, Instrumentation Laboratories, Bedford, MA), Heptest, the one stage PICT and the two versions of DRVVT. All assays were performed on the ACL 300 Plus (Instrumentation Laboratories, Bedford, MA) with the exception of the PICT and DRVVTs which were run on the ST4 (STago, Parsippany, NJ). Results In the PPP system, the A, R and D showed assay differences in the clotting times which demonstrated good sensitivity to D and R compared to A. The PICT and the two versions of DRVVT showed much higher sensitivity and linearity. The relative sensitivity to DRVVTs were higher than PICT. In the PT/INR assay, all reagents were sensitive to D and the Innovin and recombiplastin were sensitive to R and showed a weaker response to A. Similar responses were observed in the APTT and Heptest assay. In the PICT and DRVVTs, all drugs showed a concentration dependent increase. D was strongest followed by R, and A showed the weakest effect. In the PRP supplemented system, all agents showed a weaker effect on the clotting times in all tests, however PICT and DRVVTs demonstrated a concentration dependent response for all agents. Conclusions These results demonstrated that neither the PT/INR, APTT nor heptest can be solely used to monitor the effects of all of the new oral anticoagulants. The one stage PICT is a simple, fast, automated or semi-automated test which can be performed on any mechanical or optical coagulation analyzer to monitor the anticoagulant effects of these agents. Similarly the two versions of DRVVT can also be performed on these instruments. The one stage PICT and DRVVT tests can also be used to monitor the effects of these agents in other matrices such as PRP. These studies warrant clinical validation of this test in patients treated with the newer oral anticoagulant drugs. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Banada, Padmapriya P., Srinidhi Deshpande, Soumitesh Chakravorty, Riccardo Russo, James Occi, Gabriel Meister, Kelly J. Jones, et al. "Sensitive Detection of Francisella tularensis Directly from Whole Blood by Use of the GeneXpert System." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 1 (November 9, 2016): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01126-16.

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ABSTRACTFrancisella tularensisis a potential bioterrorism agent that is highly infectious at very low doses. Diagnosis of tularemia by blood culture and nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests is insufficiently sensitive. Here, we demonstrate a highly sensitiveF. tularensisassay that incorporates sample processing and detection into a single cartridge suitable for point-of-care detection. The assay limit of detection (LOD) and dynamic range were determined in a filter-based cartridge run on the GeneXpert system.F. tularensisDNA in buffer or CFU ofF. tularensiswas spiked into human or macaque blood. To simulate detection in human disease, the assay was tested on blood drawn from macaques infected withF. tularensisSchu S4 at daily intervals. Assay detection was compared to that with a conventional quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay and blood culture. The assay LOD was 0.1 genome equivalents (GE) per reaction and 10 CFU/mlF. tularensisin both human and macaque blood. In infected macaques, the assay detectedF. tularensison days 1 to 4 postinfection in 21%, 17%, 60%, and 83% of macaques, respectively, compared to conventional qPCR positivity rates of 0%, 0%, 30%, and 100% and CFU detection of blood culture at 0%, 0%, 0%, and 10% positive, respectively. Assay specificity was 100%. The new cartridge-based assay can rapidly detectF. tularensisin bloodstream infections directly in whole blood at the early stages of infection with a sensitivity that is superior to that of other methods. The simplicity of the automated testing procedures may make this test suitable for rapid point-of-care detection.

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Roelofs, Freek, Christian M. Fromm, Yosuke Mizuno, Jordy Davelaar, Michael Janssen, Ziri Younsi, Luciano Rezzolla, and Heino Falcke. "Black hole parameter estimation with synthetic very long baseline interferometry data from the ground and from space." Astronomy & Astrophysics 650 (June 2021): A56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039745.

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Context. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has imaged the shadow of the supermassive black hole in M 87. A library of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GMRHD) models was fit to the observational data, providing constraints on black hole parameters. Aims. We investigate how much better future experiments can realistically constrain these parameters and test theories of gravity. Methods. We generated realistic synthetic 230 GHz data from representative input models taken from a GRMHD image library for M 87, using the 2017, 2021, and an expanded EHT array. The synthetic data were run through an automated data reduction pipeline used by the EHT. Additionally, we simulated observations at 230, 557, and 690 GHz with the Event Horizon Imager (EHI) Space VLBI concept. Using one of the EHT parameter estimation pipelines, we fit the GRMHD library images to the synthetic data and investigated how the black hole parameter estimations are affected by different arrays and repeated observations. Results. Repeated observations play an important role in constraining black hole and accretion parameters as the varying source structure is averaged out. A modest expansion of the EHT already leads to stronger parameter constraints in our simulations. High-frequency observations from space with the EHI rule out all but ∼15% of the GRMHD models in our library, strongly constraining the magnetic flux and black hole spin. The 1σ constraints on the black hole mass improve by a factor of five with repeated high-frequency space array observations as compared to observations with the current ground array. If the black hole spin, magnetization, and electron temperature distribution can be independently constrained, the shadow size for a given black hole mass can be tested to ∼0.5% with the EHI space array, which allows tests of deviations from general relativity. With such a measurement, high-precision tests of the Kerr metric become within reach from observations of the Galactic Center black hole Sagittarius A*.

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Farfan-Cabrera, Leonardo Israel, Ezequiel Alberto Gallardo-Hernández, Manuel Vite-Torres, and Jesús Gilberto Godínez-Salcedo. "Influence of oxidation of automatic transmission fluids (ATFs) and sliding distance on friction coefficients of a wet clutch in the running-in stage." Friction 9, no. 2 (October 2, 2020): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0406-z.

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AbstractIn this paper, the influence of oxidation of automatic transmission fluids (ATFs) and sliding distance on the friction coefficients of a wet clutch in approached running-in conditions was investigated. The ATFs were oxidized by a laboratory process approaching oxidation occurred in actual ATFs. Oxidation was evaluated by means of increase in carbonyl compounds and depletion of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) additives. Also, the changes in kinematic viscosity and viscosity index were evaluated. Pin-on-disk tests were conducted to replicate the actual sliding contact in a wet clutch. The pin specimens were cut from friction material composite plates and the disks were actual steel separators both from an automotive wet clutch. Friction coefficient, μ, was measured at progressive sliding velocity, ν, to obtain μ-ν curves at 26 and 100 ΰC. Three μ-ν tests were consecutively run using the same pair of specimens and oil. The cumulative sliding distance for each μ-ν test generated surface flattening using the oils. The friction coefficients of the wet clutch increased due to the ATFs oxidation meanwhile the dμ/dυ values decreased in most cases. It suggests that ATF oxidation can enhance torque capacity of the wet clutch, but it could reduce anti-shudder property. Progressive sliding distance improved the slopes in the μ-ν results using fresh ATFs meanwhile it generated a slope decrease by using aged ATFs.

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Fraiwan, Arwa, Muhammad Noman Hasan, Ran An, Amy J. Rezac, Nicholas J. Kocmich, Tolulope Oginni, Grace Mfon Olanipekun, et al. "Advancing Healthcare Outcomes for Sickle Cell Disease in Nigeria Using Mobile Health Tools." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-131344.

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Nigeria leads the world in the number of cases of sickle cell disease (SCD). An estimated 150,000 babies are born annually in Nigeria with SCD, a heredity disorder, and 70-90% die before age 5. Only a small portion of affected infants and children in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) reach adolescence. Over 650 children die per day in sub-Saharan Africa from SCD. These dismal statistics are in sharp contrast to outcomes in high-income countries (HICs) where more than 90% of SCD patients reach adulthood. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 70% of deaths could be prevented with a low cost diagnostic and treatment plan. Meaningful preventive care and treatment cannot be implemented without a structured plan for early diagnosis and patient tracking.Early diagnosis requires improved access to parents and guardians of children with SCD, and gaining this access remains a challenge in most of SSA. In 2015, Nigeria's Kano state government, with support from foreign partners, established a community-based program for newborn registration. This platform provides unique access to newborn babies in one of Nigeria's most populous cities, but still lacks a functioning patient testing, tracking, and monitoring system, which we plan to address in our ongoing study. This study will introduce mobile health in a low-income country with low literacy rate and hopefully accustom that segment of the population to more varied mobile health applications that will ultimately improve their health in the long run. Our current operational platform in Kano, Nigeria provides access to a large population with a high prevalence of SCD. We have previously completed pilot testing of 315 subjects for SCD using our microchip electrophoresis test. We are planning to test up to 4,500 additional subjects less than 5 years of age at Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital. The hospital staff includes 97 physicians and 415 nurses and outpatient clinics serve about 30,000 patients monthly. The maternity department has a 200-bed capacity and the antenatal clinic performs about 1,000 deliveries and serves an average of 3,000 mothers monthly. Enrollment is planned to start on September 15, 2019 and medical staff are currently being trained to run the tests. Our study is registered in the United States National Library of Medicine's ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03948516). Our technology is uniquely paired with an automatic reader and an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and patient management solution to record POC test results, register new cases, and track patients for follow-up (Fig. 1). The reader enables automated interpretation of test results, local and remote test data storage, and includes geolocation (Global Positioning System) (Fig. 2). The system will generate reports for all cases of SCD, track hospital visits, appointments, lab tests, and will have mobile and dashboard applications for tracking patients and samples. The application will be installed on mobile devices provided to users. The proposed system will be compliant with the existing privacy standards to handle medical data (e.g., HIPAA in the US and GDPR in the EU). All communications between the parties will be secured via end-to-end encryption as a safeguard. We anticipate that our project will increase the rates of screening, diagnosis and timely treatment of SCD in Kano State of Nigeria. The project's broader impact will likely be the ability to track and monitor screening, disease detection, diagnosis and treatment, which can be scaled up to the whole nation of Nigeria, then to sub-Saharan Africa. The data obtained and analyzed will be the first of their kind and will be used to inform the design of programs to improve access to, and availability of, effective care for this underserved populations. The importance of increased access to diagnosis and treatment should not be underestimated - it is crucial for realizing effective management of people with SCD. The impact can be enhanced by complementing diagnosis and patient tracking with education for the families so they can provide or seek the necessary preventative treatment. Identification of the location of the patients in need would help identify the areas where family, parent, caregiver education should be provided. Disclosures Fraiwan: Hemex Health, Inc.: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Hasan:Hemex Health, Inc.: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. An:Hemex Health, Inc.: Patents & Royalties. Thota:Hemex Health, Inc.: Employment. Gurkan:Hemex Health, Inc.: Consultancy, Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding.

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Ganderton, Ros, Chantelle Monck, Tomasz Wojdacz, Mark Slevin, Nicola Meakin, and Paul Grundy. "A Feasibility Study Evaluating the Use of Cell-free DNA Analysis in Laboratory Brain Cancer Investigations." Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_4 (October 1, 2021): iv25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab195.063.

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Abstract Aims Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), shed from solid cancers in to the plasma, represents an exciting analyte for diagnosis and monitoring of disease in cancer patients. However, its use in glioma brain cancer patients represents a challenge, due to reduced permeability of the blood brain barrier. This pilot study sought to investigate the practical aspects and clinical utility of using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in glioma tests in a NHS diagnostic laboratory. Firstly, we investigated the potential of ctDNA as a proxy for the brain cancer biopsy; where cfDNA analysis was compared to the paired FFPE brain specimen for relevant glioma genetic biomarkers. Secondly, ctDNA constitutes a portion of the overall cfDNA and there is evidence cfDNA metrics per se may also be of value as prognostic tools and surrogates of tumour burden. Additionally, we investigated a potential role for cfDNA metrics in prognostic impact; linking cfDNA concentrations to clinical outcome measures. Method 10ml peripheral blood was collected in specialist preservative tubes and cfDNA isolated using an extraction kit (Qiagen MinElute ccfDNA kit). cfDNA concentration and purity was assessed using chip-based automated electrophoresis. Where relevant (12/39 cases), cfDNA samples were run though laboratory tests of IDH variant detection, 1p19q co-deletion assessment and MGMT promoter methylation analysis. Results were compared with ‘standard of care’ brain biopsy tests. A potential correlate of cfDNA concentration and clinical outcomes data were assessed in a sub-cohort of glioblastoma patients (n=32). The cohort was divided in to 2 groups – high cfDNA vs. low cfDNA - based on whether a subject’s extracted sample cfDNA concentration fell above or below the mean. Comparison of overall survival in months between subjects was checked for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk t-test. The test of equity of survival distributions for the high cfDNA vs. low cfDNA was then analysed as a Kaplan-Meier curve. Results The protocol delivered cfDNA of high purity, averaging 91%, within the plasma nucleic acid fraction, however the cfDNA concentrations (mean ≈1ng µl-1) fell below the conventional limit of detection of the laboratory tests. In spite of the low concentration, cfDNA samples did generate test PCR amplicon; however results reflected the germline DNA profile rather than the new somatic changes of the tumour. The cfDNA analysis did not pick up the tumour biomarkers seen in the paired tumour biopsy sample. In a second part of the study, cfDNA concentrations for the glioblastoma cohort were assessed in the context of their clinical outcomes data. The data showed a correlate where high cfDNA concentration in the extracted sample was independently associated with inferior outcome in terms of overall survival, with Log Rank significance p=0.014 (Figure 1). Conclusion The cfDNA yields from a 10ml blood sample were consistently too low to meet the limit of detection requirements of the standard laboratory neuropathology genetic tests and glioma tumour profile could not be picked up against the germline background. Thus, in spite of the considerable advantages to glioma plasma molecular testing, using cfDNA as a proxy for a brain biopsy would currently not be possible in our routine diagnostic environment. However, within the limitations of the pilot project testing strategy, the data showed an interesting correlate where high cfDNA concentration was independently associated with inferior outcome in terms of overall survival for glioblastoma patients. Given the simplicity of obtaining this quantifiable metric, there are grounds for further investigations as to its utility; not only with survival outcomes, but also potential correlation with the clinical assessment of tumour burden, blood brain barrier integrity and disease pseudoprogression.

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Pysher, Theodore J., and Phillip R. Bach. "PERIPHERAL BRAIN." Pediatrics In Review 17, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.17.10.357.

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Historical Perspective and Current Status of the Multitest Chemistry Profile The development of a single instrument that could reproducibly sample a specimen, mix it with the required reagents at appropriate intervals, and analyze the resulting reaction revolutionized the chemical analysis of clinical specimens. Not long after its development, several of these Auto AnalyzersTM, each dedicated to measuring a different analyte, were linked, and the Sequential Multiple Analyzer (SMATM) was born. Because these systems were automated, they could perform the analyses for which they were designed at less expense, with greater precision, and in less time than when the tests were performed by hand. Moreover, it was claimed that the integration of the measurement of these chemical markers of disease into the routine health maintenance examination would lead to earlier detection of disease and improved patient care. These early multitest analyzers had only limited application in pediatrics because they required so large a specimen. The SMA-12TM, for example, required 3 mL of serum for each 12-test panel. Two developments, however, made the multitest chemistry analyzer accessible to pediatric-sized samples-microcomputes and ever smaller components. The early multitest analyzers were marvels of creative plumbing in which each specimen ran the full course of the instrument and, therefore, the same amount had to be sampled whether one or all of the 6, 12, or 24 available tests were requested.

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Florussen, Guido, Koen Houben, Henny Spaan, and Theresa Spaan-Burke. "Automating Accuracy Evaluation of 5-Axis Machine Tools." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0409.

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A wireless non-contact 3D measuring head is used to determine the accuracy of 5-axis machine tools. The measuring head is inserted in the spindle by the tool exchanger automating the measurement routine used. For checking the linear machine axes, a cross shaped artefact containing 13 precision balls is introduced, named Position Inspector, enabling the determination of positioning and straightness errors of two linear axes in one setup. The squareness error between both axes is also determined in this setup. This artefact can be mounted on a pallet system for automatic loading and is measured in a bi-directional run. This artefact can be measured in different orientations (i.e., horizontal, inclined, vertical) and is pre-calibrated with a CMM. The measurement sequence using this artefact is executed in eight minutes and its design and support system is addressed in this paper. The location errors and orientation errors of the axis average line (or pivot line) of both rotary axes are determined with the Rotary Inspector using the same measuring head with a single precision ball. For this, kinematic tests are used from ISO10791-6, e.g., the BK1 test, BK2 test which apply for trunnion or swivel table machines. Derived parameters can be used for machine correction resulting in a significantly improved machine accuracy. An example is given where this correction is performed automatically by implementing this measurement system in the machine’s controller. Finally the machine tool is tested using the BK4 test. For this test all 5-axes are moved simultaneously and the measured displacements between the machine’s spindle and table in X-, Y-, and Z-directions are compared to tolerance levels. This final test reveals the machine’s overall accuracy and dynamic behavior.

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Finn, Greg, Sandrine Macé, Ruiyin Chu, Helgi van de Velde, Samia Menad, Marie-Thérèse Melki, and Georges Nouadje. "Development of a Hydrashift 2/4 Isatuximab Assay to Mitigate Interference with Monoclonal Protein Detection on Immunofixation Electrophoresis in Vitro Diagnostic Tests in Multiple Myeloma." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-136613.

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Introduction Evaluation of multiple myeloma (MM) response through quantification of M-protein, by serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and immuno-fixation electrophoresis (IFE) is challenging for clinical laboratories because therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can confound IFE when they converge with serum M-protein. This can be misleading when interpreting patients' response to therapy. Isatuximab (Isa), an IgG-kappa anti-CD38 mAb is approved based on the pivotal ICARIA-MM study in combination with pomalidomide (P) and dexamethasone (d), in the United States, the European Union, Canada, Australia, Switzerland and Japan for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed/refractory MM who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor. Recently, the Phase 3 IKEMA study evaluating Isa plus carfilzomib (K) and d met its primary endpoint at the first planned interim analysis, demonstrating significantly prolonged progression free survival (PFS) compared with Kd alone in patients with relapsed MM. Methods To overcome the interference mediated by Isa on the IFE test, we have developed an Isa-specific assay "HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa" using a highly specific rabbit, anti-Isa mAb. The HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa test is used in conjunction with the regular Hydragel IF procedure and the semi-automated Hydrasys 2 electrophoresis apparatus. The HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa test displaces Isa (IgG kappa) interference during the electrophoresis process by forming Isa/anti-Isa complex which is moved out of the gamma zone toward the alpha globulin fractions. Results: Sensitivity of the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa assay was demonstrated on serum samples, including normal serum samples. Isa control and serum samples with different monoclonal components spiked with Isa (final concentrations in the range of 0.1 and 3.0 g/L) were analyzed with the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa procedure used in conjunction with Hydragel 4 IF Acid Violet. The detection limit of Isa and/or the Isa / anti-Isa antibody complex visualized was 0.2 g/L. Importantly, efficient removal of Isa from the gamma globulin zone, with no trace signal evident, was demonstrated for all Isa concentrations tested, even for 3 g/L. Reproducibility of the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa assay was also demonstrated between gels, between product lots, between instruments and on different test days. Ten different serum samples, including 1 normal serum sample and 9 serum samples with monoclonal components spiked with Isa at 1 g/L, were run using the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa procedure in conjunction with Hydragel 4 IF Acid Violet. All samples gave 100% concordant results between gels on the different instruments and with different HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa lots. To evaluate specificity, 50 serum samples from MM patients were spiked with 1 g/L Isa and the anti-Isa mAb shifted Isa specifically with no impact on the patients' M-spike, demonstrating 100% specificity. Finally, the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa test was evaluated on 15 samples from treated patients enrolled in Isa clinical trials at different therapy cycles. The evaluated samples demonstrated efficient removal of Isa from G and Kappa tracks on the gamma globulins zone and visualization of the Isa/anti-Isa complex on alpha zone and/or Isa on ELP track. For the pre-treatment samples, there was as expected no Isa detection, and no impact on M-protein was observed, further confirming the specificity of the assay toward Isa. Conclusions Therapeutic mAb inclusion in MM treatment regimens offer patients significant improvements in clinical outcomes. With rapid evolution of therapeutic options in MM, there is a clear need for a standardized and reliable method to ensure authentic IFE-based clinical assessment. Development of the Isa-specific HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa assay offers the advantage of high clinical utility due to the simplicity of the method as an add-on to the conventional IFE In vitro diagnostic test. Consequently, this assay will facilitate the correct assessment of clinical outcomes for patients receiving Isa as part of their MM treatment. Submission for global regulatory clearance for Isa-specific HYDRASHIFT 2/4 assay is planned in 2020. Disclosures Finn: Sanofi: Current Employment. Macé:Sanofi: Current Employment. Chu:Sanofi: Current Employment. van de Velde:Sanofi: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Melki:Sebia: Current Employment.

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Eichenauer, Anja, Uwe Baumann, Timo Stöver, and Tobias Weissgerber. "Interleaved Acoustic Environments: Impact of an Auditory Scene Classification Procedure on Speech Perception in Cochlear Implant Users." Trends in Hearing 25 (January 2021): 233121652110141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165211014118.

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Clinical speech perception tests with simple presentation conditions often overestimate the impact of signal preprocessing on speech perception in complex listening environments. A new procedure was developed to assess speech perception in interleaved acoustic environments of different complexity that allows investigation of the impact of an automatic scene classification (ASC) algorithm on speech perception. The procedure was applied in cohorts of normal hearing (NH) controls and uni- and bilateral cochlear implant (CI) users. Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were measured by means of a matrix sentence test in five acoustic environments that included different noise conditions (amplitude modulated and continuous), two spatial configurations, and reverberation. The acoustic environments were encapsulated in a randomized, mixed order single experimental run. Acoustic room simulation was played back with a loudspeaker auralization setup with 128 loudspeakers. 18 NH, 16 unilateral, and 16 bilateral CI users participated. SRTs were evaluated for each individual acoustic environment and as mean-SRT. Mean-SRTs improved by 2.4 dB signal-to-noise ratio for unilateral and 1.3 dB signal-to-noise ratio for bilateral CI users with activated ASC. Without ASC, the mean-SRT of bilateral CI users was 3.7 dB better than the SRT of unilateral CI users. The mean-SRT indicated significant differences, with NH group performing best and unilateral CI users performing worse with a difference of up to 13 dB compared to NH. The proposed speech test procedure successfully demonstrated that speech perception and benefit with ASC depend on the acoustic environment.

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Ambrož, Miha, Uroš Hudomalj, Alexander Marinšek, and Roman Kamnik. "Raspberry Pi-Based Low-Cost Connected Device for Assessing Road Surface Friction." Electronics 8, no. 3 (March 20, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030341.

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Measuring friction between the tyres of a vehicle and the road, often and on as many locations on the road network as possible, can be a valuable tool for ensuring traffic safety. Rather than by using specialised equipment for sequential measurements, this can be achieved by using several low-cost measuring devices on vehicles that travel on the road network as part of their daily assignments. The presented work proves the hypothesis that a low cost measuring device can be built and can provide measurement results comparable to those obtained from expensive specialised measuring devices. As a proof of concept, two copies of a prototype device, based on the Raspberry Pi single-board computer, have been developed, built and tested. They use accelerometers to measure vehicle braking deceleration and include a global positioning receiver for obtaining the geolocation of each test. They run custom-developed data acquisition software on the Linux operating system and provide automatic measurement data transfer to a server. The operation is controlled by an intuitive user interface consisting of two illuminated physical pushbuttons. The results show that for braking tests and friction coefficient measurements the developed prototypes compare favourably to a widely used professional vehicle performance computer.

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Longshore, John, Heather Amidon, Kyoko Kushiro, Ion Beldorth, Scott A. Shell, and Justin T. Brown. "Analytical Assessment of an IVD Multiplex BCR-ABL1 Monitoring Assay Directly Aligned to the WHO Primary Standards and Reporting on Two Continuous Scales (%IS and MR)." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 5443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5443.5443.

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Abstract Introduction: Quantification of BCR-ABL1 e13a2/e14a2 fusion transcripts (major breakpoint) of t(9;22) assesses tumor burden in CML. The International Scale (IS) was established to standardize the reporting of these transcripts against a common baseline. As newer TKI therapies create more significant clinical responses, an assay should confidently detect molecular responses of ≥4.5 logs below baseline (0.0032%IS or MR4.5). Various reporting formats have evolved over time, creating a non-contiguous language of monitoring: baseline, 10%IS, 1%IS, MMR, MR4, MR4.5, CMR. We describe the analytical assessment via method comparison of (1) a laboratory developed test using commercial BCR-ABL1 RUO reagents that require conversion to %IS values, and (2) an IVD multiplex assay system directly reporting continuous MR values and %IS values via automated software analysis. Methods: We assessed 76 specimens using the currently validated LDT that uses BCR/ABL1 Quant reagents (RUO, Asuragen) that target Major (e13a2 and e14a2) and minor (e1a2) transcripts: RT performed on the ABI 9700 and qPCR on the ABI 7500 using SDS v2 software (RUO) followed by Excel-based determination of BCR-ABL1:ABL1 ratios. These LDT ratios were then converted to %IS values using a conversion factor generated using separate ARQ IS Calibrator Panels (Asuragen) (RUO). The same specimens were assessed with the QuantideX® qPCR BCR-ABL IS Kit (IVD, Asuragen) that targets Major (e13a2 and e14a2) transcripts. Both RT and qPCR steps were performed on the ABI 7500 Fast Dx using SDS v1.4 software (IVD). Both BCR-ABL1 assays contained Armored RNA Quant (ARQ) technology in blends of nuclease-resistant BCR-ABL1 and ABL1 RNA transcripts. In the IVD kit, a single 4-point standard curve using ARQ blends mimics the WHO Primary BCR-ABL1 reference materials and accounts for the relative batch run-specific efficiency of the RT step by generating cDNA in parallel to clinical samples. Automated software analysis of SDS files directly generated %IS and MR values, and included an algorithm to ensure sufficient ABL1 detection in negative samples. Results: The correlation of MR values between methods was excellent, with a Pearson R correlation coefficient of ≥0.95. Within duplicates, the IVD assay resulted in a Pearson R of 0.996 across the dynamic range (MR0.2 to MR4.5), supporting singleton testing as claimed in the Instruction for Use. The bias between methods was uniform (slope near zero) and negligible (mean difference of 0.1 MR unit across the range). This is further supported by a mean difference of ≤3-fold between %IS values of the two methods, with 90% (28/31) of specimens within the reportable range being within 5-fold. The concordance for MMR (MR3 or 0.1%IS) was 91%. Concordance of positivity was 96% (65/68), apparently due to the higher analytical sensitivity of the IVD test for specimens up to MR4.2 (LOD of IVD is MR4.7 or 0.002%IS). Despite deep analytical sensitivity, the IVD system maintains analytical specificity where minor breakpoint BCR-ABL1 e1a2 specimens up to 74% ratio were true positive in the RUO assay and true negative in the IVD assay. Both tests showed excellent linearity using a commercially available cell line-based dilution series (Invivoscribe, RUO). Conclusions: The QuantideX qPCR BCR-ABL IS Kit improved workflow with streamlined reagent formulation, multiplex assay format, and automated software analysis. It facilitated assessment on the IS without conversion through kit-integrated ARQ materials traceable to the WHO Primary, and generated continuous value results sufficient for studies in deep molecular responses. Disclosures Kushiro: Asuragen: Employment. Beldorth:Asuragen: Employment. Shell:Asuragen: Employment. Brown:Asuragen: Employment.

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48

Bernstein, Jared, Alistair Van Moere, and Jian Cheng. "Validating automated speaking tests." Language Testing 27, no. 3 (July 2010): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265532210364404.

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This paper presents evidence that supports the valid use of scores from fully automatic tests of spoken language ability to indicate a person’s effectiveness in spoken communication. The paper reviews the constructs, scoring, and the concurrent validity evidence of ‘facility-in-L2’ tests, a family of automated spoken language tests in Spanish, Dutch, Arabic, and English. The facility-in-L2 tests are designed to measure receptive and productive language ability as test-takers engage in a succession of tasks with meaningful language. Concurrent validity studies indicate that scores from the automated tests are strongly correlated with the scores from oral proficiency interviews. In separate studies with learners from each of the four languages the automated tests predict scores from the live interview tests as well as those tests predict themselves in a test-retest protocol (r = 0.77 to 0.92). Although it might be assumed that the interactive nature of the oral interview elicits performances that manifest a distinct construct, the closeness of the results suggests that the constructs underlying the two approaches to oral assessment have a stable relationship across languages.

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Armstrong, Ronald D., Douglas H. Jones, and Zhaobo Wang. "Automated Parallel Test Construction Using Classical Test Theory." Journal of Educational Statistics 19, no. 1 (March 1994): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986019001073.

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A network-flow model is formulated for constructing parallel tests based on classical test theory using test reliability for the criterion. The model enables practitioners to specify a test difficulty distribution for the values of the item difficulties as well as test composition requirements. Use of the network-flow algorithm ensures high computational efficiency, allowing wide applications of optimal test construction using microcomputers. The results of an empirical study show that the generated tests have acceptably high test reliability.

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50

Monteiro, Kátia R., Scott A. Crossley, and Kristopher Kyle. "In Search of New Benchmarks: Using L2 Lexical Frequency and Contextual Diversity Indices to Assess Second Language Writing." Applied Linguistics 41, no. 2 (December 24, 2018): 280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amy056.

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Abstract Lexical items that are encountered more frequently and in varying contexts have important effects on second language (L2) development because frequent and contextually diverse words are learned faster and become more entrenched in a learner’s lexicon (Ellis 2002a, b). Despite evidence that L2 learners are generally exposed to non-native input, most frequency and contextual diversity metrics used in L2 research represent what is produced by native speakers of English. This study develops and tests indices of lexical frequency and contextual diversity based on L2 output. The L2 indices were derived from an L2 English learner adult corpus that contained three sub-corpora based on language levels (i.e. low, medium, and high). These indices were used to predict human scores of 480 independent essays from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). First language (L1) indices reported by the Tool for the Automatic Analysis of Lexical Sophistication (TAALES) were also calculated. Three regression analyses were run to predict human scores using L2 indices, L1 indices, and combined indices. The results suggested that the L2 model explained a greater amount of variance in the writing scores and that the L2 model was statistically superior to the L1 model. The findings also suggested that contextual diversity indices are better predictors of writing proficiency than lexical frequency for both the L2 and the L1 models. Finally, an index from the lower level learner sub-corpus was found to be the strongest predictor. The findings have important implications for the analysis of L2 writing in that the L2 benchmarks are more predictive than the L1 benchmarks. These findings could extend human and machine scoring approaches as well as help explain L2 writing quality.

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