Статті в журналах: "Automated Manual Transmission (AMT)"

1

Kim, Wan-Soo, Yong-Joo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seung-Yun Baek, Seung-Min Baek, Dae-Hyun Lee, Kyu-Chul Nam, Tae-Bum Kim, and Hyo-Jai Lee. "Development of Control System for Automated Manual Transmission of 45-kW Agricultural Tractor." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 2930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082930.

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This study aims to develop and evaluate an automated manual transmission (AMT) for agricultural tractors with high efficiency and high convenience by using electric actuators. An AMT system to control manual-type shuttle gearboxes and transmissions for tractors is developed by adding a shuttle shifting actuator, a clutch actuator, and a control system to a conventional manual transmission (MT). The clutch actuator is designed using an electric motor and a reduction gear. The AMT control system is developed and experimental tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the AMT. The results of the performance of the actuator position control demonstrate that the shuttle shifting actuator and clutch actuator are controlled appropriately, achieving a maximum overshoot of less than 5% and 0%, a settling time of less than 0.500 s and 1.50 s, and a steady-state error of less than 1% and 1%, respectively. The performance of the automatic forward and reverse control demonstrates a shift control time of less than 2.50 s and target revolutions per minute (RPM) reaching time of less than 3.00 s. Thus, AMT systems for tractors can be easily developed by applying shuttle shifting actuators, clutch actuators, and a control system to conventional manual transmissions.

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2

Zhang, Zhi Sen, Hui Jin Xiao, Cheng Fu Yang, Ling Ling, and Bai Hai Wu. "The Synchronous Control of Automated Manual Transmission in Three-Gear Electric Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.731.

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The system configuration of 3-gear automated manual transmission (AMT) in electric bus was introduced and the rationality and necessity of using 3-gear AMT in electric bus were discussed. The mechanical structure of AMT was built in this paper. According to the evaluation criteria of automatic gear shifting, ed. the shift time and shift jerk, the optimum control strategy of synchronous process was proposed in terms of the principle and method of torque and speed adjustment of main driving motor. The experimental results illustrates that the developed 3-gear synchronous control system can be put into effect. The test results show that the mean shift time is 1.86s (statistical value) and the shift jerk is between ±35m·s-3.

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3

Yin, Jian Bo, Qi Chen, Yun Bo Ma, and Yv Cai Zhao. "Study on Automated Manual Transmission Fault Diagnosis and Tolerant Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 697 (November 2014): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.697.344.

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This paper discuss the possible fault about AMT. By using the information redundancy between those parts, the faults of sensors and actuators can be found. In addition, the corresponding tolerant is put forward. Based on the fault diagnosis method, Matlab/Simulink mathematical model of engine, clutch and transmission is built. The simulation results show that the model can satisfy the requirement of fault diagnosis, and has certain tolerances.

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4

Gong, Peng, Jian Min Meng, and Jun Qiang Xi. "Adaptive Control of Synchromesh Shifting Process for Automated Manual Transmission." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1132.

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Анотація:

It is difficult to gain the ideal effect by using a single control method for shifting process due to many influence factors of synchromesh shifting process in Automated Manual Transmission (AMT). Synchromesh shifting process is divided into two stages. One is stage of eliminating the gap of synchronizer, and the other is the slipping stage of synchromesh. The paper mainly analyses the control process of eliminating the gap of synchronizer. By adopting the adaptive control to reduce the shock of initial shifting stage, it can reduce impact and abrasion wear, and improve the quality of whole shifting process.

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5

Chen, Qi, Yu Cai Zhao, Jian Bo Yin, and Yun Bo Ma. "Automated Mechanical Transmission Technology and Development Trend." Applied Mechanics and Materials 697 (November 2014): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.697.280.

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Automated Mechanical Transmission achieves automatic shifting by applying electronic control technology in traditional dry clutch and Manual Transmission,not only having the advantages of automatic transmission, but also keeping the performance of the original manual transmission. This paper generally introduces the function and performance characteristics of Automated Mechanical Transmission, and elaborates its system structure, working principle and key technology. The key technology is divided into 4 parts, including Electronic Control System, Clutch Control, Shift Strategy and Design and Optimization of the Actuator. Combining with the related companies' research and development products, the performance of the Automated Mechanical Transmission is further analyzed. At the same time, according to the current research status in the world, putting forward the following research focus and development trend of Automated Mechanical Transmission.Keywords: Automated Mechanical Transmission; Key Technology; Development Trend

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6

Chen, Zhiqiang, Bangji Zhang, Nong Zhang, Haiping Du, and Guoling Kong. "Optimal preview position control for shifting actuators of automated manual transmission." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 440–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017745981.

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This paper is concerned with the problem of position tracking control for the motor-driven gear-shift actuating mechanism for electro-mechanical automated manual transmissions (AMT). It is well known that torque interruption is an inherent flaw of AMT. As shift duration directly affects the torque interruption interval, shift quality can be improved by minimizing the duration of the shift. To realize rapid and precise gear-shift control, an optimal discrete-time preview position control scheme is proposed. The proposed control scheme consists of state-feedback control, a discrete integrator, and preview feed-forward control. Instead of the traditional difference method, the state transformation method is utilized to construct the augmented error system such that the augmented system can be kept in a simple form. The H∞ performance index is employed to reduce the effect of the shifting load disturbance during the gear-shifting process. The controller gains are obtained by solving a linear matrix inequality (LMI). Simulation and test bench results all show that the proposed preview control algorithm has better dynamic response and adaptability under different loads compared to the optimal linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller and the standard PID controller.

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7

Kim, Jihwan, and Hyeongcheol Lee. "Motor position control algorithm for an automated manual transmission of the agricultural tractor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 18 (October 9, 2015): 3341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215610360.

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This paper presents a motor position control algorithm for an automated manual transmission (AMT) of the agricultural tractor, based on modified linear quadratic tracking (LQT). In this paper, the modified LQT is derived from the conventional LQT by applying the Luenberger observer in order to design an output feedback controller. A dynamic model of the actuator is derived to represent characteristics of the worm geared DC motor and the proposed control algorithm is applied and tuned with the model. The proposed position control algorithm of the worm geared motor using the modified LQT can improve disturbance rejection performance without changing the hardware configuration of the AMT. The simulation results show the validity of the proposed control algorithm.

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8

Zhang, Zhi Sen, Ling Ling, Bai Hai Wu, Zhen Sheng Chen, and Jun Hao Li. "Study on the Synchronizing Time and Shift Quality of Automated Manual Transmission (AMT)." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.466.

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Анотація:

By the synchronizing time, the synchronizing force was controlled reasonably. The impact factors on synchronizing were analyzed and the shift synchronization time was studied. The benchmarking and the road tests were carried out for further investigation. Test data show that by the developed AMT shift control strategies, the average synchronization time is as follows: under the benchmarking condition the minimum time is 100ms (3->4 gear) while the maximum time is 485 ms (0->1 gear); under the road test condition the minimum time is 55ms (4->5 gear) while the maximum time is 100 ms (3->4 gear); The jerk as the utility comfort evaluation index under the road test condition was analyzed and the result was 5.43 m/s3 which satisfied the automated transmission requirement perfectly.

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9

Ren, Li Na, Na Na Tang, Han Qi Yue, and Bing Zhao Gao. "Simulation and Optimal Control of AMT Starting-up Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 672–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.672.

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For a vehicle with 5-speed AMT (Automated Manual Transmission), AMESim model of the powertrain is set up, and comparison of simulation and experimental values is carried out to test the reliability of the simulation model. Through the co-simulation of AMESim and Simulink, we use optimal control and PID control respectively to control the starting process. The simulation result indicates that the optimal control strategy can satisfy the requirement for the drivability and smoothness.

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10

Zhang, Yue, Xiang Yu, Lu Lu Guo, and Bing Zhao Gao. "Performance Evaluation of Electric Vehicle with 2-Speed I-AMT." Advanced Materials Research 710 (June 2013): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.710.285.

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For a novel electric vehicle equipped with 2-speed Inverse Automated Manual Transmission (I-AMT), optimal design of the gear ratios is carried out using dynamic programming (DP) under vehicle dynamic constraints. Given multiple driving cycles, the design target is to make the electric vehicle obtain the best energy consumption economy. After the gear ratios are determined, the performance of the 2-speed electric vehicle is compared with the same vehicle with a single-speed gear box, and it is shown that the 2-speed transmission has much better performacne in terms of acceleration time, maximum speed and energy economy.

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11

Li, Zhan Jiang, Shu Li, Na Na Tang, and Jun Li. "Position Control of Pneumatic Clutch of AMT Trucks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 1381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.1381.

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Logical control method is used for the position control of pneumatic clutch actuator of Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) trucks. The control input is the PWM duty ratio of 4 pneumatic valves, and the feedback signals are tracking displacement and velocity. By building the clutch model using software AMESim and then combined with MATLAB/Simulink through co-simulation, the control logic is calibrated. Finally, the well-tuned control law is used for experimental tests. Through the engagement and disengagement control under different conditions, the feasibility of the actuator control strategy is verified.

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12

Qin, Hao, Shao Xiong Long, and Kai Yu. "Simulation Research on the Shift Schedule in the Auto with Automated Manual Transmission Based on Cruise Gear Shift Program." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 2160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.2160.

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Shift schedule has an important influence on the performances of the auto with automated manual transmission (AMT). It will affect fuel economy, dynamic and emission performance of vehicle. According to the numbers of the control parameters, shift schedule can be roughly divided into threemain categories: single parameter, two parameters, and three parameters schedule.This paper introduces how to simulate and generate the shift schedule in the auto with AMT on the basis of two parameters shift schedule which is widely used in the real auto engineering by using the Gear Shift Program (GSP) module of the Cruise software.The result shows that this method could generate the shift schedule accurately and quickly.These works could be used in the effective calibration of transmissions and shorten thevehicle development cycle.

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13

He, Xin, Mingming Lin, and Li Xu. "Integrating Gear Shifting Preference into Personalized Shift-Scheduling Calibration." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072986.

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Shift-scheduling calibration of automatic transmission (AT) vehicles is vital for both driving experience and automobile industry. Shifting schedules are usually calibrated with the consideration of fuel economy and drivability while neglecting the individual driving preference. In this work, we propose to exemplify the individual shifting preference by integrating the manual transmission (MT) shifting habit into the AT shift-scheduling calibration, where the habit is reflected as the shifting points and is available in most automated manual transmission (AMT) vehicles. The automated calibration of AT shifting schedules is directed by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO), during the virtual automobile cycle test, i.e., FTP-72. Candidate shifting-schedules are generated in the overlapped zone of MT shifting points and the space around the base map, and are evaluated on both shifting quality and fuel economy. Through iterations, the generated candidate shift schedules are tested and assessed until the overall performance reach the optimum. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method, which retains the shifting preferences as well as enhances the performance index by about 5%, 4%, and 2% for the drivers with aggressive, moderate, and mild styles, respectively.

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14

Wu, Bin, and Cunxi Chen. "Influence of the Sleeve Teeth Shape Parameters on the Shifting Process of Automated Manual Transmission for Electric Vehicles." SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/14-09-02-0008.

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Анотація:

Electric vehicles equipped with automated manual transmission (AMT) provide the potential for improving the power and economic performance. However, due to the direct connection between the driving motor and the input shaft of the transmission, the higher moment of inertia at the input of AMT would lead to a poor shift quality. Based on the dynamic analysis of the engagement process of AMT without synchronizer, the dynamic model of the engagement process was established by using AMESim software. Through the analysis of the engagement process, it was concluded that the higher contact force and longer meshing duration under reverse contacting engagement condition is the main reason for the shift difficulty. In order to improve the shift quality, the influences of the sleeve teeth shape parameters of reverse contacting chamfer on the engagement process were analyzed and the simulation validation was performed. The simulation results showed that reducing the width and increasing the angle of the reverse contacting chamfer can effectively reduce the engagement duration and the contact force impulse, although the vehicle jerk was increased slightly, which did not exceed the most stringent criterion value of 10 m·s-3. Optimization of teeth shape parameters of reverse contacting chamfer can be considered to improve the shift quality of the electric vehicle equipped with an AMT.

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15

Liang, Qiong, Bing Zhao Gao, and Hong Chen. "Gear Shifting Control for Pure Electric Vehicle with Inverse-AMT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 1286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.1286.

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In this study, the gear shifting control strategy for pure electric vehicle with inverse automated manual transmission (I-AMT) is proposed. Based on a new drive train system of pure electric vehicle, an AMESim model of vehicle drive-train system is set up. Through the precise control of sliding sleeve, clutch engagement and separating time, gear shifting process is realized without driving torque interruption. The results show that, during up and down shift process, the driving torque keeps more than 50%, obviously improve the pure electric vehicle accelerating performance and the ability to climb.

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16

Zou, Xi Hong, Kai Qiao, and Xiao Hui Shi. "Road Load Spectrum Collection and Analysis of AMT Actuating Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.895.

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Road load spectrum is not only the prerequisites of fatigue reliability analysis and test of AMT(Automated Manual Transmission) actuating mechanism, but also the input and boundary conditions of CAE(Computer Aided Engineering). Based on analysis of AMT motion and force, the measuring points of road load spectrum are determined, and the accelerometers and strain gauges are installed. Then the road load spectrum of AMT actuating mechanism is collected on Xiangfan Automobile Proving Ground according to related standards. At the same time the acquired road load spectrum is analyzed, such as pretreatment, repeatability checking and statistical analysis. The results indicate that the acquired road load spectrum is well reliable and repeatable, which provides effective basic data for design, analysis and verification of AMT actuating mechanism.

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17

Senatore, Adolfo, Mario Pisaturo, and Predrag Dašić. "Frictional Torque Behavior in Actively-Closed Actuated Dry Clutch: The Temperature Influence." Applied Mechanics and Materials 806 (November 2015): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.806.240.

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Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) systems are generally constituted by a dry or wet clutch assembly and a multi-speed gearbox, both equipped with electro-mechanical or electro-hydraulic actuators, which are driven by a control unit, the transmission control unit (TCU). In this transmission type the quality of the vehicle propulsion as perceived by the driver is largely dependent on the quality of the control strategies. This paper aims at providing to control engineers a reliable mathematical model of the frictional torque characteristic of 'actively closed' dry clutch along with the influence of the temperature on the characteristic.

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18

Liang, Jiajia, Xiangyang Xu, Peng Dong, Tao Feng, Wei Guo, and Shuhan Wang. "Energy Management Strategy of a Novel Electric Dual-Motor Transmission for Heavy Commercial Vehicles Based on APSO Algorithm." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031163.

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With the development of electric vehicles, dual-motor transmission has become a potential alternative for automated manual transmission (AMT) due to the solution of power interruption and the improvement of energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel electric dual-motor transmission (eDMTP) for heavy commercial vehicles is proposed. Then, a 4-layer energy management strategy is developed to optimize dynamics performance and energy efficiency. Subsequently, a real vehicle operation is performed to validate the control strategy and the performance of eDMTP. The results demonstrate that the operating points of the two motors are both in and around the high-efficiency area under normal mode. This research lays the foundation for the development of a pure electric vehicle transmission system.

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19

Jin, Hui, and Haosen Wang. "Structure Optimization Design of the Electronically Controlled Fuel Control Rod System in a Diesel Engine." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/321085.

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Poor ride comfort and shorter clutch life span are the key factors restricting the commercialization of automated manual transmission (AMT). For nonelectrically controlled engines or AMT where cooperative control between the engine and the transmission is not realizable, applying electronically controlled fuel control rod systems (ECFCRS) is an effective way to solve these problems. By applying design software such as CATIA, Matlab and Simulink, and MSC Adams, a suite of optimization design methods for ECFCRS drive mechanisms are developed here. Based on these new methods, design requirements can be analyzed comprehensively and the design scheme can be modified easily, thus greatly shortening the design cycle. The bench tests and real vehicle tests indicate that the system developed achieves preferable engine speed following-up performance and engine speed regulating performance. The method developed has significance as a reference for developing other vehicle systems.

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20

Wu, Peng, Penghui Qiang, Tao Pan, and Huaiquan Zang. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Gear Ratios of a Seamless Three-Speed Automated Manual Transmission for Electric Vehicles Considering Shift Performance." Energies 15, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 4149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15114149.

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Multi-speed transmission can greatly improve the power and economic performance of electric vehicles (EVs) compared with single-speed transmission. Gear ratio is the key design parameter of multi-speed transmission. Optimizing gear ratios can further improve vehicle performance. Most of the existing optimization methods of gear ratios take the power and economy of vehicles in gear as the optimization objectives, but rarely consider the shift performance of the transmission, such as shift time, friction, and shift jerk. Considering the shift performance in the process of gear ratio optimization can not only optimize the vehicle performance in gear, but also improve the shift performance of the transmission. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization method of gear ratios considering the shift performance. Firstly, a seamless three-speed automated manual transmission (AMT) of EVs is selected as the research object, the structure and the shift process without power interruption of the three-speed AMT are introduced, and the detailed EV simulation model is established. Then, the multi-objective optimization method of gear ratios considering shifting performance is described. Specifically, the acceleration time, energy consumption, and jerk of the vehicle in gear are taken as the objective functions, and the shift time, clutch friction, and the shift jerk are added to the corresponding objective functions, respectively. Finally, the multi-objective optimization algorithm is used to solve the gear ratio optimization problem. The simulation results show optimization of the gear ratios significantly improves the power, economy, and comfort of the vehicle compared with the original. More importantly, compared with the optimization method without shift performance, gear ratios optimized by the proposed optimization method has better shift performance, and the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by simulations.

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21

Yang, Yunyun, Sen Wu, and Xiang Fu. "Shifting Control Algorithm for a Single-Axle Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Bus Equipped with EMT." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/618587.

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Combining the characteristics of motor with fast response speed, an electric-drive automated mechanical transmission (EMT) is proposed as a novel type of transmission in this paper. Replacing the friction synchronization shifting of automated manual transmission (AMT) in HEVs, the EMT can achieve active synchronization of speed shifting. The dynamic model of a single-axle parallel PHEV equipped with the EMT is built up, and the dynamic properties of the gearshift process are also described. In addition, the control algorithm is developed to improve the shifting quality of the PHEV equipped with the EMT in all its evaluation indexes. The key techniques of changing the driving force gradient in preshifting and shifting compensation phases as well as of predicting the meshing speed in the gear meshing phase are also proposed. Results of simulation, bench test, and real road test demonstrate that the proposed control algorithm can reduce the gearshift jerk and the power interruption time noticeably.

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22

Gong, Peng, Jian Min Meng, and Jun Qiang Xi. "Adaptive Control of Synchromesh Shifting Process for Automated Manual Transmission." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/amr.455-456.1132.

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23

Liu, Zhan Jiang, Hao Li, Xin Li, Jun Li, and Xue Song Li. "Performance Analysis and Evaluation of a PHEV Using Dynamic Programming." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1455.

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For a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle equipped with Automated Manual Transmission (AMT), Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm is used to improve the energy economy of the vehicle under the dynamic performance. Meanwhile, the energy consumption curve of vehicle and the operating points of engine under the driving cycle are obtained. From the results, the operation can be divided into two phases which are pure electric driving mode and hybrid driving mode. Then, compare the consumption in the two phases of hybrid electric vehicle with that of pure electric vehicle and traditional fuel vehicle separately. Finally, through calculation, the dynamic performance of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is also verified.

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24

Chen, Yong Dan, Jun Qiang Xi, and Chun Guang Xu. "Powerful Gear Shifting Control for Hybrid Electric Bus with Automated Manual Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 1023–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.1023.

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Traditionally a gear shift with clutch and synchronizer control makes the synchronisation phase unnecessarily long torque gap time. Based on the benefit of a single shaft parallel hybrid electric bus (PHEV), fast gear shifting and reducing the shafts speed oscillation can be realized by controlling the electric machine with Model Predictive Control (MPC ) method instead of sliding the clutch and synchronizer to a torque-free state in the transmission. Detailed mathematical models of different driveline states are presented and to improve driving comfort. Theoretical and simulation analysis results are compared with experimental ones from the road experiment in equal conditions in order to prove the validity of the gear shifting control strategy.

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25

Senatore, Adolfo, Carmine D'Auria, and Mario Pisaturo. "Simulations of Engagement Control in Actuated Dry-Clutch: Influence of Frictional Response of Facing Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 868 (July 2017): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.868.15.

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This paper focuses on the simulation of clutch engagement behavior in automated manual transmissions (AMTs) to virtualize the vehicle start-up maneuver through implementation of the driveline model and the role of transmission control unit featuring different levels of knowledge regarding to clutch material frictional response. Simulation results underline the crucial requirement of accurate prediction of the frictional coefficient evolution in each clutch maneuver, particularly regarding to the interface temperature estimation to develop effective models and control algorithms.

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26

Zhang, Hong Kun, Wen Jun Li, and Fu Gen Hua. "A New Method of Gear-Position Decision for Automatic Manual Transmission of Parallel Hybrid Electric Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 215-216 (November 2012): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.215-216.322.

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In this paper, the gear-position decision method based on 3-parameter the optimal economical shift schedule for Automatic Manual Transmission (AMT) of Parallel Hybrid Electric Bus (PHEB) is proposed. Vehicle simulation model was built by using ADVISOR simulation software. The simulation results show that 3-parameter shift schedule has improved in economical performance of PHEB compared with 2-parameter shift schedule.

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27

Tawi, Kamarul Baharin, Yusrina Zainal Abidin, Bambang Supriyo, Intan Zaurah Mat Darus Abu, Mohd Salman Che Kob, and Izhari Izmi Mazali. "Experimental Test Rig for Electo-Mechanical Friction Clutch Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.228.

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With the introduction of clutch-by-wire technology, electro-mechanical Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) has comes into existence. This leads the Drivetrain Research Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia to design and developed an indigenous drive-by-wire transmission for the future; which is the electro-mechanical dual acting pulley (EMDAP) continuously variable transmission (CVT). The group then designed and developed an indigenous drive-by-wire clutch, i.e. the electro-mechanical friction clutch (EMFC) to be integrated with the EMDAP CVT. However, to effectively electro-mechanically control the friction clutch, the relationship between motor current and clutch torque and normal force need to be fundamentally studied and established. The purpose of this paper is to set-up an experimental test rig to study electro-mechanical friction clutch actuator behavior and evaluate the correlation between the DC motor current, clutch torque and normal force of the friction clutch. Results from the correlation study will allow researchers not only to measure but also to later control the clutch clamping force using current sensor which relatively would be much simpler and less expensive than using force sensor.

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28

Pisaturo, Mario, and Adolfo Senatore. "Electric Motor and Dry Clutch Control in Launch Manoeuvres of Mild-Hybrid Vehicles Based on AMT/DCT Transmissions." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 7, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v7i1.319.

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Mild-Hybrid Electric Vehicles (mild-HEVs) earned market share over the last years an as effective roadmap to limit air pollution in big cities. In addition to this role, hybrid propulsion can be used to avoid dry clutch overheating in mild-HEVs equipped with automated manual transmissions. Indeed, high thermal level could result in serious damaging of dry clutch linings with very fast decay of expected lifespan affecting vehicle reliability. This paper shows results of vehicle launch simulations to highlight how the propulsion due to electric motor can effectively reduce clutch thermal stress during the slipping phase.

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29

Hailu, Hailemariam N., and Daniel T. Redda. "Design and Development of Power Transmission System for Green and Light Weight Vehicles: A Review." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01812010081.

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A study on green vehicle was introduced and promoted to minimize the problem of air pollution caused by emissions of conventional vehicle. Green mobility are vehicles with low fuel/energy consumption and low/zero exhaust gas emission, these vehicles are like hybrid, battery powered, and fuel cell electric vehicle that can be enhanced to be more efficient than the conventional vehicles through a new design and development of power transmission system. Power transmission system for green and lightweight vehicles consists of different components like gear box, propeller shaft, differential and final drive. In this review more emphasis is given to gear box due to some reasons: firstly, it is one of the heaviest component of the power train system and as a result weight reduction is critically needed to increase the efficiency of the vehicle. Secondly, gearshift takes place therefore, torque interruption needs to minimize. The use of simulation software's i. e. Mat lab, AMEsim, cruise software and other similar programs can simulate high-efficiency power transmission system. The results from the simulation software will be validated by experimental tests on test rigs. One way of minimizing fuel consumption is to reduce the weight of the gearbox by 10% reduction in vehicle weight can improved fuel economy by about 5-7%. As different researchers confirm that to have high vehicle efficiency the type of the transmission they used matters. A vehicle using automated manual transmission (AMT) and dual clutch transmission is more efficient in terms of less energy loss and gearshift comfort.

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30

Liu, Si Qing. "Early Warning System of Power Grid’s Running Risk of Hebi Power Supply." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.60.

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According to the searching inquiry of the grid of Hebi and other power supply units, analysis for the running of the “Regulations” management and grid safety is still in the manual judgment and analysis phase, including the percentage of users of power transmission equipment. Considering its long artificial combing cycle and low efficiency, it cannot achieve the prevention and early warning of electrical safety incidents, basically in the subsequent statistical analysis part. Through the investigation of the above analysis, in order to improve the power grid’s run the risk of the forecast and early warning capacity, it is necessary to be assisted by an automated technical means to increase grid security and the level of operational management.

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Hashchuk, L., та P. Hashchuk. "ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ПРИНЦИПИ ТЕОРІЇ СИНТЕЗУ ЗАКОНІВ ПЕРЕМИКАННЯ ПЕРЕДАЧ В ТРАНСМІСІЯХ АВТОМОБІЛЬНОЇ ПОЖЕЖНО-РЯТУВАЛЬНОЇ ТЕХНІКИ". Fire Safety 39 (29 грудня 2021): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.39.2021.03.

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Ідеться про загальні принципи, на які повинна б спиратись теорія синтезу законів (стратегій) керування пе-ремиканням передач в автоматизованій механічній трансмісії (AMT — Automated Manual Transmission) автомо-більної пожежно-рятувальної машини. Без застосування конкретних оптимізаційних критеріїв за допомогою низки наочних міркувань розглядається початковий етап розвитку концепції автоматизованого перемикання пе-редач в автомобільній трансмісії. На підставі проведеного дослідження сформульовано десять основних питань, на які теорія має знайти вмотивовані відповіді. Ці питання охоплюють зокрема такі теми й поняття: протистояння різних тенденцій в царині автоматизації трансмісії мобільної машини й об’єктивність підстав для цього проти-стояння; мапа перемикань як засіб ідентифікації та відображення законів перемикання передач; існування пріори-тетів режимів роботи двигуна на різних передачах в трансмісії; сумісність/несумісність вимог енергоощадності, екологічності, динамічності, керованості при формуванні законів (стратегій) керування системою «двигун — трансмісія»; .активна участь двигуна у синхронізаційних процесах; режим керування штибу Kickdown та необ-хідність в ньому; явище зациклення процесу перемикання передач; алгоритмічні обмеження технічного штибу; Zeroshift-технологія керування трансмісією.Стверджується, що автоматизазована механічна трансмісія — це надзвичайно ефективна альтернатива ав-томатичній трансмісії з її внутрішнім автоматизмом. Наголошується, що так звана «зовнішня» автоматизація трансмісії машини стає неперехідною потребою. До того ж, застосування технології Zeroshift в значній мірі може знівелювати втрату енергетичної ефективності через можливе зростання частоти перемикання передач. Наполя-гається на тому, що теорію автоматичного керування трансмісією мобільної машини доречно розглядати в термінах концепцій, а не варіацій технічних рішень.

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32

Saikrishna, U., K. Srinivas, and Y. L. V. D. Prasad. "Development of Guided Wave Ultrasonic Inspection Method for Thick Composite Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.153.

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Ultrasonic Non-destructive testing is a well known technique for inspecting fiber reinforced composite structures however; its capability is severely limited by the high attenuation in thick and multi layer structures. Guided wave ultrasonic inspection has been reported to be useful tool for quantitative identification of composite structures. It takes advantage of tailoring / generating desired ultrasonic wave modes (Symmetric and anti-symmetric) for improved transmission through the composite structure. For this, guided waves have to be generated selectively by precisely placing transducer at an angle to the test surface. Automation of two axis fixture for transmission and reception of transducers have to be used for avoiding manual errors. The captured signals have to be processed in order to extract useful information from the received ultrasonic signals. The proposed project aims at developing automated guided wave inspection methods along with digital signal processing for generating dispersion curves for thick composited. Using test laminates with implanted defects, methodology for thick composite inspection with guided wave ultrasonic’s will be established. For this data will be captured and analyzed using Labview software.

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33

Lu, Hui Guo, Cong Ying Li, and Juan Ping Jiang. "Application of Intelligence Control in Agriculture Greenhouses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.293.

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Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, and the guarantee of national industry. Greenhouse can grow counter-season production of crops and bring higher profits to farmers. But in our country the informatization level of agricultural is low. By using data acquisition technology, wireless communication technique and computer technology, this project can make intelligent monitoring, management and control of the large-scale plastic greenhouse come true and make agricultural information access and remote data transmission and exchange automated. The project is of simple circuit, low cost, good maintainability, and the expected results (the management of the greenhouse control) is operating conveniently and hommization, which can reduce a lot of manual work. It is expected to be widely popularized in agricultural plastic greenhouses in China. Key words:Intelligent Agriculture; Automation; Data acquisition; Sensors;

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34

Huang, Jianfeng, Jianlong Zhang, and Chengliang Yin. "Comparative study of motor speed synchronization control for an integrated motor–transmission powertrain system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 4 (July 13, 2019): 1137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019862894.

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This paper compares several kinds of methods for motor speed synchronization control, which plays an important role in gear shifting of emerging clutchless automated manual transmissions for battery electric vehicles and other powertrain systems for hybrid electric vehicles. Specifically, four controllers, namely, proportional-integral control, disturbance observer–based proportional control, integral sliding mode–based proportional control, and disturbance observer–based act-and-wait control, are compared in transient responses regarding settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error. Each is formulated by combining one nominal controller for speed tracking and another for disturbance compensation. For disturbance observer–based proportional control, model-based determination of the feedback gain and disturbance observer gain is discussed. Simulations and experiments are carried out to study effects of different controller parameter settings and evaluate performances of different methods under different operation conditions with disturbances and uncertainties like plant parameter drift, communication time delay, unknown load torques, and so on. Based on the results, it is advised that disturbance observer–based proportional control with the reference signal set as the nominal speed trajectory be used in practice, since it comes with merits of few controller parameters to be determined as well as robust, consistent, and satisfactory performances.

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35

Zhang, Hong Kun, and Wen Jun Li. "CAN-Bus Communication Design for Automated Mechanical Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 1787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.1787.

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The Transmission Control Unit (TCU) of Automated Mechanical Transmission (AMT) can not only control drive train to shift automatically but also communicate with other controller to achieve coordination control. In this paper, Controller Area Network (CAN) communication of AMT is designed by using Motorola Scalable CAN Module (MSCAN) integrated in MC9S12DP256 Microcontroller. CAN communication protocol, CAN interface circuit and software are developed.

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36

Chen, Chao. "Discuss BMW Automatic Transmission Work Principle and Fault Handling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.240.

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The structure of the automatic transmission is slightly complicated than the manual gearbox, but its function has increased greatly. Classification, automatic transmission control of the gear transmission system can be divided into hydraulic control hydraulic automatic transmission and electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmission, hydraulic transmission device can be divided into the structure of the fluid coupling and torque converter, combined with the above the structure and principle of a BMW to analyze automatic transmission failure and treatment.

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37

Li, Yunxia, and Lei Li. "Research on Segmented Belt Acceleration Curve Based on Automated Mechanical Transmission." Processes 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010106.

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An automated mechanical transmission (AMT) is proposed as a new soft starter for medium-scale belt conveyors in this paper. The AMT is used to start the belt conveyor and shift gears step by step to make the belt conveyor accelerate softly. Based on analyzing common soft-starting acceleration curves, a segmented belt acceleration curve is proposed as a new soft-starting acceleration curve. By analyzing the AMT soft-starting system, the system modeling is built and the AMT output shaft’s angular acceleration is proposed to be controlled to control the belt acceleration. The AMT soft-starting simulation model is established in the environment of AMESim, and simulation results of the soft-starting process from the first to eighth gear positions are given. The main parameter curves of the AMT soft-starting system including the belt, driving pulley, and AMT output shaft are analyzed. The simulation model can indicate the viscoelastic property of the belt. The simulation results prove that the segmented belt acceleration is appropriate for a medium-scale belt conveyor and provide a theoretical and reasonable basis for using an AMT as a soft starter.

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38

Cheng, Yu, Hong Wei Zhao, Song Wang, Wei Lv, and Tao Sun. "A Software Design of Data Acquisition System Based on Optimal Control AMT." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 1969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.1969.

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As the developing of the automatic manipulate control technique of automobile, the research and development of Automated Transmission have abstracted more and more attention. In numerous Automated Transmission productions, AMT (Automated Mechanical Transmission) plays an absolutely important role. This system is a AMT data collection system based on electro-hydraulic control. According to the design of the system software program, we can collect and analyze the data of driving, and then mark the electro-hydraulic valve. This paper designs and realizes the total structure of data collection and processing system, analyses and designs the function of all modules elaborately. It is the summary of the front period work of the whole AMT system, and is the foundation of the work of function realization and running and debugging of AMT system.

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39

Margaris, Aristotelis, Ioannis Filippas, and Kostas Tsagkaris. "Hybrid Network–Spatial Clustering for Optimizing 5G Mobile Networks." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031203.

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5G is the new generation of 3GPP-based cellular communications that provides remarkable connectivity capabilities and extreme network performance to mobile network operators and cellular users worldwide. The rollout process of a new capacity layer (cell) on top of the existing previous cellular technologies is a complex process that requires time and manual effort from radio planning-engineering teams and parameter optimization teams. When it comes to optimum configuration of the 5G gNB cell parameters, the maximization of achieved coverage (RSRP) and quality (SINR) of the served mobile terminals are of high importance for achieving the very high data transmission rates expected in 5G. This process strongly relies on network measurements that can be even more insightful when mobile terminal localization information is present. This information can be generated by modern algorithmic techniques that act on the cellular network signaling measurements. Configuration algorithms can then use these measurements combined with location information to optimize various cell deployment parameters such as cell azimuth. Furthermore, data-driven approaches are shown in the literature to outperform traditional, model-based algorithms as they can automate the optimization of parameters while specializing in the characteristics of each individual geographical zone. In the context of the above, in this paper, we tested the automated network reconfiguration schemes based on unsupervised learning and applied statistics for cell azimuth steering. We compared network metric clustering and geospatial clustering to be used as our baseline algorithms that are based on K-means with the proposed scheme—hybrid network and spatial clustering based on hierarchical DBSCAN. Each of these algorithms used data generated by an initial scenario to produce cell re-configuration actions and their performance was then evaluated on a validated simulation platform to capture the impact of each set of gNB reconfiguration actions. Our performance evaluation methodology was based on statistical distribution analysis for RSRP and SINR metrics for the reference scenario as well as for each reconfiguration scheme. It is shown that while both baseline algorithms improved the overall performance of the network, the proposed hybrid network–spatial scheme greatly outperformed them in all statistical criteria that were evaluated, making it a better candidate for the optimization of 5G capacity layers in modern urban environments.

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40

Ibrahim A., Amir, Qin Datong ., and Liu Zhenjun . "A Control Strategy on Starting up of Vehicle with Automatic Manual Transmissions (AMT)*." Information Technology Journal 4, no. 2 (March 15, 2005): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2005.140.145.

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41

Zemmrich, Thomas. "Automated five-speed manual transmission — Easytronic 3.0." Auto Tech Review 4, no. 9 (September 2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s40112-015-0980-z.

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42

Lucente, Gianluca, Marcello Montanari, and Carlo Rossi. "Modelling of an automated manual transmission system." Mechatronics 17, no. 2-3 (March 2007): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2006.11.002.

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43

Guihe Qin, Ju-Jang Lee, Jiehong Zhao, and Anlin Ge. "Cruise control of automated manual transmission vehicles." Computing and Control Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cce:20030203.

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44

Li, Yunxia, and Lei Li. "Parameter Estimation of a Countershaft Brake for Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Automated Mechanical Transmission." Processes 9, no. 6 (June 13, 2021): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9061036.

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A countershaft brake is used as a transmission brake (TB) to realize synchronous shifting by reducing the automated mechanical transmission (AMT) input shaft’s speed rapidly. This process is performed to reduce shifting time and improve shifting quality for heavy-duty vehicles equipped with AMT without synchronizer. To improve controlled synchronous shifting, the AMT input shaft’s equivalent resistance torque and the TB’s characteristic parameters are studied. An AMT dynamic model under neutral gear position is analyzed during the synchronous control interval. A dynamic model of the countershaft brake is discussed, and its control flow is given. The parameter identification method of the AMT input shaft’s equivalent resistance torque is given on the basis of the least squares algorithm. The parameter identification of the TB’s characteristic parameters is proposed on the basis of the recursive least squares method (RLSM). Experimental results show that the recursive estimations of the TB’s characteristic parameters under different duty cycles of the TB solenoid valve, including brake torque estimation, estimation accuracy, and braking intensity estimation, can be effectively estimated. The research provides some reliable evidence to further study the synchronous shifting control schedule for heavy-duty vehicles with AMT.

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45

Prodhan, Ron. "Exhaust Based Automated Manual Transmission System for Vehicles." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 26, no. 3 (August 25, 2015): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v26p228.

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46

Torrelli, Claudio. "The Automated Manual Transmission for the Lamborghini Aventador." ATZ worldwide 114, no. 7-8 (July 2012): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-012-0190-0.

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47

Zemmrich, Thomas. "New Automated Five-speed Manual Transmission — Easytronic 3.0." ATZ worldwide 117, no. 6 (May 6, 2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-015-0021-1.

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48

Stübi, René, Herbert Schill, Eliane Maillard Barras, Jörg Klausen, and Alexander Haefele. "Quality assessment of Dobson spectrophotometers for ozone column measurements before and after automation at Arosa and Davos." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 4203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4203-2021.

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Abstract. The longest ozone column measurement series are based on the Dobson sun spectrophotometers developed in the 1920s by Gordon B. W. Dobson. These instruments still constitute an important part of the World Meteorological Organization's global network due to their optical qualities and ruggedness. The primary drawback of this instrument is the effort needed for its manual operation. In industrialized and some less developed countries, most stations have made the choice to replace the Dobson by the automated Brewer sun spectrophotometers, but some are still relying on the Dobson instrument. One of them is the Arosa station where both instrument types are run in parallel. Here, an automated version of the Dobson instrument was developed and implemented recently. In the present paper, the results of the analysis of simultaneous measurements from pairs of Dobson instruments that were either collocated at Arosa or Davos or operated one at each location are presented for four distinct time periods: 1992–2012 – manual vs. manual operation of collocated Dobson instruments (MMC); 2012–2013 – manual vs. automated operation of collocated Dobson instruments (MAC); 2012–2019 – automated vs. automated operation of collocated Dobson instruments (AAC); 2016–2019 – automated vs. automated operation of distant Dobson instruments (AAD). The direct comparison of two instruments using the standard operation procedure during the MMC period gives a metric necessary to validate the automated version of Dobson instruments. The direct comparison of two collocated instruments using the standard manual operation procedure reveals random differences of coincident observations with a standard deviation of ∼ 0.45 % and monthly mean differences between −1.0 % and +0.8 %. In most cases the observed biases are not statistically significant. The same analysis of two automated Dobson instruments yields significantly smaller standard deviation of ∼ 0.25 % and biases of between −0.7 % and 0.8 %. This demonstrates that the repeatability has improved with the automation, while the systematic differences are only marginally smaller. The analysis of the AAD period of coincident measurements from the distant sites Arosa and Davos reveals a small positive bias (not significant) compatible with the 250 m altitude difference. The description of the automated data acquisition and control of the Dobson instrument is presented in a separate paper (Stübi et al., 2020).

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Liu, Zhen Tong, Hong Wen He, and Wei Qing Li. "Optimization of Economy Shift Schedule for Automated Mechanical Transmission in a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.331.

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Power train of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with automated mechanical transmission (AMT) is made up of engine, electric motor, batteries and propulsion system. Shift schedule can’t be worked out with the same way of conventional AMT vehicle. Based on the optimal torque distribution strategy and analysis of the driving efficiency for parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), a new economy shift schedule for PHEVs equipped with AMT is proposed to maximize the driving efficiency. The MATLAB/CRUISE co-simulation results show that the proposed shift schedule can more efficiently improve the fuel economy performance.

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50

Shinar, David, Meir Meir, and Israel Ben-Shoham. "How Automatic Is Manual Gear Shifting?" Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40, no. 4 (December 1998): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872098779649346.

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Manual gear shifting is often used as an example of an automated (vs. controlled) process in driving. The present study provided an empirical evaluation of this assumption by evaluating sign detection and recall performance of novice and experienced drivers driving manual shift and automatic transmission cars in a downtown area requiring frequent gear shifting. The results showed that manual gear shifting significantly impaired sign detection performance of novice drivers using manual gears compared with novice drivers using an automatic transmission, whereas no such differences existed between the two transmission types for experienced drivers. The results clearly demonstrate that manual gear shifting is a complex psychomotor skill that is not easily (or quickly) automated and that until it becomes automated, it is an attention-demanding task that may impair other monitoring aspects of driving performance. Actual or potential applications of this research include a reevaluation of the learning process in driving and the need for phased instruction in driving from automatic gears to manual gears.

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