Статті в журналах з теми "Automated Engine Calibration"
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Murgovski, Nikolce, Markus Grahn, Lars Mardh Johannesson, and Tomas McKelvey. "Automated Engine Calibration of Hybrid Electric Vehicles." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 23, no. 3 (May 2015): 1063–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2014.2360920.
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Ma, He, Ziyang Li, Mohamad Tayarani, Guoxiang Lu, Hongming Xu, and Xin Yao. "Model-based computational intelligence multi-objective optimization for gasoline direct injection engine calibration." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 6 (June 4, 2018): 1391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018776743.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For modern engines, the number of adjustable variables is increasing considerably. With an increase in the number of degrees of freedom and the consequent increase in the complexity of the calibration process, traditional design of experiments–based engine calibration methods are reaching their limits. As a result, an automated engine calibration approach is desired. In this paper, a model-based computational intelligence multi-objective optimization approach for gasoline direct injection engine calibration is developed, which can optimize the engine’s indicated specific fuel consumption, indicated specific particulate matter by mass, and indicated specific particulate matter by number simultaneously, by intelligently adjusting the engine actuators’ settings through Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2. A mean-value model of gasoline direct injection engine is developed in the author’s earlier work and used to predict the performance of indicated specific fuel consumption, indicated specific particulate matter by mass, and indicated specific particulate matter by number with given value of intake valves opening timing, exhaust valves closing timing, spark timing, injection timing, and rail pressure. Then a co-simulation platform is established for the introduced intelligence engine calibration approach in the given engine operating condition. The co-simulation study and experimental validation results suggest that the developed intelligence calibration approach can find the optimal gasoline direct injection engine actuators’ settings with acceptable accuracy in much less time, compared to the traditional approach.
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Ebrahimi, Kambiz, Antonios Pezouvanis, Mark Cary, Bob Lygoe, Nikolaos Kalantzis, and Tom Fletcher. "Automated engine calibration validation for real world driving conditions." International Journal of Powertrains 9, no. 4 (2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10033157.
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Fletcher, Tom, Nikolaos Kalantzis, Mark Cary, Bob Lygoe, Antonios Pezouvanis, and Kambiz Ebrahimi. "Automated engine calibration validation for real world driving conditions." International Journal of Powertrains 9, no. 4 (2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.111251.
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Millo, Federico, Andrea Piano, Benedetta Peiretti Paradisi, Mario Rocco Marzano, Andrea Bianco, and Francesco C. Pesce. "Development and Assessment of an Integrated 1D-3D CFD Codes Coupling Methodology for Diesel Engine Combustion Simulation and Optimization." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071612.
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In this paper, an integrated and automated methodology for the coupling between 1D- and 3D-CFD simulation codes is presented, which has been developed to support the design and calibration of new diesel engines. The aim of the proposed methodology is to couple 1D engine models, which may be available in the early stage engine development phases, with 3D predictive combustion simulations, in order to obtain reliable estimates of engine performance and emissions for newly designed automotive diesel engines. The coupling procedure features simulations performed in 1D-CFD by means of GT-SUITE and in 3D-CFD by means of Converge, executed within a specifically designed calculation methodology. An assessment of the coupling procedure has been performed by comparing its results with experimental data acquired on an automotive diesel engine, considering different working points, including both part load and full load conditions. Different multiple injection schedules have been evaluated for part-load operation, including pre and post injections. The proposed methodology, featuring detailed 3D chemistry modeling, was proven to be capable assessing pollutant formation properly, specifically to estimate NOx concentrations. Soot formation trends were also well-matched for most of the explored working points. The proposed procedure can therefore be considered as a suitable methodology to support the design and calibration of new diesel engines, due to its ability to provide reliable engine performance and emissions estimations from the early stage of a new engine development.
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Sadykov, M. F. "AUTOMATED MULTIFUNCTIONAL INSTALLATION FOR THE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGIN." Proceedings of the higher educational institutions. ENERGY SECTOR PROBLEMS 20, no. 9-10 (January 24, 2019): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2018-20-9-10-138-145.
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At present, testing and tuning of electronic engine control systems is a long and laborious process, since it is necessary to fulfill all safety requirements, ensure power and environmental parameters and fuel efficiency of the engine being developed. The article describes a multifunctional automated installation for tuning up an electronic control system, speeding up the calibration and modification of algorithms for electronic control systems of an internal combustion engine, and to work off reactions to occurring malfunctions.
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Asprion, Jonas, Oscar Chinellato, and Lino Guzzella. "Optimal Control of Diesel Engines: Numerical Methods, Applications, and Experimental Validation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/286538.
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In response to the increasingly stringent emission regulations and a demand for ever lower fuel consumption, diesel engines have become complex systems. The exploitation of any leftover potential during transient operation is crucial. However, even an experienced calibration engineer cannot conceive all the dynamic cross couplings between the many actuators. Therefore, a highly iterative procedure is required to obtain a single engine calibration, which in turn causes a high demand for test-bench time. Physics-based mathematical models and a dynamic optimisation are the tools to alleviate this dilemma. This paper presents the methods required to implement such an approach. The optimisation-oriented modelling of diesel engines is summarised, and the numerical methods required to solve the corresponding large-scale optimal control problems are presented. The resulting optimal control input trajectories over long driving profiles are shown to provide enough information to allow conclusions to be drawn for causal control strategies. Ways of utilising this data are illustrated, which indicate that a fully automated dynamic calibration of the engine control unit is conceivable. An experimental validation demonstrates the meaningfulness of these results. The measurement results show that the optimisation predicts the reduction of the fuel consumption and the cumulative pollutant emissions with a relative error of around 10% on highly transient driving cycles.
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Yahagi, Shuichi, Itsuro Kajiwara, and Tomoaki Shimozawa. "Slip control during inertia phase of clutch-to-clutch shift using model-free self-tuning proportional-integral-derivative control." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 9 (April 8, 2020): 2279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020907257.
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Transmissions require a good shift feeling and improved fuel efficiency. In state-of-the-art stepped automated transmissions, the number of gear stages increases, and the lock-up area is expanded to improve fuel efficiency. However, this makes it difficult to obtain a good shift feeling and it takes a large number of calibration man-hours. Therefore, to reduce the number of calibration man-hours and improve the shift feeling, we propose a slip control law between the engine and the clutch, which is composed of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and a disturbance observer. Moreover, PID gain is adjusted online by installing an automatic tuning method, which does not require a controlled object model. The effects of the proposed method are verified via an experiment using an actual vehicle. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for automatically adjusting PID gain and improving the shift feeling of the stepped automated transmission.
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Evdonin, E. S., P. V. Dushkin, A. I. Kuzmin, S. S. Khovrenok, and V. V. Kremnev. "Automation of an automobile internal combustion engine bench calibration tests." Trudy NAMI, no. 4 (January 4, 2022): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2021-4-12-21.
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Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The article presents the work on the automation of an internal combustion engine (ICE) calibration tests results on a motor stand. The relevance of the article is due to the high labor intensity of such tests, the complexity of documentation and decisionmaking based on the results of the work.Purpose of the study. This work is part of a comprehensive methodology, the purpose of which is to reduce the duration of tests and improve the calibration results quality of the vehicle’s power plant. The entire methodology description as a whole is also given in the publication.Methodology and research methods. The achievement of this goal is ensured with the help of special systems – INCA-FLOW (test automation) and ASCMO (processing results and optimization), produced by Bosch/ETAS. The approbation of the technique was carried out on a motor stand in the MADI training box in relation to the problem of forming an ignition timing map.Scientific novelty and results. As a result of the methodology application, a 4.8 times reduction in the motor tests duration takes place if 2 people work in manual mode at the test bench without interruption.At the same time, the variance of the adequacy of Sad of the torque empirical model Mk turned out to be, on average, 1.5 times less if the model was built according to the automated tests results. The obtained data indicated an improvement in the quality of measurements in the transition to automated test methods.From a scientific point of view, the most original part of the work is the application of the “Gaussian process” method to build empirical models. This method provides more accurate results than, for example, the traditional method of least squares.The practical significance of the work lies in the ability to considerably reduce routine actions on a motor stand, and the additional time spent on developing and testing a test scenario (program) is compensated for by the fact that scenario models can be used in the future for other similar tests. The proposed methodology makes it possible to cover a significant part of the internal combustion engine calibration tests. For example, you can apply it if you possess the preliminary information about the test object (basing on which you can draw up an experiment plan) and the engine is to be prepared either for a car road tests or tests under special conditions.
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Pasternak, Michal, Fabian Mauss, Christian Klauer, and Andrea Matrisciano. "Diesel engine performance mapping using a parametrized mixing time model." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 2 (July 17, 2017): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417718115.
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A numerical platform is presented for diesel engine performance mapping. The platform employs a zero-dimensional stochastic reactor model for the simulation of engine in-cylinder processes. n-Heptane is used as diesel surrogate for the modeling of fuel oxidation and emission formation. The overall simulation process is carried out in an automated manner using a genetic algorithm. The probability density function formulation of the stochastic reactor model enables an insight into the locality of turbulence–chemistry interactions that characterize the combustion process in diesel engines. The interactions are accounted for by the modeling of representative mixing time. The mixing time is parametrized with known engine operating parameters such as load, speed and fuel injection strategy. The detailed chemistry consideration and mixing time parametrization enable the extrapolation of engine performance parameters beyond the operating points used for model training. The results show that the model responds correctly to the changes of engine control parameters such as fuel injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation rate. It is demonstrated that the method developed can be applied to the prediction of engine load–speed maps for exhaust NOx, indicated mean effective pressure and fuel consumption. The maps can be derived from the limited experimental data available for model calibration. Significant speedup of the simulations process can be achieved using tabulated chemistry. Overall, the method presented can be considered as a bridge between the experimental works and the development of mean value engine models for engine control applications.
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Gorman, Richard M., and Hilary J. Oliver. "Automated model optimisation using the Cylc workflow engine (Cyclops v1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2018): 2153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2153-2018.
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Abstract. Most geophysical models include many parameters that are not fully determined by theory, and can be “tuned” to improve the model's agreement with available data. We might attempt to automate this tuning process in an objective way by employing an optimisation algorithm to find the set of parameters that minimises a cost function derived from comparing model outputs with measurements. A number of algorithms are available for solving optimisation problems, in various programming languages, but interfacing such software to a complex geophysical model simulation presents certain challenges. To tackle this problem, we have developed an optimisation suite (“Cyclops”) based on the Cylc workflow engine that implements a wide selection of optimisation algorithms from the NLopt Python toolbox (Johnson, 2014). The Cyclops optimisation suite can be used to calibrate any modelling system that has itself been implemented as a (separate) Cylc model suite, provided it includes computation and output of the desired scalar cost function. A growing number of institutions are using Cylc to orchestrate complex distributed suites of interdependent cycling tasks within their operational forecast systems, and in such cases application of the optimisation suite is particularly straightforward. As a test case, we applied the Cyclops to calibrate a global implementation of the WAVEWATCH III (v4.18) third-generation spectral wave model, forced by ERA-Interim input fields. This was calibrated over a 1-year period (1997), before applying the calibrated model to a full (1979–2016) wave hindcast. The chosen error metric was the spatial average of the root mean square error of hindcast significant wave height compared with collocated altimeter records. We describe the results of a calibration in which up to 19 parameters were optimised.
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Huang, Jiang Lin, Jean Christophe Gebelin, Richard Turner, and Roger C. Reed. "A Process Model for Electron Beam Welding with Variable Thickness." Materials Science Forum 762 (July 2013): 538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.538.
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A process model for electron beam (EB) welding with a variable thickness weld joint has been developed. Based on theoretical aspects and experimental calibration of electron beam focusing, welding parameters including beam power, focus current, working distance and welding speed were formulated in the heat source model. The model has been applied for the simulation of assembly of components in a gas turbine engine compressor. A series of metallographic weld sections with different welding thickness were investigated to validate the predicted thermal results. The workpieces were scanned both prior to-and after welding, using automated optical metrology (GOM scanning) in order to measure the distortion induced in the welding process. The measured result was compared with predicted displacement. This work demonstrates the attempts to improve the EB welding process modelling by connecting the heat input directly from the actual welding parameters, which could potentially reduce (or even remove) the need for weld bead calibrations from experimental observation.
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Pedreros-Guarda, María, Rodrigo Abarca-del-Río, Karen Escalona, Ignacio García, and Óscar Parra. "A Google Earth Engine Application to Retrieve Long-Term Surface Temperature for Small Lakes. Case: San Pedro Lagoons, Chile." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 4544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224544.
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Lake surface water temperature (LSWT) is a crucial water quality parameter that modulates many lake and reservoir processes. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor it from a long-term perspective. Over the last decades, many methods to retrieve LSWT fields from satellite imagery have been developed. This work aims to test, implement and automate six methods. These are performed in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, using 30 m spatial resolution images from Landsat 7 and 8 satellites for 2000–2020. Automated methods deliver long-term time series. Series are then calibrated with in situ data. Two-dimensional (2D) × time data fields are built on the lakes with the calibration, and a subsequent LSWT climatology is derived. Our study area is two urban lagoons with areas smaller than two (2) km2 of the city of San Pedro de la Paz, South-Central Chile. The six methods describe the seasonal variation of LSWT (Willmott’s index of agreement > 0.91, R2 > 0.67). The main difference between series is their bias. Thus, after a simple calibration, all series adequately describe the LSWT. We utilized the Pedro de la Paz lagoons to demonstrate the method’s utility. Our research demonstrates that these adjacent lagoons exhibit comparable LSWT spatial (15.5–17 ∘C) and temporal (7–25 ∘C) trends throughout the year. Differences in geographical pattern might result from the northern island’s heat impact and the existence of the Biobío river to the east. Our work represents an efficient alternative for obtaining LSWT in particular lakes and reservoirs, especially useful in medium and small-sized ones.
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Kadam, Sunil A., Claudio O. Stöckle, Mingliang Liu, Zhongming Gao, and Eric S. Russell. "Suitability of Earth Engine Evaporation Flux (EEFlux) Estimation of Evapotranspiration in Rainfed Crops." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 3884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193884.
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This study evaluated evapotranspiration (ET) estimated using the Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFlux), an automated version of the widely used Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Spatial Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model, via comparison with ET measured using eddy covariance flux towers at two U.S. sites (St. John, WA, USA and Genesee, ID, USA) and for two years (2018 and 2019). Crops included spring wheat, winter pea, and winter wheat, all grown under rainfed conditions. The performance indices for daily EEFlux ET estimations combined for all sites and years dramatically improved when the cold pixel alfalfa reference ET fraction (ETrF) in METRIC was reduced from 1.05 (typically used for irrigated crops) to 0.85, with further improvement when the periods of early growth and canopy senescence were excluded. Large EEFlux ET overestimation during crop senescence was consistent in all sites and years. The seasonal absolute departure error was 51% (cold pixel ETrF = 1.05) and 23% (cold pixel ETrF = 0.85), the latter reduced to 12% when the early growth and canopy senescence periods were excluded. Departures of 10% are a reasonable expectation for methods of ET estimation, which EEFlux could achieve with more frequent satellite images, better daily weather data sources, automated adjustment of daily ETrF values during crop senescence, and a better understanding of the selection of adequate cold pixel ETrF values for rainfed crops.
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Schmiedt, Marius, Ping He, and Stephan Rinderknecht. "Target State Optimization: Drivability Improvement for Vehicles with Dual Clutch Transmissions." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 10283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010283.
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Vehicles with dual clutch transmissions (DCT) are well known for their comfortable drivability since gear shifts can be performed jerklessly. The ability of blending the torque during gear shifts from one clutch to the other, making the type of automated transmission a perfect alternative to torque converters, which also comes with a higher efficiency. Nevertheless, DCT also have some drawbacks. The actuation of two clutches requires an immense control effort, which is handled in the implementation of a wide range of software functions on the transmission control unit (TCU). These usually contain control parameters, which makes the behavior adaptable to different vehicle and engine platforms. The adaption of these parameters is called calibration, which is usually an iterative time-consuming process. The calibration of the embedded software solutions in control units is a widely known problem in the automotive industry. The calibration of any vehicle subsystem (e.g., engine, transmission, suspension, driver assistance systems for autonomous driving, etc.) requires costly test trips in different ambient conditions. To reduce the calibration effort and the accompanying use of professionals, several approaches to automize the calibration process are proposed. Due to the fact that a solution is desired which can optimize different calibration problems, a generic metaheuristic approach is aimed. Regardless, the scope of the current research is the optimization of the launch behavior for vehicles equipped with DCT since, particularly at low speeds, the transmission behavior must meet the intention of the driver (drivers tend to be more perceptive at low speeds). To clarify the characteristics of the launch, several test subject studies are performed. The influence factors, such as engine sound, maximal acceleration, acceleration build-up (mean jerk), and the reaction time, are taken into account. Their influence on the evaluation of launch with relation to the criteria of sportiness, comfort, and jerkiness, are examined based on the evaluation of the test subject studies. According to the results of the study, reference values for the optimization of the launch behavior are derived. The research contains a study of existing approaches for optimizing driving behavior with metaheuristics (e.g., genetic algorithms, reinforcement learning, etc.). Since the existing approaches have different drawbacks (in scope of the optimization problem) a new approach is proposed, which outperforms existing ones. The approach itself is a hybrid solution of reinforcement learning (RL) and supervised learning (SL) and is applied in a software in the loop environment, and in a test vehicle.
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Katayev, Yuriy V., Valeriy S. Gerasimov, and Aleksey A. Solomashkin. "INTERACTIVE 3D SYSTEM FOR MEASURING CONTROL PARTS DURING REPAIR OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin 2, no. 143 (June 2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2021-59-2-39-45.
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The development of scientific hypotheses and approaches to improve the strategy of maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery is becoming one of the most relevant areas in the agro-industrial complex, since it is of paramount importance in the technical support of the machine and tractor fleet throughout the entire life cycle of machines. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the methods of searching for defects of internal combustion engine on the example of the connecting rod of the tractor engine K-744. (Materials and methods) The study of methods and means of controlling parts of automotive internal combustion engines during defects and repairs are conducted. Authors developed an automated interactive system with software for monitoring these parameters on the example of the connecting rod of the K-744 tractor engine. The article proposes a new maintenance strategy based on the use of multiple tolerances, each tolerance corresponding to a certain wear rate of the part. As a result of this strategy, the failure rate is significantly reduced and the average service life increases. (Results and discussion) The article presents the experimental data on the wear of the surface of the lower connecting rod head by the angle of rotation of the internal meter. Measurements were carried out on a special installation consisting of a controlled connecting rod of the YaMZ, an internal measuring device of the NI brand-75-100-1, two metal washers with a diameter of 93 and a thickness of 7 millimeters and a micrometer of 0-100 mm, designed for calibration of the internal measuring device. (Conclusions) The experimental dependences of the surface wear of the lower connecting rod head on the angle of rotation of the internal meter for different connecting rods in three sections in height at an equal distance between themselves are 13, 20 and 27 millimeters in height of the lower connecting rod head.
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Bozza, Fabio, Vincenzo De Bellis, and Luigi Teodosio. "A numerical procedure for the calibration of a turbocharged spark-ignition variable valve actuation engine at part load." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 8 (October 24, 2016): 810–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416674653.
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Referring to spark-ignition engines, the downsizing, coupled to turbocharging and variable valve actuation systems are very common solutions to reduce the brake-specific fuel consumption at low-medium brake mean effective pressure. However, the adoption of such solutions increases the complexity of engine control and management because of the additional degrees of freedom, and hence results in a longer calibration time and higher experimental efforts. In this work, a twin-cylinder turbocharged variable valve actuation spark-ignition engine is numerically investigated by a one-dimensional model (GT-Power™). The considered engine is equipped with a fully flexible variable valve actuation system, realizing both a common full-lift strategy and a more advanced early intake valve closure strategy. Refined sub-models are used to describe turbulence and combustion processes. In the first stage, one-dimensional engine model is validated against the experimental data at full and part load. The validated model is then integrated in a multipurpose commercial optimizer (modeFRONTIER™) with the aim to identify the engine calibration that minimizes brake-specific fuel consumption at part load. In particular, the decision parameters of the optimization process are the early intake valve closure angle, the throttle valve opening, the turbocharger setting and the spark timing. Proper constraints are posed for intake pressure in order to limit the gas-dynamic noise radiated at the intake mouth. The adopted optimization approach shows the capability to reproduce with good accuracy the experimentally identified calibration. The latter corresponds to the numerically derived Pareto frontier in brake mean effective pressure–brake specific fuel consumption plane. The optimization also underlines the advantages of an engine calibration based on a combination of early intake valve closure strategy and intake throttling rather than a purely throttle-based calibration. The developed automatic procedure allows for a ‘virtual’ calibration of the considered engine on completely theoretical basis and proves to be very helpful in reducing the experimental costs and the engine time-to-market.
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Almousa, Omamah, Joana Prates, Noor Yeslam, Dougal Mac Gregor, Junsong Zhang, Viet Phan, Marc Nielsen, Richard Smith, and Karim Qayumi. "Virtual Reality Simulation Technology for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training: An Innovative Hybrid System With Haptic Feedback." Simulation & Gaming 50, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878118820905.
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Objective. Although cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills are lifesaving skills, the gap between awareness and actual training remains significant. Advances in technology are shaping the future of education and innovative learning solutions are essential to facilitate effective and accessible training. This project objective is to develop a self-directed educational system for hands-on CPR training using virtual reality (VR) technology. Methods. HTC VIVE was the chosen VR engine, and Unity3D was the software used for development. CPR skills including chest compressions, rescue breathing, and automated external defibrillator (AED) are taught in VR through focused instructions, demonstrations, and simulated interactive scenarios with hands-on training sessions. A tracking system was designed using virtual planes and VIVE-Tracker for accurate measurements of chest compressions (rate, depth, and recoil), hands’ position and AED. A real mannequin was integrated in the VR space and overlaid with virtual 3D-human model for realistic haptic feedback and hands-on training. VIVE-controller was used for precise calibration between the mannequin location in real environment and the virtual human model in VR space. Results. The VR-CPR prototype was designed to be generic, approachable, and easy to follow. Realism and interaction were achieved through 3D virtual scenes simulating common sites at which cardiac arrest may occur. Variety in scenarios and gamification features like scoring and difficulty levels of training were made to enhance users’ engagement. The VR-mannequin hybrid system enabled quality training and immersive learning experience. Further, real-time feedback and scoring system are built for self-directed learning and optimal performance. Conclusions. The developed VR-hybrid product is a structured educational tool for hands-on CPR training and ongoing practice. This innovative technology provides self-directed learning with no restrictions of time, place, or personnel, which are the main challenges with current traditional courses. This product is a promising CPR training initiative in the evolution of digital education.
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Carstairs, Harry, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Iain McNicol, Chiara Aquino, Eric Chezeaux, Médard Obiang Ebanega, Anaick Modinga Dikongo, and Mathias Disney. "Sentinel-1 Shadows Used to Quantify Canopy Loss from Selective Logging in Gabon." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 4233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174233.
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Selective logging is a major cause of forest degradation in the tropics, but its precise scale, location and timing are not known as wide-area, automated remote sensing methods are not yet available at this scale. This limits the abilities of governments to police illegal logging, or monitor (and thus receive payments for) reductions in degradation. Sentinel-1, a C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite mission with a 12-day repeat time across the tropics, is a promising tool for this due to the known appearance of shadows in images where canopy trees are removed. However, previous work has relied on optical satellite data for calibration and validation, which has inherent uncertainties, leaving unanswered questions about the minimum magnitude and area of canopy loss this method can detect. Here, we use a novel bi-temporal LiDAR dataset in a forest degradation experiment in Gabon to show that canopy gaps as small as 0.02 ha (two 10 m × 10 m pixels) can be detected by Sentinel-1. The accuracy of our algorithm was highest when using a timeseries of 50 images over 20 months and no multilooking. With these parameters, canopy gaps in our study site were detected with a false alarm rate of 6.2%, a missed detection rate of 12.2%, and were assigned disturbance dates that were a good qualitative match to logging records. The presence of geolocation errors and false alarms makes this method unsuitable for confirming individual disturbances. However, we found a linear relationship (r2=0.74) between the area of detected Sentinel-1 shadow and LiDAR-based canopy loss at a scale of 1 hectare. By applying our method to three years’ worth of imagery over Gabon, we produce the first national scale map of small-magnitude canopy cover loss. We estimate a total gross canopy cover loss of 0.31 Mha, or 1.3% of Gabon’s forested area, which is a far larger area of change than shown in currently available forest loss alert systems using Landsat (0.022 Mha) and Sentinel-1 (0.019 Mha). Our results, which are made accessible through Google Earth Engine, suggest that this approach could be used to quantify the magnitude and timing of degradation more widely across tropical forests.
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Bozza, Fabio, Vincenzo De Bellis, Enrica Malfi, Luigi Teodosio, and Daniela Tufano. "Optimal Calibration Strategy of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Equipped with an Ultra-Lean Pre-Chamber SI Engine for the Minimization of CO2 and Pollutant Emissions." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2020): 4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13154008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The complexity of modern hybrid powertrains poses new challenges for the optimal control concerning, on one hand, the thermal engine to maximize its efficiency, and, on the other hand, the vehicle to minimize the noxious emissions and CO2. In this context, the engine calibration has to be conducted by considering simultaneously the powertrain management, the vehicle characteristics, and the driving mission. In this work, a calibration methodology for a two-stage boosted ultra-lean pre-chamber spark ignition (SI) engine is proposed, aiming at minimizing its CO2 and pollutant emissions. The engine features a flexible variable valve timing (VVT) control of the valves and an E-compressor, coupled in series to a turbocharger, to guarantee an adequate boost level needed for ultra-lean operation. The engine is simulated in a refined 1D model. A simplified methodology, based on a network of proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers, is presented for the calibration over the whole operating domain. Two calibration variants are proposed and compared, characterized by different fuel and electric consumptions: the first one aims to exclusively maximize the brake thermal efficiency, and the second one additionally considers the electric energy absorbed by the E-compressor and drained from the battery. After a verification against the outcomes of an automatic optimizer, the calibration strategies are assessed based on pollutant and CO2 emissions along representative driving cycles by vehicle simulations. The results highlight slightly lower CO2 emissions with the calibration approach that minimizes the E-compressor consumption, thus revealing the importance of considering the engine calibration phase, the powertrain management, the vehicle characteristics, and its mission.
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Niu, Qing Yin, Chao Fan, Xian Chen Wang, Yi Wu Zhao, and Yu Cai Dong. "Research on the Parameter Calibration of the Internal-Combustion Engine Work Process Simulation Model." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.953.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The computer simulation technology of the work process of internal-combustion engine is the important measure to study the internal-combustion engine, but generally, because of the uncertainty of input parameters, the precision of the simulation model of the engine work process, which largely limits the application of the simulation model, so the parameters of the simulation model needs to be calibrated. Taking the work process of the certain one type turbocharging diesel engine as the example, and combining the genetic algorithm with the ant colony algorithm, the parameter combination which can satisfy the requirements of precision, is selected in this article to effectively reduce the simulation experiment times of parameter calibration, and realize the automatic calibration of the simulation model parameters. By comparing and analyzing the practical result of the experiment and the result of the simulation computation, the effectiveness of the algorithm has been validated in the article.
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Hu, Song, Hechun Wang, Xiaoxiao Niu, Xu Li, and Yinyan Wang. "Automatic calibration algorithm of 0-D combustion model applied to DICI diesel engine." Applied Thermal Engineering 130 (February 2018): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.013.
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Zaglauer, Susanne, and Ulrich Knoll. "Evolutionary Algorithms for the Automatic Calibration of Simulation Models for the Virtual Engine Application." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 45, no. 2 (2012): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20120215-3-at-3016.00031.
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Korsunovs, Aleksandrs, Felician Campean, Gaurav Pant, Oscar Garcia-Afonso, and Efe Tunc. "Evaluation of zero-dimensional stochastic reactor modelling for a Diesel engine application." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 4 (April 29, 2019): 592–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419845823.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Prediction of engine-out emissions with high fidelity from in-cylinder combustion simulations is still a significant challenge early in the engine development process. This article contributes to this fast evolving body of knowledge by focusing on the evaluation of NO x emission prediction capability of a probability density function–based stochastic reactor engine models for a Diesel engine. The research implements a systematic approach to the study of the stochastic reactor engine model performance, underpinned by a detailed space-filling design of experiments (DoE)-based sensitivity analysis of both external and internal parameters, evaluating their effects on the accuracy in matching physical measurements of both in-cylinder conditions and NO x output. The approach proposed in this article introduces an automatic stochastic reactor engine model calibration methodology across the engine operating envelope, based on a multi-objective optimization approach. This aims to exploit opportunities for internal stochastic reactor engine model parameters tuning to achieve good overall modelling performance as a trade-off between physical in-cylinder measurements accuracy and the output NO x emission predictions error. The results from the case study provide a valuable insight into the effectiveness of the stochastic reactor engine model, showing good capability for NO x emissions prediction and trends, while pointing out the critical sensitivity to the external input parameters and modelling conditions.
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Arya, Pranav, Federico Millo, and Fabio Mallamo. "A fully automated smooth calibration generation methodology for optimization of latest generation of automotive diesel engines." Energy 178 (July 2019): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.122.
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Zöllner, Christian, Onoufrios Haralampous, and Dieter Brüggemann. "Effect of engine operating conditions on soot layer permeability and density in diesel particulate filters." International Journal of Engine Research 22, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419847794.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Understanding the variation of soot deposit properties in diesel particulate filters is necessary for their real-life modeling and onboard control. In this study, the effect of exhaust mass flow rate and particle agglomerate size on the soot layer permeability and density was investigated experimentally and analyzed using a well-validated model. A bare and a coated diesel particulate filter were loaded at five different engine operating points, specially selected to explore these effects in a heavily used part of the diesel engine map. Particle emissions were characterized in terms of particle agglomerate size distribution and primary particle diameter, while soot layer permeability and density were estimated indirectly by fitting the model to the pressure drop recordings. To this end, an automatic calibration procedure was applied to obtain values in a consistent and repeatable manner. The results showed considerable variation in both permeability and density. Furthermore, some trends could be identified after depicting the particle characterization data and soot layer properties in contour plots. Increased permeability appeared at the engine operating point with high flow rate and large particle agglomerate size. Lower density was obtained at the operating points with large particle agglomerate diameter.
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Manchon, J. B., Romane Beaufort, Mercedes Bueno, and Jordan Navarro. "Why Does the Automation Say One Thing but Does Something Else? Effect of the Feedback Consistency and the Timing of Error on Trust in Automated Driving." Information 13, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13100480.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Driving automation deeply modifies the role of the human operator behind the steering wheel. Trust is required for drivers to engage in such automation, and this trust also seems to be a determinant of drivers’ behaviors during automated drives. On the one hand, first experiences with automation, either positive or not, are essential for drivers to calibrate their level of trust. On the other hand, an automation that provides feedback about its own level of capability to handle a specific driving situation may also help drivers to calibrate their level of trust. The reported experiment was undertaken to examine how the combination of these two effects will impact the driver trust calibration process. Four groups of drivers were randomly created. Each experienced either an early (i.e., directly after the beginning of the drive) or a late (i.e., directly before the end of it) critical situation that was poorly handled by the automation. In addition, they experienced either a consistent continuous feedback (i.e., that always correctly informed them about the situation), or an inconsistent one (i.e., that sometimes indicated dangers when there were none) during an automated drive in a driving simulator. Results showed the early- and poorly-handled critical situation had an enduring negative effect on drivers’ trust development compared to drivers who did not experience it. While being correctly understood, inconsistent feedback did not have an effect on trust during properly managed situations. These results suggest that the performance of the automation has the most severe influence on trust, and the automation’s feedback does not necessarily have the ability to influence drivers’ trust calibration during automated driving.
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Vishnyakov, B., Y. Blokhinov, I. Sgibnev, V. Sheverdin, A. Sorokin, A. Nikanorov, P. Masalov, et al. "SEMANTIC SCENE UNDERSTANDING FOR THE AUTONOMOUS PLATFORM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-637-2020.
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Abstract. In this paper we describe a new multi-sensor platform for data collection and algorithm testing. We propose a couple of methods for solution of semantic scene understanding problem for land autonomous vehicles. We describe our approaches for automatic camera and LiDAR calibration; three-dimensional scene reconstruction and odometry calculation; semantic segmentation that provides obstacle recognition and underlying surface classification; object detection; point cloud segmentation. Also, we describe our virtual simulation complex based on Unreal Engine, that can be used for both data collection and algorithm testing. We collected a large database of field and virtual data: more than 1,000,000 real images with corresponding LiDAR data and more than 3,500,000 simulated images with corresponding LiDAR data. All proposed methods were implemented and tested on our autonomous platform; accuracy estimates were obtained on the collected database.
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Martín, Adriana, Miguel Sevilla, and Joaquín Zurutuza. "Western Pyrenees geodetic deformation study using the Guipuzcoa GNSS network." Journal of Applied Geodesy 12, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2017-0041.
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Abstract The Basque Country in the north of Spain is located inside the Basque-Cantabrian basin of the western Pyrenees which remarkable seismic-tectonic implications justify the need of geodetic control in the area. In order to perform a crustal deformation study we have analysed all daily observations from the GNSS permanent network of Guipuzcoa and external IGS stations, from January 2007 to November 2011. We have carried out the data processing applying double differences methodology in the automatic processing module BPE (Bernese Processing Engine) from Bernese GNSS software version 5.0. Solution was aligned to geodetic reference framework ITRF2008, by using the IGS08 solution and updated satellite and terrestrial antennas calibration. This five years network study results: Coordinate time series, velocities and baseline lengths variations show internal stability among inner stations and from them with respect to outer IGS stations, concluding that no deformations have been observed.
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Bennett, Mary K., Nicolas Younes, and Karen Joyce. "Automating Drone Image Processing to Map Coral Reef Substrates Using Google Earth Engine." Drones 4, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4030050.
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While coral reef ecosystems hold immense biological, ecological, and economic value, frequent anthropogenic and environmental disturbances have caused these ecosystems to decline globally. Current coral reef monitoring methods include in situ surveys and analyzing remotely sensed data from satellites. However, in situ methods are often expensive and inconsistent in terms of time and space. High-resolution satellite imagery can also be expensive to acquire and subject to environmental conditions that conceal target features. High-resolution imagery gathered from remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS or drones) is an inexpensive alternative; however, processing drone imagery for analysis is time-consuming and complex. This study presents the first semi-automatic workflow for drone image processing with Google Earth Engine (GEE) and free and open source software (FOSS). With this workflow, we processed 230 drone images of Heron Reef, Australia and classified coral, sand, and rock/dead coral substrates with the Random Forest classifier. Our classification achieved an overall accuracy of 86% and mapped live coral cover with 92% accuracy. The presented methods enable efficient processing of drone imagery of any environment and can be useful when processing drone imagery for calibrating and validating satellite imagery.
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Giurgiutiu, Victor, and Andrei N. Zagrai. "Embedded Self-Sensing Piezoelectric Active Sensors for On-Line Structural Identification." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 124, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1421056.
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The benefits and limitations of using embedded piezoelectric active sensors for structural identification at ultrasonic frequency are highlighted. An analytical model based on structural vibration theory and theory of piezoelectricity was developed and used to predict the electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance response, as it would be measured at the piezoelectric active sensor’s terminals. The model considers one-dimension structures and accounts for both axial and flexural vibrations. Experiments were conducted on simple specimens in support of the theoretical investigation, and on realistic turbine blade specimen to illustrate the method’s potential. It was shown that E/M impedance spectrum recorded by the piezoelectric active sensor accurately represents the mechanical response of a structure. It was further proved that the response of the structure is not modified by the presence of the sensor, thus validating the latter’s noninvasive characteristics. It is shown that such sensors, of negligible mass, can be permanently applied to the structure creating a nonintrusive sensor array adequate for on-line automatic structural identification and health monitoring. The sensor calibration procedure is outlined. Numerical estimation of the noninvasive properties of the proposed active sensors in comparison with conventional sensors is presented. Self-diagnostics capabilities of the proposed sensors were also investigated and methods for automatic self-test implementation are discussed. The paper underlines that the use of piezoelectric wafer active sensors is not only advantageous, but, in certain situations, may be the sole investigative option, as in the case of precision machinery, small but critical turbine-engine parts, and computer industry components.
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Gupta, R., M. Kapsali, and M. Gregg. "Comparative building performance evaluation of a ‘sustainable’ community centre and a public library building." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 6 (June 26, 2017): 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624417717202.
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This paper uses a forensic building performance evaluation approach to undertake a comparative evaluation of the in-use energy and environmental performance data (collected over two years) of two civic buildings located in Southeast England – a small community centre (<1000 m2) and a medium-sized public library building (∼4500 m2), which are designed to high sustainability standards (EPC A rating) and low heating demand met by on-site low/zero carbon technologies. Although both buildings achieved measured air-permeability rates of ∼5 m3/h.m2, they encountered similar issues related to poor documentation of ‘as-built’ drawings, poor handover and guidance, problems with integrating and maintaining new technologies (heat pumps, biomass boilers and solar thermal), lack of calibration of sub-meters, and issues with automatic window controls. However, the actual annual energy use of the community centre is similar to the design prediction, while it is almost double the prediction in the case of the library building. This is because the community centre management team overcame some of the issues through their continuous engagement and interest in the building’s performance, whereas the management team of the Library building failed to engage with energy management, resulting in disuse of the biomass boiler and solar thermal system. Practical application: Comparative building performance evaluation (BPE) systematically reveals the similarities and differences in the actual energy and environmental performance of two ‘sustainable’ civic buildings. Careful management of heating and electricity loads, good occupant control over the indoor environment and high performance of low-carbon technologies in the Community Centre results in the building performing better than good practice benchmark. Regular changes in facility management (FM) staff result in inadequate energy management and control over heating, ventilation and lighting, that undermines occupant comfort and leads to excessive energy use in the library building. For civic buildings to perform as designed, it is vital that metering, sub-metering and controls are set up, commissioned and used properly by the FM team. Design teams should ensure that easy-to-understand user guides are made available before handover for FM and occupants.
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Czyżewski, Dariusz. "Comparison of luminance distribution on the lighting surface of power LEDs." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i4.966.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work presents luminance distributions across the surface of mid- and high-power diodes. The changes in luminance on diode surfaces following changes in the observation angle were verified. On the basis of the conducted tests, non-uniform luminance distribution on LED surface for diverse observation angles (including the axial direction) was observed. Moreover, it was concluded that luminance changes is not in line with the Lambert’s law. As the result of the research it was also concluded that alterations of the power-supply conditions do not exert any significant impact on the gradient of luminance changes on the surfaces of examined LEDs. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. Fan, J. Cao, Ch. Yu, Ch. Qian, X. Fan, G. Zhang, A design and qualification of LED flip Chip-on-Board module with tunable color temperatures, Microelectronics reliability, ISSN 0026-2714, Nº. 84, 2018, pp. 140-148, CrossRef K. Bonislawski, I. Fryc, The study on optical properties of LEDs used for vehicle control lighting, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2012, ISSN 0033-2097, Vol. 88, Issue 3A, pp. 119-120 DirectLink T. Kawabata, Y. Ohno, Optical measurements of OLED panels for lighting applications, Journal of Modern Optics 60(14), 2013, pp. 1176-1186 CrossRef P. Pracki, U. Blaszczak, The issues of interior lighting on the example of an educational building adjustment to nZEB standard, IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4), IEEE (17 November 2016) CrossRef P. Tabaka, Analysis of electrical parameters of prime set bulb equivalents suitable for dimming, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2015, R. 91, No. 5, pp. 100-106, ISSN 0033-2097 CrossRef D. Czyżewski, The street lighting luminaires with LEDs. Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 86, 2009, pp. 276-279 DirectLink C. C. Miller; Y. Zong; Y. Ohno, LED photometric calibrations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and future measurement needs of LEDs, Proc. SPIE Vol. 5530, Fourth International Conference on Solid State Lighting; (2004) CrossRef D. Mozyrska Dorota; M. Wyrwas; I. Fryc, The determination of the LEDs colorimetric parameters, in the range of their operating temperature, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, Vol. 88, Issue: 4A, 2012, pp. 232-234 CrossRef K. Baran, A. Różowicz, H. Wachta, S. Różowicz, D. Mazur, Thermal Analysis of the Factors Influencing Junction Temperature of LED Panel Sources, Energies, 12, 3941, 2019 CrossRef D. Czyżewski, Research on Luminance Distributions of Chip-On-Board Light-Emitting Diodes, Crystals 9(12), 645, 2019. CrossRef L. Zheng, Z. Guo, W. Yan, Y. Lin, Y. Lu, H.C. Kuo, Z. Chen, L. Zhu, T. Wu, Y. Gao, Research on a Camera-Based Microscopic Imaging System to Inspect the Surface Luminance of the Micro-LED Array. IEEE Access 6, 2018, 51329-51336. CrossRef S. Słomiński, Selected Problems in Modern Methods of Luminance Measurement of Multisource LED Luminaires. Light Eng. 24, 2016, pp. 45-50. DirectLink I. Fryc, P. Jakubowski, K. Kołacz, Analysis of optical radiation parameters of compact discharge HID lamps and LED COB modules used for illuminating shop windows, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2017, R. 93, nr 11, pp. 186-189. CrossRef I. Fryc, Measurement techniques of optical LEDs properties performed with compliance conformity with CIE 127:2007 standard, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2009,ISSN 0033-2097,Vol. 85,Issue:11,pp.317-319. DirectLink I. Fryc, T. Dimitrova-Grekow, An Automated System for Evaluation of the Quality of Light Sources, 2016 IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4), IEEE (17 November 2016), CrossRef CIE 235:2019, Optical measurement of led modules and light engines, ISBN 978-3-902842-25-1, DOI: 10.25039/TR.235.2019. CrossRef D. Czyżewski, Investigation of COB LED luminance distribution, In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4), IEEE (17 November 2016) CrossRef I. Rotscholl, K. Trampert; U. Krüger; F. Schmidt, Spectral near field data of LED systems for optical simulations, Proceedings SPIE Volume 11144,Phot. and Educ. in Measur. Sc. 2019, CrossRef
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Karabıyık, Egemen, Sinan Öncü, and Evren Samur. "Investigation of an efficient model-based fuel economy optimization methodology for diesel engines focusing on real world driving emission cycles." International Journal of Engine Research, April 12, 2022, 146808742210885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14680874221088537.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Together with stringent emission standards, meeting fuel consumption, and performance targets have made engine calibration process complicated, lengthy, and costly. For this reason, it is crucial to develop an efficient methodology for the optimization of a diesel engine calibration. In this study, a novel automated fine tuning methodology using genetic algorithms and data driven models is proposed. Fuel consumption of a light commercial vehicle with 2.0-L diesel engine was optimized for a predefined Real Driving Emissions (RDE) cycle. During the optimization, tail pipe emission limits were maintained by taking the aftertreatment system efficiency into account. To this end, a representative engine control unit, internal combustion engine, and Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) system models were built by using empirical data and neural networks. Moreover, the effect of choosing different tailored optimization points for a predefined route was investigated by comparison of frequency and fuel consumption based weighting. The cost function, related to the optimization problem, was defined based on fuel consumption, performance, and mechanical limits of the engine, and in accordance with tailpipe emission limits defined by Euro 6d-Temp regulations. Compared to previous model-based calibration studies, tailpipe emissions, and regulation limits have been incorporated in this study in order to obtain more realistic calibrations. After testing different genetic algorithm configurations, the fuel efficiency over the predefined route was improved by 3.07% without violating any of the limits while the smoothness of the calibration maps was also preserved. This route specific calibration methodology is believed to have the potential to increase fuel economy in real world applications such as daily commuting routes or repetitive driving patterns for instance, operation vehicle use cases in factories, airports, and construction areas. As for further development, this can be achieved by running simulations and the optimization on cloud and updating the calibration remotely based on the selected route before the trip.
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Mährle, Christian, Stefan Held, Sebastian Huber, and Georg Wachtmeister. "A new method to determine the causes of deviation in cylinder pressure curves of motored reciprocating piston engines." International Journal of Engine Research, January 9, 2021, 146808742098407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087420984071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Simulation calibration of modern engines to test bench measurements, mainly matching the indicated pressure curves in the combustion chamber, is a time consuming task that requires high user experience to manage a multitude of adjustment parameters. In the scope of this work an automated process for calibrating simulations at motored engine operating points is presented. This is achieved using characteristic pressure deviation curves, based on 1D simulations of a simplified base model. They incorporate the dimensionless deviation of the cylinder pressure originating from one parameter. A set of these curves is scaled and superposed to recreate the original pressure deviation between simulation and measurement. The scaling factor is used to quantify each parameter’s suggested adjustment value. This work presents the workflow of creating the characteristic pressure deviation curves, matching the deviation between measurement and simulation and determining the adjustment values. Further, the methodology is tested for interference of different parameters. A series of applications, ranging from 1D and 3D CFD simulation test cases to real world applications in different engines, concludes this work.
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Chan, Kinnie Kin Yee, Trevor Bond, and Zi Yan. "Application of an Automated Essay Scoring engine to English writing assessment using Many-Facet Rasch Measurement." Language Testing, February 26, 2022, 026553222210760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02655322221076025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We investigated the relationship between the scores assigned by an Automated Essay Scoring (AES) system, the Intelligent Essay Assessor (IEA), and grades allocated by trained, professional human raters to English essay writing by instigating two procedures novel to written-language assessment: the logistic transformation of AES raw scores into hierarchically ordered grades, and the co-calibration of all essay scoring data in a single Rasch measurement framework. A total of 3453 essays were written by 589 US students (in Grades 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12), in response to 18 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) writing prompts at three grade levels (4, 8, & 12). We randomly assigned one of two versions of the assessment, A or B, to each student. Each version comprised a narrative (N), an informative (I), and a persuasive (P) prompt. Nineteen experienced assessors graded the essays holistically using NAEP scoring guidelines, using a rotating plan in which each essay was rated by four raters. Each essay was additionally scored using the IEA. We estimated the effects of rater, prompt, student, and rubric by using a Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (MFRM) model. Last, within a single Rasch measurement scale, we co-calibrated the students’ grades from human raters and their grades from the IEA to compare them. The AES machine maintained equivalence with human scored ratings and were more consistent than those from human raters.
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Kang, Dong-Jin, Young-Joo Shin, Seonghoon Jeong, Jae-Yong Jung, Hakjae Lee, and Boram Lee. "Development of clinical application program for radiotherapy induced cancer risk calculation using Monte Carlo engine in volumetric-modulated arc therapy." Radiation Oncology 16, no. 1 (June 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13014-020-01722-0.
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Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to develop a clinical application program that automatically calculates the effect for secondary cancer risk (SCR) of individual patient. The program was designed based on accurate dose calculations using patient computed tomography (CT) data and Monte Carlo engine. Automated patient-specific evaluation program was configured to calculate SCR. Methods The application program is designed to re-calculate the beam sequence of treatment plan using the Monte Carlo engine and patient CT data, so it is possible to accurately calculate and evaluate scatter and leakage radiation, difficult to calculate in TPS. The Monte Carlo dose calculation system was performed through stoichiometric calibration using patient CT data. The automatic SCR evaluation program in application program created with a MATLAB was set to analyze the results to calculate SCR. The SCR for organ of patient was calculated based on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII models. The program is designed to sequentially calculate organ equivalent dose (OED), excess absolute risk (EAR), excess relative risk (ERR), and the lifetime attributable risk (LAR) in consideration of 3D dose distribution analysis. In order to confirm the usefulness of the developed clinical application program, the result values from clinical application program were compared with the manual calculation method used in the previous study. Results The OED values calculated in program were calculated to be at most approximately 13.3% higher than results in TPS. The SCR result calculated by the developed clinical application program showed a maximum difference of 1.24% compared to the result of the conventional manual calculation method. And it was confirmed that EAR, ERR and LAR values can be easily calculated by changing the biological parameters. Conclusions We have developed a patient-specific SCR evaluation program that can be used conveniently in the clinic. The program consists of a Monte Carlo dose calculation system for accurate calculation of scatter and leakage radiation and a patient-specific automatic SCR evaluation program using 3D dose distribution. The clinical application program that improved the disadvantages of the existing process can be used as an index for evaluating a patient treatment plan.
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Ma, He, Ziyang Li, Mohammad Tayarani, Guoxiang Lu, Hongming Xu, and Xin Yao. "Computational Intelligence Nonmodel-Based Calibration Approach for Internal Combustion Engines." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 140, no. 4 (November 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4037835.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past 20 years, with the increase in the complexity of engines, and the combinatorial explosion of engine variables space, the engine calibration process has become more complex, costly, and time consuming. As a result, an efficient and economic approach is desired. For this purpose, many engine calibration methods are under development in original equipment manufacturers and universities. The state-of-the-art model-based steady-state design of experiments (DOE) technique is mature and is used widely. However, it is very difficult to further reduce the measurement time. Additionally, the increasingly high requirements of engine model accuracy and robust testing process with high data quality by high-quality testing facility also constrain the further development of model-based DOE engine calibration. This paper introduces a new computational intelligence approach to calibrate internal combustion engine without the need for an engine model. The strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2 (SPEA2) is applied to this automatic engine calibration process. In order to implement the approach on a V6 gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine test bench, a simulink real-time based embedded system was developed and implemented to engine electronic control unit (ECU) through rapid control prototyping (RCP) and external ECU bypass technology. Experimental validations prove that the developed engine calibration approach is capable of automatically finding the optimal engine variable set which can provide the best fuel consumption and particulate matter (PM) emissions, with good accuracy and high efficiency. The introduced engine calibration approach does not rely on either the engine model or the massive test bench experimental data. It has great potential to improve the engine calibration process for industries.
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Corti, Enrico, Claudio Forte, Giorgio Mancini, and Davide Moro. "Automatic Combustion Phase Calibration With Extremum Seeking Approach." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 136, no. 9 (April 18, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4027188.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the most effective factors influencing performance, efficiency, and pollutant emissions of internal combustion engines is the combustion phasing: in gasoline engines electronic control units (ECUs) manage the spark advance (SA) in order to set the optimal combustion phase. Combustion control is assuming a crucial role in reducing engine tailpipe emissions and maximizing performance. The number of actuations influencing the combustion is increasing, and as a consequence, the calibration of control parameters is becoming challenging. One of the most effective factors influencing performance and efficiency is the combustion phasing: for gasoline engines, control variables such as SA, air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), variable valve timing (VVT), and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are mostly used to set the combustion phasing. The optimal control setting can be chosen according to a target function (cost or merit function), taking into account performance indicators, such as indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), pollutant emissions, or other indexes inherent to reliability issues, such as exhaust gas temperature or knock intensity. Many different approaches can be used to reach the best calibration settings: design of experiment (DOE) is a common option when many parameters influence the results, but other methodologies are in use: some of them are based on the knowledge of the controlled system behavior by means of models that are identified during the calibration process. The paper proposes the use of a different concept, based on the extremum seeking approach. The main idea consists in changing the values of each control parameter at the same time, identifying its effect on the monitored target function, and allowing to shift automatically the control setting towards the optimum solution throughout the calibration procedure. An original technique for the recognition of control parameters variations effect on the target function is introduced, based on spectral analysis. The methodology has been applied to data referring to different engines and operating conditions, using IMEP, exhaust temperature, and knock intensity for the definition of the target function and using SA and AFR as control variables. The approach proved to be efficient in reaching the optimum control setting, showing that the optimal setting can be achieved rapidly and consistently.
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Feist, J. P., S. Karmakar Biswas, C. C. Pilgrim, P. Y. Sollazzo, and S. Berthier. "Off-Line Temperature Profiling Utilizing Phosphorescent Thermal History Paints and Coatings." Journal of Turbomachinery 137, no. 10 (May 12, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4030259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Temperature profiling of components in gas turbines is of increasing importance as engineers drive to increase firing temperatures and optimize component’s cooling requirements in order to increase efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. However, on-line temperature measurements and, particularly, temperature profiling are difficult, sometimes impossible, to perform due to inaccessibility of the components. A desirable alternative would be to record the exposure temperature in such a way that it can be determined later, off-line. The commercially available thermal paints are toxic in nature and come with a range of technical disadvantages such as subjective readout and limited durability. This paper proposes a novel alternative measurement technique which the authors call thermal history paints and thermal history coatings. These can be particularly useful in the design process, but further could provide benefits in the maintenance area where hotspots which occurred during operation can be detected during maintenance intervals when the engine is at ambient temperature. This novel temperature profiling technique uses optical active ions in a ceramic host material. When these ions are excited by light they start to phosphoresce. The host material undergoes irreversible changes when exposed to elevated temperatures and since these changes are on the atomic level they influence the phosphorescent properties such as the life time decay of the phosphorescence. The changes in phosphorescence can be related to temperature through calibration such that in situ analysis will return the temperature experienced by the coating. A major benefit of this technique is in the automated interpretation of the coatings. An electronic instrument is used to measure the phosphorescence signal eliminating the need for a specialist interpreter, and thus increasing readout speed. This paper reviews results from temperature measurements made with a water-based paint for the temperature range 100–800 °C in controlled conditions. Repeatability of the tests and errors are discussed. Further, some measurements are carried out using an electronic hand-held interrogation device which can scan a component surface and provide a spatial resolution of below 3 mm. The instrument enables mobile measurements outside of laboratory conditions. Further, a robust thermal history coating is introduced demonstrating the capability of the coating to withstand long term exposures. The coating is based on thermal barrier coating (TBC) architecture with a high temperature bondcoat and deposited using an air plasma spray process to manufacture a reliable long lasting coating. Such a coating could be employed over the life of the component to provide critical temperature information at regular maintenance intervals for example indicating hot spots on engine parts.
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Lee, Sangchul, Yi Zhang, Dohoy Jung, and Byungchan Lee. "A Systematic Approach for Dynamic Analysis of Vehicles With Eight or More Speed Automatic Transmission." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 136, no. 5 (June 12, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4027169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, a dynamic model of a vehicle with eight or more speed automatic transmission (A/T) has been developed for the analysis of shift quality and dynamic behavior of the vehicle during shift events. Subsystem models for engine, torque converter, automatic transmission, drivetrain, transmission control unit (TCU), and vehicle are developed and integrated with signal information interface. The subsystems included in the model were carefully selected to improve the accuracy of the model by comparing the simulation results with the test data. The systematic modeling approach based on matrix operation proposed in the study enables calibrating and fine-tuning the transmission control unit for shift quality in a virtual vehicle environment. The model presented in the study is validated with the vehicle test data and the comparison shows very good agreement. This paper presents a generalized modeling methodology for multiratio automatic transmissions that require both direct and indirect shifts. The model developed in the study provides a valuable analytical tool for the calibration and tuning of the transmission control unit by allowing quantitative analysis on the dynamic behavior and the performance metrics of an automatic transmission.
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Mu, Zixin, Zhenhua Cai, Chunnian Zeng, Zifan Li, Xufeng Liang, Fan Yang, Tingyang Chen, Shujuan Dong, Chunming Deng, and Shaopeng Niu. "A point cloud registration-based calibration algorithm for robot offline programming automatic loading in aero-grinding applications." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application, May 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-12-2021-0284.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose During the process of the robotic grinding and polishing operations on aero-engine blades, the key problem of calibration error lies in fixture error and uneven margin. To solve this problem, this paper aims to propose a novel method to achieve rapid online calibration of the workpiece coordinate system through laser-based measurement techniques. Design/methodology/approach The authors propose a calibration strategy based on point cloud registration algorithm. The main principle is presented as follows: aero blade mounted on clamping end-effector is hold by industry robot, the whole device is then scanned by a 3D laser scanner to obtain its surface point cloud, and a fast segmentation method is used to acquire the point cloud of the workpiece. Combining Super4PCS algorithm with trimmed iterative closest point, we can align the key points of the scanned point cloud and the sampled points of the blade model, thus obtaining the translation and rotation matrix for calculating the workpiece coordinate and machining allowance. The proposed calibration strategy is experimentally validated, and the positioning error, as well as the margin distribution, is finally analyzed. Findings The experimental results show that the algorithm can well accomplish the task of cross-source, partial data and similar local features of blade point cloud registration with high precision. The total time spent on point cloud alignment of 100,000 order of magnitude blade is about 4.2 s, and meanwhile, the average point cloud alignment error is reduced to below 0.05 mm. Originality/value An improved point cloud registration method is proposed and introduced into the calibration process of a robotic system. The online calibration technique improves the accuracy and efficiency of the calibration process and enhances the automation of the robotic grinding and polishing system.
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Huang, Chunan, Rasoul Salehi, Anna G. Stefanopoulou, and Tulga Ersal. "Hardware-in-the-loop exploration of energy versus emissions trade-off in eco-following scenarios for connected automated vehicles." International Journal of Engine Research, July 2, 2022, 146808742210982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14680874221098212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies on eco-driving have mostly taken an energy-centric view and considered driving performance, while less attention has been paid on emissions behavior. This work extends in an experimentally verified way our understanding of the trade-offs among fuel economy, driving aggressiveness, and, especially, emissions in connected automated diesel-powered vehicles. Experiments are performed with a 6.7-L Ford Powerstroke diesel engine, a urea-SCR based NOx aftertreatment system, and a full model for a Ford F250 medium-duty truck in the loop to provide realistic assessment of fuel consumption, tailpipe emissions, and driving style performances. An energy and emissions conscious speed planner is leveraged to follow the traffic. This planner offers flexibility in prioritizing energy or emissions while satisfying user-defined headway constraints, and thus allows exploration of different calibrations in a unified way. Results show how various calibrations of the flexible leader following policy yield 8%–14% decrease in total fuel consumption and 64%–70% decrease in tailpipe emissions compared with a strictly constrained following policy.