Дисертації: "Autism in children Classification"

1

Fung, Kar-yan Cecilia, and 馮嘉欣. "Use of dysmorphology for subgroup classification on autism spectrum disorder in Chinese Children." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45160697.

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2

Wong, Tsz-yan Polly, and 黃芷欣. "Pilot study for subgroup classification for autism spectrum disorder based on dysmorphology and physical measurements in Chinese children." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4786932X.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder affecting individuals along a continuum of severity in communication, social interaction and behaviour. The impact of ASD significantly varies amongst individuals, and the cause of ASD can originate broadly between genetic and environmental factors. Previous ASD researches indicate that early identification combined with a targeted treatment plan involving behavioural interventions and multidisciplinary therapies can provide substantial improvement for ASD patients. Currently there is no cure for ASD, and the clinical variability and uncertainty of the disorder still remains. Hence, the search to unravel heterogeneity within ASD by subgroup classification may provide clinicians with a better understanding of ASD and to work towards a more definitive course of action. In this study, a norm of physical measurements including height, weight, head circumference, ear length, outer and inner canthi, interpupillary distance, philtrum, hand and foot length was collected from 658 Typical Developing (TD) Chinese children aged 1 to 7 years (mean age of 4.19 years). The norm collected was compared against 80 ASD Chinese children aged 1 to 12 years (mean age of 4.36 years). We then further attempted to find subgroups within ASD based on identifying physical abnormalities; individuals were classified as (non)dysmorphic with the Autism Dysmorphology Measure (ADM) from physical examinations of 12 body regions. Our results show that there were significant differences between ASD and TD children for measurements in: head circumference (p=0.009), outer (p=0.021) and inner (p=0.021) canthus, philtrum length (p=0.003), right (p=0.023) and left (p=0.20) foot length. Within the 80 ASD patients, 37(46%) were classified as dysmorphic (p=0.00). This study attempts to identify subgroups within ASD based on physical measurements and dysmorphology examinations. The information from this study seeks to benefit ASD community by identifying possible subtypes of ASD in Chinese population; in seek for a more definitive diagnosis, referral and treatment plan.
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Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Master
Master of Philosophy

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3

Garside, Kristine Dianne Cantin. "Behavioral Monitoring to Identify Self-Injurious Behavior among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88533.

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Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is one of the most dangerous behavioral responses among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often leading to injury and hospitalization. There is an ongoing need to measure the triggers of SIB to inform management and prevention. These triggers are determined traditionally through clinical observations of the child with SIB, often involving a functional assessment (FA), which is methodologically documenting responses to stimuli (e.g., environmental or social) and recording episodes of SIB. While FA has been a "gold standard" for many years, it is costly, tedious, and often artificial (e.g., in controlled environments). If performed in a naturalistic environment, such as the school or home, caregivers are responsible for tracking behaviors. FA in naturalistic environments relies on caregiver and patient compliance, such as responding to prompts or recalling past events. Recent technological developments paired with classification methods may help decrease the required tracking efforts and support management plans. However, the needs of caregivers and individuals with ASD and SIB should be considered before integrating technology into daily routines, particularly to encourage technology acceptance and adoption. To address this, the perspectives of SIB management and technology were first collected to support future technology design considerations (Chapter 2). Accelerometers were then selected as a specific technology, based on caregiver preferences and reported preferences of individuals with ASD, and were used to collect movement data for classification (Chapter 3). Machine learning algorithms with featureless data were explored, resulting in individual-level models that demonstrated high accuracy (up to 99%) in detecting and classifying SIB. Group-level classifiers could provide more generalizable models for efficient SIB monitoring, though the highly variable nature of both ASD and SIB can preclude accurate detection. A multi-level regression model (MLR) was implemented to consider such individual variability (Chapter 4). Both linear and nonlinear measures of motor variability were assessed as potential predictors in the model. Diverse classification methods were used (as in Chapter 3), and MLR outperformed other group level classifiers (accuracy ~75%). Findings from this research provide groundwork for a future smart SIB monitoring system. There are clear implications for such monitoring methods in prevention and treatment, though additional research is required to expand the developed models. Such models can contribute to the goal of alerting caregivers and children before SIB occurs, and teaching children to perform another behavior when alerted.
Doctor of Philosophy
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent developmental disorder that adversely affects communication, social skills, and behavioral responses. Roughly half of individuals diagnosed with ASD show self-injurious behavior (SIB), including self-hitting or head banging), which can lead to injury and hospitalization. Clinicians or trained caregivers traditionally observe and record events before/after SIB to determine possible causes (“triggers”) of this behavior. Clinicians can then develop management plans to redirect, replace, or extinguish SIB at the first sign of a known trigger. Tracking SIB in this way, though, requires substantial experience, time, and effort from caregivers. Observations may suffer from subjectivity and inconsistency if tracked across caregivers, or may not generalize to different contexts if SIB is only tracked in the home or school. Recent technological innovations, though, could objectively and continuously monitor SIB to address the described limitations of traditional tracking methods. Yet, “smart” SIB tracking will not be adopted into management plans unless first accepted by potential users. Before a monitoring system is developed, caregiver needs related to SIB, management, and technology should be evaluated. Thus, as an initial step towards developing an accepted SIB monitoring system, caregiver perspectives of SIB management and technology were collected here to support future technology design considerations (Chapter 2). Sensors capable of collecting the acceleration of movement (accelerometers) were then selected as a specific technology, based on the reported preferences of caregivers and individuals with ASD, and were used to capture SIB movements from individuals with ASD (Chapter 3). These movements were automatically classified as “SIB” or “non-SIB” events using machine learning algorithms. When separately applying these methods to each individual, up to 99% accuracy in detecting and classifying SIB was achieved. Classifiers that predict SIB for diverse individuals could provide more generalizable and efficient methods for SIB monitoring. ASD and SIB presentations, however, range across individuals, which impose challenges for SIB detection. A multi-level regression model (MLR) was implemented to consider individual differences, such as those that may occur from diagnosis or behavior (Chapter 4). Model inputs included measures capturing changes of movement over time, and these were found to enhance SIB identification. Diverse classification models were also developed (as in Chapter 3), though MLR outperformed these (yielding accuracy of ~75%). Findings from this research provide groundwork for a smart SIB monitoring system. There are clear implications for monitoring methods in prevention, though additional research is required to expand the developed models. Such models can contribute to the goal of alerting caregivers and children before SIB occurs, and teaching children to perform another behavior when alerted.

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4

Borden, Michael Christopher. "Social subtypes in autism : an examination of their validity and relations to measures of social cognition /." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135801/.

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5

Farrant, Annette. "Metamemory in children with autism." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267107.

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6

Adams, Nena Capitola. "Inhibition in children with autism." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/9c2f4c7b-fed2-4f79-a4b2-e214d9805a18.

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This thesis aimed to provide an insight into, and account for, the varying levels and patterns of ability across different tests of inhibition in autism. In order to address the effects of the meaningful word stimuli of the classic Stroop task on inhibitory performance of children with autism, Experiment I explored reasons for the unique inhibitory strengths of children with autism on the classic Stroop task. The remainder of the thesis focused on tests of inhibition which do not use meaningful word stimuli and explored potential reasons why these tasks still give rise to conflicting results. A comprehensive investigation of motor versus cognitive inhibition in children with autism, the impact of presentation style and working memory load on inhibitory performance, and the impact of same and different response sets was conducted in Experiments 2-4. Furthermore, the possibility of differential impairment in prepotent response inhibition and resistance to distractor inhibition, including the role of a possible bias to weak central coherence in children with autism on the flanker task, was investigated in the final Experiments 5 and 6. The exploration of the impact on inhibitory performance of motor versus cognitive responses, presentation style, and response set showed that although these factors do not seem to particularly affect children with autism in comparison to controls, they do play a large role in determining the inhibitory performance of all participants. Finally, it was concluded that there is evidence for a differential impairment of prepotent response and resistance to distractor inhibition in children with autism, with children with autism being impaired in resistance to distractor inhibition while maintaining intact prepotent response inhibition.

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7

Abdun-Nur, Roy D. "School for Autism - Responding to Autism." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3836.

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Schools can often be overstimulating environments for children with autism. Creating a space where these children can thrive is what this project explored. The site used for this exploration was the Lewis Ginter Recreation Association on the north end of Richmond, VA. Children with autism have very sensitive needs, so exploring these needs within the context of an educational setting provided for an in-depth journey into the lives of those affected by autism.

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8

Sayers, Nicola Louise. "Stereotyped behaviours in children with autism." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408832.

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9

Richardson, Cathryn. "Dream conceptualisation in children with autism." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275295.

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10

Hauck, Joy Alison. "Hand preference in children with autism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq24668.pdf.

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11

Chan, Man-kuen Sonia. "Communicative intent in children with autism." Click to view E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37090288.

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12

Rocque, William. "Producing personhood in children with autism." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256469.

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13

Heaton, Pamela Florence. "Musical cognition in children with autism." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396246.

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14

Whyatt, C. "Motor deficits in children with autism." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546448.

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15

陳文娟 and Man-kuen Sonia Chan. "Communicative intent in children with autism." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37090288.

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16

Wiggins, Khalyn I. "Spelling Errors in Children with Autism." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3475.

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The goal of this study was to examine the spelling errors of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) when asked to spell morphologically complex words. Specifically, this study sought to determine if percent accuracy across morphological areas would be similar to patterns noted in typical developing children, correlate with participant age, and correlate to performance on standardized measures of achievement. Additionally, the study wanted to highlight the types of errors made by children with ASD on homonyms and the specific linguistic patterns noted when spelling derivational and inflectional word types. Participants included 29 children diagnosed with Autism, PDD-NOS, and Asperger’s Disorder, ages 8-15 years. The spelling protocol consisted of 36 words differing in morphological complexity, including homonyms, inflections and derivations. The derivational categories included: no shift, orthographic shift, phonologic shift, and orthographic + phonologic shift words (Carlisle, 2000). Spelling errors were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The qualitative analysis used a unique coding system, the Phonological, Orthographic, and Morphological Analysis of Spelling (POMAS; Silliman et al., 2006), which identified both the linguistic category of an error, as well as the specific linguistic feature in error. Results indicated that the spelling errors of children with ASD seemed to follow a developmental pattern that was similar to typically developing children (Carlisle, 1988; 2000). To be specific, phonologic and orthographic+phonologic shift categories evidenced significantly more errors than the no shift, orthographic shift, and inflections categories, which were not significantly different from each other. As expected, academic achievement, as measured by letter-word decoding, spelling, and age, were correlated with morphological spelling ability. Findings supported the use of the POMAS as a coding measure sensitive to spelling error patterns found in children with ASD. Several common feature errors emerged including: 1) vowel errors, 2) consonant deletions, 3) letter doubling, 4) derivational suffix errors, and 5) whole word substitutions. Overall, this heterogeneous group of spellers fit into three profiles of spelling ability: 1) competent spelling ability, 2) morphologically challenged spellers, and 3) generally challenged spellers. Hence, qualitative investigations of spelling errors play a crucial part in the characterization of spelling skill in children with ASD.

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17

Pierro, Melissa A. "Vocabulary Comprehension in Children with Autism." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/862.

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An open question in autism research is how to assess language abilities in this population. We investigated language development in monolingual and bilingual children with varying degrees of autism, ages 3 to 9, with the aim of better understanding vocabulary comprehension. Two different methodologies were used: the Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (ROWPVT) and eye-tracker technique. We examined whether the eye-tracker could help in the assessment of these children because it does not require the child to point during the test. Four typically developing control children, 14 monolingual English children with moderate/mild autism, and 4 children (2 monolingual English, 2 bilingual Spanish/English) with severe autism were tested and the results of the ROWPVT test were compared to the eye-tracker results. Interestingly, bilingual children with severe autism had better results using eye-tracker than the traditional ROWPVT test. These results suggest that these children know more vocabulary than traditional test measures indicate.

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18

Manning, Catherine. "Motion processing in children with autism." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021701/.

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It has often been reported that individuals with autism process visual motion information atypically. This thesis uses psychophysical methods and a parent-report questionnaire to characterise better the nature of atypical motion processing in children with autism. In Chapter 1, I review the evidence for atypical sensory perception in autism, focusing on the processing of dynamic information. In Chapter 2, I show that children with autism are just as sensitive to speed information as typically developing (TD) children, but have elevated motion coherence thresholds specifically for slow stimuli. In Chapter 3, I analyse questionnaire results which suggest that children with autism have difficulties processing speed-related information in everyday life. In Chapters 4 and 5 I use an equivalent noise direction integration task alongside a standard motion coherence paradigm to determine whether local and/or global factors limit sensitivity to coherent motion information in TD children and children with autism. In Chapter 4, I show that the ability to average motion information drives age-related increases in coherent motion sensitivity in TD children. In Chapter 5, I present the unexpected finding that children with autism have enhanced integration of motion information compared to TD children. In an attempt to resolve discrepant motion coherence findings, I reveal that children with autism are equally susceptible to correspondence noise as TD children in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7, I discuss the importance of these findings within the context of current theoretical accounts, and suggest that we need a more nuanced account of motion processing abilities in autism. In particular, I argue that motion processing in autism may be characterised by increased integration and reduced segregation of signal from noise.

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19

Heaton, Pamela Florence. "Musical cognition in children with autism." Online version, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.396246.

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20

Bonser, David. "Behavioural fluency for young children with autism /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Thesis Project, 2002. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040210.104430.

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21

Urbach, Jonathan Aaron. "Autism or autisms? The clinical manifestations and classification of autism spectrum disorders." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12660.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified) are a very heterogeneous group. The disorders on the spectrum are behaviorally defined (according to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, Text Revision) with specific behaviors falling within categories. For autistic disorder, the categories reflect the core deficits of social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests ("CDC- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASDs)- NCBDDD," n.d.). The behaviors that fall within these categories have been carefully researched and described in order to allow for uniformity in diagnosis and the discussion of causality in research. The diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) relies on established thresholds within these categories, with the clinician responsible for characterizing and counting the number of behaviors that are present and in which category they fall. Other associated symptoms (low IQ, language impairments, epilepsy, and others) are often present, and while not diagnostic of ASD, can contribute much to the phenotypic heterogeneity. As a result, individuals who exhibit different behavioral symptoms might be diagnostically indistinguishable. This thesis is intended to be a critical review of the current state of autism research. In the different sections (Phenotype, Epidemiology, Genetics, Cellular/Molecular Mechanisms, Neural Circuits, and Therapeutics), the discussion is focused on what has been firmly established in the field. In many cases, what is known about autism leads to a better understanding of how to subdivide the population. Genetics, for instance, can divide autism into syndromic or idiopathic cases (those associated with a comorbid genetic condition such as Rett's Syndrome or Fragile X and those that have no apparent genetic etiology, respectively). Epidemiology research has shown that a host of chemical, social, and emotional exposures are correlated with varied risks of developing autism (leading to possible distinctions between autism caused by teratogens or autism caused by other mechanisms). Molecular research has revealed a subset of autistic individuals who have various causes of synaptic dysfunction, and within this group there have been certain proteins implicated, offering additional points of differentiation between individuals. The study of therapeutics, however, has largely left the population as a whole in research. As a result, the comparisons (based on mean differences between controls and ASD subjects) are not fine-grained enough to show benefits within certain subgroups of ASD individuals. What the research shows is that the autism spectrum can (and should) be subdivided. Establishing multiple well-defined "autisms" allows for much more targeted research. The first step is creating clear boundaries to the spectrum, and the proposed revisions to the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is intended to do just this (collapsing the spectrum disorders into one diagnosis with a streamlined set of common behavioral features). The answer to the "autism or autisms?" questions is both: once the spectrum is clearly distinguished from the non-spectrum, research will establish the points at which autism should be subdivided. Homogeneous subgroups (however they are defined) will allow for more robust study of the underlying pathophysiology and possible treatment options.

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22

Nalty, Theresa. "Neurodevelopmental theory of autism /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7583.

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23

Gillott, Alinda. "Anxiety in high functioning children with autism." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31269.

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High functioning children with autism were compared to two control groups on measures of anxiety and social worries. Comparison control groups consisted of children with expressive language disorder and typically developing children. Each group consisted of 15 children between the ages of 8 and 12 years and were matched for age and gender. Children with autism were found to be most anxious on both measures. High anxiety subscale scores for the autism group were separation anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Possible explanations for higher levels of anxiety in high functioning children with autism were explored. The groups were compared on measures of theory of mind, recognition and expression of emotion, communication and socialisation. The children with autism performed significantly worse than both control groups on the measure of socialisation. On the measures of theory of mind, recognition of emotion and communication skills, however, the children with autism did as well as children with expressive language disorder. Impairments in social abilities are, therefore, highlighted as possible factors contributing to anxiety in high functioning children with autism. Social anxiety was also found to correlate negatively with communication ability for the autism group. This is the first study to provide quantitative data on anxiety in children with autism. These findings are discussed within the context of theories of autism and anxiety in the general population of children. The clinical implications of these findings are also noted and suggestions for future research are made.

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24

au, drbonser@starwon com, and David John Bonser. "Behavioural fluency for young children with autism." Murdoch University, 2002. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040210.104430.

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Fluency is functionally defined by: skill retention after a period without practice; skill endurance over longer intervals than encountered during practice; skill stability in the face of distraction; a performance that can be effortlessly applied to new environments; and a skill that adduces easily with other skills to form new repertoires (RESAA). Precision Teachers have found that fluency can be promoted by building the frequency of an accurate response to high rates. Young children with autism often fail to achieve RESAA outcomes from accuracy-based discrete trial training and may benefit from frequency-building instruction. However, a lack of published empirical support has meant that many behavioural educators have resisted adopting these strategies. The purpose of the current study was to determine if frequency-building procedures will promote the fluent skill development of tasks encountered on many early intervention programs for 12 young children with autism. The data showed that imitation, line tracing, drawing, simple addition, and phoneme reading skills taught to young children with autism achieved RESAA outcomes and responded to frequency building procedures in ways that were consistent with non-autistic populations. Secondly, frequency-building imitation to a rate-based fluency aim produced far greater gains on measures of generalised, imitation than using discrete trial training to an accuracy-based mastery criterion alone. Thirdly, increases in the rate of performance under frequency-building conditions positively predicted increases in the quality and quantity of applications, adductions, and skill generalisation for most skills. Fourthly, more exemplars are preferable to few during frequency-building practice. Fifthly, gross motor imitation, a controlled-operant task by definition, was modified and practiced to rates high enough to achieve RESAA criteria. Finally, discrete trial training was as effective as frequency-building when matched for reinforcement and practice, however was less efficient and rated less enjoyable by 5 children without developmental disabilities. The findings were consistent with behavioural fluency predictions and support the inclusion of frequency building strategies to promote skill fluency for young children with autism.

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25

Gray, Kylie M. (Kylie Megan) 1971. "Identifying autism in infants and young children." Monash University, Dept. of Psychological Medicine, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7971.

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26

Bonser, David John. "Behavioural fluency for young children with autism." Bonser, David John (2002) Behavioural fluency for young children with autism. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/412/.

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Fluency is functionally defined by: skill retention after a period without practice; skill endurance over longer intervals than encountered during practice; skill stability in the face of distraction; a performance that can be effortlessly applied to new environments; and a skill that adduces easily with other skills to form new repertoires (RESAA). Precision Teachers have found that fluency can be promoted by building the frequency of an accurate response to high rates. Young children with autism often fail to achieve RESAA outcomes from accuracy-based discrete trial training and may benefit from frequency-building instruction. However, a lack of published empirical support has meant that many behavioural educators have resisted adopting these strategies. The purpose of the current study was to determine if frequency-building procedures will promote the fluent skill development of tasks encountered on many early intervention programs for 12 young children with autism. The data showed that imitation, line tracing, drawing, simple addition, and phoneme reading skills taught to young children with autism achieved RESAA outcomes and responded to frequency building procedures in ways that were consistent with non-autistic populations. Secondly, frequency-building imitation to a rate-based fluency aim produced far greater gains on measures of generalised, imitation than using discrete trial training to an accuracy-based mastery criterion alone. Thirdly, increases in the rate of performance under frequency-building conditions positively predicted increases in the quality and quantity of applications, adductions, and skill generalisation for most skills. Fourthly, more exemplars are preferable to few during frequency-building practice. Fifthly, gross motor imitation, a controlled-operant task by definition, was modified and practiced to rates high enough to achieve RESAA criteria. Finally, discrete trial training was as effective as frequency-building when matched for reinforcement and practice, however was less efficient and rated less enjoyable by 5 children without developmental disabilities. The findings were consistent with behavioural fluency predictions and support the inclusion of frequency building strategies to promote skill fluency for young children with autism.

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27

Yang, Susan Ker-Tong. "Narrative abilities in bilingual children with autism." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33975.

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Storytelling requires the integration of cognitive, linguistic, and sociocultural knowledge, and because autism undercuts competence in each of these domains, narratives provide a valuable means to investigate the nature of such deficits in autism. This is the first study on narrative abilities in bilingual children with autism, which will contribute to our knowledge of language development and the effects of bilingualism in this population. The study compares the narrative abilities of 13 monolingual English children with autism, 10 bilingual Mandarin-English children with autism, and 9 typically-developing bilingual Mandarin-English children matched on nonverbal intelligence and language ability. All children were asked to tell a story based on the wordless picture book, Frog, Where are You? (Mayer, 1969), and the bilingual children were asked to generate a story in both languages. The narratives were analyzed according to their global structure, local linguistic structure, and the child’s ability to provide evaluative comments. Comparisons between the monolingual children with autism and bilingual children with autism revealed no group differences, suggesting that bilingualism is not likely to have a negative effect on language development in children with autism. Comparisons between the two bilingual groups on the global structure revealed that bilingual children with autism included fewer story episodes and fewer types of orientation. However, both groups were able to grasp the theme of the story. With regard to the local structure, bilingual children with autism told stories of similar length, but employed less complex syntax and fewer types of conjunction, and also made more reference errors than their typically developing peers. Finally, the two groups did not differ significantly on the evaluative aspects of narratives. Results of this study demonstrated that bilingual children with autism did find certain aspects of narrative challenging, but their performance was comparable to that of monolingual children with autism, suggesting that bilingualism does not further impede language development in this population and that verbal children with autism have the capacity to be bilingual.

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28

Wojcik, Dominika Zofia. "Metamemory in children with autism spectrum disorder." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574625.

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ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder which primarily affects social interaction and communication. However, a growing literature has also identified some episodic memory difficulties in this group (e.g.: free recall, autobiographical memory, recollection). A plausible reason ·for this is that people with ASD lack the metacognitive mechanisms necessary for efficient memory. Hitherto, few studies have assessed metamemory (awareness of one's own memory) in ASD. The novelty of the current thesis was thus to compare performance of children with ASD to typically developing children on metacognitive monitoring (estimation of future memory performance) and control (manipulation of memory strategies) as well as metamemory knowledge about the variables affecting memory in online memory tasks. To investigate monitoring; global (judgment-of-Iearning & judgments-of-confidence) and item-by- item (judgments-of-Iearning & feeling-of-knowing) metacognitive judgments were used. Control was explored using recall readiness paradigm. The usage offeedback from monitoring to apply memory strategies (study time allocation & item selection) was further investigated. No group differences were found neither on global (Experiment 3.1, 3.2 & 4.2) nor item-by- item (Experiment 4.1 & 4.3) metacognitive monitoring at encoding (Judgment-of-Iearning). '. ' .. ~ However, the ASD group showed deficits in monitoring at retrieval (Feeling-of-knowing) in an episodic (but not a semantic) task. Children with ASD were also unimpaired on measure of control (Experiment 4.2) and on responding to feedback from monitoring (Experiment 4.3). Finally, the results showed spared knowledge in this clinical group regarding the effects of different learning conditions, such as self-enactment (Chapter 3), varying study time and item difficulty (Chapter 4). Overall the current thesis showed very specific metacognitve difficulties in ASD. These deficits are discussed in terms of mnemonic cues that these children can and cannot use to form their judgments. The involvement of retrieval of partial information (potentially reliant on recollection) and cues regarding the self are proposed as potential causes of these monitoring difficulties .

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29

Shea, Kathleen. "Video calling with nonverbal children with autism." Thesis, University of Bridgeport, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3667421.

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Twenty five percent of individuals diagnosed with autism are nonverbal and need to learn to communicate using alternative means (National Research Council, 2001) in order to build functional spontaneous communication. Joint attention behaviors are critical for communication development (Mundy & Newell, 2007). This study introduces a video calling intervention to target the joint attention behaviors, eye gaze, verbalization and gestures. The purpose of this study was to discover what relationship exists between video calling and joint attention in nonverbal children with autism and to explore the perspectives of parents and their communication interaction with the child. This case study of two children is a quantitative ABA withdrawal design and a qualitative narrative design. The ABA design uses seven-inch Prestige 7 Connect tablets and Skype, video calling software program to communicate during game, reading and discussion activities. Observing and recording procedures were used to collect the data and visual analysis was conducted using graphs, tables. The narrative design used parent interviews and questionnaires to build themes. The findings indicate that video calling had a positive impact on eye gaze and verbalization behaviors during discussion and game activities. From the narrative analysis emerged a theme of engagement and focus. The conclusions indicate that video calling has impact on some joint attention behaviors and increases engagement in nonverbal children with autism. Implications for this study include using video calling in the classroom for peer interactions and skill building. Further study is needed to increase the generalizability of these findings.

Keywords: joint attention, video calling, nonverbal, autism, engagement

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30

King, Chelsey. "Therapeutic schoolyard: design for children with autism." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13657.

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Master of Landscape Architecture
Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Mary Catherine (Katie) Kingery-Page
It is estimated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention that approximately 1 in every 88 children are diagnosed with some level of autism or various degrees of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (2012). Pervasive Developmental Disorders are commonly referred to as Autism Spectrum Disorders (and hereafter referred to as autism). Many children with autism have difficulty communicating, must cope with their disorder, and may need special considerations in the classroom. Needs of children with autism vary from child to child, but they all can benefit from environments that are designed with awareness of challenges and characteristics associated with autism. Schoolyards commonly contain asphalt, turf, and traditional play structures that do not take into consideration the needs of children with mental or physical disabilities. However, schoolyards can be designed to provide therapeutic benefits on these children without segregating them from the larger school community. In order to understand how a schoolyard might be designed as a therapeutic environment for children with autism the challenges, needs, and common therapies for children with autism must be understood. The characteristics of therapeutic landscapes for children must be considered in addition. After examining both therapeutic landscapes and the many facets of autism, the researcher applied lessons learned to the design of a schoolyard master plan for Amanda Arnold Elementary School in Manhattan, Kansas.

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31

Degli, Espinosa Francesca. "Verbal behaviour development for children with autism." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/197233/.

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The utility of functional accounts of language development in establishing the emergence of generalised verbal behaviour in children with autism was evaluated through a programme of research that also investigated ways in which interactions between speaker and listener behaviour can be manipulated to maximise the effectiveness of language-based interventions. Firstly, the Early Behavioural Intervention Curriculum (EBIC) was developed as a comprehensive framework for delivering Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention (EIBI) to children with autism. Secondly, the effectiveness of the EBIC was evaluated through analysis of process data collected during the Southampton Childhood Autism Project (SCAmP). Two subsequent studies provided further controlled investigation of the emergence of naming at the single-word level, the first in vocal children with autism, and the second in non-vocal children with autism who sign. Lastly, research was carried out to evaluate teaching procedures developed to establish complex conditional discriminations in children with autism on the basis of joint control by two types of speaker behaviour. Overall, findings reported indicate that the EBIC provides an effective framework for EIBI in autism, that theoretical accounts of naming and joint control provide a practical basis for developing effective procedures for teaching verbal behaviour to children with autism, and that functional accounts of language development provide effective means of establishing both generalised verbal behaviour and other key life skills in children with autism

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32

Deshmukh, Richa. "Motor Speech Characteristics of Children with Autism." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337956015.

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33

Cramer, Heather. "Teaching Children with Autism Three Different Questions." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4427/.

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Children with autism often exhibit deficits in question-asking. This study replicated and extended Williams, Donley, and Keller.s (2000) training package: a modeling and reinforcement procedure to teach the use of 3 different questions about hidden objects. Two boys, aged 13 and 12, with primary diagnoses of autism, participated. A multiple baseline design across questions was used. Both children learned to ask all three questions: .What.s that?. .Can I see (item name)?. and .Can I have (item name)?. Question-asking generalized to novel locations, people, and stimulus materials with minimal additional training. These results support the efficacy of this training package as an efficient way to teach children with autism to ask questions about objects in their environment.

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34

Gower, Michael W. "Improving social skills in children with autism." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009m/gower.pdf.

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35

Wimpory, Dawn. "Social engagement in preschool children with autism." Thesis, Bangor University, 1995. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/social-engagement-in-preschool-children-with-autism(4be20cc2-280e-43ba-afe1-ff06ac4c7807).html.

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The nature of social engagement deficits in children with autism were explored through a series of linked studies. Guiding questions were as follows: i) Are the social deficits present in infancy?, ii) What strategies of adult-child communication facilitate social engagement in preschoolers? and iii) What are the long term effects of musically enhancing these strategies? To address the first question, an interview schedule (the Detection of Autism by Infant Sociability Interview, DAISI) was developed. It was retrospectively employed with parents of children with autism, and parents of learning disabled children without autism as a control group. This revealed social engagement deficits in eye-contact, gestural body-language and interactive babbling, before 24 months. None of these was attributable to learning disability. A subsequent study searched for clinical equivalents of the "scaffolding" role played by parents enhancing their normal infants' social and communicative performance. Videorecorded observations of clinicians and preschoolers with autism during one-to-one play-based assessments were analysed using an observation schedule developed for this study:- Coding of Active Sociability in Preschoolers with Autism (CASPA). This revealed relationships between clinical strategies and episodes of social engagement which confirmed and extended previous research. Facilitative strategies included musical-motoric activities together with self-repetitive communicative turns and/or turns that followed the child's focus of attention. Single case studies were then employed to evaluate clinical interventions (Musical Interaction Therapy) based around the facilitators of social engagement identified by CASPA. Onset of therapy was followed by improvements in social engagement related skills which were sustained for over a year after therapy. The emergence of child acts of teasing and pretend play during and following the period of Musical Interaction Therapy extended beyond the empirical findings of previous interventions. Theories of development in autism were discussed in the light of data from these studies.

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36

Petalas, Michael Anthony. "Siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder." Thesis, Bangor University, 2009. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/siblings-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorder(433e6208-c6e9-4767-b48e-7d083c69f5af).html.

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37

Werner, Elizabeth. "Families, children with autism and everyday occupations." Diss., NSUWorks, 2000. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_ot_student_dissertations/28.

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38

Bonser, David J. "Behavioural fluency for young children with autism." Thesis, Bonser, David J. (2002) Behavioural fluency for young children with autism. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/412/.

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Fluency is functionally defined by: skill retention after a period without practice; skill endurance over longer intervals than encountered during practice; skill stability in the face of distraction; a performance that can be effortlessly applied to new environments; and a skill that adduces easily with other skills to form new repertoires (RESAA). Precision Teachers have found that fluency can be promoted by building the frequency of an accurate response to high rates. Young children with autism often fail to achieve RESAA outcomes from accuracy-based discrete trial training and may benefit from frequency-building instruction. However, a lack of published empirical support has meant that many behavioural educators have resisted adopting these strategies. The purpose of the current study was to determine if frequency-building procedures will promote the fluent skill development of tasks encountered on many early intervention programs for 12 young children with autism. The data showed that imitation, line tracing, drawing, simple addition, and phoneme reading skills taught to young children with autism achieved RESAA outcomes and responded to frequency building procedures in ways that were consistent with non-autistic populations. Secondly, frequency-building imitation to a rate-based fluency aim produced far greater gains on measures of generalised, imitation than using discrete trial training to an accuracy-based mastery criterion alone. Thirdly, increases in the rate of performance under frequency-building conditions positively predicted increases in the quality and quantity of applications, adductions, and skill generalisation for most skills. Fourthly, more exemplars are preferable to few during frequency-building practice. Fifthly, gross motor imitation, a controlled-operant task by definition, was modified and practiced to rates high enough to achieve RESAA criteria. Finally, discrete trial training was as effective as frequency-building when matched for reinforcement and practice, however was less efficient and rated less enjoyable by 5 children without developmental disabilities. The findings were consistent with behavioural fluency predictions and support the inclusion of frequency building strategies to promote skill fluency for young children with autism.

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39

Lam, Yan Grace. "Exploring the cluster of cognitive deficits in autism /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20716837.

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40

Joseph, Shari. "Similar detection patterns between children with autism and typically developing children." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85016.

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Children with and without autism were evaluated on two change detection tasks that entailed responding to 2 side-by-side images that were displayed on a computer screen. In Experiment 1, a distracter object that remained unchanged was displayed next to a target object that changed in 1 of 3 ways, a global position change, a color change, or a local deletion change. The stimuli consisted of photographs and drawings that were presented at blank intervals of either 50 or 250 ms. In Experiment 2, color and deletion changes were compared in photographs of objects and people. Children with autism were expected to demonstrate enhanced change detection across both experiments, as well as better detection of local than global changes, and superior processing of changes to objects compared to people. Across tasks, both groups performed comparably in change detection ability. Children with autism did not demonstrate enhanced visual detection, and evidenced similar patterns of visual discrimination compared to typically developing children. They also exhibited similar processing of changes to objects and people. Age was positively associated with improvements in change detection among both groups of children.

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41

Landry, Joseph Reginald. "Autism attentional disengagement and its relationship to temperament /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0024/NQ39281.pdf.

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42

Almutairi, Masooma. "Mothers of children with autism: The relationship between knowledge of autism and stress." Scholarly Commons, 2002. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2590.

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Intervention programs for parents with children with autism seek to increase their knowledge of autism and decrease their levels of parenting stress. Prior research has not addressed this relationship. The present research had as its main focus the relationships between levels of stress of mothers of children with autism and maternal knowledge of autism, the age of the child, and the functioning level of the child. The level of maternal stress was assessed using the Parental Stress Instrument (PSI). Maternal knowledge of autism was assessed by the Parental Knowledge Index (PKI) developed by the investigator. A demographic questionnaire was used to obtain information on factors such as the functioning level of the child as well as the age of the mother, the age of child with autism, the date of diagnosis, the presence of other children at home, and years of parental education related to autism. Participants included 40 mothers of young children (1–8 years of age) from diverse SES and ethnic backgrounds. The mothers attended meetings at a family support center for autism. The analyses indicated (a) a significant negative correlation between the age of the child with autism and the severity of maternal stress; (b) a significant negative correlation between the level of maternal knowledge of autism and the functioning level of the child; (c) a non-significant correlation between the level of maternal stress and the functioning level of the child; (d) a non-significant correlation between the level of maternal knowledge of autism and the age of the child; and (e) a non-significant correlation between the level of maternal knowledge of autism and the level of maternal stress. The lack of a relationship between the level of maternal knowledge of autism and maternal stress is discussed in terms of possible inadequacies in the PSI, PKI, or both, or to limitations due to the limited number of participants. One implication based on the relationship between the child's age and the mother's level of stress is the possibility of designing educational programs with experiential sessions involving the mother and her child which attempt to equip them with adequate levels of “accelerated experiences.” A second implication is that it may be preferable to develop two separate intervention programs, one for parents of younger children and one for parents of older ones in order to address the unique needs of each group.

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43

Boggs, Teresa. "Autism Strand: Promoting Communication and Interaction Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1514.

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44

Tarabek, Jessica. "Relationship satisfaction and mental health of parents of children with autism: A comparison of autism, ADHD, and normative children." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31236.

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This research compares the relationship satisfaction and mental health of parents of children diagnosed with Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) to parents of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and parents of normative children. The analytical sample was obtained from the 2007 National Survey of Childrenâ s Health, and ANOVA statistical procedures were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that significant differences exist in relationship satisfaction and mental health between mothers of children with Autism or ASD and mothers of either children with ADHD or ADD or normative children. No significant differences were found between fathers. Implications for clinicians working with this population, as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.
Master of Science

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45

Femia, Lisa Ann. "Analyses of parent and teacher responses on the Stress Survey Schedule for children with autism spectrum disorders /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2007. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3276982.

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46

Poe, Susannah Grimm. "Prognostic factors for treatment outcome in young children with autism." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1638.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 145 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-98).

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47

Peters, Audrey C. "Autism and Occupational Therapy: Effects of Proprioceptive Interventions on Behaviors in Children with Autism." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1619105117255219.

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48

Hanson, Laura K. "Episodic Foresight in Typically-Developing Children and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26094.

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The capacity to mentally project the self into the future or, what has recently been termed “episodic foresight” is an emerging topic of study in developmental psychology. The aim of this dissertation was to review available research on this topic and explore its development in two groups of children: typically-developing preschoolers and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This dissertation had two main goals. The first goal was to explore whether tasks thought to measure episodic foresight in children are related and whether, as has been hypothesized, they were related to theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF). Study 1 showed that after controlling for age and language ability, episodic foresight tasks were not intercorrelated, nor were they individually related to ToM or EF tasks. Importantly, however, an episodic foresight composite score was related to several EF tasks. Specifically, the results suggested a significant relation between episodic foresight and inhibitory control. The second goal of this dissertation was to explore the development of episodic foresight in children with ASD. Specifically, I tested whether children with ASD would perform more poorly on a series of episodic foresight tasks than a mental-age matched group of typically-developing children. Study 2 revealed significant group differences on several episodic foresight tasks, suggesting that children with ASD showed impairments in thinking about themselves in the future. These results are a timely contribution to the research on episodic foresight and will hopefully aid in the further development of tasks that adequately measure this important cognitive ability in children.

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49

Glossop, Victoria. "An investigation of empathy in children with autism." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442808.

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50

Deprey, Lesley J. "Prognostic factors in children with autism, an exploration." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38578.pdf.

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Дисертації з теми "Autism in children Classification"

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