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1
Simanjuntak, Truman. "Progres Penelitian Austronesia Di Nusantara." AMERTA 33, no. 1 (June 25, 2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/amt.v33i1.211.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Progress of Austronesian Studies in the Indonesian Archipelago. Austronesian-speaking people in Indonesia, which are part of the global Austronesian-speakers, which is the most denselypopulated, have a strategic role in figuring out the global Austronesians, especially since Indonesia is located in the middle of the dispersal area. As the direct predecessors of recent Indonesian indigenous population, their emergence since ca. 4000 BP has become a highly important field of study in our nation’s life. The increasingly intensive researches within the last decade have resulted in significant progress in the Austronesian studies and have given us a better picture on the origin, dispersal, and development of the Austronesian speakers and their cultures, both synchronically and diachronically. Local evolution resulted from process of adaptation to the environment, as well as external influences, have created a cultural dynamics from the Neolithic to the Palaeometalic and historic periods, until now. Eventually the local evolution and external influences have generated unique local cultures that form a mosaic of diversity of Indonesian people and culture like we see today. The wide scopes of Austronesian studies and limited researches have left some unanswered questions, both in regionalglobal and national contexts. That is a challenge, which encourages us to carry out more intensiveresearches in the near future. Abstrak. Penutur Austronesia di Indonesia menempati posisi yang sangat strategis dalam pemahaman Austronesia global mengingat keletakannya di bagian tengah kawasan sebaran dengan populasi yang terbesar di antara negara-negara penutur Austronesia. Sebagai leluhur langsung populasi Indonesia asli sekarang, kemunculannya ca. 4000 BP menjadikan bidang studi yang sangat penting bagi kehidupanbangsa. Penelitian yang semakin intensif dalam dasawarsa terakhir telah memberikan banyak kemajuan tentang asal usul, persebaran, dan perkembangan secara sinkronis dan diakronis. Evolusi lokal sebagai hasil proses adaptasi lingkungan dan pengaruh luar menciptakan dinamika budaya dari Neolitik ke Paleometalik dan berlanjut ke masa sejarah hingga sekarang. Faktor evolusi lokal dan pengaruh luar itu lambat laun menciptakan kekhasan budaya-budaya lokal, hingga membentuk mozaik kebinekaan bangsa dan budaya Indonesia seperti yang kita lihat sekarang. Luasnya cakupan studi Austronesia dan masih terbatasnya penelitian menyisakan banyak pertanyaan yang belum terjawab, baik dalam kaitannya dengan konteks regional-global maupun konteks nasional. Kondisi ini merupakan tantangan yang mendorong perlunya intensifikasi penelitian di masa datang.
2
McWilliam, Andrew. "Austronesians in linguistic disguise: Fataluku cultural fusion in East Timor." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 38, no. 2 (May 25, 2007): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463407000082.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between language and cultural practice in the Fataluku language community of East Timor. A Papuan language and member of what is referred to as the Trans New Guinea Phylum (TNGP) of languages, Fataluku society nevertheless exhibits many cultural ideas and practices suggesting a long period of engagement and accommodation to Austronesian cosmopolitanism. The idea that Fataluku speakers are ‘Austronesians in disguise’ points to the significance of cultural hybridity on the Austronesian boundary.
3
Sukandar, Sri Chiirullia. "JEJAK BUDAYA PENUTUR AUSTRONESIA PADA SITUS KAMPUNG FORIR, FAKFAK (The Last Vestiges of The Austronesian Culture in Kampung Forir Site, Fakfak)." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 7, no. 1 (June 3, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v7i1.33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research on Sosoraweru cave site and Kampung Forir site, shows a number of issues Austronesian context. There are two issue to be discussed in this article, namely: (1) Traces of Austronesian speakers in Kampung Furir; (2) Function Sosoraweru cave site in the past. To explore both of these issues used the method of observation, excavation, and literature and analyzed based on contextual analysis. The baseline data obtained and analyzed in the form of artifacts and ekofak the influence of Austronesian culture in the southwestern coast of Papua. Based on the data and the context concluded that traces the influence of Austronesian in Sosoraweru cave include: red slip pottery fragments, the system of burial niches and frescoes which show the influence of Austronesian cultures. In addition, based on the context of the locus is known that the Sosoraweru cave site and Kampung Forir site serve as a residential in the past.AbstrakPenelitian di Situs Kampung Forir dan Gua Sosoraweru memperlihatkan sejumlah konteks isu Austronesia. Ada dua masalah yang akan dibahas dalam artikel ini, yaitu: (1) Jejak penutur Austronesia di Kampung Furir; (2) Fungsi situs Gua Sosoraweru di masa lalu. Untuk mendalami kedua masalah tersebut, digunakan metode observasi, ekskavasi, dan studi pustaka. Data-data pokok yang diperoleh dianalisis berdasarkan analisis kontekstual, berupa artefak dan ekofak untuk melihat adanya pengaruh budaya Austronesia di kawasan pesisir baratdaya Papua. Berdasarkan data dan konteksnya disimpulkan bahwa jejak pengaruh Austronesia di Gua Sosoraweru meliputi: fragmen gerabah berslip merah, sistem penguburan ceruk dan lukisan dinding yang menunjukkan adanya pengaruh budaya Austronesia. Selain itu, berdasarkan konteks lokus temuan diketahui bahwa Gua Sosoraweru dan kawasan Kampung Forir berfungsi sebagai hunian di masa lalu
4
Suroto, Hari. "BUDAYA AUSTRONESIA Dl KAWASAN DANAU SENTANI (Austroneslan Culture In the Sentani Lake Area)." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v8i2.182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pottery artifacts distribution and language show that Austroneslan speakers mostly settle, do activity, and interact with indigenous Papua In the coastal. Sentani Lake area is located in north part of Papua, in which Sentani language belongs to the non-Austronesian (phylum Trans New Guinea). This study is aimed to reveal the influence of Austroneslan culture in Sentani Lake area through descriptive and qualitative methods. The data is gathered by conducting surface survey, environmental observation, and ethnoarchaeological approach. The influence of Austroneslan culture in Sentani Lake area is brought through the coastal communities in Vanimo, Altape, and East Sepik Papua New Guinea. Artifacts as the evidences showing the influence of Austroneslan culture am in the form of pottery, glass bracelet, glass beads, and bronze artifacts. It is also shown through a pottery making tradition, tattoo, alcoholic drink, leadership system, and the breeding of dog, pig, and chicken. AbstrakPersebaran artefak gerabah dan bahasa menunjukan penutur Austronesia lebih banyak bermukim, beraktivitas, dan berinteraksi dengan penduduk asli Papua di pesisir. Kawasan Danau Sentani terletak di pesisir utara Papua, bahasa Sentani tergoiong dalam bahasa non-Austronesia (phylum Trans New Guinea). Tuiisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh budaya Austronesia di Kawasan Danau Sentani. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpuian data dilakukan dengan survei permukaan tanah serta pengamatan lingkungan, serta perdekatan etnoarkeologi. Pengaruh budaya Austronesia di Kawasan Danau Sentani melaiui masyarakat pesisir di Vanimo, Aitape, dan Sepik Timur Papua Nugini. Aftefek yang menjadi bukti pengaruh budaya Austronesia yaitu gerabah, geiang kaca, manik-manik kaca, artefak pemnggu, Pengaruh iainnya yaitu tradlsi pembuatan gerabah, tradlsi tato, pembuatan minuman beralkohol, sistem kepemimpinan serta pemeiiharaan anjing, babi dan ayam.
5
Tondo, Fanny Henry. "THE PEOPLE OF KAO AND THEIR LANGUAGE IN THE NORTHERN COAST OF HALMAHERA." Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya 22, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v22i2.1074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are two major language families existing in Indonesia. Those are Austronesian and Papuan languages. Most of Austronesian language speakers live in all over Indonesia. However, the other one, the Non-Austronesian or Papuan language speakers live in some parts of Eastern Indonesia such as North Maluku, Papua, West Papua and East Nusa Tenggara. The focus of this study will lie on one of the language communities in Halmahera island, North Maluku, namely Kao which is on the northern coast of the island. Based on the researches conducted from 2013 up to 2014, it is shown that Kao language which is categorized as Papuan language has been affected by Austronesian feature. It seems that the environment where Kao people live has influenced their life especially their language. One of the influences is on the structure of their language which has changed and shown the domination of the Austronesian characteristic in the case of word order, that is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Meanwhile, the existence of lingua franca as an inter-ethnic communication tool such as Ternate Malay which is also Austronesian language has contributed to form the present language of Kao as well. This article aims to explain the Kao people and their language which has started to be influenced by Austronesian feature.
6
Lin, Hao-Li, and Richard Scaglion. "Austronesian Speakers and Hereditary Leadership in the Pacific." Anthropological Forum 29, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2019.1624502.
Повний текст джерела
7
Wivell, Grace B. "Consonant acquisition in Lio." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 5266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v7i1.5266.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lio is an understudied Austronesian language spoken in Central Flores, Indonesia by 220,000 speakers (Ethnologue, 2019), for which no acquisition research has yet been completed. In this case study, the speech of two female bilingual speakers, ages 7 and 9, were transcribed, to determine which consonants were produced in an adult-like manner by each speaker; all consonants that the children attempted were produced in an adult-like manner, excepting [ɰ] and [r]. [ɰ] is of note, as it was replaced by [j], a phoneme in the speakers’ other language, Indonesian, implying a potential influence of bilingualism.
8
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. "Some notes on animals and plants for Proto-Austronesian speakers." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 18, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.18.2.04li.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Man’s life has always depended on animals and plants, a dependency most directly relevant to primitive societies. What animals and plants were available to the Proto-Austronesian (PAN) people of Taiwan 5,000 BP and earlier? What animals and plants had been domesticated at that stage? What animals and plants were endemic, with other alien species introduced to the island at later stages? In this paper I shall address myself to such problems, drawing upon various disciplines, including linguistics and archaeology, as well as zoology and botany. Lists of PAN cognates for animals, plants, and a few related cognates are given in the appendices.
9
Cho, Minsung. "A Review About Family Context and Reconstruction Problems in the Austronesian Languages Family." JURNAL ARBITRER 7, no. 2 (October 25, 2020): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.7.2.210-220.2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Austronesian languages are one of the largest language groups in terms of the number of speakers and also its spread area around the world. The Austronesian languages are assumed to be branched, developed and spread extensively as a result of migration from Taiwan to the south, including the Nusantara archipelago. This literature-based paper attempted to examine the spread and development of the Austronesian languages family as well as the problems in reconstructing the Austronesian languages in the Nusantara archipelago. This writing examined the process and form of words’ reconstruction problems, in Austronesian languages and its relation with its parent form that eventually created the languages that existed in the Malay Archipelago. The results of the reconstruction demonstrated that the inheritance of the language from one generation to the next had created a significant relationship of the current language employed in the Nusantara archipelago with its parent language as well as proved kinship based on elements of similarity as well as innovation or change from its parent, the ancient Austronesian language (proto). The research also discovered that the family relationship of the languages is manifested through the similarity of pronunciation sound form, vocabulary and grammar structure when reconstructed based on the sound similarity found in the languages compared.
10
Moro, Francesca R. "Loss of Morphology in Alorese (Austronesian): Simplification in Adult Language Contact." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 378–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01202005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper discusses historical and ongoing morphological simplification in Alorese, an Austronesian language spoken in eastern Indonesia. From comparative evidence, it is clear that Alorese lost almost all of its morphology over several hundred years as a consequence of language contact (Klamer, 2012, to appear). By providing both linguistic and cultural-historical evidence, this paper shows that Alorese has historically undergone morphological simplification as a result of second language (L2) learning. The first part of the paper presents a case study comparing the use of subject agreement prefixes in Alorese L1 speakers (n=6) and Alorese L2 speakers (n=12). The results show that L2 speakers deviate from the native norm, and tend to use one prefix as default agreement. The variation found among L2 speakers reveals an ongoing change possibly leading to the restructuring of the Alorese agreement system. The second part of the paper applies models of linguistic change (Kusters, 2003; Trudgill, 2011) to the Alorese community and shows that Alorese has been, and still is, spoken in a community with a large number of L2 speakers, where morphological simplification is expected to occur.
11
Polili, Andi Wete, Tengku Silvana Sinar, Dwi Widayati, and Abdurrahman Adisahputra. "The Status of Nias Language." Journal of Arts and Humanities 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v7i1.1123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Nias language is one of the local languages used in Indonesia. This Nias language speakers are on the island of Nias in North Sumatra Province. Nias language is part of the proto-Austronesian languages. The use of Nias language is spoken in the area of North Nias, West Nias, and South Nias. The use of this language in the three districts of Nias certainly has a kinship relationship either of similar or different. Definitely the derivation of this Austronesian language, Nias language, is reflected lexically in Nias language which is bequeathed either linearly or innovatively. The lexicostatistics and glotochronology methods were utilized to investigate the kinship relationship of three languages spoken in North Nias, West Nias and South Nias based on Swadesh 200 words. The data collection of the three languages in North, West and South of Nias is obtained from the informant interviews, observation and native informant speech recorded.</p><p> </p><p>Key words: <strong>Nias language</strong><strong>, Proto Austronesia, le</strong><strong>xico</strong><strong>statisti</strong><strong>c</strong><strong>, k</strong><strong>inship.</strong></p>
12
Baird, Louise. "Kéo." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32, no. 1 (June 2002): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100302000178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kéo is an Austronesian language spoken by approximately 40,000 speakers in central Flores in eastern Indonesia. Hitherto, Kéo has been linguistically undescribed. The data for this article comes from linguistic fieldwork undertaken by the author with native Kéo speakers on the islands of Flores and Bali in Indonesia, and in Canberra, Australia. Other, written sources include (Baird 2001) and (Baird 2002). Kéo has been said to belong to the Ende-Lio languages of the Bima-Sumba subgroup of the Central Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family (B. Grimes 1988, C. Grimes et al. 1997). The Central/Eastern Malayo-Polynesian grouping has been proposed by Blust, but this is not strongly supported by the comparative method. Likewise, there is very little evidence to support the notion of a Bima-Sumba subgroup at this stage. Much more linguistic work needs to be undertaken in the region before precise genetic relationships can be established.
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Soderberg, Craig D. "Kedayan." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 44, no. 2 (July 25, 2014): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100314000061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Malaysia, Kedayan (ISO code ‘kxd’) speakers are found primarily in the state of Sabah, the state of Sarawak, and the federal territory of Labuan, which is an offshore island near Sabah. Lewis (2009) classifies Kedayan as one of the many Malayic dialects within the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian languages.
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Tolla, Marlin. "THE COWRIES-SHELLS AND PIGS IN THE HIGHLAND OF PAPUA: THE LAPITA INFLUENCE? (Keberadaan Cangkang Kerang Cowrie dan Babi di Pegunungan Tinggi Papua: Pengaruh Lapita?)." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 6, no. 1 (June 3, 2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v6i1.40.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cowrie shells and pork was instrumental in the life of tribes in Papua. Shellfish and pork cowries used as a medium of exchange, dowry, and death rituals. This paper aims to describe the relationship with the coastal areas of the mountainous region of Papua, as well as the influence of Lapita in the mountains. Data collected by literature study and qualitative descriptive analysis. Shellfish and pork cowries were introduced by Austronesian speakers to the indigenous people in the mountains of Papua. ABSTRAKKerang cowrie dan babi sangat berperan dalam kehidupan suku-suku di pegunungan Papua. Kerang cowrie dan babi digunakan sebagai alat tukar, mas kawin, dan ritual kematian. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keterkaitan wilayah pesisir Papua dengan wilayah pegunungan, serta pengaruh Lapita di pegunungan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka dan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Kerang cowries dan babi diperkenalkan oleh penutur Austronesia kepada penduduk asli di pegunungan Papua.
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Chang, Chi-Shan, Hsiao-Lei Liu, Ximena Moncada, Andrea Seelenfreund, Daniela Seelenfreund, and Kuo-Fang Chung. "A holistic picture of Austronesian migrations revealed by phylogeography of Pacific paper mulberry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 5, 2015): 13537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503205112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The peopling of Remote Oceanic islands by Austronesian speakers is a fascinating and yet contentious part of human prehistory. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic studies have shown the complex nature of the process in which different components that helped to shape Lapita culture in Near Oceania each have their own unique history. Important evidence points to Taiwan as an Austronesian ancestral homeland with a more distant origin in South China, whereas alternative models favor South China to North Vietnam or a Southeast Asian origin. We test these propositions by studying phylogeography of paper mulberry, a common East Asian tree species introduced and clonally propagated since prehistoric times across the Pacific for making barkcloth, a practical and symbolic component of Austronesian cultures. Using the hypervariable chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 sequences of 604 samples collected from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceanic islands (including 19 historical herbarium specimens from Near and Remote Oceania), 48 haplotypes are detected and haplotype cp-17 is predominant in both Near and Remote Oceania. Because cp-17 has an unambiguous Taiwanese origin and cp-17–carrying Oceanic paper mulberries are clonally propagated, our data concur with expectations of Taiwan as the Austronesian homeland, providing circumstantial support for the “out of Taiwan” hypothesis. Our data also provide insights into the dispersal of paper mulberry from South China “into North Taiwan,” the “out of South China–Indochina” expansion to New Guinea, and the geographic origins of post-European introductions of paper mulberry into Oceania.
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Fitrisia, Dohra, and Dwi Widayati. "Changes in basic meanings from Proto-Austronesian to Acehnese." Studies in English Language and Education 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.9431.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Changes in meaning or semantic changes are the area of diachronic linguistics. The Acehnese language is a derivative of the Proto-Austronesian (PAN) language that has had changes in the meaning of its lexicon that have become the object of this interesting study. It is aimed at explaining examples of changes in meaning in the Acehnese etynom based on four basic types of changes of meaning categorized according to Crowley and Bowern (2010). The data was taken from the English Finder list of Reconstruction in Austronesian Languages reconstructed (Wurm & Wilson, 1975). The selected data from the results of this study was then confirmed by six native speakers’ expert in the actual use of the Acehnese language. The results showed that some original meanings from PAN have become broader, some narrower, some have bifurcated and some have shifted in meaning.
17
Fricke, Hanna. "The rise of clause-final negation in Flores-Lembata, Eastern Indonesia." Linguistics in the Netherlands 34 (November 23, 2017): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.34.04fri.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Austronesian languages of Flores-Lembata in eastern Indonesia show all three stages of a Jespersen Cycle: some have a negator in pre-predicate position, others in clause-final position, and yet others have embracing double negation. In this article the various negation patterns in the Flores-Lembata languages are described using a sample of nine closely related languages of the region. It examines not only the negative constructions but also the etymology of the negators used, showing historical connections between some of the languages, as well as independent developments in others. On the basis of cross-linguistic evidence, and taking into account the non-Austronesian (Papuan) structures found in these Flores-Lembata languages, it is argued that the clause-final negation in several of these languages was caused by contact with speakers of Papuan languages during an earlier stage.
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Khairunnisa. "Variation in Ampenan Sasak pronominal forms." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 7, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 120–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.20006.kha.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study investigates the variation of pronominal forms in Sasak, an Austronesian language spoken in eastern Indonesia. The study marks the first variationist sociolinguistic work on Sasak. Using data from eight conversations between 15 non-noble speakers, pronominal forms were coded for whether they were realized as a free pronoun or a clitic. Further, the discourse was examined to identify the referents and to observe the pragmatic effect of the forms used. The results show clitics dominate the distribution. Further, the results demonstrate that a higher percentage of clitics are preferred with the basic form for first person referents, but speakers apply a different strategy for second person referents; speakers use first person plural and third person singular forms to address their interlocutor when triggered by a Face Threatening Act (see Brown & Levinson, 1987).
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Suroto, Hari. "BABI DALAM BUDAYA PAPUA (Pig in The Papua Culture)." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 6, no. 1 (June 3, 2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v6i1.41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The pig is an integral part of the culture in the highlands of Papua. Nevertheless, to this day still happening cross of opinion among experts about when the first swine entered in Papua. This paper will discuss the beginning of pigs in Papua and Papuan cultural values associated with the presence of a pig. Data was collected with a literature study, in this paper used descriptive qualitative method. Beginning of the presence of swine in Papua brought by Austronesian speakers. Pig bones found in cave sites north coast of Papua. The presence of pigs in Papua are very influential in Papuan culture. ABSTRAKBabi merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari budaya di daerah dataran tinggi Papua. Meskipun demikian, sampai hari ini masih saja terjadi persilangan pendapat antar para ahli mengenai kapan pertama kali babi masuk di Papua. Tulisan ini akan membahas awal mula babi di Papua dan nilai-nilai budaya Papua yang terkait dengan keberadaan babi. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan, dalam tulisan ini digunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Awal mula keberadaan babi di Papua dibawa oleh penutur Austronesia. Tulang-tulang babi ditemukan di situs-situs gua pesisir utara Papua. Keberadaan babi di Papua sangat berpengaruh pada budaya Papua.
20
Wiradnyana, Ketut. "Budaya Austronesia Di Indonesia Bagian Barat Dalam Kaitannya Dengan Migrasi Out Of Taiwan." Berkala Arkeologi SANGKHAKALA 18, no. 1 (May 11, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/sba.v18i1.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Out of Taiwan is one of the theories about the dispersion of the Austronesian people, which is the most popular among the researchers who study the Austronesian people and culture until now. The theory’s popularity is supported by linguistic, anthropological, DNA, and dating, as well as archaeological data. The quite abundant archaeological data has contributed to the existence of the theory, among others the hypothesis about the dispersion of quadrangular adzes and rounded axes. The migration based on reveals human migration route from the Philippines to Sulawesi (Celebes), and from Sulawesi it was split into two directions, one of which went westward to Kalimantan (Borneo) and moved on to Sumatra, Java, Bali, and East Nusa Tenggara. The other route was to the eastern part of Indonesia. The route to the west is associated with quadrangular adze distribution, while the one to the eastern part of Indonesia is associated with round axe distribution. Furthermore, the red-slipped pottery was initially existed only in the eastern part of Indonesia, which led to a hypothesis that its distribution was limited to that region. But later the red-slipped pottery was also found in the western part of Indonesia, which indicates that there was human migration from the Austronesian place of origin (Southern China) to West Indonesia. In accordance with the migration route to the western part of Indonesia, and based on information obtained from excavations at a number of sites in that area, as well as carbon analyses and other analyses using descriptive qualitative method with inductive reasonings, there is an increasingly strong indication that there were migrations of Prehistoric Austronesian speakers, which tend to be different from the Out of Taiwan migration route. Naskah
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Karenisa, Kity. "Adjektiva dalam Bahasa Maanyan (The Adjective in Maanyan Language)." JALABAHASA 14, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36567/jalabahasa.v14i2.207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap adjektiva dalam bahasa Maanyan, terutama pada ciri morfologisnya, perilaku adjektiva dalam bahasa Maanyan berbeda dengan perilaku adjektiva bahasa Austronesia pada umumnya. Kategori sintaksis kalimat yang berbeda mensyaratkan bentuk adjektiva yang berbeda, yaitu dengan pemarkah adjektiva {ma-} ataupun tanpa pemarkah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ciri adjektiva dalam bahasa Maanyan berdasarkan ciri morfologis, perilaku sintaksis, dan perilaku semantisnya. Data dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan oleh peneliti dari bahasa yang dikuasainya sebagai penutur asli bahasa Maanyan, kemudian dikonfirmasi dengan penutur asli lainnya. Berdasarkan analisis diperoleh simpulan bahwa adjektiva dalam bahasa Maanyan dapat dikenali dari ciri bentuk atau ciri morfologis yang berupa monomorfemis dan polimorfemis, dari perilaku sintaksis, yaitu sebagai atribut dalam frasa nomina, dan dari perilaku semantis dengan makna yang mengikutinya. Based on the observation on adjective in Maanyan language, especially in morphological features, adjective behavior in Maanyan language is different from the adjective behavior in other Austronesian languages in general. Different categories of syntactic sentences require different forms of adjectives: with the adjective marker {ma-} or without the marker. This study aims to determine the characteristics of adjectives in Maanyan language based on morphological characteristics, syntactic behavior, and semantic behavior. The data in this study were collected by researcher native speakers of Maanyan language and then confirmed to other native speakers. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the adjective in Maanyan language can be recognized by the morphological characteristic of monomorphemic and polymorphemic, from its syntactic behavior, ie as attributes in the noun phrase, and from its semantic behavior to the meaning that follows.
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Senft, Gunter. "Frames of spatial reference in Kilivila." Studies in Language 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 521–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.25.3.05sen.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Members of the MPI for Psycholinguistics are researching the interrelationship between language, cognition and the conceptualization of space in various languages. Research results show that there are three frames of spatial reference, the absolute, the relative, and the intrinsic frame of reference. This study first presents results of this research in general and then discusses the results for Kilivila. Speakers of this Austronesian language prefer the intrinsic frame of reference for the location of objects with respect to each other in a given spatial configuration. But they prefer an absolute frame of reference system in referring to the spatial orientation of objects in a given spatial configuration. Moreover, the hypothesis is confirmed that languages seem to influence the choice and the kind of conceptual parameters their speakers use to solve non-verbal problems within the domain of space.
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Suhandano, NFN. "FOKUS BENEFAKTIF DAN INSTRUMENTAL DALAM KALIMAT IMPERATIF BAHASA JAWA." Widyaparwa 49, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v49i1.742.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The focus or voice system is an important issue in the study of Austronesian languages. This paper discusses the benefactive and instrumental focus in the imperative sentences of Javanese, a member of the Austronesian language with the largest number of native speakers. Through this paper, it will be shown that benefactive and instrumental in Javanese imperative sentences can be present as elements of sentences that are focused or unfocused. When they are not focused, the two elements of the sentence are expressed in prepositional phrases (PP) with the preposition of kanggo for benefactive and the preposition of nganggo for instrumental. When they are focused, the benefactive and instrumental are expressed in noun phrases (NP) and the verbs take the suffix –(k)na. Their position in the sentence structure also differs when they are focused and when they are not. The existence of imperatives with a benefactive and instrumental focus indicates that Javanese is a language of multiple voice types and this is different from the focus in declarative sentences which place Javanese into a language type with a two-voice system, active and passive. It seems that the differences focus in the two types of sentences indicates that Javanese is in the process of changing from a multiple voice type language to a two voice type language.Sistem voice atau fokus merupakan isu penting dalam studi bahasa-bahasa Austronesia. Tulisan ini membicarakan fokus benefaktif dan instrumental dalam kalimat imperatif bahasa Jawa, anggota bahasa Austronesia yang jumlah penutur aslinya paling banyak. Melalui tulisan ini akan ditunjukkan bahwa benefaktif dan instrumental dalam kalimat imperatif bahasa Jawa dapat hadir sebagai unsur kalimat yang difokuskan maupun tidak difokuskan. Ketika tidak difokuskan, kedua unsur kalimat tersebut dinyatakan dalam frasa preposisional (FP) dengan preposisi kanggo untuk benefaktif dan preposisi nganggo untuk instrumental. Ketika difokuskan, benefaktif dan instrumental diekspresikan dalam frasa nomina dan verba kalimat mengambil sufiks –(k)na. Posisinya dalam struktur kalimat juga berbeda ketika difokuskan dan tidak difokuskan. Keberadaan imperatif dengan fokus benefaktif dan instrumental mengindikasikan bahwa bahasa Jawa termasuk tipe bahasa multiple voice dan hal ini berbeda dengan fokus dalam kalimat deklaratif yang menempatkan bahasa Jawa termasuk ke dalam tipe bahasa dengan sistem dua voice, aktif dan pasif. Tampaknya perbedaan fokus dalam kedua jenis kalimat mengindikasikan bahwa bahasa Jawa sedang dalam proses perubahan dari bahasa tipe multiple voice ke bahasa tipe dua voice.
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Suryatman, Nfn, Budianto Hakim, Nfn Fakhri, Andi Muhammad Saiful, and Nfn Hasliana. "Prehistoric Occupation at Sakkarra Site as Early Metal Phase Tradition and Neolithic Culture Along the Karama Drainage, West Sulawesi." Kapata Arkeologi 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v14i2.515.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Situs Lembah Karama adalah kawasan hunian prasejarah, yang mengandung banyak data arkeologis untuk mengungkap sejarah kedatangan dan perkembangan budaya penutur Austronesia di Sulawesi. Mereka bermukim di sepanjang Lembah Karama sejak 3.800 tahun yang lalu, terus bertahan dan menyebar untuk mengembangkan pengetahuan logam ke daerah lain, baik hilir dan pedalaman Sulawesi. Lapisan budaya in situ ditemukan pada penggalian tahun 2014 dengan penanggalan sekitar 172 cal BCE hingga 55 CE. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan budaya fase logam awal di Situs Sakkarra berdasarkan data penelitian terkini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menganalisis lapisan budaya berdasarkan pengamatan stratigrafi, konteks, dan temuan artefak dari beberapa data ekskavasi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2014, 2016 dan 2017. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada indikasi hunian yang lebih tua, yaitu fase Neolitik, hingga berlanjut ke fase logam awal di Sakkarra. Namun, periode ini tidak berlangsung lama, sebelum akhirnya memasuki tahap hunian intensif 2.000 tahun yang lalu. Tradisi budaya neolitik belum menghilang dan masih melekat dalam tatanan budaya mereka ketika pengetahuan logam mulai hadir di kawasan Lembah Karama. Kesinambungan budaya tercermin dalam pemeliharaan tradisi teknologi Neolitik seperti pembuatan tembikar dan alat-alat batu yang diupam. Lapisan budaya di Situs Sakkara menunjukkan adanya hunian penutur Austronesia yang berlanjut dari fase Neolitik ke fase logam awal di Lembah Karama. Bahkan mereka secara aktif terlibat dalam interaksi perdagangan yang telah terjalin di antara pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara pada waktu itu.The Karama drainage region is a prehistoric occupation site, which contains many archaeological data to uncover the history of the arrival and development of the Austronesian-speakers culture in Sulawesi. They have occupied along the Karama drainage since 3,800 years ago, continue to persist and spread to develop of metal knowledge to other areas, both downstream and inland Sulawesi. The in situ cultural layers found on excavations of 2014 with dating around 172 cal BCE to 55 CE. The aim of the study is described of early metal phase culture in Sakkarra Site based on the latest research data. This study used qualitative methods to analyses of cultural layers based on stratigraphic observations, contexts, and artifact findings from several data of excavation conducted in 2014, 2016 and 2017. The research result shows there is an indication of older occupation, which is the Neolithic phase, continued unabated into the Early Metal Phase at Sakkarra. However, this period does not last long, before finally entering the stage of intensive occupancy by 2,000 years ago. Neolithic cultural traditions have not disappeared and still inherent in their cultural order when metal knowledge begins to present in Karama Drainage. Cultural continuity is reflected in the maintenance of Neolithic technological traditions such as the manufacture of earthenware pottery and polished stone tools. The cultural layer in Sakkara Site indicates the existence of Austronesian speakers' occupation that continues from the Neolithic phase to the initial metal phase in Karama Drainage. Even they are actively involved in the shipping and trade that had intertwined among the islands in Southeast Asia at that time.
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Erniati, Erniati. "POLA SUKU KATA BAHASA LISABATA [Lisabata Syllabe Pattern Language]." TOTOBUANG 5, no. 2 (January 28, 2018): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/ttbng.v5i2.44.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The language of Lisabata is used as the first language by native speakers of the Lisabata community on Seram Island, Maluku, precisely in the border area of West Seram and East Seram, West Lisabata Village, Nualiali Village, Desa Sukaraja, and Kawa Village. SIL (2006: 16—17) identified this language as the dialect of dialect, the dialect of the Eastern Lisabata, Nuniani, Sukaraja, and Kawa, Austronesian classes. Until now, the language of Lisabata has still been used as an oral communication tool by certain circles in life community speakers. Nevertheless, the language of Lisabata can be categorized as an almost extinct local language, since there has no inheritance process to the younger generation. To prevent this, it is necessary to make a variety of rescue efforts that one of them through research. This research provided an overview of the pattern of the Lisabata language syllables. This study aimed to describe the pattern of the Lisabata syllable, the Eastern Lisabata dialect. The method used descriptive qualitative method. Data was obtained from the direct speech of the native speakers of the language and speakers who were considered capable. The results showed that the Lisabata syllabic pattern consists of V, VK, KV, KVK, VKV, KKVK, , 1 / 2KV.Bahasa Lisabata dipakai sebagai bahasa pertama oleh penutur asli masyarakat Lisabata di Pulau Seram, Maluku, tepatnya di daerah perbatasan Seram Barat dan Seram Timur, Desa Lisabata Barat, Desa Nualiali, Desa Sukaraja, dan Desa Kawa. SIL (2006:16—17) mengidentifikasi bahasa ini sebagai bahasa dengan tempat dialeknya, yaitu dialek Lisabata Timur, Nuniani, Sukaraja, dan Kawa, kelas Austronesia. Hingga saaat ini, bahasa Lisabata masih digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi secara lisan oleh kalangan tertentu dalam kehidupan masyarakat penuturnya. Meskipun demikian, bahasa Lisabata dapat dikategorikan sebagai bahasa daerah yang hampir punah, karena tidak ada proses pewarisan kepada generasi mudanya. Untuk mencegah hal tersebut, perlu dilakukan berbagai upaya penyelamatan yang salah satu diantaranya melalui penelitian. Penelitian ini memberikan gambaran tentang pola suku kata bahasa Lisabata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan pola suku kata bahasa Lisabata, dialek Lisabata Timur. Metode yang digunakan adalah meode kualitatif deskriptif. Data diperoleh dari ucapan langsung penutur asli bahasa tersebut dan penutur yang dianggap mampu. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pola suku kata bahasa Lisabata terdiri atas V,VK, KV, KVK, VKV, KKVK, 1/2KV,.
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Parker Jones, ʻŌiwi. "Hawaiian." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000438.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hawaiian belongs to the Eastern Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family and is indigenous to the islands of Hawaiʻi (see Pawley 1966, Marck 2000, Wilson 2012). Hawaiian is also an endangered language. Not only was the native population decimated after contact with foreigners and foreign diseases but the language itself came under attack after the occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893 (for more on Hawaiian history, see Coffman 2009, Sai 2011). Children were thereafter banned from speaking Hawaiian at school and indeed ‘physical punishment for using it could be harsh’ (Native Hawaiian Study Commission 1983: 196). In the decades that followed, Hawaiian was gradually replaced by an English-based creole (HCE or Hawaiʻi Creole English) for practically all Hawaiʻi-born children (Bikerton & Wilson 1987, also Sakoda & Siegel 2003). By the end of the 1970s, most surviving Hawaiian speakers were over 70 years old and fewer than 50 speakers were under the age of 18 (Kawaiʻaeʻa, Housman & Alencastre 2007).
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Lotfie, Maskanah Mohammad, Maimunah Abdul Kadir, and Zahariah Pilus. "–ED ALLOMORPHS AND LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE OF MALAY SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH: A DESCRIPTIVE AND CORRELATIONAL STUDY." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 7, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i2.8353.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Malay is a language from the Austronesian family and unlike the Indo-European-originated English, it does not generally have inflectional temporal markers. Investigating this from a cross-linguistics - influence perspective, differences between the languages could mean difficulties for Malay speakers to acquire features of English. The objectives of this study are to investigate Malay speakers’ pronunciation of the English language –ed allomorphs – [d], [t] and [ɪd]/[əd] – and the relationship between the morphophonological forms and two types of linguistic knowledge, one of which is implicit while the other is explicit. Data were collated from fifty participants who are social science undergraduates and English majors who speak English as a second language. Four instruments were used to gauge the respondents’ verbal use of –ed allomorphs as well as their implicit and explicit knowledge of the allomorphs. Results indicate that the students’ verbal usage of the target items either lacks approximation to Standard English pronunciation or is largely dropped altogether. Results also suggest a moderate relationship between implicit and explicit knowledge of the allomorphs and their verbal production by Malay speakers of English. The finding illuminates acquisition problem of English language speakers whose mother tongue does not share similar inflectional markers. Pedagogical solutions can help learners of the English language to approximate Standard English and in the long run, enhance effective communication and increase chances of employability.
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Talaohu, Ahmad Rifani. "The Phonetics System in Buginese Language." KLAUSA (Kajian Linguistik, Pembelajaran Bahasa, dan Sastra) 3, no. 01 (September 4, 2019): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/klausa.v3i01.146.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Buginese language or Bahasa Bugis is the language of people who inhabited in the Celebes (Sulawesi) island, eastern part of Indonesia, which is exactly in South Sulawesi province. Buginese has affiliation with Austronesian language family that spreads into the several parts of the province, such as Bone, Pinrang, Soppeng, Parepare, Sidrap, Barru, Sinjai and Sengkang. Buginese has roughly 3.6 million native speakers which is the largest among any other three ethnic groups in South Sulawesi; Makassar, Mandar, and Toraja. This paper aims to examine the phonetics system of this largest active language in South Sulawesi. Simply put, this article will identify the consonants and vowels which exist in Buginese language and analyse the occurrence of those consonants and vowels.
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Bakich, Olga. "Did You Speak Harbin Sino-Russian?" Itinerario 35, no. 3 (December 2011): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115312000058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pidgins—their development, disappearance, or subsequent creolisation—are a fascinating phenomenon in the parts of the world that experienced long-term foreign intrusion and its consequences, one of which was contact between two or more linguistic groups, usually of unequal power. Colonisers did not learn the language of the colonised, who often were perceived as inferior, while the colonised people did not or could not master a foreign language in their own country. In most cases, pidgins were a telltale sign of colonialism. Linguists classify these contact languages, which have no native speakers, into major groups named after the dominant base, such as English-, Portuguese-, Spanish-, Dutch-, French-, or Russian-, as well as African-, Asian-, and Austronesian-based.
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Forth, Gregory. "Human beings and other people: Classification of human groups and categories among the Nage of Flores (eastern Indonesia)." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 165, no. 4 (2009): 493–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003630.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Speakers of a Central-Malayo-Polynesian language, the Nage of central Flores possess three terms for ‘person, people’ and ‘human being’: ata, hoga, and kita ata. The paper explores various semantic and social contexts in which the terms are differentially employed. Further discussed are lexical connections and semantic parallels with terms in other Malayo-Polynesian languages and the way these bear on the referents of Austronesian protoforms. Particular attention is given to Blust’s reconstruction of *qa(R)(CtT)a (reflected by Nage ata) as a word hypothetically specifying ‘outsiders, alien people’. With reference to Nage and other languages of Flores, it is shown how, rather than a simple contrast of outsiders and own group, ata and hoga are employed to express a variety of kinds and degrees of association or disassociation between speaker and referent. In this connection further attention is given to: (1) the question of whether Nage terms for humans and compounds formed from these compose a taxonomy comparable to the taxonomic ordering of plants and animals commonly found in folk biological classifications, and (2) the relation between the terms denoting human beings and Nage categories translatable as ‘(non-human) animal’ and ‘spiritual being’.
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Sugianto, Sugianto, and Muhammad Asrul Hasby. "The Language Variations Used among Speakers of Sasak Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara." Journal of Languages and Language Teaching 11, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v11i1.6071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sasak language is rich of language varieties, both in dialect (pronunciation) and vocabulary. It is a unique language which shows some influences from Java, Bali and Makasar as the neigbouring Islands. The research is aimed at revealing the language variations made by the “sasak” speaker (an Austronesian language family) when they speak “sasaknese”. The research is qualitatively describe how the speakers of sasak stand the existence of their language by renewing, updating it through language variations to gain belonging sense among teens who were gradually used modern languages. For the sake of finding out accurate and valid data on sasaknese language variations used, some related literatures on relevant issues were deeply read and reviewed to provide the supporting data sources. The research data were collected and analyzed in qualitative ways. The model of data analysis were divided into three stages of data analysis, those stages are data reduction where the researcher selects and simplifies the big data into a more simple and readable one. And then display the data where the researcher fits the selected data into tables, matrixes or charts to support reader data display. The last stage is conclusion drawing and verification where the researcher made some verifications data to draw a final conclusion of the research. After all, the reports the language variations exist in sasak language, a language that is spoken by native community who live in Lombok. This local language is now endangered for the ignorances.
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Jayaputri, Herlandri Eka, and Dwiyanto Djoko Pranowo. "The Uniqueness formation of Papuan Malay in Morphologically." Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v3i2.122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p><em>Indonesia has many Malay speakers and it spreads to Papua with the influence of Ambon and Indonesian becomes one of the variations in the Papuan Malay dialect. Papuan itself is the home of 275 languages that are 218 non-Austronesian or Papuan (79%) and 57 languages are Austronesian (21%) (Lewis et al. 2013 cited in Kludge, 2014). Moreover, the influence of </em><em>Ambon and the North Moluccan Malay, and Indonesia played an important role especially in the formation of Papuan Malay (Paauw, 2008). </em><em>Papuan Malay language is spoken by the inhabitants of the West Papua and uses as the daily language (Kludge, 2014). The formation of </em><em>Papuan Malay has the uniqueness because it uses deletion some syllables but does not have the impact of the meaning. </em><em>This study aims to know and explain the process of clipping word of Papuan Malay as well as their word classes. The Data come from the video of MOB Papua. Besides that, the method used in this study is a Padan method with comparing other langue. Therefore, this study appears the history and role of Papuan Malay and compare the Indonesian with Papua Malay to find the clipping word process in Papuan Malay.</em></p>
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Aziz, Zulfadli A., and Robert Amery. "The Effects of a Linguistic Tsunami on the Languages of Aceh." Studies in English Language and Education 3, no. 2 (September 10, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v3i2.4958.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The languages throughout the world are in crisis and it is estimated that 50% to 90% will have disappeared by the end of this century (Grenoble, 2012). Colonisation, nationalism, urbanisation and globalisation have resulted in a linguistic tsunami being unleashed, with a few major world languages swamping others. The rate of language loss today is unprecedented as this small number of dominant languages expands rapidly. Small minority languages are mainly in danger, but even large regional languages, such as Acehnese with millions of speakers, are unsafe. Similar to the case of a tsunami triggered by an earthquake, it is generally too late before speakers are aware of what is happening. In most cases language shift will have already progressed and irreversible before people realize it. This paper examines the early warning signs of impending language shift and what can be done for minority languages to have the best chance of survival. We draw on the local situation in Aceh, as well as other parts of the Austronesian speaking world and Australia, where the record of language loss is the worst in the world. Language shift in Australia is well-progressed; in Indonesia it is more recent. Lessons learned from places such as Australia and Taiwan have relevance for Indonesia today.
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Kasnowihardjo, Gunadi. "TEMUAN BELIUNG DI KAWASAN DANAU: STUDI KASUS DI KAWASAN BEBERAPA RANU DI JAWA TIMUR." Berkala Arkeologi 34, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v34i2.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The stone adze, both rectangular adze or pick adze, is one of the Neolithic tools’s characteristics. In the Asia-Pacific region, stone adze is contemporaneous with the spreading of Austronesian speakers. In East Java province two types of stone tools were found in the lakes region, that assumed as a past settlement. Stone adzes found in the lakes region sites are new data that can complement the data related to the distribution of stone adze in Java, particularly in East Java. Is it true that the findings of the stone adze has a connection with the humans that inhabitants the lake area? Based of these research questions, this research need to be conducted. To answer the research question, spatial archaeological approach issued and also a petrographic analysis of several stone adze samples and stone adze’s rocks material from these research need to be conducted.
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Chen, Chun-Mei. "Phonetic structures of Paiwan." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34 (January 1, 2004): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.34.2004.201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study focuses upon a detailed description and analysis of the phonetic structures of Paiwan, an aboriginal language spoken in Taiwan, with around 53,000 speakers, Paiwan, a member of the Austronesian language family, is not typologically related to the other languages such as Mandarin and Taiwanese spoken in its geographically contiguous districts, Earlier work on phonological features of Paiwan (Chang, 1999; Tseng, 2003) sought an account in terms of segments and isolated facts about reduplication and stress, without accounting for the possible roles of phrase-level and sentence-Ievel prosodic structures, Government Teaching Material (1993) listed 25 consonants and 4 vowels, without any description of phonetic features and phonological rules, Chang's (2000) reference grammar included 22 consonants and 4 vowels, with a very brief description of 5 phonological rules on single words, Regional diversity and 25 consonants have been mentioned in Pulaluyan's (2002) teaching material; however, no description of phonological rules was found in his material.
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Tabain, Marija, and Anthony Jukes. "Makasar." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46, no. 1 (February 5, 2016): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510031500033x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Makasar is an Austronesian language belonging to the South Sulawesi subgroup within the large Western-Malayo Polynesian family. It is spoken by about two million people in the province of South Sulawesi in Indonesia, and is the second largest language on the island of Sulawesi (behind Bugis, with about three million speakers). The phonology is notable for the large number of geminate and pre-glottalised consonant sequences, while the morphology is characterised by highly productive affixation and pervasive encliticisation of pronominal and aspectual elements. The language has a literary tradition including detailed local histories (Cummings 2002), and over the centuries has been represented orthographically in many ways: with two indigenous Indic or aksara-based scripts, a system based on Arabic script, and a variety of Romanised conventions. From at least the early 18th century Macassan sailors travelled regularly to northern Australia to collect and process trepang or sea cucumber (Macknight 1976), and many loanwords passed into Aboriginal languages of the northern part of Australia (Evans 1992, 1997).
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Sukandar, Sri Chiirullia. "PULAU ABIDON: POTENSI ARKEOLOGI DI KAWASAN PULAU TERLUAR RAJA AMPAT [PULAU ABIDON: THE POTENCY OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE RAJA AMPAT OUTER ISLANDS]." Naditira Widya 14, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/nw.v14i2.420.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pulau Abidon merupakan suatu pulau karang berbukit-bukit yang berada di kawasan pulau-pulau terluar Raja Ampat di Papua Barat bagian utara. Tulisan ini membahas mengenai potensi arkeologi yang terdapat di situs gua-gua di Pulau Abidon. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami potensi arkeologi yang terdapat di Pulau Abidon. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersifat eksploratif. Berdasarkan data dan hasil analisis diindikasikan adanya persentuhan budaya asing yang masuk ke kawasan Papua. Potensi arkeologis tersebut dibuktikan dengan tinggalan fragmen gerabah dan lukisan dinding gua. Gambar arang di Gua Abidon 3 menggambarkan kontak budaya dengan penutur bahasa Austronesia. Lebih lanjut, hunian gua dibuktikan dengan temuan berupa alat-alat dari batu, tulang, dan kerang, fragmen gerabah, dan perhiasan kerang. Tinggalan budaya di gua-gua pulau Abidon diduga merupakan alat-alat penunjang kehidupan para penghuninya.
Pulau Abidon is a hilly coral island located in the outer islands of Raja Ampat in the northern region of Papua Barat. This research discusses the potency of archaeology in cave sites on Pulau Abidon. This research was aimed to comprehend the archaeology of Pulau Abidon. The method used in this research is exploratory. Based on the data and analysis results, it is indicated that there was a cultural contact with a foreign culture that entered the Papua region. This potency of archaeology was evident by potsherds and rock arts. The charcoal drawings in Gua Abidon 3 illustrate a cultural contact with the Austronesian-language speakers. Furthermore, the cave habitation was evident also by the discovery of tools of stone, bones and shells, and shell ornaments. The cultural heritage in the caves on Pulau Abidon is suggested to be a means of supporting the life of the inhabitants.
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Setiawan, Irma. "Language Kinship as Regional Conflict Resolution in West Nusa Tenggara: Comparative Historical Linguistic Study." REiLA : Journal of Research and Innovation in Language 4, no. 1 (May 21, 2022): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/reila.v4i1.9579.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) has two kinds of related ethnic languages, namely the Sasak language (BS) and the Samawa language (BSw). As related languages, the two ethnic groups often come into conflict. Conflicts are generally caused by the lack of a good and effective communication process. This study investigates the phenomenon of linguistic kinship and describes various phonemic features as a solution for resolving regional conflicts. The research uses Linguistics Historical Comparative (LHC) Theory with synchronic studies. The research method used phenomenological principles with qualitative descriptive research. The object of study is BS and BSw. The research instrument used Swadesh vocabulary and Lexicostatistical parameters. Data collection was conducted by documentation. Data analysis applied qualitative description technique includes reduction, presentation, and verification. The results showed that 68 words were the same, 52 words were similar, and 87 were different. Word relations based on parallel and serial structures of kin with contradictory meanings, such as: /apa/ (a~ə/-#), /anjing/ (c~s/#V-V#), /baru/ (a~ǝ/#C-C# and Ø~?/-#), /benar/ (k~t/#-), /benih/ (ɛ~i/#C-C#), and /bunuh/ (Ø~bǝ/#- and ?~ Ø/-#). In syllables and phonemes, BS and BSw have variants /e/ > [ǝ],[e],[Ɛ]. The percentage of relatives, 58%, is of language family status, both genetically and proto-Austronesian. The period of separation of the two languages is 1292 years, to be precise, occurred in 730 AD. The contribution of similarity is phonemically observed through three dimensions of inter-ethnic conflict resolution: signification, domination, and legitimacy. The research findings are in the form of formulations/concepts of solutions for resolving regional conflicts through the kinship of phonemic features of the Austronesian language, the traditions/culture and beliefs of speakers, and the social system of society. It is a reference for preventing regional conflicts in NTB in particular and Indonesia in general.
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Huong Thao, Dinh, Nong Van Hai, and Nguyen Thuy Duong. "Complete human mtDNA genome sequences revealed haplotype features of the Hmong-Mien language family in Vietnam." Academia Journal of Biology 44, no. 2 (June 23, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/17115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vietnam is the homeland of 54 different ethnicities that belong to 5 major language families of the world, including Austroasiatic, Tai-Kadai, Hmong-Mien, Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian. Hmong-Mien, an ethnolinguistic family, presumably stemmed from Southern China and later spread to the Southeast Asia region. In this study, we analyzed the mitochondrial DNA sequences taken from 120 males belonging Hmong-Mien (HM) language family in Vietnam: Dao, Hmong, and Pathen, revealing 352 unique variants. Dao has the most number of polymorphisms (230 unique SNPs occurring 1469 times), followed by Hmong (181 unique SNPs occurring 1367 times) and Pathen (159 SNPs occurring 1243 times). Genetic variations within each population and among Hmong-Mien speakers were further measured by computations of haplotype diversity (H), nucleotide diversity (π) and fixation index (FST). There are nine major haplogroups (A, B, C, D, F, G, M, N9, and R) detected, with F and B making up over half of each population (Hmong: 56.09% (23/41), Pathen: 58.33% (21/36), Dao: 62.79% (27/43)). Haplotype classification was further divided into 30 haplogroups, of which 80% of them were specific to a single minority. Dao remained the most genetically diverse (H=0.957), while Pathen was the most homogeneous population (H=0.900). In terms of genetic distance, Dao and Hmong were more distinguished from each other, while Hmong and Pathen were more related. Complete mtDNA sequences of Viet HM speakers increased the mtDNA depository, improving the understanding of the genetic structure underlying this language family.
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Arafiq, Arafiq. "The The Syntax of Personal Pronouns in the Bima Language." International Linguistics Research 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): p13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v3n2p13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article aims at describing the syntactic properties and distributions of Personal Pronouns in the Bima Language, a language spoken by approximately 9000 people who inhabit the eastern part of Sumbawa Island. This number of speakers does not include those who live in Reo Pota Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara. The Bima Language is grouped into Sumba-Bima Subgroup of Central Malayo-Polynesian (CMP) branch of Austronesian Language. Data in this study are the linguistic units from morphems level to clausal level. The data were taken from conversations and monologues recorded in the real situations in which the Bima Language is used. The focus of this paper is to describe the personal pronoun system of the Bima Language, describing types of personal pronouns and their syntactic properties and distributions. Based on the analysis, the Bima Language has a set of morphologically independent personal pronouns (full pronouns) and a set of clitics. Both sets of personal pronouns show the same syntactic properties and distributions. These two sets of personal pronouns are able to occur as independent clausal arguments of both intransitive and transitive constructions. In addition to their distributions, these two sets of personal pronouns can occur with numerals, relatives, and NPs. However, only full personal pronouns can combine with demonstratives.
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Blust, Robert. "Odd conditions." Journal of Historical Linguistics 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 322–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.15013.blu.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Since the 19th century linguists have expected to find conditioned sound changes in environments that make phonetic sense: consonants palatalize adjacent to front vowels, back vowels front if a front vowel occurs in the next syllable, stops voice between voiced segments, and so forth. Most conditioned sound changes conform to this expectation, but a surprising number do not. Some of these are well known, as the palatalization of *s before most word-initial consonants in High German. Since there is no obvious explanation for them, such changes are generally ignored in discussions of historical phonology. The result of this practice has been to give the false impression that what appear to be phonetically unmotivated sound changes are rare abnormalities that probably would conform to expectation if we had more information about them. This paper draws attention to examples of conditioning in Austronesian languages in which the phonetic properties of the context appear unrelated to those of the change, and it questions why such changes should occur. Although finding a completely satisfactory explanation has proven difficult, one general conclusion suggested by the data is that native speakers have an intuitive recognition of natural classes that is independent of phonetic motivation.
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Lee, Sean, and Toshikazu Hasegawa. "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis supports an agricultural origin of Japonic languages." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1725 (May 4, 2011): 3662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0518.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Languages, like genes, evolve by a process of descent with modification. This striking similarity between biological and linguistic evolution allows us to apply phylogenetic methods to explore how languages, as well as the people who speak them, are related to one another through evolutionary history. Language phylogenies constructed with lexical data have so far revealed population expansions of Austronesian, Indo-European and Bantu speakers. However, how robustly a phylogenetic approach can chart the history of language evolution and what language phylogenies reveal about human prehistory must be investigated more thoroughly on a global scale. Here we report a phylogeny of 59 Japonic languages and dialects. We used this phylogeny to estimate time depth of its root and compared it with the time suggested by an agricultural expansion scenario for Japanese origin. In agreement with the scenario, our results indicate that Japonic languages descended from a common ancestor approximately 2182 years ago. Together with archaeological and biological evidence, our results suggest that the first farmers of Japan had a profound impact on the origins of both people and languages. On a broader level, our results are consistent with a theory that agricultural expansion is the principal factor for shaping global linguistic diversity.
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Mujabuddawat, Muhammad Al, and Godlief Arsthen Peseletehaha. "A Latest Discovery of Austronesian Rock Art in the North Peninsula of Buano Island, Maluku." Kapata Arkeologi 16, no. 1 (June 16, 2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v16i1.13-26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gambar cadas merupakan salah satu tradisi yang tertua dan paling banyak tersebar di penjuru dunia. Gambar cadas menjadi bagian dari data penting dalam mempelajari masa lalu, karena gambar cadas kemungkinan mengandung makna pada pemikiran simbolik manusia yang membuatnya. Gambar cadas di Indonesia merupakan budaya yang berlangsung berkesinambungan sejak periode awal gelombang migrasi manusia di Kepulauan Indonesia sekitar puluhan ribu tahun hingga kedatangan penutur budaya Austronesia yang membuka periode Neolitik sekitar ribuan tahun lalu. Gambar cadas di Kawasan Kepulauan Maluku Bagian Tengah pada khususnya secara umum dikenali berciri Tradisi Gambar Austronesia atau lebih dikenal dengan sebutan APT (Austronesian Painting Tradition). Penelitian ini melaporkan temuan baru gambar cadas di di Situs Tanjung Bintang, Pulau Pua, Pesisir Utara Pulau Buano. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode kualitatif dan analitis dalam mendeskripsikan objek motif gambar cadas berdasarkan kajian literatur terkait referensi-referensi yang merujuk pada kajian gambar cadas di Maluku. Penelitian ini mengenali bahwa gambar cadas di Situs Tanjung Bintang berciri Tradisi Gambar Austronesia. Kajian ini merupakan yang pertama kali melaporkan keberadaan Situs Tanjung Bintang, gambar cadas di Pesisir Utara Pulau Buano, Kepulauan Maluku.
Rock art is one of the oldest and most widespread traditions around the world. Rock art is part of essential data in studying the past because rock art has the potential to tell us something of the symbolic concerns of the people that created it. Rock art in Indonesia is a culture that has been ongoing since the early period of the wave of human migration in the Indonesian Archipelago for about tens of thousands of years until the arrival of the Austronesian speaker’s culture who opened the Neolithic period around thousands of years ago. Rock art in the Central Maluku Islands Region in particular, is generally recognized as characterized by the Austronesian Painting Tradition. This research reports new rock art findings at Tanjung Bintang Site, Pua Island, North Coast of Buano Island. This research applies qualitative and analytical methods in describing the object of rock art motifs based on a literature review related to references that refer to the study of rock art in Maluku. This research recognizes that the Tanjung Bintang Site is characterized by the Austronesian Painting Tradition. This study is the first record of the Tanjung Bintang Site rock art in the North Coast of Buano Island, Maluku.
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Jannah, Siti Nur Rochmatul. "Language Kinship between Tulambatu and Tolaki Language in North Konawe." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study was intended to explore the genetic relationship between Tulambatu and Tolaki languages as members of Austronesian family language, particularly those included in the branch of Malay Polynesian sub-group. They have identical and similar lexis, phonetics, as well as corresponding phonemic and different phonemes. The aims of this study were: (1) to describe the level of genetic relationship between Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages in North Konawe regency, (2) to determine the period when the two languages were separated in terms of the basic vocabulary, (3) to predict the age of Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages in North Konawe regency. Data of the study were 200 vocabulary of Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages based on Swadesh lists that have been translated by native speakers of the two languages. The study was a historical comparative linguistics research and used the Lexicostatistics technique to find evidences that explain the genetic relationship of the languages. Based on the Lexicostatistics technique, it was found that the percentage of the vocabulary relationship of Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages was 52.02%. This proved that both languages are members of a sub-family of genetically similar languages (Astronesian Malayo Polinesian). In addition, it is believed that Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages were a single language 1636-1378 years ago, and they began to separate from their mother language around 379-637 AD (as of 2015).
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Ross, Malcolm. "A History of Metatypy in the Bel Languages." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 1 (2008): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525255.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn earlier work Takia, an Oceanic Austronesian language, has been compared with its Papuan neighbour Waskia to show that much of the grammar of Takia can be explained as the outcome of metatypy on the model of Waskia or a language typologically like it. Takia belongs to the Western subgroup of the small Bel family, the members of which have all undergone metatypy to some degree. In this paper data from the Bel languages are used to reconstruct the history of certain Takia grammatical features, especially clause chaining and postverbal enclitics, in order to confirm or refute earlier inferences about their history. These inferences are largely confirmed, and the origins of clause chaining and postverbal enclitics are situated as a sequence of changes within a history of the Bel languages. The investigation shows that, as expected, metatypy is a gradual process. It also confirms that the innovation of clause-chaining was a normal piece of grammaticisation, but one that was triggered by speakers' bilingualism in a clause-chaining language or languages.The investigation has yielded an unexpected spin-off by showing that metatypy was an ongoing process during the development of the Bel languages. Reconstructing the genesis of Western Bel clause-chaining and enclitic sequences forces us to reconstruct ongoing contact, whilst Matugar, an Eastern Bel language, reflects metatypy probably on the model of its Western Bel relatives.
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Klamer, Marian, and George Saad. "Reduplication in Abui: A case of pattern extension." Morphology 30, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 311–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-020-09369-z.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper studies the effect of ongoing contact on the Abui reduplication system. Abui, a Papuan indigenous minority language of eastern Indonesia, has been in contact with the regional lingua franca, Alor Malay (Austronesian), for around 50–60 years. Throughout this period, contact with Alor Malay has affected different age groups in different ways across various levels of grammar. Here we compare Abui reduplication across four age groups: (pre)adolescents, young adults, adults, and elders, and show how the function and distribution of reduplication in the Abui spoken by younger speakers is affected by a combination of morphological PAT borrowing and lexical borrowing from Alor Malay. The changing patterns are first applied to the domain in which the two languages overlap: existing Abui verb reduplications become more Alor Malay-like with respect to their function, form, and productivity. The borrowing of an additional function of reduplication is analyzed as a type of complexification in Abui, while at the same time, Abui reduplication itself is demonstrated to also show simplification in terms of form. We argue that this change is induced by decades of stable bilingualism, and is further enhanced by the fact that reduplication is a universal morphological operation and can emerge spontaneously in language contact situations. Thus, the emerging trends reported here are explained by both borrowing from Alor Malay as well as incomplete acquisition of Abui.
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Yuniawati Umar, Dwi Yani. "Keterkaitan Etnis Da’a di Wilayah Pedalaman Pegunungan Gawalise, Sulawesi Bagian Tengah, dengan Populasi Australomelanesid di Sulawesi." AMERTA 34, no. 1 (June 25, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/amt.v34i1.71.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Correlation Between Da’a Ethnic in the Hinterlands of Gawalise Mountains,Central Sulawesi, with the Australomelanesid Population in Sulawesi. Evidences of inhabitationby early modern human that characterized by Australomelanesid race have been found in mostregion of Indonesia. They lived in this archipelago, including Sulawesi, approximately 60.000-40.000 years ago. Caves occupation in the Maros-Pangkep and open sites of settlement landscape atPasso, Minahasa, have showed us the evidence of their existence in South and North Sulawesi at thattime. But, in Central Sulawesi their traces were not present. This fact is what makes us interested inconducting this study. The goal of this study is to find the traces of early modern human populationswith Australomelanesid race character in Central Sulawesi. The method for this study is a surveymethod using ethnoarchaeology. In this research we concluded that one of the ethnic that inhabit thisregion, the Da’a, has the character of Australomelanesid race. It is possible that they are descendantsof the early modern human populations. But in the present time, they are using the Austronesian cultureand language, which introduced to Sulawesi when their speakers migrated to this island nearly 4000years ago. The discovery of this Da’a ethnic tribe not only has produced a new hipothesis, but alsostrengthen the former hipothesis about the existence of modern human at Sulawesi. Abstrak. Bukti adanya hunian dan budaya manusia modern awal berkarakter ras Australomelanesid di Indonesia adalah bahwa 60.000-40.000 tahun yang lalu telah ada jejak hunian di sejumlah kawasan di Indonesia, termasuk ke wilayah Sulawesi. Hal ini terlihat dari bukti-bukti hunian gua-gua di kawasan Maros-Pangkep di Sulawesi Selatan dan hunian situs bentang alam terbuka di Passo, Minahasa (Sulawesi Utara). Akan tetapi jejak hunian itu tidak ditemukan di bagian Sulawesi lainnya seperti di Sulawesi bagian tengah. Hal inilah yang membuat penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian ini. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui jejak kehadiran populasi manusia modern awal yang berkarakter ras Australomelanesid di Sulawesi bagian tengah. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei melalui kajian atau pendekatan etnoarkeologi. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah menemukan etnik Da’a yang memiliki karakter ras Australomelanesid yang diduga merupakan sisa-sisa populasi manusia modern awal. Akan tetapi dalam kehidupannya sekarang budaya dan bahasanya sudah menggunakan budaya dan bahasa Austronesia yang masuk ke Sulawesi sekitar 4000 tahun yang lalu. Dengan ditemukannya komunitas etnik Da’a ini menghasilkan hipotesis.
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Jassem, Zaidan Ali. "THE ARABIC COGNATES OR ORIGINS OF PLURAL MARKERS IN WORLD LANGUAGES: A RADICAL LINGUISTIC THEORY APPROACH." Indonesian EFL Journal 1, no. 2 (September 12, 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/ieflj.v1i2.623.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper traces the Arabic origins of "plural markers" in world languages from a radical linguistic (or lexical root) theory perspective. The data comprises the main plural markers like cats/oxen in 60 world languages from 14 major and minor families- viz., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Turkic, Mayan, Altaic (Japonic), Niger-Congo, Bantu, Uto-Aztec, Tai-Kadai, Uralic, and Basque, which constitute 60% of world languages and whose speakers make up 96% of world population. The results clearly show that plural markers, which are limited to a few markers in all languages comprised of �s/-as/-at, -en, -im, -a/-e/-i/-o/-u, and �, have true Arabic cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings, whose differences are due to natural and plausible causes and different routes of linguistic change. Therefore, the results reject the traditional classification of the Comparative Method and/or Family Tree Model of such languages into separate, unrelated families, supporting instead the adequacy of the radical linguistic theory according to which all world languages are related to one another, which eventually stemmed from a radical or root language which has been preserved almost intact in Arabic as the most conservative and productive language. In fact, Arabic can be safely said to be the radical language itself for, besides other linguistic features, sharing the plural cognates in this case with all the other languages alone.Keywords: Plurality, language families and relationships, radical world language, radical linguistic theory
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Bruckmayr, Philipp. "The Cham Muslims of Cambodia." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v23i3.441.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Cham Muslims of Cambodia are descendents of Champa, a once-powerful Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in modern-day central and southern Vietnam. Champa existed from the second century CE until its complete annexation by its long-time rival, the Dai Viet, in 1832.1 Its gradual loss of territory caused several waves of immigration to Cambodia between the crucial dates of 1471 and 1835 (the start of violent repression against the Cham in their last, and finally also annexed, principality: Panduranga).2 It seems that the first wave allied itself with Cambodia’s Malay community, with whom the Cham share ethno-linguistic (as both groups are speakers of Austronesian languages) and cultural (e.g., matrilinear customs) heritage, as well as their status as foreign immigrants. Through this contact, they were Islamized. This article presents an overview of the religious and political development of Cambodia’s Cham Muslims, most of whom are Sunnis, from the days of French colonialism up to the present, and shows how this formerly neglected minority became a showcase of Islamic internationalism. Contact persons or interviewees were recommended to me by Dr. Sos Mousine (CMDF, CAMSA, and the Ministry of Agriculture), Set Muhammadsis (CAMSA, CMDF) or Dato Hajji Alwi Muhammad (MAI Terengganu), or were sought out by myself. As I was mainly interested in religious change and the rebuilding of religious infrastructure, I visited many mosques and schools for interviews, which were conducted in English, Arabic, or with a Khmer or Cham translator.
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Bruckmayr, Philipp. "The Cham Muslims of Cambodia." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i3.441.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Cham Muslims of Cambodia are descendents of Champa, a once-powerful Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in modern-day central and southern Vietnam. Champa existed from the second century CE until its complete annexation by its long-time rival, the Dai Viet, in 1832.1 Its gradual loss of territory caused several waves of immigration to Cambodia between the crucial dates of 1471 and 1835 (the start of violent repression against the Cham in their last, and finally also annexed, principality: Panduranga).2 It seems that the first wave allied itself with Cambodia’s Malay community, with whom the Cham share ethno-linguistic (as both groups are speakers of Austronesian languages) and cultural (e.g., matrilinear customs) heritage, as well as their status as foreign immigrants. Through this contact, they were Islamized. This article presents an overview of the religious and political development of Cambodia’s Cham Muslims, most of whom are Sunnis, from the days of French colonialism up to the present, and shows how this formerly neglected minority became a showcase of Islamic internationalism. Contact persons or interviewees were recommended to me by Dr. Sos Mousine (CMDF, CAMSA, and the Ministry of Agriculture), Set Muhammadsis (CAMSA, CMDF) or Dato Hajji Alwi Muhammad (MAI Terengganu), or were sought out by myself. As I was mainly interested in religious change and the rebuilding of religious infrastructure, I visited many mosques and schools for interviews, which were conducted in English, Arabic, or with a Khmer or Cham translator.