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Статті в журналах з теми "Australian farmers"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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1

Judd, Fiona, Henry Jackson, Caitlin Fraser, Greg Murray, Garry Robins, and Angela Komiti. "Understanding suicide in Australian farmers." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0007-1.

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2

Chappel, R. J., R. W. Prime, R. S. Cutler, R. T. Jones, B. D. Millar, and B. Adler. "Antileptospiral antibodies in Australian pig farmers." Medical Journal of Australia 152, no. 2 (January 1990): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb124495.x.

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3

Khuu, Amy, and Ernst Juerg Weber. "How Australian farmers deal with risk." Agricultural Finance Review 73, no. 2 (July 26, 2013): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-10-2012-0054.

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4

Lea, Emma, and Anthony Worsley. "Australian farmers' and food processors' values." British Food Journal 108, no. 2 (February 2006): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070700610644924.

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5

Gray, Ian, and Geoffrey Lawrence. "PREDICTORS OF STRESS AMONG AUSTRALIAN FARMERS." Australian Journal of Social Issues 31, no. 2 (May 1996): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.1996.tb01048.x.

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6

García, S. C., and W. J. Fulkerson. "Opportunities for future Australian dairy systems: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 9 (2005): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04143.

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During the last decade, Australian dairy farmers have been challenged to increase total factor productivity (the ratio between the rate of increase in total output and the rate of increase in the use of all inputs) in order to attenuate the negative effects of a steady decline in the terms of trade over the same period of time. Overall, the increase in total factor productivity has been low (1.5%) and farmers are questioning the most appropriate production system for the future. In an attempt to address this central question, we first identified the nature of the key pressures dairy farmers in Australia are likely to face in the future, namely labour and feed related issues. We then discuss major opportunities for developing new dairy production systems based on increased efficiency in the use of land and cows and on increasing the efficiency of labour management and lifestyle. We do not attempt to provide the best futuristic option for dairy systems in Australia. Instead, this review discusses key areas of the production system with potential to impact positively on any or all the physical, economic and labour-related aspects of modern dairy farming. By so doing, this review highlights the research questions that need to be addressed now in order to provide Australian dairy farmers with improved tools to manage their production systems in the future.

7

Fletcher, Chloe M. E., Louise Stewart, and Kate M. Gunn. "Stressors, Barriers and Facilitators Faced by Australian Farmers When Transitioning to Retirement: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 2588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032588.

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Farms in Australia are largely family owned and managed. Complex interactions between farming history, traditions, family, business, succession, identity and place can lead to difficulties in planning for retirement for farmers. Due to the significant implications of this for farmers’ health and wellbeing, there is a clear need to determine how farmers may be best supported through the work-to-retirement transition. This scoping review summarises the literature on Australian farmers’ retirement experiences and the stressors they face during this transition. Barriers and facilitators that may hinder or help farmers were also explored. The relevant peer-reviewed literature was identified through database searching and the grey literature was collected via a web-based search. Seven studies were included in the review. Poor health and diminishing capacity to work was identified as a key stressor related to retirement. Other drivers of stress (i.e., pressure to live up to farming ideals, perceiving retirement as a threat to self-identity and financial concerns) overlapped with barriers to retirement. Farmers identified gradual transition, strong social networks, variety in interests and activities and early financial and succession planning as key facilitators of retirement. Findings will help inform the development of interventions to assist Australian farmers through this challenging stage of their lives.

8

Hartley, Ross. "Education extension literature for farmers: just how good is it?" Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v2i1.268.

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Agricultural extension throughout Australia is undergoing change. Publications for farmers are an extension strategy which uses enormous resources, yet there is little scientific enquiry validating this expenditure, particularly given the high levels of functional literacy among Australian adults. Operation Quality Wheat is an innovative educational program which emphasises user-friendly literature. Two publications were designed and tested with farmers to trial an illustrated plain english approach to transferring information. Results confirmed much interest in the change, by farmers, but less so by extension professionals.

9

Paech, G., R. Fehlberg, and K. Tong. "P087 What is keeping Australian farmers awake at night? Associations between sleep and mental health." SLEEP Advances 3, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2022): A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac029.157.

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Abstract Introduction In Australia, suicide rates are higher in farmers compared to the general population. The relationship between poor sleep and mental health is well known, yet there is limited evidence examining Australian farmers’ sleep and the role sleep plays in farmers mental health. Therefore, this study investigated the sleep and mental health of Australian farmers using an online questionnaire. Methods Farmers aged 18 and older (n=101; 52 males) completed a questionnaire (REDCap). The questionnaire included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). PSQI and ISI scores were split into normal values (‘below threshold’; PSQI<5; ISI<8) and abnormal values (‘above threshold’). Independent t-tests (Mann-Whitney) were performed to assess differences in mental health between the two threshold groups. Results Most participants worked full time (89%) on a family farm (70%) and were aged 26-55 (61%). Individuals with PSQI scores above threshold had higher DASS-21 scores across all subscales (p≤0.01; Depression 4.9±3.9; Anxiety 7.6±4.4; Stress 3.8±3.7) compared to those below threshold (Depression 2.9±3.0; Anxiety 5.1±3.2; Stress 1.9±2.0). All DASS-21 subscales scores were also higher in individuals with ISI scores above threshold (p<0.001; Depression 5.0±3.9; Anxiety 7.3±4.2; Stress 3.8±4.1) compared to those below threshold (Depression 2.5±2.9; Anxiety 4.5±3.0; Stress 1.7±1.9). Discussion Results suggest that Australian farmers who have insomnia symptoms and poor sleep quality are at a higher risk of poor mental health. Identifying at-risk individuals by examining sleep quality, then investigating and treating sleep problems, may improve mental health amongst farmers.

10

Freebairn, John. "Adaptation to Climate Change by Australian Farmers." Climate 9, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9090141.

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Climate change in the form of higher temperatures, changes of rainfall patterns, and for some, more natural disasters will reduce the returns from current farming choices on what to produce and the production methods. Variation of climate change across regions and uncertainty about the magnitudes of change call for a diverse mix of adaptations to climate change across different regions and individual farms. This paper considers the institutional structure for effective climate change adaptation by Australian farms. It is argued that a rerun of the history of successful adaptation of farms to new technology, changes in output and input prices, natural climate variation, and other circumstances can be repeated for climate change adaptation. Individual farms can benefit from incentives and rewards to revise their decisions, which will combine with better individual outcomes. Complementary support by the government includes the provision of climate change and weather forecast information, support for research into new technology, help to evaluate the pros and cons of alternative choices, and provision of a social safety net for those unable to adapt.

11

Lawrence, Louise. "A Green Locust Control for Australian Farmers." Outlooks on Pest Management 16, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/16dec04.

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12

Tashakor, Shamim, Ranjith Appuhami, and Rahat Munir. "Environmental management accounting practices in Australian cotton farming." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no. 4 (May 24, 2019): 1175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2018-3465.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between the belief-based factors (attitude, subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioural control (PBC)) and environmental management accounting (EMA) practices. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), the study develops a structural model and uses partial least squares (PLS) technique to analyse data collected based on a survey of the Australian cotton farmers. Findings The findings indicate that while attitude and PBC significantly influence farmers’ intention to adopt EMA practices, SN has a significant indirect influence on EMA practices through farmers’ attitude and PBC. Further, the study reveals that while the intention of more environmentally friendly farmers is largely influenced by attitude and SN, the intention of less environmentally friendly farmers is primarily driven by PBC. Practical implications The study provides important insights into the role of attitude, SN and PBC in motivating farmers towards adopting EMA practices. Such insights could also help farmers in designing effective EMA practices. Originality/value This study contributes to very limited EMA literature on TPB by integrating three belief-based factors namely attitude, SN and PBC.

13

Brewer, Rosemary, and Alan Cocker. "The ‘New Way’ of Shopping: Farmers Trading Company Catalogues 1909 – 1938." Back Story Journal of New Zealand Art, Media & Design History, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/backstory.vi3.30.

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In August this year Australasian retailers were informed of an approaching “Death Star”1. The American online retail giant Amazon announced plans to open its first major Australian warehouse, what it called a ‘fulfillment centre’, in suburban Melbourne. In New Zealand retailers were reported as being “spooked by the ‘Amazon Effect’” according to researchers at Massey University2 who found that business confidence had fallen since 2016 and the global online retailer was being cited as the main reason for uncertainty. With the opening of the Australian warehouse it was estimated that Amazon could build a business with annual sales of $915 million in this country in just five years.3 Over a century ago the New Zealand retail industry was shaken by another 'retail revolution', the mail order catalogue.

14

Cheers, Brian, Henning Bjornlund, and Geoff Kuehne. "There’s More than One Type of Farmer: Acknowledging Farmers’ Diversity – An Australian Perspective." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review 2, no. 2 (2007): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/cgp/v02i02/52261.

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15

Sparrow, LA. "A review of fertiliser advice in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 8 (1993): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9931067.

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Fertiliser advice is provided in many ways in Australia today. There has been a move away from blanket recommendations to recommendations for particular paddock-crop-farmer combinations. Emphasis has been on phosphorus for pastures and on nitrogen and phosphorus for cereals because of the importance of these elements and production systems in Australian agriculture. Soil tests are a major tool used in formulating recommendations, but plant tissue testing and nutrient budgets are playing increasing roles both in addition, and as alternatives, to soil tests. Variability within our agricultural systems places limits on the capacity of any or all of these techniques to predict precise fertiliser needs. We know very little about farmer attitudes to fertiliser advice, both for the minority of farmers who use advisory services and, more so, for the majority who do not. Farmers have not been questioned enough about why they have, or have not, adopted available technology. If better fertiliser management is to be more widely practised, the needs of our clients must direct future research and extension in soil fertility more than they have in the past. Resources for research will be increasingly difficult to justify unless serious consideration is given to the application of that research in agriculture and its adoption by farmers.

16

Fielke, Simon J., and Douglas K. Bardsley. "South Australian farmers’ markets: tools for enhancing the multifunctionality of Australian agriculture." GeoJournal 78, no. 5 (September 13, 2012): 759–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-012-9464-8.

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17

White, Robert E. "The Role of Soil Carbon Sequestration as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy: An Australian Case Study." Soil Systems 6, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6020046.

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Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) is a key priority in the Australian government’s Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan. Under the government’s Emission Reduction Fund (ERF), farmers are encouraged to change to a management practice that will increase their soil carbon (C) stock and earn Australian Carbon Credit Units (ACCUs). The projections of net C abatement nationally range from 17 to 103 Mt carbon dioxide equivalent annually up to 2050. This huge range reflects the uncertainties in achieving net SCS due to biophysical constraints, such as those imposed by the paucity and variability of Australian rainfall and the difficulty of measuring small changes in soil C stock. The uptake by farmers is also uncertain because of compliance costs, opportunity costs of a practice change and the loss of business flexibility when a farmer must commit to a 25-year permanence period. Since the program’s inception in 2014, only one soil C project has been awarded ACCUs. Nevertheless, an increase in soil C is generally beneficial for farm productivity. As a voluntary C market evolves, the government is expecting that farmers will sell their ACCUs to businesses seeking to offset their greenhouse gas emissions. The risk is that, in buying cheap offsets, businesses will not then invest in new energy-efficient technologies to reduce their emissions at source.

18

Russell-Green, Sienna, Jacqueline Cotton, and Susan Brumby. "Research Engagement Changes Attitudes and Behaviours towards Agrichemical Safety in Australian Farmers." Safety 6, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6010016.

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There is limited research that evaluates the effect of farmer involvement in agrichemical exposure surveillance on their attitudes and behaviour towards pesticide handling and use of personal protective equipment. This limited follow-up study aimed to (i) evaluate attitudes/behaviours towards the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among farmers who participated in the In-Field Personalised Cholinesterase Assessment Project (PCAP) (2016/17); and (ii) qualitatively assess the effect of monthly presentation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) testing results on farmer agrichemical safety practices and behaviours prior to, and following participation in PCAP. This study surveyed 42 farming men and women, asking questions about agrichemical usage and hygiene practices. The majority of surveyed farmers’ self-apply agrichemicals on their farm (97.6%), with 81% reporting that involvement in PCAP research changed the way they handled Organophosphates (OPs)—a widely used insecticide in agriculture. By enabling people to think critically about their exposure, there was a 66% increase in frequency of respirator usage post-PCAP. Following this, participants were invited to take part in one-on-one interviews to further discuss their involvement in PCAP. Many responses were positive, with participants stating they were more aware and cautious of their own practices. This study determined that research participation and point-of-care testing and education can result in effective engagement of farmers and farm workers, increase health literacy and change farming practice—highlighting the importance of an interactive, participatory model in order to bring about change, to reduce possible pesticide exposures.

19

Paynter, Q., S. M. Csurhes, T. A. Heard, J. Ireson, M. H. Julien, J. Lloyd, W. M. Lonsdale, W. A. Palmer, A. W. Sheppard, and R. D. van Klinken. "Worth the risk? Introduction of legumes can cause more harm than good: an Australian perspective." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 1 (2003): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb01025.

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Weeds are serious threats to Australia's primary production and biodiversity conservation. For example, a recent Australia Bureau of Statistics survey found that 47% of farmers across Australia have a significant weed problem. A literature review revealed that legumes represent a significant proportion of the national weed problem and most serious Australian legume weeds are exotic thicket-forming species that were deliberately introduced for their perceived beneficial properties, such as for shade and fodder, or even quite trivial reasons, such as garden ornamentals. The low economic value of the rangelands most of these species infest, compared with control costs, hinders chemical and mechanical control of these weeds, such that biological control, which takes time, is expensive to implement and has no guarantee of success, may represent the only economically viable alternative to abandoning vast tracts of land. We argue that, because the behaviour of an introduced species in a novel environment is so hard to forecast, better predictive techniques should be developed prior to further introductions of plant species into novel environments. We also discuss the potential of legumes currently being promoted in Australia to become weeds and suggest the recent trend of exporting Australian Acacia spp. to semiarid regions of Africa risks history repeating itself and the development of new weed problems that mirror those posed by Australian Acacia spp. in southern Africa.

20

Hughes, N., W. Y. Soh, C. Boult, and K. Lawson. "Defining drought from the perspective of Australian farmers." Climate Risk Management 35 (2022): 100420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.100420.

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21

Woods, Cindy E., Eilish O’Shea, Fiona Barrett, Luke Bookallil, Leah East, and Kim Usher. "Occupational exposure: rural Australian farmers’ sun-protective behaviours." Journal of Public Health 28, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10389-019-01089-x.

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22

O'Connell, M., D. J. Pannell, and R. J. French. "Are high lupin seeding rates more risky in the Western Australian wheatbelt?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 9 (2003): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01163.

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A seeding rate aimed at establishing 45 plants/m2 has been the long-standing recommendation for lupin crops in Western Australia. However, contrary to recommendations, many farmers in low rainfall areas of the state use a seeding rate that results in densities as low as 25–30 plants/m2, claiming that these rates give more reliable yields. Current recommendations for optimal lupin seeding rates are based solely on maximisation of expected profit and risk preferences have not been considered. The present study tested the hypothesis that optimal lupin seeding rates are lower if the farmer is averse to risk. A risk analysis of lupin yields in response to seeding rates was conducted to determine whether optimal seeding rates are lower for farmers who are risk averse. The analysis was based on results from field trials from various locations in Western Australia in various years. Lupin yields were not less reliable at high seeding rates and therefore risk aversion does not materially reduce the optimal seeding rate. Farmers who used a seeding rate lower than the recommended rate forewent profit without lowering risk. In the low and medium rainfall areas, the average reduction in expected gross margin from using a suboptimum seeding rate (25–30 plants/m2) is AU$4–10/ha. Farmers in the high rainfall zone who aim for 25–30 plants/m2 could forego in excess of $30/ha, particularly in situations where high yields are possible.

23

Worsley, Anthony, Wei Wang, and Stacey Ridley. "Australian adults’ knowledge of Australian agriculture." British Food Journal 117, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 400–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2013-0175.

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Purpose – Agriculture is a major generator of wealth and employment in Australia. However, it faces a range of economic and environmental challenges which require substantial community support. The purpose of this paper is to examine Australian adults’ Australian knowledge of, and attitudes towards, Australian agriculture. Design/methodology/approach – Online questionnaire survey of 1,026 adults conducted nationwide during August 2012. Findings – Most respondents had little knowledge of even the basic aspects of the industry but they approved of farmers’ performance of their roles. Latent class analysis showed that there are two groups of consumers with low and lower levels of knowledge. The respondents’ age, rural residence and universalist values were positive predictors of agricultural knowledge. Research limitations/implications – This was a cross-sectional, quota-based survey which examined only some aspects of agriculture. However, the findings suggest that more communication with the general public about the industry is required in order to build on the positive sentiment that exists within the community. Practical implications – More education about agriculture in schools and higher education is indicated. Social implications – The poor state of knowledge of agriculture threatens the social contract upon which agricultural communities depend for survival. Originality/value – The study highlights the poor state of general knowledge about agriculture in Australia. The findings could be used as a baseline against which the efficacy of future education programmes could be assessed.

24

Keating, B. A., and P. S. Carberry. "Emerging opportunities and challenges for Australian broadacre agriculture." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 4 (2010): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09282.

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Agriculture globally and in Australia is at a critical juncture in its history with the current changes to input costs, commodity prices, consumption patterns and food stocks. Constraints are emerging in terms of land and water resources as well as imperatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There is evidence that rates of increase in agricultural productivity are reducing, both in Australia and overseas. On top of all these drivers of change, agriculture is the sector probably most exposed to climate change, and Australian agriculture is as exposed as any in the world. Against this turbulent background, this paper explores some of the emerging opportunities and challenges in Australian agriculture. These include new products or services from agriculture such as biofuels, forest-based carbon storage in agricultural landscapes, bio-sequestration of carbon in agricultural soils, and environmental stewardship schemes that would reward farmers for nature conservation and related non-production services from farming land. Although there are situations where all these emerging opportunities may deliver benefits to both farmers and the wider community, an overall conclusion is that none of these, on their own, will transform the nature of Australian agriculture. Instead, the greatest emerging opportunity for Australian agriculture must be sought from productivity breakthroughs in the face of current and emerging constraints. This view is formed by looking through the lens of the global food production challenge which sees a demand for close to a doubling of food production by 2050 in the face of increasingly constrained land and water resources, soil degradation, increasing energy scarcity and limits on greenhouse gas release to the atmosphere. These same land, water, soil, energy and atmospheric constraints to agriculture apply in Australia and will shape both farming and the agricultural research agenda over coming decades. In the face of such national and global agronomic challenges, a significant threat looms with the skills challenge facing agricultural science in Australia. The demand for the integrative skills of agronomy appears strong but the sector has suffered from disinvestment in recent decades.

25

Reid, Rowen. "The Australian Master Tree Grower Program." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 17 (2001): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081406260000361x.

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The Department of Forestry at The University of Melbourne with the financial support of the Myer Foundation, the RIRDC/LWRRDC/FWPRDC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program (JVAP) and the National Farm Forestry Program (AFFA) have developed and are delivering a unique and innovative participatory outreach and extension program for farmers active in revegetation, farm forestry and remnant forest management. Since the first program in 1996, 25 regional Australian Master Tree Grower (MTG) programs have been conducted involving more than 500 landholders across Australia.By acknowledging and drawing on the commitment and experience of locally selected tree growers, the MTG program aims to instil confidence through knowledge, provide farmers with a support network and encourage them to truly aspire to be ‘master tree growers’ in their own right. By starting with the landholders' motivations, rather than ending with them, the program allows participants to investigate and farm forestry projects. This is leading to the full potential of multipurpose tree growing to be realised for economic, social and environmental outcomes for farmers and their rural communities.

26

Byerlee, Derek. "The Super State: The Political Economy of Phosphate Fertilizer Use in South Australia, 1880–1940." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 62, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2021-0005.

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Abstract From 1882 to 1910 superphosphate was almost universally adopted by wheat farmers in South Australia. A supply chain perspective is used to link the mining of phosphate rock in distant Pacific islands to the final application of superphosphate in the fields of Australian wheat farmers. Farmers and private manufacturers led the adoption stage in the context of a liberal market regime and the role of the state at this stage was limited although strategic. After 1920, the role of the state in the industry sharply increased in all phases of the industry. A political economy perspective is used to analyse state-ownership of raw material supplies and protectionist policies to manufacturers that resulted in high prices in Australia by 1930. Numerous government reviews pitted the interests of farmers and manufacturers leading to a complex system of tariffs and subsidies in efforts to serve all interests. Overall, the adoption of superphosphate was a critical factor in developing productive and sustainable farming systems in Australia, although at the expense of Pacific Islanders who prior to WWII received token benefits and were ultimately left with a highly degraded landscape.

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Carberry, P. S., Z. Hochman, J. R. Hunt, N. P. Dalgliesh, R. L. McCown, J. P. M. Whish, M. J. Robertson, M. A. Foale, P. L. Poulton, and H. van Rees. "Re-inventing model-based decision support with Australian dryland farmers. 3. Relevance of APSIM to commercial crops." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 11 (2009): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09052.

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Crop simulation models relevant to real-world agriculture have been a rationale for model development over many years. However, as crop models are generally developed and tested against experimental data and with large systematic gaps often reported between experimental and farmer yields, the relevance of simulated yields to the commercial yields of field crops may be questioned. This is the third paper in a series which describes a substantial effort to deliver model-based decision support to Australian farmers. First, the performance of the cropping systems simulator, APSIM, in simulating commercial crop yields is reported across a range of field crops and agricultural regions. Second, how APSIM is used in gaining farmer credibility for their planning and decision making is described using actual case studies. Information was collated on APSIM performance in simulating the yields of over 700 commercial crops of barley, canola, chickpea, cotton, maize, mungbean, sorghum, sugarcane, and wheat monitored over the period 1992 to 2007 in all cropping regions of Australia. This evidence indicated that APSIM can predict the performance of commercial crops at a level close to that reported for its performance against experimental yields. Importantly, an essential requirement for simulating commercial yields across the Australian dryland cropping regions is to accurately describe the resources available to the crop being simulated, particularly soil water and nitrogen. Five case studies of using APSIM with farmers are described in order to demonstrate how model credibility was gained in the context of each circumstance. The proposed process for creating mutual understanding and credibility involved dealing with immediate questions of the involved farmers, contextualising the simulations to the specific situation in question, providing simulation outputs in an iterative process, and together reviewing the ensuing seasonal results against provided simulations. This paper is distinct from many other reports testing the performance and utility of cropping systems models. Here, the measured yields are from commercial crops not experimental plots and the described applications were from real-life situations identified by farmers. A key conclusion, from 17 years of effort, is the proven ability of APSIM to simulate yields from commercial crops provided soil properties are well characterised. Thus, the ambition of models being relevant to real-world agriculture is indeed attainable, at least in situations where biotic stresses are manageable.

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Santhanam-Martin, Michael, Ruth Nettle, Jason Major, Jocelyn Fagon, Emmanuel Beguin, and Patten Bridge. "The Work Assessment Method shows potential to improve performance and social sustainability on Australian dairy farms." Animal Production Science 62, no. 1 (2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20438.

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Context Social aspects of livestock farming systems, including farm workforce and how work is organised, have received less research attention than the biophysical and technological aspects. This constrains understanding of social challenges to the sustainability of livestock systems, such as farm labour shortages, farmers’ overwork, the undesirability of farming careers, workforce and skills changes linked to new technologies, and the connections of all these to farm performance and profitability. Aims We introduce and test the applicability and utility in the Australian context of a method developed in France for assessing work organisation: The Work Assessment Method (WAM). The WAM goes beyond standard labour productivity metrics, such as total labour cost or livestock units per worker, to examine different types of work (routine, seasonal), who does the work (owner–managers, employees, contractors) and how these change seasonally. A measure of social sustainability (‘calculated time available’) is a key feature. Methods We conducted the first Australian trial of the WAM on two Victorian dairy farms. Through facilitated discussions between participating farmers and the research team, we evaluated the utility of the method, and identified requirements to adapt it for larger, pasture-based dairy systems. Key results The WAM was applied successfully on the pilot farms, despite differences in farm systems between France and Australia. The method characterised in detail the sources of overwork for each farm, enabling discussion of how the social sustainability and overall performance of the farms could be improved. The participating farmers reported that the method provided insights that were not available from current financial and physical analyses. Conclusions The WAM shows potential for supporting farmers, advisors and researchers in work aimed at improving farm social sustainability and profitability, but requires adaptation to suit Australian conditions. A larger exploratory study applying the WAM on additional dairy farms, and on mixed farms, is suggested. Implications This study provides a strong foundation for further research to develop the WAM as a useful research and advisory tool for Australian livestock production systems.

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Pisaniello, John D., Wu Zhifang, and Jennifer M. McKay. "Small dams safety issues – engineering/policy models and community responses from Australia." Water Policy 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.0006.

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Dam safety is a serious issue worldwide. However, in many countries, for example, China and Australia, although much attention is being devoted to the medium to large-scale dams, little or no attention is being paid to the serious potential problems associated with smaller dams, particularly the potential “cumulative domino effect” failure risk to the larger public dams. Farmers in Australia have often overlooked the common law obligation to review/design dams in line with current standards because of high engineering consulting costs. This leaves them vulnerable to litigation if their dam fails and the downstream community is susceptible to unacceptable risk levels. To overcome this problem, an innovative Australian-developed cost-effective spillway design/review procedure has been developed to minimise cost burdens to dam owners and encourage better dam safety management. A recent survey undertaken in the Australian “policy model” State of Victoria to test community attitudes to the procedure and implemented dam safety and water allocation policy is also reported here. This survey clearly demonstrates that farmers require more than awareness and encouragement in order to ensure that they look after their dams properly.

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O'CALLAGHAN, ZOE, and JENI WARBURTON. "No one to fill my shoes: narrative practices of three ageing Australian male farmers." Ageing and Society 37, no. 3 (November 25, 2015): 441–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1500118x.

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ABSTRACTAgeing Australian farmers face many uncertainties associated with wider social, economic and climate change. Significantly for many farmers, ageing means the end not only of a life-long occupation but the end of the farm that has often been in the family for many generations. In turn, the prospect of this discontinuity breaches long-held cultural images of Australian farming and farmers. For individual male farmers approaching retirement age, the lack of succession and discontinuation of the family's ownership of, and attachment to the land, poses threats for social and personal identity. This paper examines the narratives of three male, baby-boom Australian farmers to tease out the impact of ageing and the possible loss of the family farm on the ways that they construct their situations and their self-identity. It illustrates the narrative practices that these men employ as they work to validate their self-identities within particular narrative environments, and through a range of outmoded and contemporary material conditions that mediate their selves and lives. The approach exemplified in this paper focuses on the processes and phases of analysis to show how the farmers craft their narrative as well as the individuality, complexity and coherence of their accounts.

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Hayman, Peter, Jason Crean, John Mullen, and Kevin Parton. "How do probabilistic seasonal climate forecasts compare with other innovations that Australian farmers are encouraged to adopt?" Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 10 (2007): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06200.

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Seasonal climate forecasts (SCFs) from public institutions have been issued to Australian farmers since the late 1980s. Surveys suggest that 30–50% of farmers take seasonal climate forecasts into account when making farm management decisions. Even for the farmers who have adopted SCFs, integrating them into decisions on the farm seems to be a greater challenge than first thought. We use adoption theory to consider SCFs as an innovation presented to farmers. We consider the problem that SCFs is seeking to solve, the nature of the innovation, and how SCFs compare with other innovations that Australian farmers are encouraged to adopt. We conclude that there are unique challenges presented by the problem of managing climate uncertainty. Demonstrating the relative advantage of a probabilistic SCF is difficult because it is an information-based public good, relatively complex, difficult to trial, and only partially compatible with existing practices. In their favour, SCFs are free or relatively low cost and the information can be applied across different paddocks and different enterprises. We compare and contrast SCFs with other innovations that Australian farmers have been encouraged to adopt over their working life time, such as grain-price forecasts, new wheat varieties, the increased use of nitrogen fertiliser, no-tillage, and precision agriculture.

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Nevard, Timothy D., Donald C. Franklin, Ian Leiper, George Archibald, and Stephen T. Garnett. "Agriculture, brolgas and Australian sarus cranes on the Atherton Tablelands, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 4 (2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18081.

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Flocks of brolgas (Antigone rubicunda) and Australian sarus cranes (A. antigone gillae) congregate in cropping areas of the Atherton Tablelands in north Queensland, Australia, during the non-breeding months of May to December each year and sometimes come into conflict with farmers. The central part of the region has been declared a Key Biodiversity Area, largely because it is the only well known non-breeding area for the Australian sarus crane. We investigated spatial and temporal patterns of use of this landscape for foraging by the two species to determine how they might be affected by changes in cropping. Abundances of the species were positively correlated with each other over both time and space. Sarus cranes were nevertheless markedly more abundant on the fertile volcanic soils of the central Tablelands, whilst brolgas were more abundant on a variety of soils in outlying cropping areas close to roost sites, especially in the south-west of the region. Both species used a wide variety of crops and pastures but occurred at highest densities on ploughed land and areas from which crops (especially maize) had been harvested. In addition, brolgas were also strongly associated with early-stage winter cereals with volunteer peanuts from the previous crop. We conclude that maize and peanut crops are important as foraging sites for both species during the non-breeding season, a situation that requires management in the interest of both cranes and farmers, especially as cropping patterns intensify and agricultural technology changes. However, we also note that flocking on the Atherton Tablelands indicates that brolgas and sarus cranes are likely to be adaptable to change and able to take advantage of newly created cropping areas.

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Shin, Bong-Sup. "The Australian Farmers' Strategies to Manage the Supply Chain." International Area Review 10, no. 2 (September 2007): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590701000206.

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This study aims to research the marketing strategies developed to influence the supply chain to increase the stability of returns. The research looks at examples of the various ways in which producers, producer alliances or producer co-operatives have either moved up the supply chain or used marketing strategies of adding value to their produce by means of product differentiation, marketing co-operatives, branding or niche marketing to provide added to stability to both returns and the business.

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Fragar, Lyn, Julie Depczynski, and Tony Lower. "Mortality patterns of Australian male farmers and farm managers." Australian Journal of Rural Health 19, no. 4 (July 20, 2011): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2011.01209.x.

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Nettle, Ruth, Mark Paine, and John Penry. "Aligning farm decision making and genetic information systems to improve animal production: methodology and findings from the Australian dairy industry." Animal Production Science 50, no. 6 (2010): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10005.

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To date there has been little research into the way genetic improvement decisions are made in practice on Australian farms. This type of knowledge is important for guiding the design of programs to increase the use of genetic information and thereby the rate of genetic gain in animal production systems. This paper describes an approach to understanding farm decision making in order to improve the design of services to increase the use of genetic information in the Australian dairy industry. A mixed-method approach involving a national survey and regional focus groups was used to determine farmers’ perceptions of the genetic information system overall and the key features of bull selection decisions and information sources. The current genetic information system was found to have a strong reputation for ease of access, use and fit with the way farmers evaluated bulls. In the focus groups the farmers described their decision process as having an ‘ideal cow’ in mind that fitted their farming system (e.g. balancing survival, milk volume, milk components, mammary features, fertility, milking speed, etc.). Bull proofs were then screened to identify a batch of eligible bulls that were further screened for their specific situation. Focus groups of advisers generally concurred with the process described by farmers. Further, farmers tended to rely on one or two main information sources in making decisions. To address the issue of greater alignment between farmer decision making and use of genetic information through industry organisations requires a coordinated strategy and a comprehensive development program. Suggestions for activities to this end are outlined.

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FIELKE, SIMON J., and DOUGLAS K. BARDSLEY. "A Brief Political History of South Australian Agriculture." Rural History 26, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331400017x.

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Abstract:This paper aims to explain why South Australian agricultural land use is focused on continually increasing productivity, when the majority of produce is exported, at the long-term expense of agriculturally-based communities and the environment. A historical analysis of literature relevant to the agricultural development of South Australia is used chronologically to report aspects of the industry that continue to cause concerns in the present day. The historically dominant capitalist socio-economic system and ‘anthropocentric’ world views of farmers, politicians, and key stakeholders have resulted in detrimental social, environmental and political outcomes. Although recognition of the environmental impacts of agricultural land use has increased dramatically since the 1980s, conventional productivist, export oriented farming still dominates the South Australian landscape. A combination of market oriented initiatives and concerned producers are, however, contributing to increasing the recognition of the environmental and social outcomes of agricultural practice and it is argued here that South Australia has the opportunity to value multifunctional land use more explicitly via innovative policy.

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Wood, Jennifer A., and J. Fiona Scott. "Economic impacts of chickpea grain classification: how ‘seed quality is Queen’ must be considered alongside ‘yield is King’ to provide a princely income for farmers." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 2 (2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20282.

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Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) are a high value crop for farmers, but price penalties will be imposed or grain rejected whenever the standards are not met by growers whose crops suffer grain defects in a particular season. Australian chickpeas are renowned for their high quality and are generally in high demand globally because of good farming practice and strict grain quality standards. However, small quantities of defective seed in grain loads can reduce the price paid to individual farmers, with significant financial impacts. Information is scarce on the types of defects causing price penalties and there is no information on the magnitude of those penalties. An online farmer survey was conducted to capture information on the types of grain defects, price penalties imposed and load rejections with respect to the delivery of their 2017 chickpea crop. Here we show that the cost to individual chickpea farmers affected by price penalties or load rejections ranged from AU$743 to $1293750. Furthermore, the total cost of seed defects was calculated to be $154.2 million in that season, equating to a revenue loss of 23.7% of gross value of production in Australia. Chickpea seed defects also contributed to additional costs including seed cleaning, further transport costs and harvest delays, with subsequent risk of yield losses and further quality defects. Too often, crop yields are the focus while seed quality is overlooked as an essential driver of farmer profitability. We demonstrate how important seed quality is to farmer profitability; if ‘yield is King’ then seed quality is certainly Queen. We suggest that farmers prioritise harvest of their chickpea crops ahead of harvest of cereal crops to minimise the risk of chickpea seed defects and seed loss, and to maximise profits from this higher value crop. Additional surveys over several seasons are warranted to refine information on the types of seed defects occurring in chickpea and their financial impacts on farmers, and they could be expanded to other crops and countries. We suggest that misclassification of seed defects needs further exploration, as does research into minimising the major causes of seed defects. Improvements to grain classification systems globally should be sought to provide better support for farmer profitability so that they can continue to feed the world.

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Raedts, P. J. M., S. C. Garcia, D. F. Chapman, G. R. Edwards, N. Lane, and R. P. Rawnsley. "Is systems research addressing the current and future needs of dairy farms?" Animal Production Science 57, no. 7 (2017): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16647.

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During the past decade, Australian and New Zealand dairy farmers have been increasingly exposed to volatility in milk prices, declining terms of trade, climate variability, changing regulation, and increasing consumer demand to demonstrate their ‘social licence to farm’. In response to the varying challenges, it is not surprising that we see significant diversity in dairy-farm systems in Australia and New Zealand. Despite much research effort to address these challenges at both the component and farm-system level, the evidence of adoption and dairy farming-system change over the past 5 years has been inconclusive. The present review explores how farmers and systems research have been affected and are responding, and whether systems research is developing research in the appropriate direction, proactively researching dairy-farming systems that are resilient, profitable and sustainable into the future, notwithstanding the increased volatility that dairy farms are experiencing. While much farm systems research in Australia and New Zealand has addressed the challenges associated with improving productivity and profitability, and the known challenges such as climate variability and improving environmental outcomes, there is need to fore-sight future risk, challenges and opportunities for dairy systems. It is also important that the system researchers explore alternative approaches such as working collaboratively with the known system experts, the dairy farmer, in a participatory environment to increase rate of knowledge transfer and adoption of positive research outcome.

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Marshall, Amber, Michael Dezuanni, Jean Burgess, Julian Thomas, and Chris K. Wilson. "Australian farmers left behind in the digital economy – Insights from the Australian Digital Inclusion Index." Journal of Rural Studies 80 (December 2020): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.09.001.

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BROCKWELL, J. "Abundant, cheap nitrogen for Australian farmers: a history of Australian Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation Conferences." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36, no. 8 (August 2004): 1195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.11.010.

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Nevard, Timothy D., Ian Leiper, George Archibald, and Stephen T. Garnett. "Farming and cranes on the Atherton Tablelands, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 2 (2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18055.

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Australia’s two cranes, the brolga (Antigone rubicunda) and Australian sarus crane (Antigone antigone gillae), form dry-season flocks on the Atherton Tablelands in north Queensland, Australia, where they forage almost exclusively amongst planted crops. The long-term relationship between cranes and farmers is therefore critical to their conservation, especially as the cranes can sometimes cause significant economic damage to crops. We interviewed farmers to explore their current attitudes to cranes and their intentions for land use that might affect the birds. We found that most farmers tolerated the cranes, particularly when they feed among stubble. Most, however, are increasing the efficiency of their agronomic practices, harvesting combinable crops such as maize and peanuts in ways that are beginning to reduce post-harvest crop residues. There is also a rapid trend away from field crops to perennial and tree crops that have a higher return per unit area. Both trends may reduce foraging opportunities for the cranes and, unless managed effectively, are likely to increase the potential for damage and conflict with farmers in the field crops that remain.

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Robertson, Michael, Peter Carberry, and Lisa Brennan. "Economic benefits of variable rate technology: case studies from Australian grain farms." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 9 (2009): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08342.

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In this study we attempt to quantify the economic benefits of the adoption of variable rate application of fertiliser on six case study farms from the Australian wheatbelt. The farm case studies covered a range of agro-climatic regions (Mediterranean, uniform, and summer-dominant rainfall patterns), cropping systems (wheat–lupin, wheat–canola, and winter and summer crops), farm sizes (1250–5800 ha cropping program), soil types (shallow gravels to deep cracking clays), and production levels (average wheat yields from 1.8 to 3.5 t/ha). The farmers had been practising some form of variable rate technology (VRT) management of fertiliser for 2–10 years. Capital investment in VRT equipment ranged from $37 000 to $73 000, which is at the medium to high end of investment for Australian farmers, and when expressed as investment per cropped hectare it varied from $11 to $30/ha. All farmers were able to quantify benefits of VRT, ranging from $1 to $22/ha across the six farms, and a break-even analysis showed that the initial capital outlay was recovered within 2–5 years. On a per paddock basis, benefits ranged from –$28 to +$57/ha.year, and reasons for this wide range could be explained by fertiliser management practices and the degree of within-paddock yield variation. Where VRT benefits were able to be estimated across a run of seasons for a given paddock, it was noticeable that benefits, albeit diminished, still occurred in below-average yielding years. This suggests that, once zones have been defined, benefits from VRT will occur in most seasons. This study demonstrates that the participating Australian grain growers have adopted VRT systems that are profitable and recover the initial capital outlay within a few years. The use of, and benefits from, VRT technology vary farm to farm, in line with farmer preferences and circumstances.

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Heaney-Mustafa, Sandra, Francesco Sofo, Mukaddas Afzal, Zubair Anwar, Bareerah Fatima, and Faizan ul Hasan. "Bridging Farmer and Researcher: Extension through the Eyes of Agents in Rural Pakistan." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 25, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2018.25308.

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Irrigation and efficient water usage by farmers remain key agricultural problems in Pakistan. Technological approaches to water management specifically irrigation management using cloud technology is a recent innovation currently being trialed in Pakistan through a project conducted by the authors and funded by the Australian Centre for International Research. The paper reports on the perceptions of rural agents in Pakistan involved in the scaling out of new technologies to improve irrigation practices of a large number of farmers. The methodology adopted the use of focus groups with water professionals and extension agents as this approach has been proven to be a key effective method to assist rural agents to gather current information on irrigation problems and the scaling out process. Eight focus groups were assembled with an average of ten participants in each group. The findings revealed the current practices, positive outcomes and challenges to conducting farmer education in Pakistan. The importance of this research is its potential to improving work practices of large numbers of farmers that continue to be highly challenging. The study gives fresh insights on how farmer education methods could be achieved in relation to improving water irrigation through new technological practices of a significantly increased number of farmers.

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Ramadas, Smitha, and Praveenlal Kuttichira. "Farmers’ suicide and mental disorders perspectives in research approaches-comparison between- India and Australia." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170002.

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Background: Almost 90% of persons who commit or attempt suicide has a diagnosable mental disorder. Farmers are an occupational category with high suicide risk and their risk is more than that of the non-farming population. But there is no conclusive evidence as to whether farmers have more psychiatric morbidity than the general population. Are other causes also attributable to the increased suicide risk of farmers? Since research data about this is inconclusive, we decided to compare the research approaches and findings on farmers’ suicide conducted by mental health professionals with that of other professionals.Methods: A systematic search of published literature on farmers’ suicide for a period of 10 years from 2002 to 2012 was conducted using the electronic databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, using the keywords “farmers’ suicide”.Results: 49 articles were retrieved through PubMed search and 24,800 articles through Google scholar search. PubMed retrieved and Google Scholar retrieved articles were then compared keeping Australia and India as reference points.Conclusions: Comprehensive studies on farmers’ suicide, analyzing the diverse perspectives and causes, objectively and concurrently were lacking, especially from India. The Australian studies had attempted to include multifaceted perspectives on research about farmers’ suicide .There were no studies from India about interventions or their impact on farmers’ suicide. A segmented approach into farmers’ suicide research has its limitations. Novel methodologies incorporating diverse perspectives is needed from India for better understanding of the enigma of farmers’ suicide, so that steps can be taken to address such a public health and social issue.

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Gobbett, David L., Uday Nidumolu, Huidong Jin, Peter Hayman, and John Gallant. "Minimum temperature mapping augments Australian grain farmers’ knowledge of frost." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 304-305 (July 2021): 108422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108422.

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Kunde, Lisa, Kairi Kõlves, Brian Kelly, Prasuna Reddy, and Diego De Leo. "Pathways to Suicide in Australian Farmers: A Life Chart Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040352.

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Cocklin, Chris, and Jacqui Dibden. "Taking Stock: Farmers' reflections on the deregulation of Australian dairying." Australian Geographer 33, no. 1 (March 2002): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049180220124999.

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Perceval, Meg, Kairi Kõlves, Victoria Ross, Prasuna Reddy, and Diego De Leo. "Environmental factors and suicide in Australian farmers: A qualitative study." Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 74, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2018.1453774.

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Peel, Dominic, Helen L. Berry, and Jacki Schirmer. "Farm exit intention and wellbeing: A study of Australian farmers." Journal of Rural Studies 47 (October 2016): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.006.

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Marshall, Nadine Anne, Anne-Maree Dowd, Aysha Fleming, Clair Gambley, Mark Howden, Emma Jakku, Carl Larsen, et al. "Transformational capacity in Australian peanut farmers for better climate adaptation." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34, no. 3 (October 30, 2013): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0186-1.

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