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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Australian elapid snakes"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Australian elapid snakes"

1

Mcalees, Trudi J., and Linda A. Abraham. "Australian elapid snake envenomation in cats: Clinical priorities and approach." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 11 (October 25, 2017): 1131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x17735761.

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Анотація:
Practical relevance: No fewer than 140 species of terrestrial snakes reside in Australia, 92 of which possess venom glands. With the exception of the brown tree snake, the venom-producing snakes belong to the family Elapidae. The venom of a number of elapid species is more toxic than that of the Indian cobra and eastern diamondback rattle snake, which has earned Australia its reputation for being home to the world’s most venomous snakes. Clinical challenges: The diagnosis of elapid snake envenomation is not always easy. Identification of Australian snakes is not straightforward and there are no pathognomonic clinical signs. In cats, diagnosis of envenomation is confounded by the fact that, in most cases, there is a delay in seeking veterinary attention, probably because snake encounters are not usually witnessed by owners, and also because of the tendency of cats to hide and seek seclusion when unwell. Although the administration of antivenom is associated with improved outcomes, the snake venom detection kit and antivenom are expensive and so their use may be precluded if there are financial constraints. Evidence base: In providing comprehensive guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of Australian elapid snake envenomation in cats, the authors of this review draw on the published veterinary, medical and toxicology literature, as well as their professional experience as specialists in medicine, and emergency medicine and critical care.
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2

Takasaki, C., and N. Tamiya. "Isolation and amino acid sequence of a short-chain neurotoxin from an Australian elapid snake, Pseudechis australis." Biochemical Journal 232, no. 2 (December 1, 1985): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2320367.

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A short-chain neurotoxin Pseudechis australis a (toxin Pa a) was isolated from the venom of an Australian elapid snake Pseudechis australis (king brown snake) by sequential chromatography on CM-cellulose, Sephadex G-50 and CM-cellulose columns. Toxin Pa a has an LD50 (intravenous) value of 76 micrograms/kg body wt. in mice and consists of 62 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of Pa a shows considerable homology with those of short-chain neurotoxins of elapid snakes, especially of true sea snakes.
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3

Tasoulis, Theo, C. Ruth Wang, Joanna Sumner, Nathan Dunstan, Tara L. Pukala, and Geoffrey K. Isbister. "The Unusual Metalloprotease-Rich Venom Proteome of the Australian Elapid Snake Hoplocephalus stephensii." Toxins 14, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050314.

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The Australasian region is home to the most diverse elapid snake radiation on the planet (Hydrophiinae). Many of these snakes have evolved into unique ecomorphs compared to elapids on other continents; however, their venom compositions are poorly known. The Australian elapid Hoplocephalus stephensii (Stephen’s banded snake) is an arboreal snake with a unique morphology. Human envenoming results in venom-induced consumption coagulopathy, without neurotoxicity. Using transcriptomics and a multi-step fractionation method involving reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and bottom-up proteomics, we characterized the venom proteome of H. stephensii. 92% of the total protein component of the venom by weight was characterized, and included all dominant protein families and 4 secondary protein families. Eighteen toxins made up 76% of the venom, four previously characterized and 14 new toxins. The four dominant protein families made up 77% of the venom, including snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP; 36.7%; three identified toxins), phospholipase A2 (PLA2; 24.0%; five identified toxins), three-finger toxin (3FTx; 10.2%; two toxins) and snake venom serine protease (SVSP; 5.9%; one toxin; Hopsarin). Secondary protein families included L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO; 10.8%; one toxin), natriuretic peptide (NP; 0.8%; two toxins), cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRiSP; 1.7%; two toxins), c-type lectin (CTL; 1.1%; one toxin), and one minor protein family, nerve growth factor (NGF; 0.8%; one toxin). The venom composition of H. stephensii differs to other elapids, with a large proportion of SVMP and LAAO, and a relatively small amount of 3FTx. H. stephensii venom appeared to have less toxin diversity than other elapids, with only 18 toxins making up three-quarters of the venom.
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4

HAINS, Peter G., and Kevin W. BROADY. "Purification and inhibitory profile of phospholipase A2 inhibitors from Australian elapid sera." Biochemical Journal 346, no. 1 (February 8, 2000): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3460139.

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Although the resistance of snakes to their own venom is well known, until now no investigators have examined the serum of Australian snakes. Here we describe the identification and purification of a range of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors from the serum of Australian elapids. All PLA2 inhibitors were composed of two protein chains, an α-chain and a β-chain. The α-chains were approx. 22.5 kDa in size and variably glycosylated, whereas the β-chains were approx. 19.8 kDa in size and not glycosylated. Identification of isoforms of the two subunit chains was significant because three of the six sera examined were from single snake specimens. In addition, the glycosylation patterns of the α-chains were thoroughly investigated in these unpooled sera. The functional and structural properties of the purified inhibitors were studied. Uniquely, a snake PLA2 inhibitor was found to inhibit human type II PLA2 enzyme, which has implications for the treatment of the many diseases in which PLA2 enzymes have been implicated. Further, we demonstrate that the inhibitor forms a non-covalent association with a purified PLA2 enzyme. Finally, the purified PLA2 inhibitor was shown to protect in vivo against the lethal affects of a homologous PLA2 enzyme, suggesting a role for PLA2 inhibitors in the treatment of snake bite victims.
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5

Llewelyn, John, Richard Shine, and Jonathan K. Webb. "Thermal regimes and diel activity patterns of four species of small elapid snakes from south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04037.

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Two of the most basic biological attributes for any ectothermic animal are the times of day that it is active and the body temperatures that it exhibits. Published studies on reptile biology display a heavy bias towards diurnal lizards from Northern Hemisphere habitats. To help redress this imbalance, we quantified thermal regimes and activity times in four species of small Australian elapid snakes. Mean selected body temperature in a thermal gradient was affected by the time of testing (i.e. night v. day), with snakes choosing higher body temperatures at night than by day. In outdoor enclosures, whip snakes (Demansia psammophis) were shuttling heliotherms active only during daylight hours at relatively high body temperatures; in a laboratory thermal gradient these animals selected high body temperatures (mean 31.3°C during the day and 33.2°C at night). The other three taxa – golden-crowned snakes (Cacophis squamulosus), small-eyed snakes (Cryptophis nigrescens) and marsh snakes (Hemiaspis signata) – were active mostly at night at relatively low body temperatures, and selected low body temperatures in a thermal gradient (18.1–23.4°C). Thus, mean selected body temperatures differ substantially among sympatric elapid species in south-eastern Australia and are correlated with times of activity.
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6

Isbister, Geoffrey K., Nandita Mirajkar, Kellie Fakes, Simon G. A. Brown, and Punnam Chander Veerati. "Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) as an Early Indicator of Envenomation in Australian Elapid Snakebites (ASP-27)." Biomedicines 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8110459.

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Анотація:
Early diagnosis of snake envenomation is essential, especially neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. We investigated the diagnostic value of serum phospholipase (PLA2) in Australian snakebites. In total, 115 envenomated and 80 non-envenomated patients were recruited over 2 years, in which an early blood sample was available pre-antivenom. Serum samples were analyzed for secretory PLA2 activity using a Cayman sPLA2 assay kit (#765001 Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor MI, USA). Venom concentrations were measured for snake identification using venom-specific enzyme immunoassay. The most common snakes were Pseudonaja spp. (33), Notechis scutatus (24), Pseudechis porphyriacus (19) and Tropidechis carinatus (17). There was a significant difference in median PLA2 activity between non-envenomated (9 nmol/min/mL; IQR: 7–11) and envenomated patients (19 nmol/min/mL; IQR: 10–66, p < 0.0001) but Pseudonaja spp. were not different to non-envenomated. There was a significant correlation between venom concentrations and PLA2 activity (r = 0.71; p < 0.0001). PLA2 activity was predictive for envenomation; area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), 0.79 (95% confidence intervals [95%CI]: 0.72–0.85), which improved with brown snakes excluded, AUC-ROC, 0.88 (95%CI: 0.82–0.94). A cut-point of 16 nmol/min/mL gives a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 100% for Australian snakes, excluding Pseudonaja. PLA2 activity was a good early predictor of envenomation in most Australian elapid bites. A bedside PLA2 activity test has potential utility for early case identification but may not be useful for excluding envenomation.
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7

Shelton, Michael B., and Ross L. Goldingay. "Comparative survey techniques for a cryptic Australian snake (Hoplocephalus bitorquatus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 2 (2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20062.

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Анотація:
Ecologists endeavour to develop survey techniques that are cost-effective for the species they target and robust enough for statistical analysis. Using time as a measure of effort, we compared visual encounter surveys with artificial cover objects (strapped to trees), targeting an arboreal elapid, the pale-headed snake (Hoplocephalus bitorquatus) and its potential prey (geckos). Within a red gum forest vegetation community with relatively high snake density, capture rates were 0.6 ± 0.1 (s.e.) snakes/person-hour using visual encounter surveys, compared with only 0.1 ± 0.1 snakes/person-hour using cover objects. The probability of detection of pale-headed snakes was estimated from occupancy modelling at 0.70 ± 0.06 in visual encounter surveys and 0.19 ± 0.09 in cover object surveys. Gecko capture rates (among all vegetation communities) were significantly greater (P &lt; 0.001) using cover objects. The probability of detection of geckos was estimated from occupancy modelling at 0.77 ± 0.05 in visual encounter surveys and 0.97 ± 0.02 in cover object surveys. Geckos favoured (P &lt; 0.001) cover objects facing south during all seasons except winter. Artificial cover objects may provide some value in detecting pale-headed snakes in vegetation communities where habitat resources are limited; however, where resources are plentiful, visual encounter surveys are likely to remain the most cost-effective survey option.
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8

White, Julian. "The generic classification of the Australian terrestrial elapid snakes." Toxicon 30, no. 8 (August 1992): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90416-3.

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9

Whitaker, P. B., and R. Shine. "When, where and why do people encounter Australian brownsnakes (Pseudonaja textilis : Elapidae)?" Wildlife Research 26, no. 5 (1999): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98043.

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Анотація:
Encounters between humans and dangerously venomous snakes put both participants at serious risk, so the determinants of such encounters warrant attention. Pseudonaja textilis is a large fast-moving elapid snake responsible for most snakebite fatalities in Australia. As part of a broad ecological study of this species in agricultural land near Leeton, New South Wales, we set out to identify factors influencing the probability that a human walking in farmland would come into close proximity to a brownsnake. Over a three-year period, we walked regular transects to quantify the number and rate of snake encounters, and the proportion of snakes above ground that could be seen. The rate of encounters depended upon a series of factors, including season, time of day, habitat type, weather conditions (wind and air temperature) and shade (light v. dark) of the observers’ clothing. Interactions between factors were also important: for example, the effect of air temperature on encounter probability differed with season and snake gender, and the effect of the observers’ shade of clothing differed with cloud cover. Remarkably, even a highly-experienced observer actually saw <25% of the telemetrically monitored snakes that were known to be active (i.e. above ground) nearby. This result reflects the snakes’ ability to evade people and to escape detection, even in the flat and sparsely vegetated study area. The proportion of snakes that were visible was influenced by the same kinds of factors as described above. Most of the factors biasing encounter rates are readily interpretable from information on other facets of the species’ ecology, and knowledge of these factors may facilitate safer coexistence between snakes and people.
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10

Pycroft, Kyle, Bryan G. Fry, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Sanjaya Kuruppu, Josie Lawrence, A. Ian Smith, and Wayne C. Hodgson. "Toxinology of Venoms from Five Australian Lesser Known Elapid Snakes." Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 111, no. 4 (July 4, 2012): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00907.x.

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Дисертації з теми "Australian elapid snakes"

1

Grieg, Bryan. "A biochemical and pharmacological analysis of novel natriuretic peptides from the venoms of Australian elapid snakes /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16091.pdf.

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2

St, Pierre Liam Daniel. "Identification and comparative analysis of novel factors from the venom gland of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and related species." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16677/1/Liam_St_Pierre_Thesis.pdf.

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Snake venoms are a complex mixture of polypeptide and other molecules that adversely affect multiple homeostatic systems within their prey in a highly specific and targeted manner. Amongst the most potently toxic venoms in the world are those of the Australian venomous snakes, which belong almost exclusively to the elapid family. Their venoms posses a number of unique properties by which they target the mammalian cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems and are the focus for the identification of novel pharmacologically interesting compounds which may be of diagnostic or therapeutic benefit. Although much is known about the biochemical properties of Australia snake venoms as a whole, little research attention has focused upon individual components at the molecular level. This thesis describes the cloning, characterisation and comparative analysis of a number of unique toxins from the venom gland of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and a total of seven other related Australian snakes. These include the factor X- and factor V-like components of a prothrombin activator that causes a highly coagulable state in mammals. Comparative analysis of the sequences identified in this study, along with recombinant expression of an active form of the factor X-like component, provides important information on the structural, functional and evolutionary relationships of these molecules. Numerous other toxins were similarly identified and characterised including a pseudechetoxin-like protein, multiple phospholipase A2 enzymes and neurotoxin isoforms as well as vasoactive venom natriuretic peptides. Identified transcripts included not only toxin sequences but also other cellular peptides implicated in toxin processing, including a calglandulin-like protein. This thesis is the first description of the majority of these molecules at either the cDNA or protein level, and provides a means to study the activity of individual components from snake venoms and probe their function within the systems they specifically target. This study represents the most detailed and comprehensive description to date of the cloning and characterisation of different genes associated with envenomation from Australian snakes.
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3

St, Pierre Liam Daniel. "Identification and comparative analysis of novel factors from the venom gland of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and related species." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16677/.

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Анотація:
Snake venoms are a complex mixture of polypeptide and other molecules that adversely affect multiple homeostatic systems within their prey in a highly specific and targeted manner. Amongst the most potently toxic venoms in the world are those of the Australian venomous snakes, which belong almost exclusively to the elapid family. Their venoms posses a number of unique properties by which they target the mammalian cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems and are the focus for the identification of novel pharmacologically interesting compounds which may be of diagnostic or therapeutic benefit. Although much is known about the biochemical properties of Australia snake venoms as a whole, little research attention has focused upon individual components at the molecular level. This thesis describes the cloning, characterisation and comparative analysis of a number of unique toxins from the venom gland of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and a total of seven other related Australian snakes. These include the factor X- and factor V-like components of a prothrombin activator that causes a highly coagulable state in mammals. Comparative analysis of the sequences identified in this study, along with recombinant expression of an active form of the factor X-like component, provides important information on the structural, functional and evolutionary relationships of these molecules. Numerous other toxins were similarly identified and characterised including a pseudechetoxin-like protein, multiple phospholipase A2 enzymes and neurotoxin isoforms as well as vasoactive venom natriuretic peptides. Identified transcripts included not only toxin sequences but also other cellular peptides implicated in toxin processing, including a calglandulin-like protein. This thesis is the first description of the majority of these molecules at either the cDNA or protein level, and provides a means to study the activity of individual components from snake venoms and probe their function within the systems they specifically target. This study represents the most detailed and comprehensive description to date of the cloning and characterisation of different genes associated with envenomation from Australian snakes.
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4

Holland, Steven Mark. "Continuing the Copperhead : bronze casting processes and elapid snakes of the Canberra district." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/16178.

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This PhD inquiry is a sculptural study of some of the elapid snakes from the districts surrounding Canberra. As a practice-led research it examines the Eastern Brown Snake, the Red-bellied Black Snake, the Death Adder and the Tiger Snake as biological and socially constructed animals through the material of bronze. The project investigates the properties of bronze and the processes of bronze lost wax casting to see if these material agents can somehow reveal the lives of snakes. It resulted in a series of bronze Serpent sculptures which aimed to affirm the life of venomous snakes and create a greater acceptance of their existence. Some of these sculptures were exhibited in different cultural venues including the ACT Herpetological Association exhibition Snakes Alive where they were seen by large audiences. The sculptural inquiry locates elapid snakes from the regions around Canberra in the field of bronze Serpent sculpture within the broader sphere of snakes in Art, Biology and human culture.
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Книги з теми "Australian elapid snakes"

1

Longmore, Richard. Snakes: Atlas of Elapid Snakes in Australia (Australian Flora & Fauna Series, No. 7). Australian Government Publishing Service, 1990.

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2

Busby, John R. Snakes: Atlas of Elapid Snakes of Australia (Australian Flora and Fauna Series , No 7). Australian Govt Pub Service, 1995.

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3

Snakes: Atlas of Elapid snakes of Australia. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1989.

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4

Atlas of elapid snakes of Australia. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1986.

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5

Longmore, R. Atlas of Elapid Snakes of Australia. Ralph Curtis Pub, 1988.

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6

Eipper, Scott. Guide to Australian Snakes in Captivity: Elapids and Colubrids. Reptile Publications, 2012.

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Частини книг з теми "Australian elapid snakes"

1

Swindells, Katrin, and Michael Schaer. "Elapid Snake Envenomation: North American Coral Snakes and Australian Elapids (Tiger Snakes, Brown Snakes, Taipans, Death Adders, and Black Snakes)." In Textbook of Small Animal Emergency Medicine, 914–20. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119028994.ch142.

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2

Stow, Adam, and Richard Shine. "Cage cleaning, investigatory behaviour and the induction of defecation in elapid snakes." In Herpetology in Australia, 311–14. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1993.047.

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3

Phillips, Stephen. "Aspects of the distribution, ecology and morphology of Ingram’s Brown Snake Pseudonaja ingrami (Elapidae)." In Herpetology in Australia, 349–52. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1993.054.

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4

Holland, Robert A. B., Sandra L. Butler, and Susan J. Calvert. "Change in Oxygen Affinity in Prenatal and Postnatal Young of a Viviparous Australian Elapid Snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus)." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 388. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1875-4_67.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Australian elapid snakes"

1

Marshall, L. R., and R. P. Herrmann. "AUSTRALIAN SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR EFFECT UPON HUMAN PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644536.

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Анотація:
The in vitro effect of Australian snake venoms on human citrated plasma has been documented and the majority induce coagulation, in keeping with the common clinical presentation of D.I.C. following envenomation. The effect of these venoms upon platelets in vitro has hitherto not been studied extensively and clinical evidence is conflicting, some cases with thrombocyto-paenia have been reported. Twenty Australian venoms were tested, 19 elapids and one hydrophiid (Enhydrina schistosa). Four crotalid snake venoms from the Americas and S.E. Asia were also tested. All of the venoms (1 mg/ml) were investigated for t^eir ability to aggregate both fresh washed platelets (200 × 109/l) resuspended in modified Ardlie’s buffer pH 7.35 and formaldehyde fixed platelets (200 × 109/l) in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.35 using a dual channel Chronolog aggregometer. Samples were taken for electron microscopy (EM).All elapid venoms induced aggregation in fresh platelets, some only minimally and often after a long lag phase. EM studies revealed only clumping without degranulation of the platelets. This was in marked contrast to the crotalid venoms where rapid aggregation and gross degranulation occurred. The hydrophiid venom failed to induce aggregation of the fresh platelets, however upon addition of normal plasma gross aggregation and degranulation was demonstrated. Aggregation of fixed platelets was negligible in the presence of the majority of elapid and the hydrophiid venoms. The crotalid venoms however did induce aggregation, although to a lesser extent than with the fresh platelets.The elapid venoms, along with the others studied, required metabolically active platelets to exert their maximal effect. Crotalid and hydrophiid venoms were more active against platelets than the elapid venoms. The hydrophiid venom’s action on platelets was unique in that a plasma co-factor appeared to be required and this is the subject of further investigations.
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