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1
Batten, Bronwyn. "A Shared History? Presenting Australia's Post-Contact Indigenous Past." Journal of Interpretation Research 10, no. 1 (April 2005): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720501000103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The colonial origins of museums have often influenced the ways in which they depict the past. In Australia, portrayals of the Indigenous past have focussed exclusively on “traditional life” or the prehistoric period of history, to the detriment of post-contact history. This paper examines ways in which museums around Australia are beginning to counter this trend. Museum exhibits that relate to Australia's shared, post-contact past are analyzed in the context of recent developments in museology. This analysis is combined with feedback generated from interviews with heritage professionals. The results suggest that in order to move towards inclusive interpretation of Australian history, multiple voices and perspectives of the past must be incorporated into interpretive programs. This paper argues that there are a variety of ways in which heritage interpreters can attempt to incorporate pluralist perspectives of the past into museum exhibits.
2
Brawley, Sean, and Chris Dixon. "Jim Crow Downunder? African American Encounters with White Australia, 1942––1945." Pacific Historical Review 71, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 607–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2002.71.4.607.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Between 1941 and 1945, as the U.S. military machine sent millions of Americans——and American culture——around the world, several thousand African Americans spent time in Australia. Armed with little knowledge of Australian racial values and practices, black Americans encoutered a nation whose long-standing commitment to the principle of "White Australia" appeared to rest comfortably with the segregative policies commonly associated with the American South. Nonetheless, while African Americans did encounter racism and discrimination——practices often encouraged by the white Americans who were also stationed in Australia during the war——there is compelling evidence that their experiences were not always negative. Indeed, for many black Americans, Australians' apparent open-mindedness and racial views of white Britons and others with whom African Americans came into contact during the war. Making use of U.S. Army censors' reports and paying attention to black Americans' views of their experiences in Australia, this article not only casts light on an aspect of American-Australian relations that has hitherto recieved scant scholarly attention and reveals something about the African American experience, but also offers insights into race relations within the U.S. armed forces.
3
Choo, Christine. "The Impact of Asian - Aboriginal Australian Contacts in Northern Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300218.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The long history of Asian contact with Australian Aborigines began with the early links with seafarers, Makassan trepang gatherers and even Chinese contact, which occurred in northern Australia. Later contact through the pearling industry in the Northern Territory and Kimberley, Western Australia, involved Filipinos (Manilamen), Malays, Indonesians, Chinese and Japanese. Europeans on the coastal areas of northern Australia depended on the work of indentured Asians and local Aborigines for the development and success of these industries. The birth of the Australian Federation also marked the beginning of the “White Australia Policy” designed to keep non-Europeans from settling in Australia. The presence of Asians in the north had a significant impact on state legislation controlling Aborigines in Western Australia in the first half of the 20th century, with implications to the present. Oral and archival evidence bears testimony to the brutality with which this legislation was pursued and its impact on the lives of Aboriginal people.
4
Beckett, Louise Butt. "The Function of ‘the tragic’ in Henry Reynolds' Narratives of Contact History." Queensland Review 3, no. 1 (April 1996): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600000684.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper discusses the ways in which ideas of ‘the tragic’ function in recent narratives of contact history in Australia. ‘Contact history’ is used here to refer to first and second generation contact between Aboriginal people and the European invaders in Australia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and I shall be primarily concerned with those historical narratives which attempt to ‘re-write’ history to include Aboriginal responses during this period. Within Australian historiography this project is said to have commenced in the 1970s, prompted by wider events in the Australian community such as the Aboriginal land rights movement (Curthoys 1983, 99). One of the best-known contributors to this project of inclusion has been Henry Reynolds, now the author of eight books dedicated to it. I shall be examining two of Reynolds' most recent contributions to this area: With the White People (1990) and The Fate of a Free People (1995). At the same time that Reynolds and other professional historians have engaged in this project, there has been an increasing body of work by Aboriginal writers — much of it classified as fiction rather than academic historiography — examining these same themes of initial contact and resistance to invasion. In order to clarify some of my arguments about the function of the tragic mode in Reynolds' work, I shall also discuss a recently published short story by the Aboriginal writer, Gerry Bostock.
5
White, Samuel, and Ray Kerkhove. "Indigenous Australian laws of war: Makarrata, milwerangel and junkarti." International Review of the Red Cross 102, no. 914 (August 2020): 959–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000497.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractStudies in Australian history have lamentably neglected the military traditions of First Australians prior to European contact. This is due largely to a combination of academic and social bigotry, and loss of Indigenous knowledge after settlement. Thankfully, the situation is beginning to change, in no small part due to the growing literature surrounding the Frontier Wars of Australia. All aspects of Indigenous customs and norms are now beginning to receive a balanced analysis. Yet, very little has ever been written on the laws, customs and norms that regulated Indigenous Australian collective armed conflicts. This paper, co-written by a military legal practitioner and an ethno-historian, uses early accounts to reconstruct ten laws of war evidently recognized across much of pre-settlement Australia. The study is a preliminary one, aiming to stimulate further research and debate in this neglected field, which has only recently been explored in international relations.
6
GOODALL, HEATHER, and DEVLEENA GHOSH. "Reimagining Asia: Indian and Australian women crossing borders." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 04 (December 7, 2018): 1183–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000920.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe decades from the 1940s to the 1960s were ones of increasing contacts between women of India and Australia. These were not built on a shared British colonial history, but on commitments to visions circulating globally of equality between races, sexes, and classes. Kapila Khandvala from Bombay and Lucy Woodcock from Sydney were two women who met during such campaigns. Interacting roughly on an equal footing, they were aware of each other's activism in the Second World War and the emerging Cold War. Khandvala and Woodcock both made major contributions to the women's movements of their countries, yet have been largely forgotten in recent histories, as have links between their countries. We analyse their interactions, views, and practices on issues to which they devoted their lives: women's rights, progressive education, and peace. Their beliefs and practices on each were shaped by their respective local contexts, although they shared ideologies that were circulating internationally. These kept them in contact over many years, during which Kapila built networks that brought Australians into the sphere of Indian women's awareness, while Lucy, in addition to her continuing contacts with Kapila, travelled to China and consolidated links between Australian and Chinese women in Sydney. Their activist world was centred not in Western Europe, but in a new Asia that linked Australia and India. Our comparative study of the work and interactions of these two activist women offers strategies for working on global histories, where collaborative research and analysis is conducted in both colonizing and colonized countries.
7
Frieman, Catherine, and Sally K. May. "Navigating Contact: Tradition and Innovation in Australian Contact Rock Art." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 24, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 342–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-019-00511-0.
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8
Taçon, Paul S. C., Sally K. May, Daryl Wesley, Andrea Jalandoni, Roxanne Tsang, and Kenneth Mangiru. "History Disappearing: The Rapid Loss of Australian Contact Period Rock Art." Journal of Field Archaeology 46, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2020.1869470.
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9
Munro, Jennifer, and Ilana Mushin. "Rethinking Australian Aboriginal English-based speech varieties." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 82–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.1.04mun.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The colonial history of Australia necessitated contact between nineteenth and twentieth century dialects of English and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island languages. This has resulted in the emergence of contact languages, some of which have been identified as creoles (e.g. Sandefur 1979, Shnukal 1983) while others have been hidden under the label of ‘Aboriginal English’, exacerbated by what Young (1997) described as a gap in our knowledge of historical analyses of individual speech varieties. In this paper we provide detailed sociohistorical data on the emergence of a contact language in Woorabinda, an ex-Government Reserve in Queensland. We propose that the data shows that the label ‘Aboriginal English’ previously applied (Alexander 1968) does not accurately identify the language. Here we compare the sociohistorical data for Woorabinda to similar data for both Kriol, a creole spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia and to Bajan, an ‘intermediate creole’ of Barbados, to argue that the language spoken in Woorabinda is most likely also an intermediate creole.
10
Round, Erich, Jessica Hunter, and Claire Bowern. "Reappraising the Eff ects of Language Contact in the Torres Strait." Journal of Language Contact 4, no. 1 (2011): 106–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187740911x558798.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe contact history of the languages of the Eastern and Western Torres Strait has been claimed (e.g. by Dixon 2002, Wurm 1972, and others) to have been sufficiently intense as to obscure the genetic relationship of the Western Torres Strait language. Some have argued that it is an Australian (Pama-Nyungan) language, though with considerable influence from the Papuan language Meryam Mir (the Eastern Torres Strait language). Others have claimed that the Western Torres language is, in fact, a genetically Papuan language, though with substantial Australian substrate or adstrate influence. Much has been made of phonological structures which have been viewed as unusual for Australian languages. In this paper we examine the evidence for contact claims in the region. We review aspects of the phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon of the Eastern and Western Torres Strait languages with an eye to identifying areal influence. This larger data pool shows that the case for intense contact has been vastly overstated. Beyond some phonological features and some loan words, there is no linguistic evidence for intense contact; moreover, the phonological features adduced to be evidence of contact are also found to be not specifically Papuan, but part of a wider set of features in Australian languages.
11
Kelly, Veronica. "Beauty and the Market: Actress Postcards and their Senders in Early Twentieth-Century Australia." New Theatre Quarterly 20, no. 2 (April 21, 2004): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x04000016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A hundred years ago the international craze for picture postcards distributed millions of images of popular stage actresses around the world. The cards were bought, sent, and collected by many whose contact with live theatre was sometimes minimal. Veronica Kelly's study of some of these cards sent in Australia indicates the increasing reach of theatrical images and celebrity brought about by the distribution mechanisms of industrial mass modernity. The specific social purposes and contexts of the senders are revealed by cross-reading the images themselves with the private messages on the backs, suggesting that, once outside the industrial framing of theatre or the dramatic one of specific roles, the actress operated as a multiply signifying icon within mass culture – with the desires and consumer power of women major factors in the consumption of the glamour actress card. A study of the typical visual rhetoric of these postcards indicates the authorized modes of femininity being constructed by the major postcard publishers whose products were distributed to theatre fans and non-theatregoers alike through the post. Veronica Kelly is working on a project dealing with commercial managements and stars in early twentieth-century Australian theatre. She teaches in the School of English, Media Studies, and Art History at the University of Queensland, is co-editor of Australasian Drama Studies, and author of databases and articles dealing with colonial and contemporary Australian theatre history and dramatic criticism. Her books include The Theatre of Louis Nowra (1998) and the collection Our Australian Theatre in the 1990s (1998).
12
Bennett, James. "Islamic Art at The Art Gallery of South Australia." SUHUF 2, no. 2 (November 21, 2015): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22548/shf.v2i2.93.
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OVER the past ten years, Australia has increasingly aware of Muslim cultures yet today there is still only one permanent public display dedicated to Islamic art in this country. Perhaps it is not surprising that the Art Gallery of South Australia in Adelaide made the pioneer decision in 2003 to present Islamic art as a special feature for visitors to this art museum. Adelaide has a long history of contact with Islam. Following the Art Gallery’s establishment in 1881, the oldest mosque in Australia was opened in 1888 in the city for use by Afghan cameleers who were important in assisting in the early European colonization of the harsh interior of the Australian continent
13
Tran, Ngoc Cao Boi. "RESEARCH ON THE ORIGINAL IDENTITIES OF SOME TRADITIONAL PAINTINGS AND ROCK ENGRAVINGS OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES." Science and Technology Development Journal 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v13i3.2160.
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Different from many other communities, Australian aboriginal communities had lived separately from the rest of the world without any contact with great civilizations for tens of thousands of years before English men’s invasion of Australian continent. Hence, their socio-economic development standards was backward, which can be clearly seen in their economic activities, material culture, mental culture, social institutions, mode of life, etc. However, in the course of history, Australian aborigines created a grandiose cultural heritage of originality with unique identities of their own in particular, of Australia in general. Despite the then wild life, Aboriginal Art covers a wide medium including painting on leaves, wood carving, rock carving, sculpture, sandpainting and ceremonial clothing, as well as artistic decorations found on weaponry and also tools. They created an enormous variety of art styles, original and deeply rich in a common viewpoint towards their background – Dreamtime and Dreaming. This philosophy of arts is reflected in each of rock engravings and rock paintings, bark paintings, cave paintings, etc. with the help of natural materials. Although it can be said that most Aboriginal communities’ way of life, belief system are somewhat similar, each Australian aboriginal community has its own language, territory, legend, customs and practices, and unique ceremonies. Due to the limit of a paper, the author focuses only on some traditional art forms typical of Australian aboriginal communities. These works were simply created but distinctively original, of earthly world but associated with sacred and spiritual life deeply flavored by a mysterious touch. Reflected by legendary stories and art works, the history of Australian Aboriginal people leaves to the next generations a marvelous heritage of mental culture.
14
Thorpe, Bill. "Frontiers of discourse: Assessing revisionist Australian colonial contact historiography." Journal of Australian Studies 19, no. 46 (September 1995): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059509387235.
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Wilczyńska, Elżbieta. "Transculturation and counter-narratives: The life and art of the Wurundjeri artist William Barak." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00092_1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A few decades ago the culture of Aboriginal Australians was believed to have been removed or assigned to the margins. It was considered static and primitive, produced by uncivilized and barbaric peoples. Since the 1980s the view has been successfully challenged and recent art histories produced in settler colonial countries emphasize that Indigenous cultures were neither stuck in the past nor resistant to change. Its development was due to contact between the Indigenous and settler societies and the cross-cultural interactions the contact engendered in political, social and artistic life. This was often against the backdrop of conquest and displacement, which was the result of colonization. Adopting as the main frame of the discussion the theory of transculturation and the concept of counter-narrative from cultural studies, this article will show these different types of encounters and their influence on the life and art of William Barak, a nineteenth-century Aboriginal Australian statesman, leader of a Woi Wurrung nation and an artist. It will also show ‐ again through transculturation ‐ what trajectory the Australian mainstream society followed from initial separation and exclusion, through assimilation to an integration of Indigenous Australians in the artistic and social life. The counter-narrative concocted on the basis of those encounters produces a nuanced picture of loss, survival and strength as experienced by William Barak and his peoples.
16
Perales, Francisco, and Yangtao Huang. "Parental Financial Transfers: Do They Vary by Children’s Sexual Orientation?" Social Forces 98, no. 4 (July 12, 2019): 1465–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz111.
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Abstract Parents often play complex and highly variable roles in the lives of grown-up lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people. Some act as support sources, helping their offspring buffer societal discrimination. Others are unaccepting of—or ambivalent about—their children’s sexual orientation, becoming further stressors. In practice, little research has examined whether parents treat adult LGB children differently than heterosexual children. This study tests this premise in relation to parental financial transfers using two waves of panel data from an Australian national sample (Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, n = 18,448 observations) and random-effect panel regression models. We find that parents send money more often to LGB than heterosexual children, a pattern that persists over the adult life course. This association could not be explained by adult children’s socio-economic disadvantage, fertility intentions, parent-child contact, or parent-child distance. These findings suggest that, all else being equal, parental financial investments contribute to narrowing the social disadvantage experienced by Australian LGB people.
17
Schieffelin, Edward L. "Early Contact as Drama and Manipulation in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea: Pacification as the Structure of the Conjuncture." Comparative Studies in Society and History 37, no. 3 (July 1995): 555–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500019812.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accounts of first contact in Papua New Guinea have aroused considerable interest over the years (Hides 1936; Leahy and Crain 1937; Nelson 1982; Connelly and Anderson 1987; Schieffelin and Crittenden 1991). No doubt, this has been in part because these accounts have an intrinsic drama and popular romantic appeal (intrepid explorers enter remote mountain valleys and discover vast populations of previously unknown tribes who had never seen white men before and believed they were supernatural beings). More recently, anthropologists and historians have begun examining these sorts of events to explore how historical and cultural forces unique or intrinsic to quite different societies become transformed when they come into contact with each other, a process, that Sahlins has termed the “structure of the conjuncture” (Sahlins 1980, 1985; Dening 1988). Accounts of the period immediately following first contact in Papua,1 during which Australian government officers extended political control over the newly discovered native Papuan tribesmen, however, are usually narratives of European (Australian) colonial history, with little sense of Papuan experience.
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Pathania, Ashok Kumar, Dr Anshu Raj Purohit, and Dr Subhash Verma. "Rewriting the Early Indigenous Struggle: Oscar and Lucinda and Remembering Babylon." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Configuration 2, no. 4 (October 28, 2022): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52984/ijomrc2403.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Remembering Babylon and Oscar and Lucinda, are the result of the Aboriginals’ movements, resistance and literature that appear after 1950s. Peter Carey’s Oscar and Lucinda and David Malouf’s Remembering Babylon, reflect the historically left issues of the early Aboriginals’ struggle when they came into contact with the European civilization. Both the texts, transcribe the images of early European’s settlement in Australia and their colonial blue print of dealing with native geography, nature and humans. The analysis of the texts concludes that among British’s well planned reasons of the colonization of Australia the economic factors were most dominating. The other dominating factors were the transplantation of the European settlers to the continent so that Australian land could be dominated by the white race which again had economic basis for the British. All these factors appear devastating for the Aboriginals’ centuries’ old existence in the continent. Keywords: History, aboriginals, settlement, colonial acts, policies
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Renouf, Emilia. "Children’s contact services: On servicing and respecting children’s identity." Children Australia 24, no. 2 (1999): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s103507720000907x.
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This article offers a brief notation on the First International Conference on Child Access Services, held in Paris on 4–7 November 1998. The author raises some questions which took shape at the Conference and notes the contrasting representations in different countries of the disciplines involved in establishing and running Child Contact Centres and how these may contribute to the contrast in ideology and philosophy in the setting up and running of these centres and the services they offer. The author’s knowledge of the French contact centre models provides a basis for looking at the establishment of Australian centres, both government and non-government funded. The French centres’ paramount goal to develop respect for the child as a person and uphold his legal position by equipping him with a sense of his history and roots, and by fostering respect between the parents, is seen as a more comprehensible concept than the ambiguous ‘best interest of the child’ goal upheld in Anglo-Saxon countries. Moreover, the length of involvement with families in the French centres is contrasted with the shorter period needed to secure the child’s physical safety. The article concludes with the hope that Australian centres are at the threshold of developing an adjunct facilitative structure that would allow progress within the families referred to them and offers as a parting note some recent American research findings on the profile of families using visitation services and of the providers of such services.
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Berson, Josh. "The Dialectal Tribe and the Doctrine of Continuity." Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, no. 2 (April 2014): 381–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417514000085.
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AbstractIn Australia, applicants for native title—legal recognition of proprietary interest in land devolving from traditions predating colonization—must meet a stringent standard of continuity of social identity since before the advent of Crown sovereignty. As courts and the legislature have gravitated toward an increasingly strict application of the continuity doctrine, anthropologists involved in land claims cases have found themselves rehearsing an old debate in Australian anthropology over the degree to which post-contact patterns of subsistence, movement, and ritual enactment can support inferences about life in precontact Australia. In the 1960s, at the dawn of the land claims era, a handful of anthropologists shifted the debate to an ecological plane. Characterizing Australia on the cusp of colonization as a late Holocene climax human ecosystem, they argued that certain recently observed patterns in the distribution of marks of social cohesion (mutual intelligibility of language, systems of classificatory kinship) could not represent the outcome of such a climax ecosystem and must indicate disintegration of Aboriginal social structures since contact. Foremost among them was Joseph Birdsell, for whom linguistic boundaries, under climax conditions, would self-evidently be congruent with boundaries in breeding pools. Birdsell's intervention came just as the Northern Territory Supreme Court was hearing evidence on the value of dialect as a marker of membership in corporate landholding groups in Yolngu country, and offers an object lesson in how language, race, mode of subsistence, and law come together in efforts to answer the questions “Who was here first?” and “Are those people still here?”
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Edgar, B., N. Schofield, and A. Campbell. "Informing river management policies and programs with science." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0536.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conventional wisdom has it that we already have enough science to address the problems causing degradation of our environment, including rivers. This is not true. However it is the case that we could be using existing knowledge better, and that we could be doing more to learn the lessons from the huge sums being spent on river restoration and management. Informing good policy and practical on-ground management with R&D outputs has proven to be is difficult, but essential. This paper reviews some of the history of water and river management in Australia and how perceptions of rivers have evolved. It discusses the challenge of enhancing the linkages between science, policy and practice in river management. It outlines the knowledge exchange, R&D and capacity building strategies of the National Rivers Consortium - a new initiative whose founding partners are LWRRDC, the MDBC, CSIRO Land and Water and the Western Australian Waters and Rivers Commission. This strategic collaboration between policy makers, river managers and scientists brings together organisations with responsibility and expertise to improve the health and management of Australian rivers. The National Rivers Consortium is making a major investment in knowledge exchange and capacity building, based on direct personal contact and learning by doing. The Consortium is establishing a program of training activities targeting river managers and policy makers, based on the best available science and high quality information products. It will support river managers as they plan and implement river restoration and protection projects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the key knowledge gaps that remain impediments to the better management of Australia's unique and diverse river landscapes.
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Lambkin, Kevin J. "Conrad Kelsall: “Butterflying” on the Little Mulgrave River, north Queensland, in 1903." Archives of Natural History 40, no. 1 (April 2013): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2013.0140.
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In 1900, an English immigrant, Conrad Kelsall (1873–1936), settled on a block of virgin lowland rainforest on the Little Mulgrave River in tropical north Queensland. Four letters written to his family in Devon in 1903 tell of his butterfly collecting, both as a personal interest and a potential commercial activity. He supplied specimens to local natural history dealer, Alfred Bernie Bell, who sold them to major Australian butterfly collectors, G. A. Waterhouse and George Lyell, English natural history dealers Watkins and Doncaster, and famed lepidopterist Walter Rothschild. One letter also records Kelsall's contact with little-known Australian beetle collector, Horace Brown. The four letters provide a glimpse of the local enthusiasm for “butterflying” in north Queensland in the early twentieth century, as well as a record of how north Queensland specimens found their way to some of the major butterfly collectors of the day. Annotated transcripts of the letters are provided.
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Sinclair, John, and Barry Carr. "Making a market for Mexican food in Australia." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 10, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-07-2017-0042.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to account for the remarkable proliferation of Mexican restaurants and tequila bars in contemporary urban Australia, in the absence of any geographical contiguity, historical connection or cultural proximity between Australia and Mexico.Design/methodology/approachThe paper traces how the particularities of direct cultural contact, interpersonal networks and grass-roots entrepreneurism can open up new markets, and how the ground is, thus, prepared for subsequent large-scale international corporate entry to those markets. This research is based on interviews with key figures in the development of the Mexican food industry in Australia, interpreted in terms of the extant literature on cultural globalisation. The first-hand accounts of these participants have been interpreted in the light of available secondary sources and relevant theory.FindingsThe most striking theme to emerge in the study is the relative absence of Mexicans, or even Mexico-experienced Australians, in the making of a market for Mexican food in Australia. Rather, initially, Americans were prominent, as entrepreneurs and in forming a consumer market, while in later decades, entrepreneurs and consumers alike have been Australians whose experience of Mexican food has been formed in the United States, not Mexico. The role of hipster subculture and travel is seen as instrumental. Also of interest is the manner in which the personal experiences and interrelationships of the Americans and Australians have shaped the development of the Mexican food industry. This is not to ignore the much more recent participation of a new wave of immigrants from Mexico.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the scope of the study is national, the sharper focus is on the experience of Melbourne; it would be useful for future researchers to investigate other major cities, even if Melbourne has been the most pivotal of Australian cities in the history of Mexican food in Australia. The study has conceptual and theoretical implications for debates around cultural globalisation and “Americanisation”.Originality/valueThe paper provides a close-grained and suitably theorised account of how a particular consumer trend has become extended on a global basis, with particular attention to both individual experience and agency, and corporate activity.
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Osborne, Sam. "Learning from Anangu Histories: Population Centralisation and Decentralisation Influences and the Provision of Schooling in Tri-state Remote Communities." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 44, no. 2 (December 2015): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jie.2015.17.
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Remote Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander schools and communities are diverse and complex sites shaped by contrasting geographies, languages, histories and cultures, including historical and ongoing relationships with colonialism, and connected yet contextually unique epistemologies, ontologies and cosmologies.This paper explores the history of Anangu (Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra and Ngaatjatjarra) populations, including the establishment of incorporated communities and schools across the tri-state remote region of central Australia. This study will show that Anangu have a relatively recent contact history with Europeans and Anangu experiences of engagement with colonisation and schooling are diverse and complex.By describing historical patterns of population centralisation and decentralisation, I argue that schooling and broader education policies need to be contextually responsive to Anangu histories, values, ontologies and epistemologies in order to produce an education approach that resists colonialist social models and assumptions and instead, works more effectively towards a broader aim of social justice. Through assisting educators and policy makers to acquire a clearer understanding of Anangu histories, capacities and struggle, I hope to inform a more nuanced, contextually responsive and socially-just consideration of the provision of Western education in the tri-state region.
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Gibson, David A. J., Rachael E. Moorin, David B. Preen, Jon D. Emery, and C. D'Arcy J. Holman. "Effects of the Medicare enhanced primary care program on primary care physician contact in the population of older Western Australians with chronic diseases." Australian Health Review 35, no. 3 (2011): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09852.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective. Assess uptake of Medicare’s enhanced primary care (EPC) services in Western Australia (WA) in 2001 to 2006, evaluating effect of EPC services on the regularity of contact with general practitioners (GPs) in patients aged 65+ years. Method. Whole-population cohort study using linked routinely collected health service data from State and Federal health databases. Analyses include age-standardised rate of EPC services, odds of EPC utilisation relative to other GP services using logistic regression, and total GP service regularity pre- and post-implementation of the EPC program. Results. EPC services provided to WA seniors increased 345% 2001 to 2006, comprising an increasing proportion of the total GP services (1.1 to 3.6%). Uptake of EPC services accelerated abruptly after 2004 due to greater use of ‘care plans’. EPC services were associated with a history of chronic disease, especially type 2 diabetes (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.66–1.82). Regularity of total GP services was improved with any EPC service exposure, with greater improvement occurring in the presence of annual EPC service exposure. Conclusions. EPC item uptake responded favourably to item changes from Medicare Australia. Prior exposure to EPC items increased the regularity of GP services, an outcome inversely associated with chronic disease progression. What is known about the topic? The Australian Federal government has invested substantial funds (over $200 million in 2007–08 alone) in the enhanced primary care (EPC) program with the intention of improving patient outcomes, specifically aged patients and those suffering from chronic disease. The EPC program uses high value Medicare items to incentivise GPs to engage in long-term planned care. However, limited research has examined the effect of this program on patient service utilisation and outcomes. What does this paper add? This paper provides a whole-population perspective on the EPC utilisation trends from 2001 to 2006 for Western Australian residents over 65 years of age. The paper then examines the likelihood of using the EPC program on the basis of calendar year, sex, age and chronic disease history. A comparison of the regularity of GP service utilisation for those exposed to the EPC program is also made. What are the implications for practitioners? The adjustments made to the EPC program in 2004, after feedback from GPs, appears to have substantially increased the utilisation of the program. Additionally, patients suffering from several different chronic diseases are more likely to be exposed to the EPC program. Exposure to the EPC program also appears to provide an improvement in regularity of service utilisation which has been associated with improved outcomes in the literature.
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Joseph, Leo, Gaynor Dolman, Stephen Donnellan, Kathleen M. Saint, Mathew L. Berg, and Andrew T. D. Bennett. "Where and when does a ring start and end? Testing the ring-species hypothesis in a species complex of Australian parrots." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1650 (July 29, 2008): 2431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0765.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Speciation, despite ongoing gene flow can be studied directly in nature in ring species that comprise two reproductively isolated populations connected by a chain or ring of intergrading populations. We applied three tiers of spatio-temporal analysis (phylogeny/historical biogeography, phylogeography and landscape/population genetics) to the data from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of eastern Australian parrots of the Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans complex to understand the history and present genetic structure of the ring they have long been considered to form. A ring speciation hypothesis does not explain the patterns we have observed in our data (e.g. multiple genetic discontinuities, discordance in genotypic and phenotypic assignments where terminal differentiates meet). However, we cannot reject that a continuous circular distribution has been involved in the group's history or indeed that one was formed through secondary contact at the ‘ring's’ east and west; however, we reject a simple ring-species hypothesis as traditionally applied, with secondary contact only at its east. We discuss alternative models involving historical allopatry of populations. We suggest that population expansion shown by population genetics parameters in one of these isolates was accompanied by geographical range expansion, secondary contact and hybridization on the eastern and western sides of the ring. Pleistocene landscape and sea-level and habitat changes then established the birds' current distributions and range disjunctions. Populations now show idiosyncratic patterns of selection and drift. We suggest that selection and drift now drive evolution in different populations within what has been considered the ring.
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Wedgwood, Nikki. "Kicking like a Boy: Schoolgirl Australian Rules Football and Bi-Gendered Female Embodiment." Sociology of Sport Journal 21, no. 2 (June 2004): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.2.140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study of a schoolgirl Australian Rules football team uses life-history research to provide unusual insights into the gendered embodiment of female footballers. Focusing on the familial relations of players, the article looks at sport in the wider context of gender, showing complexities often overlooked. While documenting different patterns of female embodiment, the study examines whether the provision of full-contact sports is “schooling the bodies” of these young women in alternative forms of embodiment to those described by Young (1998) in “Throwing Like a Girl.” Specifically, this article addresses why the girls play football, whether they are consciously resisting male domination, whether playing football teaches them a different gendered embodiment, and how the girls deal with gender contradictions that arise from playing football.
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Martínez, Julia. "The ‘Malay’ Community in Pre-war Darwin." Queensland Review 6, no. 2 (November 1999): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600001148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper examines the ‘Malay’ community in pre-war Darwin, focusing on those men who were brought to Australia to work in the pearling industry. It considers their status within the community, and questions the degree to which the White Australia policy impinged upon their lives. The tenn ‘Malay’ in this context does not refer to the ‘Malays’ of present-day Malaysia, but rather to the ambiguous colonial construction which was loosely based on notions of ‘racial’ grouping. Adrian Vickers’ study of South-East Asian ‘Malay’ identity points to its multiple forms: the colonial constructions of the British and the Dutch; the existence of non-Muslim Malays; and the many ethnic groups whose identities cut across the national boundaries which form present-day Malaysia and Indonesia and the southern Philippines. In the Australian context, the works of John Mulvaney and Campbell Macknight have examined Macassan contact with northern Aboriginal groups, particularly in the Gulf of Carpentaria. According to Mulvaney, the term ‘Macassan’ was used to refer to the Bugis and Macassan seafarers who came to Australia from southern Sulawesi. He notes, however, that nineteenth-century Europeans, such as French commander Baudin and Matthew Flinders referred to them as ‘Malays’.
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Lauria, Ilana, Troy E. McEwan, Stefan Luebbers, Melanie Simmons, and James R. P. Ogloff. "Evaluating the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment in an Australian Frontline Police Setting." Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, no. 12 (November 6, 2017): 1545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854817738280.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article describes a prospective validation of the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA) in an Australian sample of 854 family violence cases presenting to police over a 5-month period in 2015. Two hundred cases met inclusion criteria for administration of the ODARA (male-to-female intimate partner violence with a history of assault and cohabitation). The ODARA performed well in predicting further intimate partner physical assault (area under the curve [AUC] = .68), and in predicting the outcome of any further police contact for nonphysical intimate partner abuse (AUC = .72). Despite these positive results, the instrument’s restrictive inclusion criteria meant that it could be appropriately applied in only 23% of family violence cases reported to police during the data collection period, limiting its practicality in this setting.
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Radford, Kylie, Holly A. Mack, Hamish Robertson, Brian Draper, Simon Chalkley, Gail Daylight, Robert Cumming, Hayley Bennett, Lisa Jackson Pulver, and Gerald A. Broe. "The Koori Growing Old Well Study: investigating aging and dementia in urban Aboriginal Australians." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 6 (February 10, 2014): 1033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213002561.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTBackground:Dementia is an emerging health priority in Australian Aboriginal communities, but substantial gaps remain in our understanding of this issue, particularly for the large urban section of the population. In remote Aboriginal communities, high prevalence rates of dementia at relatively young ages have been reported. The current study is investigating aging, cognitive decline, and dementia in older urban/regional Aboriginal Australians.Methods:We partnered with five Aboriginal communities across the eastern Australian state of New South Wales, to undertake a census of all Aboriginal men and women aged 60 years and over residing in these communities. This was followed by a survey of the health, well-being, and life history of all consenting participants. Participants were also screened using three cognitive instruments. Those scoring below designated cut-offs, and a 20% random sample of those scoring above (i.e. “normal” range), completed a contact person interview (with a nominated family member) and medical assessment (blind to initial screening results), which formed the basis of “gold standard” clinical consensus determinations of cognitive impairment and dementia.Conclusion:This paper details our protocol for a population-based study in collaboration with local Aboriginal community organizations. The study will provide the first available prevalence rates for dementia and cognitive impairment in a representative sample of urban Aboriginal people, across city and rural communities, where the majority of Aboriginal Australians live. It will also contribute to improved assessment of dementia and cognitive impairment and to the understanding of social determinants of successful aging, of international significance.
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Gregory, Jenny. "Stand Up for the Burrup: Saving the Largest Aboriginal Rock Art Precinct in Australia." Public History Review 16 (December 27, 2009): 92–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/phrj.v16i0.1234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Dampier Rock Art Precinct contains the largest and most ancient collection of Aboriginal rock art in Australia. The cultural landscape created by generations of Aboriginal people includes images of long-extinct fauna and demonstrates the response of peoples to a changing climate over thousands of years as well as the continuity of lived experience.
Despite Australian national heritage listing in 2007, this cultural landscape continues to be threatened by industrial development. Rock art on the eastern side of the archipelago, on the Burrup Peninsula, was relocated following the discovery of adjacent off-shore gas reserves so that a major gas plant could be constructed. Work has now begun on the construction of a second major gas plant nearby.
This article describes the rock art of the Dampier Archipelago and the troubled history of European-Aboriginal contact history, before examining the impact of industry on the region and its environment. The destruction of Aboriginal rock art to meet the needs of industry is an example of continuing indifference to Aboriginal culture. While the complex struggle to protect the cultural landscape of the Burrup, in particular, involving Indigenous people, archaeologists, historians, state and federal politicians, government bureaucrats and multi-national companies, eventually led to national heritage listing, it is not clear that the battle to save the Burrup has been won.
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Windsor, Peter A. "Anaemia in Lambs Caused by Mycoplasma ovis: Global and Australian Perspectives." Animals 12, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12111372.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mycoplasma ovis (formerly Eperythrozoon ovis) is a haemotropic parasitic bacterium found within erythrocytes and distributed widely in global sheep and goat production regions. M. ovis is transmitted by biting flies and by contaminated instruments, causing morbidity and mortalities from anaemia, usually within 6 weeks following blood-exposure procedures, particularly vaccination, castration, ear tagging, mulesing, and occasionally crutching and shearing. Affected animals develop haemolytic anaemia and may have jaundice, causing abattoir condemnations. The typical history, clinical and pathological findings, display of M. ovis in blood smears and/or by PCR is diagnostic, although immune responses deplete M. ovis from smears; hence, in-contact healthy animals should be examined. Differential diagnoses include haemonchosis, fasciolosis, malnutrition (copper or vitamin B12 deficiency), and plant toxicities. M. ovis parasitaemia may persist, with recrudescence following stressful events, although most older sheep remain immune. Human infections have been reported. Inadequate socioeconomic data present difficulties in assessing the impact of M. ovis on production and as antimicrobial therapy is ineffective, its control requires management practices that minimize the impact of invasive procedures in periods when risks of M. ovis transmission are more likely. Although considered an emerging pathogen, recent improvements in welfare attitudes and husbandry practices on Australian sheep farms may potentially limit the transmission of M. ovis.
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Ryder, Stuart D., Samuel M. Illingworth, Robert G. Sharp, and Catherine L. Farage. "The Nuclear Ring in the Barred Spiral Galaxy IC 4933." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 27, no. 1 (2010): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as09016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractWe present infrared imaging from IRIS2 on the Anglo–Australian Telescope that shows the barred spiral galaxy IC 4933 has not just an inner ring encircling the bar, but also a star-forming nuclear ring 1.5 kpc in diameter. Imaging in the u′ band with GMOS on Gemini South confirms that this ring is not purely an artifact due to dust. Optical and near-infrared colours alone however cannot break the degeneracy between age, extinction, and burst duration that would allow the star formation history of the ring to be unraveled. Integral field spectroscopy with the GNIRS spectrograph on Gemini South shows the equivalent width of the Paβ line to peak in the north and south quadrants of the ring, indicative of a bipolar azimuthal age gradient around the ring. The youngest star-forming regions do not appear to correspond to where we expect to find the contact points between the offset dust lanes and the nuclear ring unless the nuclear ring is oval in shape, causing the contact points to lead the bar by more than 90°.
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ANTOSHIN, ALEXEY. "SOVIET UNION AND AUSTRALIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1940S: EACH OTHER’S PROVINCIAL IMAGES." History and modern perspectives 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-3-112-117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main task of this article is analysis of mutual perception of Soviet people and Australians during the first part of the Cold War. Situation in provincial centers of USSR and Australia (Urals region and Western Australia) is at the center of author`s attention. The article is based on the materials of Orenburg region`s Center of contemporary history documents, newspapers «Uralsky Rabochy» (Sverdlovsk) and «The West Australian» (Pert). The author proves that formation of images of these countries had special characteristics due to their roles in world policy and their political regimes. The author concludes Australians had complex but controversial image of Soviet Union. There was no real image of Australia among ordinary Soviet people. Originality of this article is connected with its first attempt to analyse mutual perception of Soviet people and Australians during the first part of the Cold War studying situation in provincial centers of USSR and Australia. Importance of this article is also connected with high relevance of the problem of formation of the images of nations in contemporary conditions of development of international humanitarian contacts.
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McDonald, Elizabeth A., Marian J. Currie, and Francis J. Bowden. "Delayed diagnosis of HIV: missed opportunities and triggers for testing in the Australian Capital Territory." Sexual Health 3, no. 4 (2006): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: To determine (i) the rate of delayed HIV diagnosis; (ii) the missed opportunities for HIV diagnosis; and (iii) to identify who initiates HIV testing and what triggers them to do so. Methods: An analysis of the case records of all HIV-positive patients who attended Canberra Sexual Health Centre (CSHC) between 1985 and 2005 was conducted. Results: During the study period, 319/355 CSHC patients diagnosed with HIV had sufficient data to allow analysis regarding the timeliness of their diagnosis. Of these, 52 (16.3%) received a delayed diagnosis. The rate of delayed diagnosis was 9.7% (95% CI 5.1–15.3) in the 1980s and 25.6% (95% CI 13–42.1) between 2000 and 2004. There were no statistically significant differences in sociodemographic or behavioural characteristics between patients with delayed and timely HIV diagnoses. To determine who initiated testing, and if there were missed opportunities for testing, the records of CSHC patients diagnosed with HIV between 1995 and 2005 were examined. Of the 115 people diagnosed in this period, only 71 had documentation concerning missed opportunities for testing. Forty-one of these (58%) had been in contact with a health professional while infected, but before their diagnosis of HIV and 39/41 (95%) had a significant risk factor in their history that could have initiated an HIV test. Clinicians initiated testing for 43.5% of the patients, 11.3% were identified through contact tracing and only 28.7% were self referred for testing. Conclusions: Late diagnosis of HIV is common in the Australian Capital Territory and may have increased over time. Clinicians need to be aware of the sometimes-subtle manifestations of early and late HIV infection and have a lower threshold for HIV antibody testing.
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Almeida, Osvaldo P., and Jianguo Xiao. "Mortality Associated with Incident Mental Health Disorders After Stroke." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 3 (March 2007): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670601172772.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: Sparse information is currently available about the incidence of the major psychiatric syndromes following a stroke and their long-term contribution to morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to determine: (1) the incidence of first ever mental health disorder in amongst stroke patients; (2) the 10-year mortality associated with incident post-stroke mental health disorders. Methods: Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Entire Western Australian community. Participants: First-ever stroke in 1990. Subjects with a prior recorded history of any mental health disorder were excluded from the study. Main outcomes of interest: Incident mental health diagnoses and 10-year mortality. Results: 1,129 hospital stroke contacts were recorded in 1990, with 21 people dying on the same day of contact. Between 1990-2002 36.6% of the survivors received a mental health diagnosis (6.1 per 1,000 person-years): alcohol-related disorders (16.2%), dementia (12.1%), delirium (7.6%), psychotic disorders (6.7%), and depression (5.5%). Mental health disorder onset was usually within 6 months of the stroke. Patients with an incident psychotic disorder were twice as likely to die during the subsequent 10 years as post-stroke controls with no mental health disorder (risk ratio = 2.03, 95%CI = 1.39-2.95). Being a widow (HR = 1.61, 95%CI = 1.13-2.30) or having been born in ‘other countries’ as opposed to Australia (HR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.15-2.11) was also associated with increased death hazard. Conclusions: Approximately 1 in 3 patients develop a mental health disorder after stroke, although incidence estimates are relatively low. Post-stroke psychosis is associated with greater 10-year mortality, but the mechanisms underlying such an association are yet to be determined.
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Parker, K. A. "THE EXPLORATION AND APPRAISAL HISTORY OF THE KATNOOK AND LADBROKE GROVE GAS FIELDS, ONSHORE OTWAY BASIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The discoveries of the Katnook Field and, later, the Ladbroke Grove Field were significant milestones for hydrocarbon exploration in the southeast of South Australia as well as for the Otway Basin in general. The initial 1987 discovery at Katnook-1 of a relatively shallow gas accumulation in the basal part of the Eumeralla Formation was eclipsed in late 1988 at the Katnook-2 appraisal stage where deeper and more significant gas reserves were discovered in the Pretty Hill Sandstone.Technological improvement, in seismic acquisition, in particular, use of longer offset configurations and higher fold, and in filtering and correction techniques at the processing stage, are discussed in relation to improved geologic understanding. These aspects ultimately led to drilling success in both exploration and appraisal.At the deep Katnook discovery stage several significant problem areas remained unresolved. These related to uncertainties in vertical distribution of gas pay, level of a gas-water contact, and unreliable reserve estimates the result of the inability of conventional log analysis techniques to distinguish gas-bearing from water-bearing sands. Both in the evaluation of Katnook-2 and at the Katnook-3 appraisal stage, expensive cased-hole testing programs were undertaken to determine the size, extent and producibility of the gas accumulation. A key development between drilling Katnook-2 and Katnook-3 was the discovery of carbon dioxide-rich gas at Ladbroke Grove during 1989 in an adjacent structure to the south.The Katnook Field was the first commercial gas field development in the southeast, South Australian part of the Otway Basin, with gas sales commencing in March 1991, within a year of completing field appraisal. The discoveries, and subsequent development, have led to a renewed focus on the Otway Basin as a prospective hydrocarbon province.
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Redwood, Eleanor, Karice Hyun, John French, Derek Chew, Leonard Kritharides, and David Brieger. "Impact of the “Warning Signs Campaign” on Characteristics of Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) to Hospitals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 10700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710700.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: The National Heart Foundation’s Warning Signs Campaign (2009–2013) aimed to raise awareness amongst the public of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), encouraging people to recognise suggestive symptoms and seek immediate medical attention. This study explores the impact of the campaign on the characteristics of patients presenting to hospitals around Australia with ACS. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis Setting: 10 Australian Hospitals recruiting for the CONCORDANCE registry continuously throughout the campaign period. Participants: Patients presenting with ACS to hospitals before, during and after the campaign ran in their jurisdiction. Main Outcome Measures: Whether an ambulance was called, time between onset of symptoms to first medical contact, as well as time between onset of symptoms to primary percutaneous intervention or lysis. Results: Time to first medical contact did not improve during or post-campaign for NSTEACS medical hours (IQI) 1.6 (0.5–4.8) pre, 2.2 (0.7–7.6) during, 2 (0.7–6.9) post (p < 0.001) or STEMI, 1.1 (0.4–3.5) pre, 1.6 (0.6–5.1) during, 1.4 (0.5–4.3) post (p = 0.0113). In STEMI, time from symptom onset to pPCI (p = 0.256) and time to lysis (p = 0.387) were also unchanged. The proportion of ambulance arrivals remained stable (pre 55% vs. during 58%, p = 0.493). Patients presenting during the campaign were more likely to be born in Australia 56% pre, 69% during, 68% post (p < 0.001), to report English as a first language 67% pre, 84% during, 79% post (p < 0.001), and had lower likelihood of prior MI or revascularization but greater likelihood of cardiovascular risk factors compared to those presenting prior. Conclusion: Among patients with ACS, we detected no increase in proportion of ambulance presentations nor earlier presentations among NSTEACS or STEMI during the campaign. There was an increase in the proportion of patients for whom English was the first language and those without a prior cardiac history but with cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting that the campaign impacted preferentially on certain strata in the community.
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Wong, Quincy JJ, Aliza Werner-Seidler, Michelle Torok, Bregje van Spijker, Alison L. Calear, and Helen Christensen. "Service Use History of Individuals Enrolling in a Web-Based Suicidal Ideation Treatment Trial: Analysis of Baseline Data." JMIR Mental Health 6, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): e11521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/11521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background A significant recent innovation is the development of internet-based psychological treatments for suicidal thinking. However, we know very little about individuals experiencing suicidal ideation who seek help through Web-based services and, in particular, their previous health service use patterns. Objective We aimed to examine service use history and its correlates among adults experiencing suicidal ideation who enrolled in a Web-based suicidal ideation treatment trial. Methods We used baseline data of 418 individuals seeking Web-based treatment for their suicidal ideation recruited into a randomized controlled trial of a 6-week Web-based self-help program. Participants at preintervention reported demographic information, clinical characteristics, and health service use over the previous 6 months. Results Participants had a high rate of service use in the 6 months before enrolling in the treatment trial (404/418, 96.7% of participants had contact with services). The two most common contact points were general practitioners (385/418, 92.1% of participants) and mental health professionals (295/418, 70.6% of participants). Notably, those with a previous single suicide attempt had lower odds of contact with any service than those with no attempt (odds ratio [OR] 0.21, 95% CI 0.05-0.86; P=.03). Those living in rural or remote areas had lower odds of contacting general practitioners (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13-0.91; P=.03) or mental health professionals (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23-0.83; P=.01) than those living in metropolitan areas. Conclusions Individuals enrolling in an electronic health intervention trial have often received treatment from general practitioners or mental health professionals. These services can therefore play an important role in preventing the escalation of suicidal thinking. Enrollment in our Web-based treatment trial suggested, though, that face-to-face health services may not be enough. Our study also highlighted the need to improve the provision of coordinated and assertive care after a suicide attempt, as well as health service availability and utilization for those living in rural and remote areas. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613000410752; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=364016 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6vK5FvQXy); Universal Trial Number U1111-1141-6595
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Keel, Stuart, Jane Scheetz, Edith Holloway, Xiaotong Han, William Yan, Andreas Mueller, and Mingguang He. "Utilisation and perceptions towards smart device visual acuity assessment in Australia: a mixed methods approach." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e024266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024266.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectivesTo investigate mobile health product use in Australia and societal and clinician perceptions towards smartphone based visual acuity (VA) assessment tools.DesignQuantitative analysis of a cross-sectional survey delivered to the general public and thematic analysis of in-depth interviews of eye health clinicians.SettingOnline survey within Australia and face-to-face in-depth interviews of clinicians.Participants1016 adults were recruited via Survey Monkey Audience, social media (Facebook and Twitter), Rotary Australia and Lions Clubs Australia. Six clinicians were recruited from private and public settings in Melbourne, Australia.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe study assessed socio-demographic characteristics, history of mobile health product use and perceived advantages and potential drawbacks of smartphone based VA assessment tools.ResultsA total of 14.4% of the study population had previously used a mobile-based health product. After adjusting for covariates, younger age (p=0.001), male gender (p=0.01) and higher income (>$45 000) were associated with increased likelihood of having used a mobile health product (p=0.005). Seventy-two per cent of participants would use an automated smartphone based VA assessment tool, provided that the accuracy was on par to that of human assessors. Convenience (37.3%) and cost-savings (15.5%) were ranked as the greatest perceived advantages. While test accuracy (50.6%), a lack of personal contact with healthcare providers (18.3%) and data security (11.9%) were the greatest concerns. Themes to emerge from clinician qualitative data included the potential benefits for identifying refractive error in patients, as well as the ability to self-monitor vision. Concerns were raised over the potential misuse of self-testing vision apps and the inability to detect pathology.ConclusionOur findings suggest that a substantial proportion of the Australian population do not use mobile health products. Furthermore, there remains notable concerns, including test accuracy and data privacy, with smartphone-based VA assessment tools by both clinicians and the public.
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Subasinghe, Asvini K., Yasmin L. Jayasinghe, John D. Wark, Alexandra Gorelik, Suzanne M. Garland, on behalf of the Young Female Health Initiative (YFHI), and Safe-D Study Groups. "Factors associated with unwanted sexual experiences of young Australian females: an observational study." Sexual Health 14, no. 4 (2017): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Behavioural and lifestyle factors associated with childhood unwanted sexual experiences (USE) have yet to be investigated in Australian females aged less than 18 years. Methods: Women aged 16–25 years living in Victoria were recruited via targeted advertising on Facebook. A web-based validated questionnaire was used to collect information on participant demographics, mental health, USE and sexual behaviours. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine associations between a history of childhood (<16 years) and adolescent (16−18 years) USE and indices of sexual orientation. Results: Data were collected from 639 females (mean ± s.d. age 22 ± 3 years). Approximately 14% reported childhood USE and 15% reported adolescent USE. Approximately 37% of survivors of childhood USE reported penile-genital contact in relation to their USE. Participants who reported depression were almost four times as likely to have experienced childhood USE than those who did not report suffering from depression (odds ratio 3.6, 95% confidence interval 2.1−6.0, P < 0.001). Positive associations between childhood USE, same-sex relationships and smoking were also detected. Conclusions: A strong relationship between childhood USE, depression and same-sex sexual behaviours was found, but results did not determine the direction of this association. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to investigate whether there are groups of individuals who are at a high risk of experiencing childhood USE, so that appropriate support systems can be put in place.
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Guoth, Nicholas. "Advancing trade with China: The Eastern and Australian Mail Steam Company and the 1873–1880 mail contract." International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 2 (May 2019): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419833524.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Eastern and Australian Mail Steam Company altered the dynamics of sea transport between China and Australia in the late nineteenth century. From 1873 to 1880, this shipping company initiated a new, regular, and permanent route between China and Australia that assisted in the development of stronger trade relationships. The company fulfilled this on the back of a mail contract with the Queensland government. What transpired during the mail contract, its impacts, and its legacies have left an indelible, though unrecognised, positive mark on Australia’s trade relationships with China. As such, Eastern and Australian were one of the pioneers in brokering regular international trade routes for colonial Australian merchants and governments. They also became an integral element in the eventual transition from sail to steam, not only along the China-Australia route but also for all Australian international shipping.
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Schwab, Laura, Sarah Warby, Katherine Davis, Peter Campbell, Simon Hoy, Robert Zbeda, and Gregory Hoy. "Video Analysis of Pectoralis Major Injuries in Professional Australian Football Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 232596712211178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221117826.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: There is little evidence regarding the mechanisms of pectoralis major (PM) injury and player outcomes in Australian Football League (AFL) players. Purposes/Hypothesis: The study aims were to investigate (1) the mechanisms of PM muscle injury in elite AFL players via video analysis and (2) the player profile, method of management, and clinical outcomes of the PM injuries sustained. We hypothesized that the majority of PM tears would occur in outer-range PM positions (hyperextension of the glenohumeral joint). Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: We analyzed video of the precipitating event for traumatic PM injuries during AFL competition or training over a 20-year period (2002-2021). The footage was analyzed by 4 experienced assessors, and the following were evaluated: mechanism of injury, injury variables (arm position, initial contact point, visual awareness, and use of taping), player characteristics (age at the time of injury, hand dominance, and history of injury), injury profile (location and size of tear), method of management (operative vs nonoperative), patient outcomes (time to return to full senior training/match play), and complication rates. Results: The mean ± standard deviation age of the players was 26.5 ± 3.1 years (range, 21-32 years). Overall, 22 PM injuries were identified in the AFL injury database for a rate of 1.1 per year; 16 of these injuries had accompanying video footage. We identified 3 mechanisms for PM injury: horizontal hyperextension (62.5%), hyperflexion-abduction (25.0%), and horizontal adduction (sustained tackling; 12.5%). The most common site of the tear was the insertion point of the sternocostal head (91.0%). Twenty players (91.0%) required surgical repair, with 75% undergoing surgery within 1 week (range, 0-26 weeks). The mean return to competition for the surgical repair group was 11.1 weeks (range, 8-15 weeks). The rerupture rate was 5.0% (1 repair; <4 weeks postoperatively in 2004). Conclusion: PM tears in elite male AFL players were due to 1 of 3 distinct mechanisms: horizontal hyperextension, hyperflexion-abduction, and horizontal adduction (sustained tackling). Players returned to play on average 11 weeks after injury. Knowledge regarding mechanisms of injury, player profile, and return-to-sport timelines is important for appropriate medical management and provides potential areas to target for prevention of PM injuries.
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TROVATO, FRANK. "ABORIGINAL MORTALITY IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND NEW ZEALAND." Journal of Biosocial Science 33, no. 1 (January 2001): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932001000670.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indigenous populations in New World nations share the common experience of culture contact with outsiders and a prolonged history of prejudice and discrimination. This historical reality continues to have profound effects on their well-being, as demonstrated by their relative disadvantages in socioeconomic status on the one hand, and in their delayed demographic and epidemiological transitions on the other. In this study one aspect of aboriginals’ epidemiological situation is examined: their mortality experience between the early 1980s and early 1990s. The groups studied are the Canadian Indians, the American Indians and the New Zealand Maori (data for Australian Aboriginals could not be obtained). Cause-specific death rates of these three minority groups are compared with those of their respective non-indigenous populations using multivariate log-linear competing risks models. The empirical results are consistent with the proposition that the contemporary mortality conditions of these three minorities reflect, in varying degrees, problems associated with poverty, marginalization and social disorganization. Of the three minority groups, the Canadian Indians appear to suffer more from these types of conditions, and the Maori the least.
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Stuart, Robyn M., Romesh G. Abeysuriya, Cliff C. Kerr, Dina Mistry, Dan J. Klein, Richard T. Gray, Margaret Hellard, and Nick Scott. "Role of masks, testing and contact tracing in preventing COVID-19 resurgences: a case study from New South Wales, Australia." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e045941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045941.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectivesThe early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic illustrated that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease, has the potential to spread exponentially. Therefore, as long as a substantial proportion of the population remains susceptible to infection, the potential for new epidemic waves persists even in settings with low numbers of active COVID-19 infections, unless sufficient countermeasures are in place. We aim to quantify vulnerability to resurgences in COVID-19 transmission under variations in the levels of testing, tracing and mask usage.SettingThe Australian state of New South Wales (NSW), a setting with prolonged low transmission, high mobility, non-universal mask usage and a well-functioning test-and-trace system.ParticipantsNone (simulation study).ResultsWe find that the relative impact of masks is greatest when testing and tracing rates are lower and vice versa. Scenarios with very high testing rates (90% of people with symptoms, plus 90% of people with a known history of contact with a confirmed case) were estimated to lead to a robustly controlled epidemic. However, across comparable levels of mask uptake and contact tracing, the number of infections over this period was projected to be 2–3 times higher if the testing rate was 80% instead of 90%, 8–12 times higher if the testing rate was 65% or 30–50 times higher with a 50% testing rate. In reality, NSW diagnosed 254 locally acquired cases over this period, an outcome that had a moderate probability in the model (10%–18%) assuming low mask uptake (0%–25%), even in the presence of extremely high testing (90%) and near-perfect community contact tracing (75%–100%), and a considerably higher probability if testing or tracing were at lower levels.ConclusionsOur work suggests that testing, tracing and masks can all be effective means of controlling transmission. A multifaceted strategy that combines all three, alongside continued hygiene and distancing protocols, is likely to be the most robust means of controlling transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Richters, Juliet, Dennis Altman, Paul B. Badcock, Anthony M. A. Smith, Richard O. de Visser, Andrew E. Grulich, Chris Rissel, and Judy M. Simpson. "Sexual identity, sexual attraction and sexual experience: the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships." Sexual Health 11, no. 5 (2014): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Behavioural and other aspects of sexuality are not always consistent. This study describes the prevalence and overlap of same-sex and other-sex attraction and experience and of different sexual identities in Australia. Methods: Computer-assisted telephone interviews were completed by a representative sample of 20 094 men and women aged 16–69 years recruited by landline and mobile phone random-digit dialling with a response rate (participation rate among eligible people) of 66.2%. Respondents were asked about their sexual identity (‘Do you think of yourself as’ heterosexual/straight, homosexual/gay, bisexual, etc.) and the sex of people with whom they had ever had sexual contact and to whom they had felt sexually attracted. Results: Men and women had different patterns of sexual identity. Although the majority of people identified as heterosexual (97% men, 96% women), women were more likely than men to identify as bisexual. Women were less likely than men to report exclusively other-sex or same-sex attraction and experience; 9% of men and 19% of women had some history of same-sex attraction and/or experience. Sexual attraction and experience did not necessarily correspond. Homosexual/gay identity was more common among men with tertiary education and living in cities and less common among men with blue-collar jobs. Many gay men (53%) and lesbians (76%) had some experience with an other-sex partner. More women identified as lesbian or bisexual than in 2001–02. Similarly, more women reported same-sex experience and same-sex attraction. Conclusion: In Australia, men are more likely than women to report exclusive same-sex attraction and experience, although women are more likely than men to report any non-heterosexual identity, experience and attraction. Whether this is a feature of the plasticity of female sexuality or due to lesser stigma than for men is unknown.
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Morgan, V. A., J. J. McGrath, A. Jablensky, J. C. Badcock, A. Waterreus, R. Bush, V. Carr, et al. "Psychosis prevalence and physical, metabolic and cognitive co-morbidity: data from the second Australian national survey of psychosis." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 10 (January 2, 2014): 2163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713002973.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundThere are insufficient data from nationwide surveys on the prevalence of specific psychotic disorders and associated co-morbidities.MethodThe 2010 Australian national psychosis survey used a two-phase design to draw a representative sample of adults aged 18–64 years with psychotic disorders in contact with public treatment services from an estimated resident population of 1 464 923 adults. This paper is based on data from 1642 participants with an International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 psychotic disorder. Its aim is to present estimates of treated prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of psychosis, and to describe the cognitive, physical health and substance use profiles of participants.ResultsThe 1-month treated prevalence of psychotic disorders was 3.10 cases per 1000 population aged 18–64 years, not accounting for people solely accessing primary care services; lifetime morbid risk was 3.45 per 1000. Mean premorbid intelligence quotient was approximately 0.5 s.d.s below the population mean; current cognitive ability (measured with a digit symbol coding task) was 1.6 s.d.s below the population mean. For both cognitive tests, higher scores were significantly associated with better independent functioning. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was high, affecting 60.8% of participants, and pervasive across diagnostic groups. Of the participants, two-thirds (65.9%) were current smokers, 47.4% were obese and 32.4% were sedentary. Of the participants, half (49.8%) had a lifetime history of alcohol abuse/dependence and 50.8% lifetime cannabis abuse/dependence.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the need for comprehensive, integrative models of recovery to maximize the potential for good health and quality of life for people with psychotic illness.
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Selth, Andrew. "Australian Defence Contacts with Burma, 1945–1987." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 3 (July 1992): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009860.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To most Australians, Burma is still associated with the Second World War, and in particular the infamous ‘death railway’ from Thailand. In May 1942 some 3,000 Australian prisoners of war (POWs) were sent from Singapore, to provide labour for the construction of an airfield at Tavoy. They were subsequently joined by another 1,800 or so Australians from Java, making a total in southern Burma of 4,851 men. Together with other Allied prisoners and Burmese levies they were later put to work building a railway line over Three Pagodas Pass, to link Burma with the Siam-Malaya railway system. Before the project was completed in November 1943, 771 Australian POWs (nearly 16 per cent of those on the Burma side of the border) had died from disease, malnutrition and the brutality of their Japanese captors. Casualties among the POWs working on the railway in Thailand were even higher.
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McConvell, Patrick. "Mixed Languages as Outcomes of Code-Switching: Recent Examples from Australia and Their Implications." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 1 (2008): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525327.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThere has been much debate about whether mixed languages arise from code-switching. This paper presents one clear example of this kind of genesis, Gurindji Kriol, and other probable examples, from recent language contact in Australia between traditional Australian languages and English-based pidgins/creoles. In particular the paper focuses on what has been called the Verbal-Nominal split in the genesis of these languages, which is parallel to other cases elswhete in the world, such as Michif. Here the Verbal-Nominal split is reanalysed as a split between INFL (Tense-Aspect-Mood) dominated elements and the rest of the clause. There are two classes of such INFL mixed languages with contrasting characteristics: those in which the new language takes over the INFL elements and the nominal morphology is still drawn from the old language, like Gurindji Kriol; and those in which the verb and its morphology is retained from the old language but other elements are drawn from the new language. This is explained in terms of the 'arrested turnover' hypothesis of Myers-Scotton. The original 'centre of gravity' hypothesis of McConvell related the two kinds of mixed language outcomes to the grammatical type of the old language: whether it was 'dependent-marking' or 'headmarking'. In this paper this hypothesis is modified by seeing the important causal factor in the second type as incorporation of INFL and pronouns in the verb in head-marking and polysynthetic languages. Finally some other examples of mixed languages of the INFL-split type are mentioned, and a research program outlined aiming to detect where this kind of language-mixing forms part of the history of other languages by looking at the current pattern of composition of elements from different language sources.
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Pensalfini, Rob, and Felicity Meakins. "Gender Lender: Noun Borrowings between Jingulu and Mudburra in Northern Australia." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 440–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01202007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper explores borrowing of nouns between two unrelated Australian languages with a long history of contact: Mudburra, a language with no grammatical gender, and Jingulu, which has four genders and super-classing. Unusually, this case involves extensive borrowing in both directions, resulting in the languages sharing 65% of their nouns. This bi-directional borrowing of nouns allows us to simultaneously examine the behaviour of gender where (i) nouns from a language with no gender have transferred into a language with a gender system, and (ii) nouns from a language with gender have transferred into a language with no gender system. Previous work in this area has been interested in the how nouns are categorised in scenario (i) (Deuchar et al., 2014; Jake et al., 2002; Liceras et al., 2008; Parafita Couto et al., 2015; Poplack et al., 1982), and whether there is any evidence for the development of a gender system in the recipient language in scenario (ii) (Aikhenvald, 2003; Corbett, 1991; Heath, 1978; Matras and Sakel, 2007; Seifart, 2012; Stolz, 2009; Stolz, 2012). We show that Mudburra nouns borrowed into Jingulu are assigned gender on the basis of their semantics, with gender superclassing effects and morpho-phonological massaging. Some of the borrowings into Mudburra, on the other hand, demonstrate a sophisticated understanding of Jingulu morpho-syntax which speaks to a high degree of bilingualism between Mudburra and Jingulu over an extended period.