Статті в журналах: "AuNC"

1

Song, Lina, Shuai Ren, Yali Yue, Ying Tian, and Zhongqiu Wang. "A Gold Nanocage Probe Targeting Survivin for the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051547.

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In this paper, Au nanocages (AuNCs) loaded with the MRI contrast agent gadolinium (Gd) and capped with the tumor-targeting gene survivin (Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes) were designed and applied as a targeted imaging agent for pancreatic cancer. With its capacity to transport fluorescent dyes and MR imaging agents, the gold cage is an outstanding platform. Furthermore, it has the potential to transport different drugs in the future, making it a unique carrier platform. The utilization of Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes has proven to be an effective means of targeting and localizing survivin-positive BxPC-3 cells within their cytoplasm. By targeting survivin, an antiapoptotic gene, the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobe was able to induce pro-apoptotic effects in BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells. The biocompatibility of AuNCs•Gd, AuNCs•Gd–Cy7 nanoparticles, and Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes is evaluated through the hemolysis rate assay. The stability of AuNCs•Gd, AuNCs•Gd–Cy7 nanoparticles, and Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes was evaluated by determining their hydrodynamic dimensions following storage in different pH solutions for a corresponding duration. Excellent biocompatibility and stability of the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes will facilitate their further utilization in vivo and in vitro. The surface-bound survivin plays a role in facilitating the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes’ ability to locate the BxPC-3 tumor. The probe was modified to incorporate Gd and Cy7, thereby enabling the simultaneous utilization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging (FI) techniques. In vivo, the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes were found to effectively target and localize survivin-positive BxPC-3 tumors through the use of MRI and FI. After being injected via the caudal vein, the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes were found to accumulate effectively in an in situ pancreatic cancer model within 24 h. Furthermore, these nanoprobes were observed to be eliminated from the body through the kidneys within 72 h after a single injection. This characteristic is crucial for a diagnostic agent. Based on the aforementioned outcomes, the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes have significant potential advantages for the theranostic treatment of pancreatic cancer. This nanoprobe possesses distinctive characteristics, such as advanced imaging abilities and specific drug delivery, which offer the possibility of enhancing the precision of diagnosis and efficacy of treatment for this destructive illness.

2

Wei, Ming, Ye Tian, Lijun Wang, Yuankai Hong, Dan Luo, and Yinlin Sha. "The Emission Mechanism of Gold Nanoclusters Capped with 11-Mercaptoundecanoic Acid, and the Detection of Methanol in Adulterated Wine Model." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 23, 2021): 6342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216342.

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The absorption and emission mechanisms of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have yet to be understood. In this article, 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) capped AuNCs (AuNC@MUA) were synthesized using the chemical etching method. Compared with MUA, AuNC@MUA had three obvious absorption peaks at 280 nm, 360 nm, and 390 nm; its photoluminescence excitation (PLE) peak and photoluminescence (PL) peak were located at 285 nm and 600 nm, respectively. The AuNC@MUA was hardly emissive when 360 nm and 390 nm were chosen as excitation wavelengths. The extremely large stokes-shift (>300 nm), and the mismatch between the excitation peaks and absorption peaks of AuNC@MUA, make it a particularly suitable model for studying the emission mechanism. When the ligands were partially removed by a small amount of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution, the absorption peak showed a remarkable rise at 288 nm and declines at 360 nm and 390 nm. These experimental results illustrated that the absorption peak at 288 nm was mainly from metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT), while the absorption peaks at 360 nm and 390 nm were mainly from ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). The PLE peak coincided with the former absorption peak, which implied that the emission of the AuNC@MUA was originally from MMCT. It was also interesting that the emission mechanism could be switched to LMCT from MMCT by decreasing the size of the nanoclusters using 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA), which possesses a stronger etching ability. Moreover, due to the different PL intensities of AuNC@MUA in methanol, ethanol, and water, it has been successfully applied in detecting methanol in adulterated wine models (methanol-ethanol-water mixtures).

3

Broekgaarden, Mans, Anne-Laure Bulin, Estelle Porret, Benjamin Musnier, Benoit Chovelon, Corinne Ravelet, Lucie Sancey, et al. "Surface functionalization of gold nanoclusters with arginine: a trade-off between microtumor uptake and radiotherapy enhancement." Nanoscale 12, no. 13 (2020): 6959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr01138j.

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Gold nanoclusters (AuNC) have strong potential for cancer imaging and therapy. We demonstrate that optimizing the surface chemistry of AuNCs for increased tumor uptake can significantly affect its potential to augment radiotherapy outcomes.

4

Jung, Seunghyun, Nathaniel Harris, Isabelle I. Niyonshuti, Samir V. Jenkins, Abdallah M. Hayar, Fumiya Watanabe, Azemat Jamshidi-Parsian, Jingyi Chen, Michael J. Borrelli, and Robert J. Griffin. "Photothermal Response Induced by Nanocage-Coated Artificial Extracellular Matrix Promotes Neural Stem Cell Differentiation." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051216.

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Strategies to increase the proportion of neural stem cells that differentiate into neurons are vital for therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In vitro, the extracellular matrix composition and topography have been found to be important factors in stem cell differentiation. We have developed a novel artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) formed by attaching gold nanocages (AuNCs) to glass coverslips. After culturing rat neural stem cells (rNSCs) on these gold nanocage-coated surfaces (AuNC-aECMs), we observed that 44.6% of rNSCs differentiated into neurons compared to only 27.9% for cells grown on laminin-coated glass coverslips. We applied laser irradiation to the AuNC-aECMs to introduce precise amounts of photothermally induced heat shock in cells. Our results showed that laser-induced thermal stimulation of AuNC-aECMs further enhanced neuronal differentiation (56%) depending on the laser intensity used. Response to these photothermal effects increased the expression of heat shock protein 27, 70, and 90α in rNSCs. Analysis of dendritic complexity showed that this thermal stimulation promoted neuronal maturation by increasing dendrite length as thermal dose was increased. In addition, we found that cells growing on AuNC-aECMs post laser irradiation exhibited action potentials and increased the expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels compared to laminin-coated glass coverslips. These results indicate that the photothermal response induced in cells growing on AuNC-aECMs can be used to produce large quantities of functional neurons, with improved electrochemical properties, that can potentially be transplanted into a damaged central nervous system to provide replacement neurons and restore lost function.

5

Russell, B. A., P. A. Mulheran, D. J. S. Birch, and Y. Chen. "Probing the Sudlow binding site with warfarin: how does gold nanocluster growth alter human serum albumin?" Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 33 (2016): 22874–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp03428d.

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Gold Nanoclusters (AuNCs) synthesised using Human Serum Albumin (HSA) as a stable scaffold are shown to modify the major drug binding site, Sudlow site I. Upon AuNC nucleation within HSA, warfarin was observed to no longer bind to Sudlow I, remaining free in solution.

6

Arivazhagan, Mani, Palanisamy Kannan, and Govindhan Maduraiveeran. "Gold Nanoclusters Dispersed on Gold Dendrite-Based Carbon Fibre Microelectrodes for the Sensitive Detection of Nitric Oxide in Human Serum." Biosensors 12, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12121128.

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Herein, gold nanoclusters (Au NC) dispersed on gold dendrite (Au DS)-based flexible carbon fibre (AuNC@AuDS|CF) microelectrodes are developed using a one-step electrochemical approach. The as-fabricated AuNC@AuDS|CF microelectrodes work as the prospective electrode materials for the sensitive detection of nitric oxide (NO) in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) solution. Carbon microfibre acts as an efficient matrix for the direct growth of AuNC@AuDS without any binder/extra reductant. The AuNC@AuDS|CF microelectrodes exhibit outstanding electrocatalytic activity towards NO oxidation, which is ascribed to their large electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), high electrical conductivity, and high dispersion of Au nanoclusters. As a result, the AuNC@AuDS|CF microelectrodes attain a rapid response time (3 s), a low limit of detection (LOD) (0.11 nM), high sensitivity (66.32 µA µM cm−2), a wide linear range (2 nM–7.7 µM), long-term stability, good reproducibility, and a strong anti-interference capability. Moreover, the present microsensor successfully tested for the discriminating detection of NO in real human serum samples, revealing its potential practicability.

7

Sun, Jing, Wenwen Fang, Afroza Akter Liza, Rui Gao, Junlong Song, Jiaqi Guo, and Orlando J. Rojas. "Photoluminescent Nanocellulosic Film for Selective Hg2+ Ion Detection." Polymers 16, no. 11 (June 3, 2024): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16111583.

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We developed a highly sensitive solid-state sensor for mercury detection by stabilizing red-sub-nanometric fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNC, 0.9 ± 0.1 nm diameter) with bovine serum albumin in a matrix composed of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) (BSA-AuNC/CNF). The main morphological and optical features of the system were investigated via atomic force/transmission electron microscopy and UV-Vis/fluorescence spectroscopy. The hybrid film (off-white and highly transparent) showed strong photoluminescene under UV irradiation. The latter is assigned to the AuNC, which also increase the ductility of the emitting film, which was demonstrated for high sensitivity Hg2+ detection. When used as a sensor system, following AuNC printing on CNF hybrid films, a limit of detection <10 nM was confirmed. What is more, nanocellulose films have a high pore structure and selective separation properties, showcasing a wide range of potential applications in many fields such as water treatment and oil–water separation.

8

Poletti, Annamaria, Giulio Fracasso, Giamaica Conti, Roberto Pilot, and Vincenzo Amendola. "Laser generated gold nanocorals with broadband plasmon absorption for photothermal applications." Nanoscale 7, no. 32 (2015): 13702–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr03442f.

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Gold nanocorals (AuNC) are obtained by a “green” method consisting of laser irradiation, followed by anisotropic self-assembly without templating agents. The AuNC dispersion has broadband plasmon absorption from the visible to near infrared region, unitary light-to-heat conversion efficiency, versatile surface chemistry and biocompatibility.

9

Fabijanić, Ivana, Marta Jurković, Daniela Jakšić, and Ivo Piantanida. "Photoluminescent Gold/BSA Nanoclusters (AuNC@BSA) as Sensors for Red-Fluorescence Detection of Mycotoxins." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238448.

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The BSA-encapsulated gold nanoclusters (AuNC@BSA) have drawn considerable interest and demonstrated applications as biological sensors. In this study, we demonstrated that the red-emitting AuNC@BSA prepared using a modified procedure fully retained the binding of standard BSA-ligands (small molecule drugs), significantly improving fluorescence detection in some cases due to the red-emission property. Further, we showed that AuNC@BSA efficiently bind a series of aflatoxin-related mycotoxins as well as the aliphatic mycotoxin FB1, reporting interactions in the nanomolar range by instantaneous emission change at 680 nm. Such red emission detection is advantageous over current detection strategies for the same mycotoxins, based on complex mass spectrometry procedures or, eventually (upon chemical modification of the mycotoxin), by fluorescence detection in the UV range (<400 nm). The later technique yields fluorescence strongly overlapping with the intrinsic absorption and emission of biorelevant mixtures in which mycotoxins appear. Thus, here we present a new approach using the AuNC@BSA red fluorescence reporter for mycotoxins as a fast, cheap, and simple detection technique that offers significant advantages over currently available methods.

10

Paramanik, Bipattaran, Amrita Kundu, Krishnananda Chattopadhyay, and Amitava Patra. "Study of binding interactions between MPT63 protein and Au nanocluster." RSC Adv. 4, no. 66 (2014): 35059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03708a.

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11

Jin, Xiaoyong, Jing Shi, Jufang Guan, Gang Ni, and Juan Peng. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Cholic Acid-Capped Gold Nanoclusters as Fluorescence-Enhanced Probes for Creatinine Detection." Nano 12, no. 06 (April 19, 2017): 1750070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292017500709.

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In this study, the cholic acid-capped gold nanoclusters (CC-AuNCs) were prepared via a microwave-assisted approach and were used as a novel fluorescence probe for detection of creatinine. The CC-AuNCs in solution can emit strong green fluorescence under UV light and the fluorescence intensity can increase with creatinine concentration in the solution because of the aggregation of CC-AuNCs. On the basis of these facts, the fluorescence assay for creatinine was developed. The linear working range is [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M with a detection limit of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M according to signal/noise ratio of 3:1. This fluorescence assay for creatinine has a low detection limit, wide linear range and good selectivity. Furthermore, it can be successfully applied to the detection of creatinine in human urine and serum samples. Thus, this CC-AuNC-based fluorescence assay for creatinine might be of great importance in early diagnosis and therapy of kidney disease.

12

Zhang, Qianqian, Junhua Wang, Zhao Meng, Rui Ling, Hang Ren, Weidong Qin, Zhenglong Wu, and Na Shao. "Glutathione Disulfide as a Reducing, Capping, and Mass-Separating Agent for the Synthesis and Enrichment of Gold Nanoclusters." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092258.

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Water-soluble nanoclusters, which are facilely enrichable without changes in the original properties, are highly demanded in many disciplines. In this contribution, a new class of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) was synthesized using glutathione disulfide (GSSG) as a reducing and capping agent under intermittent heating mode. The as-prepared GSSG–AuNCs had a higher quantum yield (4.1%) compared to the conventional glutathione-protected AuNCs (1.8%). Moreover, by simply introducing the GSSG–AuNC solution to acetonitrile at a volume ratio of 1:7, a new bottom phase was formed, in which GSSG–AuNCs could be 400-fold enriched without changes in properties, with a percentage recovery higher than 99%. The enrichment approach did not need additional instruments and was potentially suitable for large-scale enrichment of nanoclusters. Further, density functional theory calculations indicated that the hydrogen bonding between GSSG and acetonitrile plays a key role for the bottom phase formation. Our work suggests that the highly emissive GSSG–AuNCs possess great potential not only in fluorescent measurements but also in other scenarios in which high-concentration AuNCs may be needed, such as catalysis, drug delivery, and electronic and optical industries.

13

Youn, Jonghae, Peiyuan Kang, Justin Crowe, Caleb Thornsbury, Peter Kim, Zhenpeng Qin, and Jiyong Lee. "Tripeptide-Assisted Gold Nanocluster Formation for Fe3+ and Cu2+ Sensing." Molecules 29, no. 11 (May 21, 2024): 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112416.

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Fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have shown promise as metal ion sensors. Further research into surface ligands is crucial for developing sensors that are both selective and sensitive. Here, we designed simple tripeptides to form fluorescent AuNCs, capitalizing on tyrosine’s reduction capability under alkaline conditions. We investigated tyrosine’s role in both forming AuNCs and sensing metal ions. Two tripeptides, tyrosine–cysteine–tyrosine (YCY) and serine–cysteine–tyrosine (SCY), were used to form AuNCs. YCY peptides produced AuNCs with blue and red fluorescence, while SCY peptides produced blue-emitting AuNCs. The blue fluorescence of YCY- and SCY-AuNCs was selectively quenched by Fe3+ and Cu2+, whereas red-emitting YCY-AuNC fluorescence remained stable with 13 different metal ions. The number of tyrosine residues influenced the sensor response. DLS measurements revealed different aggregation propensities in the presence of various metal ions, indicating that chelation between the peptide and target ions led to aggregation and fluorescence quenching. Highlighting the innovation of our approach, our study demonstrates the feasibility of the rational design of peptides for the formation of fluorescent AuNCs that serve as highly selective and sensitive surface ligands for metal ion sensing. This method marks an advancement over existing methods due to its dual capability in both synthesizing gold nanoclusters and detecting analytes, specifically Fe3+ and Cu2+.

14

Qu, Dan, Jianan Zhang, Guang Chu, Haijing Jiang, Changfeng Wu, and Yan Xu. "Chiral fluorescent films of gold nanoclusters and photonic cellulose with modulated fluorescence emission." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 9 (2016): 1764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc04163e.

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15

Song, Tingting, Zhanxu Chen, Wenbo Zhang, Limin Lin, Yanjun Bao, Lin Wu, and Zhang-Kai Zhou. "Compounding Plasmon–Exciton Strong Coupling System with Gold Nanofilm to Boost Rabi Splitting." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 7, 2019): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040564.

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Various plasmonic nanocavities possessing an extremely small mode volume have been developed and applied successfully in the study of strong light-matter coupling. Driven by the desire of constructing quantum networks and other functional quantum devices, a growing trend of strong coupling research is to explore the possibility of fabricating simple strong coupling nanosystems as the building blocks to construct complex systems or devices. Herein, we investigate such a nanocube-exciton building block (i.e. AuNC@J-agg), which is fabricated by coating Au nanocubes with excitonic J-aggregate molecules. The extinction spectra of AuNC@J-agg assembly, as well as the dark field scattering spectra of the individual nanocube-exciton, exhibit Rabi splitting of 100–140 meV, which signifies strong plasmon–exciton coupling. We further demonstrate the feasibility of constructing a more complex system of AuNC@J-agg on Au film, which achieves a much stronger coupling, with Rabi splitting of 377 meV. This work provides a practical pathway of building complex systems from building blocks, which are simple strong coupling systems, which lays the foundation for exploring further fundamental studies or inventing novel quantum devices.

16

Zhang, Guoyan, Meihao Xiang, Rong-Mei Kong, and Fengli Qu. "Fluorescent and colorimetric determination of glutathione based on the inner filter effect between silica nanoparticle–gold nanocluster nanocomposites and oxidized 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine." Analyst 145, no. 19 (2020): 6254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an01392g.

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17

Ren, Hong-Xin, Min-Xin Mao, Min Li, Cun-Zheng Zhang, Chi-Fang Peng, Jiang-Guo Xu та Xin-Lin Wei. "A Fluorescent Detection for Paraquat Based on β-CDs-Enhanced Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters". Foods 10, № 6 (24 травня 2021): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061178.

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In this report, a fluorescent sensing method for paraquat based on gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) is proposed. It was found that paraquat could quench both glutathione-capped AuNCs (GSH-AuNCs) and β-cyclodextrin-modified GSH-AuNCs (GSH/β-CDs-AuNCs). The modification of β-CDs on the surface of GSH-AuNCs obviously enhanced the fluorescence intensity of GSH-AuNCs and improved the sensitivity of paraquat sensing more than 4-fold. This sensibilization was ascribed to the obvious fluorescence intensity enhancement of GSH-AuNCs by β-CDs and the “host–guest” interaction between paraquat and β-CDs. The fluorescence quenching was mainly due to the photoinduced energy transfer (PET) between GSH/β-CDs-AuNCs and paraquat. With the optimized β-CDs modification of the GSH-AuNC surfaces and under buffer conditions, the fluorescent detection for paraquat demonstrated a linear response in the range of 5.0–350 ng/mL with a detection limit of 1.2 ng/mL. The fluorescent method also showed high selectivity toward common pesticides. The interference from metal ions could be easily masked by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). This method was applied to the measurement of paraquat-spiked water samples and good recoveries (93.6–103.8%) were obtained. The above results indicate that host molecule modification of fluorescent metal NC surfaces has high potential in the development of robust fluorescent sensors.

18

Li, Mingqiang, Yeh-Hsing Lao, Rachel L. Mintz, Zhuanggui Chen, Dan Shao, Hanze Hu, Hong-Xia Wang, Yu Tao, and Kam W. Leong. "A multifunctional mesoporous silica–gold nanocluster hybrid platform for selective breast cancer cell detection using a catalytic amplification-based colorimetric assay." Nanoscale 11, no. 6 (2019): 2631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr08337a.

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19

Park, Ju, Hojun Seo, Da Kim, Ji Choi, Jin Son, Jongbok Kim, Geon Moon та Dong Hyun. "Gold Nanocage-Incorporated Poly(ε-Caprolactone) (PCL) Fibers for Chemophotothermal Synergistic Cancer Therapy". Pharmaceutics 11, № 2 (1 лютого 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11020060.

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This paper introduces a new fibrous system for synergistic cancer therapy, which consists of gold nanocage (AuNC)-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers with encapsulation of a chemotherapeutic anticancer drug in their core and loading of a phase-changeable fatty acid in their sheath. Under on–off switching of near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the excellent photothermal ability and photostability of AuNCs allows repeated, significant heating of the fibers to a temperature available to hyperthermia. Simultaneously, the NIR light-induced heat generation enables the melting out of the loaded fatty acid, leading to a rapid release of the drug molecules from the fibers. The combination of this NIR light-triggered drug release with the repeated hyperthermia treatment exhibits excellent anticancer efficacy.

20

Ge, Jia, Zhangyu Qi, and Liangliang Zhang. "A simple and sensitive fluorescence assay for biothiol and acetylcholinesterase activity detection based on a HSA–AuNCs@Cu2+ complex." Analytical Methods 11, no. 39 (2019): 5031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay01815h.

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21

Ban, Rui, E. S. Abdel-Halim, Jianrong Zhang та Jun-Jie Zhu. "β-Cyclodextrin functionalised gold nanoclusters as luminescence probes for the ultrasensitive detection of dopamine". Analyst 140, № 4 (2015): 1046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an02161d.

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22

Zhao, Zhiyuan, Haochen Yan, Fuqiang Liu, Jie Yao, Shijie You, and Yanbiao Liu. "Electrocatalytic Hydrodechlorination Using Supported Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters under Flow-Through Configuration." Catalysts 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2023): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13071045.

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We developed and optimized an electrocatalytic filtration system to catalytically hydrodechlorinate chlorophenolic compounds. A key part of the system was the cathode, which consisted of a filter constructed with electroactive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalized with atomically precise gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). In the functional membrane electrode, the AuNCs attached to the CNTs functioned as a highly effective hydrodechlorination catalyst. Additionally, the ligands of the AuNCs facilitated the binding of the AuNCs with the CNT and protected the Au core from agglomeration. Atomic H* was the primary reactive species in the system, but direct reduction by cathode electrons also contributed to the elimination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by hydrodechlorination. The generated atomic H* was able to break the C–Cl bond to achieve the rapid hydrodechlorination of 2,4-DCP into phenol, with 91.5% 2,4-DCP removal within 120 min. The AuNC catalysts attached to the CNT exceeded the best catalytic activity of larger nanoparticles (e.g., AuNPs), while the flow-through construction performed better than a standard batch reactor due to the convection-enhanced mass transport. The study provides an environmentally friendly strategy for the elimination of pervasive halogenated organic contaminants using a highly efficient, stable and recyclable system for hydrodechlorination that integrates nanofiltration and electrochemistry.

23

Yan, Congyang, Lili Cui, Qi Yang, Xiaobao Zhou, Lixing Pan, Xiaofen Zhang, Hong Yang, Zhiguo Zhou, and Shiping Yang. "Coordination polymer hybridized Au nanocages: a nanoplatform for dual-modality imaging guided near-infrared driven photothermal therapy in vivo." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 44 (2017): 8761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb02302b.

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Coordination polymer hybridized Au nanocages (AuNC@CPs) were prepared, which were used for near-infrared (NIR)-driven photothermal therapy (PTT) guided by photoacoustic (PA) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in vivo.

24

Hsu, Yu-Chen, Mei-Jou Hung, Yi-An Chen, Tsu-Fan Wang, Ying-Ru Ou, and Shu-Hui Chen. "Identifying Reducing and Capping Sites of Protein-Encapsulated Gold Nanoclusters." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081630.

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The reducing and capping sites along with their local structure impact photo properties of the red bovine serum albumin-capped Au nanocluster (BSA-AuNC), however, they are hard to identify. We developped a workflow and relevant techniques using mass spectrometry (MS) to identify the reducing and capping sites of BSA-AuNCs involved in their formation and fluorescence. Digestion without disulfide cleavages yielded an Au core fraction exhibiting red fluorescence and [AunSm] ion signals and a non-core fraction exhibiting neither of them. The core fraction was identified to mainly be comprised of peptides containing cysteine residues. The fluorescence and [AunSm] signals were quenched by tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, confirming that disulfide groups were required for nanocluster stabilization and fluorescence. By MS sequencing, the disulfide pairs, C75–C91/C90–C101 in domain IA, C315–C360/C359–C368 in domain IIB, and C513–C558/C557–C566 in domain IIIB, were identified to be main capping sites of red AuNCs. Peptides containing oxidized cysteines (sulfinic or cysteic acid) were identified as reducing sites mainly in the non-core fraction, suggesting that disulfide cleavages by oxidization and conformational changes contributed to the subsequent growth of nanoclusters at nearby intact disulfide pairs. This is the first report on precise identification of the reducing and capping sites of BSA-AuNCs.

25

Liu, Jiao, Hong-Wei Li, Wei-Xian Wang, and Yuqing Wu. "Thermally prepared ultrabright adenosine monophosphate capped gold nanoclusters and the intrinsic mechanism." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 19 (2017): 3550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb00438a.

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AMP capped gold nanoclusters, AuNC@AMP, have been prepared in a fast and cost-effective manner by using the heating and citrate reduction procedure, and have been found to show a strong and stable luminescence emission at 480 nm with a high quantum yield (QY, 14.52%).

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Nisar, Sumaya, Chansi, Ashish Mathur, Tinku Basu, Kshitij RB Singh, and Jay Singh. "Template Free Anisotropically Grown Gold Nanocluster Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Ultralow Detection of Cardiac Troponin I." Biosensors 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12121144.

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Anisotropic gold nanostructures have fascinated with their exceptional electronic properties, henceforth exploited for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors. However, their synthesis approaches are tedious and often require a growth template. Modern lifestyle has caused an upsurge in the risk of heart attack and requires urgent medical attention. Cardiac troponin I can serve as a biomarker in identification of suspected myocardial infection (heart attack). Hence the present work demonstrates the fabrication of a sensing platform developed by assimilating anisotropic gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) with anti cTnI antibody (acTnI) for the detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). The uniqueness and ease of synthesis by a template-free approach provides an extra edge for the fabrication of AuNC coated electrodes. The template-free growth of anisotropic AuNCs onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates offers high sensitivity (2.2 × 10−4 A ng−1 mL cm−2) to the developed sensor. The immunosensor was validated by spiking different concentrations of cTnI in artificial serum with negligible interference under optimized conditions. The sensor shows a wide range of detection from 0.06–100 ng/mL with an ultralow detection limit. Thus, it suggests that the template-free immunosensor can potentially be used to screen the traces of cTnI present in blood serum samples, and the AuNCs based platform holds great promise as a transduction matrix, hence it can be exploited for broader sensing applications.

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Yang, Xiupei, Zhengli Yang, Fenglin Tang, Jing Xu, Maoxue Zhang, and Martin M. F. Choi. "Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (April 25, 2019): 955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.96.

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Polydisperse water-soluble gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) protected by penicillamine have been synthesized in this work. The sequential size-selective precipitation (SSSP) technique has been applied for the size fractionation and purification of the monolayer-protected AuNCs. Through continuously adding acetone to a crude AuNC aqueous solution and controlling the volume percentage of acetone, we successfully separated the polydisperse AuNCs with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 5.4 nm into four different fractions sequentially. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows that the four fractions are well-dispersed spherical particles of diameter 3.0 ± 0.6, 2.3 ± 0.5, 1.7 ± 0.4, and 1.2 ± 0.4 nm. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggests that disulfide, excess ligands and gold(I) complexes were removed from the AuNCs fractions. These results demonstrate the considerable potential of the SSSP technique for size-based separation and purification of AuNCs, achieving not only the isolation of larger nanoclusters (NCs) from small NCs in a continuous fashion, but also for the removal of small-molecule impurities. Based on the results from the mass spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis, the average composition of the four fractions can be represented by Au38(SR)18, Au28(SR)15, Au18(SR)12, and Au11(SR)8, respectively. This indicates that the SSSP separation is mainly dependent on the core size and the ratio of Au atoms to ligands of AuNCs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has also been applied to observe the molecular dependence on the gold and sulfur chemical state of organosulfur monolayers of the fractions. The photoluminescence spectra of these AuNCs in the range of 900–790 nm was investigated at room temperature. The results show that the peak emission energy of the size-selected AuNCs undergoes a blue shift when the size is decreased, which can be attributed to the quantum confinement effect.

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Lee, Taek, Jinmyeong Kim, Inho Nam, Yeonju Lee, Ha Eun Kim, Hiesang Sohn, Seong-Eun Kim, et al. "Fabrication of Troponin I Biosensor Composed of Multi-Functional DNA Structure/Au Nanocrystal Using Electrochemical and Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Dual-Detection Method." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2019): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9071000.

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In the present study, we fabricated a dual-mode cardiac troponin I (cTnI) biosensor comprised of multi-functional DNA (MF-DNA) on Au nanocrystal (AuNC) using an electrochemical method (EC) and a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) method. To construct a cTnI bioprobe, a DNA 3 way-junction (3WJ) was prepared to introduce multi-functionality. Each DNA 3WJ arm was modified to possess a recognition region (Troponin I detection aptamer), an EC-LSPR signal generation region (methylene blue: MB), and an anchoring region (Thiol group), respectively. After an annealing step, the multi-functional DNA 3WJ was assembled, and its configuration was confirmed by Native-TBM PAGE for subsequent use in biosensor construction. cTnI was also expressed and purified for use in biosensor experiments. To construct an EC-LSPR dual-mode biosensor, AuNCs were prepared on an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) substrate using an electrodeposition method. The prepared multi-functional (MF)-DNA was then immobilized onto AuNCs by covalent bonding. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze the surface morphology. LSPR and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments were performed to confirm the binding between the target and the bioprobe. The results indicated that cTnI could be effectively detected in the buffer solution and in diluted-human serum. Based on the results of these experiments, the loss on drying (LOD) was determined to be 1.0 pM in HEPES solution and 1.0 pM in 10% diluted human serum. Additionally, the selectivity assay was successfully tested using a number of different proteins. Taken together, the results of our study indicate that the proposed dual-mode biosensor is applicable for use in field-ready cTnI diagnosis systems for emergency situations.

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Zhuang, Quan-Quan, Rui-Ting Chen, Yi-Jing Zheng, Kai-Yuan Huang, Hua-Ping Peng, Zhen Lin, Xing-Hua Xia, Wei Chen, and Hao-Hua Deng. "Detection of tetanus toxoid with fluorescent tetanus human IgG-AuNC–based immunochromatography test strip." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 177 (April 2021): 112977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.112977.

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Vinotha Alex, A., N. Chandrasekaran, and Amitava Mukherjee. "Novel enzymatic synthesis of core/shell AgNP/AuNC bimetallic nanostructure and its catalytic applications." Journal of Molecular Liquids 301 (March 2020): 112463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112463.

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31

Ding, Caifeng, Yujuan Xu, Yanan Zhao, Hua Zhong, and Xiliang Luo. "Fabrication of BSA@AuNC-Based Nanostructures for Cell Fluoresce Imaging and Target Drug Delivery." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 10 (February 19, 2018): 8947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b18493.

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Gross, Michael, William DeJong, Derek Lamb, Tammy Enos, Theresa Mason, and Elissa Weitzman. "“Drugs and AIDS—Reaching for Help”: A Videotape on AIDS and Drug Abuse Prevention for Criminal Justice Populations." Journal of Drug Education 24, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/aunc-ecq3-xt7p-u427.

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This article describes the development of a videotape targeted at persons under supervision of the criminal justice system. The videotape seeks to encourage those who use illicit drugs to enter drug treatment and to motivate those at risk for exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to alter behaviors that may transmit infection. The criminal justice system presents an important opportunity to deliver such messages, particularly to a large population of persons briefly detained in a jail or lockup and released without subsequent incarceration. Evidence suggests that, even in this audience, knowledge of how to prevent exposure to HIV is widespread, yet those at risk often fail to take appropriate precautions: motivating behavior change demands more than imparting information. In order to shape this videotape, we analyzed the target audience and developed a drama-based approach that applies the framework of social learning theory, the health belief model, and principles of social marketing. This article describes the integration of that theoretical framework into the production process, content, and strategy of the videotape.

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Feng, Ruiqin, Ye Fan, Yun Fang, and Yongmei Xia. "Morphological Effects of Au Nanoparticles on Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Nitrite Detection." Molecules 28, no. 13 (June 23, 2023): 4934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134934.

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Au nanoparticles were synthesized in a soft template of pseudo-polyanions composed of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) by the in situ reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with PVP. The particle sizes and morphologies of the Au nanoparticles were regulated with concentrations of PVP or SDS at room temperature. Distinguished from the Au nanoparticles with various shapes, Au nanoflowers (AuNFs) with rich protrusion on the surface were obtained at the low final concentration of SDS and PVP. The typical AuNF synthesized in the PVP (50 g·L−1)–SDS (5 mmol·L−1)–HAuCl4 (0.25 mmol·L−1) solution exhibited a face-centered cubic structure dominated by a {111} crystal plane with an average equivalent particle size of 197 nm and an average protrusion height of 19 nm. Au nanoparticles with four different shapes, nanodendritic, nanoflower, 2D nanoflower, and nanoplate, were synthesized and used to modify the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to obtain Au/GCEs, which were assigned as AuND/GCE, AuNF/GCE, 2D-AuNF/GCE, and AuNP/GCE, respectively. Electrochemical sensing platforms for nitrite detection were constructed by these Au/GCEs, which presented different detection sensitivity for nitrites. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrated that the AuNF/GCE exhibited the best detection sensitivity for nitrites, and the surface area of the AuNF/GCE was 1.838 times of the bare GCE, providing a linear c(NO2−) detection range of 0.01–5.00 µmol·L−1 with a limit of detection of 0.01 µmol·L−1. In addition, the AuNF/GCE exhibited good reproducibility, stability, and high anti-interference, providing potential for application in electrochemical sensing platforms.

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Abuarqoub, Duaa, Nouf Mahmoud, Walhan Alshaer, Marwa Mohammad, Abed Alqader Ibrahim, Mairvat Al-Mrahleh, Mohammad Alnatour, Dana A. Alqudah, Ezaldeen Esawi, and Abdalla Awidi. "Biological Performance of Primary Dental Pulp Stem Cells Treated with Gold Nanoparticles." Biomedicines 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092490.

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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are one of the most stable nanoparticles that have been prevalently used as examples for biological and biomedical applications. Herein, we evaluate the effect of AuNPs on the biological processes of dental pulp stem cells derived from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). Two different shapes of PEGylated AuNPs, rods (AuNR-PEG) and spheres (AuNS-PEG), were prepared and characterized. SHED cells were treated with different concentrations of AuNR-PEG and AuNS-PEG to determine their effect on the stemness profile of stem cells (SCs), proliferation, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), for cells cultured in media containing-fetal bovine serum (FBS) and serum-free media (SFM). Our results showed that both nanoparticle shapes maintained the expression profile of MSC surface markers. Moreover, AuNS-PEG showed a stimulatory effect on the proliferation rate and lower toxicity on SHED, compared to AuNR-PEG. Higher concentrations of 0.5–0.125 nM of AuNR-PEG have been demonstrated to cause more toxicity in cells. Additionally, cells treated with AuNPs and cultured in FBS showed a higher proliferative rate and lower toxicity when compared to the SFM. For cellular uptake, both AuNS-PEG and AuNR-PEG were uptaken by treated cells efficiently. However, cells cultured in SFM media showed a higher percentage of cellular uptake. For ROS, AuNR-PEG showed a significant reduction in ROS at lower concentrations (<0.03 nM), while AuNS-PEG did not show any significant difference compared to the control untreated cells. Thus, our results give evidence about the optimum concentration and shape of AuNPs that can be used for the differentiation of stem cells into specific cell lineages in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

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Yan, Li-Li, Yi-Rong Liu, Teng Huang, Shuai Jiang, Hui Wen, Yan-Bo Gai, Wei-Jun Zhang, and Wei Huang. "Structure, stability, and electronic property of carbon-doped gold clusters AunC− (n = 1–10): A density functional theory study." Journal of Chemical Physics 139, no. 24 (December 28, 2013): 244312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4852179.

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36

Mokhtar, Hoyda Elsir, Aidi Xu, Yang Xu, Mohamed Hassan Fadlalla, and Shihua Wang. "Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody against Deoxynivalenol and Development of Immunoassays." Toxins 14, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080533.

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Fusarium toxins are the largest group of mycotoxins, which contain more than 140 known secondary metabolites of fungi. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most important compounds of this class due to its high toxicity and its potential to harm mankind and animals and a widespread contaminant of agricultural commodities, such as wheat, corn, barley, oats, bread, and biscuits. Herein, a hybridoma cell 8G2 secreting mAb against DON was produced by fusing the splenocytes with a tumor cell line Sp2/0. The obtained mAb had a high affinity (2.39 × 109 L/mol) to DON. An indirect competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ic-ELISA) showed that the linear range for DON detection was 3.125–25 μg/mL, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 18.125 μg/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.875 μg/mL. A colloidal gold nanoparticle (AuNP) with 20 nm in diameter was synthesized for on-site detection of DON within 10 min with vLOD of 20 μg/mL. To improve the limit of detection, the gold nanoflower (AuNF) with a larger size (75 nm) was used to develop the AuNF-based strip with vLOD of 6.67 μg/mL. Compared to the vLOD of a convectional AuNP-based strip, the AuNF-based strip was three times lower. Herein, three immunoassay methods (ic-ELISA and AuNP/AuNF-based strips) were successfully developed, and these methods could be applied for the DON detection in agricultural products.

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俞, 岚. "Discussion on the Definition and Unit of AUC/MIC (AUIC)." Pharmacy Information 06, no. 01 (2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/pi.2017.61003.

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38

Geng, Xiaoyuan, Chen Wu, Siying Liu, Yu Han, Liang Song, and Yun Zhang. "Fabrication optimization and application of 3D hybrid SERS substrates." RSC Advances 11, no. 50 (2021): 31400–31407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04473g.

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The SERS effect of 3D hybrid substrate composed of AuNS and AuNO can be adjusted by changing the size and location of nanoparticles in the substrate, and SERS effect of the optimized substrate was better than that prepared by single nanoparticles.

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Raja Namasivayam, S. Karthick, Gayathri Venkatachalam, and R. S. Arvind Bharani. "Immuno biocompatibility and anti-quorum sensing activities of chitosan-gum acacia gold nanocomposite (CS-GA-AuNC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug-resistant pathogen." Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 17 (September 2020): 100300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100300.

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40

Yin, Jiaqi, Yiyong Yan, Kezhuo Zhang, Hui Fu, Min Lu, Hai Zhu, Daixian Wei, Juan Peng, and Weihua Lai. "Novel Dual-Color Immunochromatographic Assay Based on Chrysanthemum-like Au@polydopamine and Colloidal Gold for Simultaneous Sensitive Detection of Paclobutrazol and Carbofuran in Fruits and Vegetables." Foods 11, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11111564.

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To ensure food safety and prevent the toxic effects of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and carbofuran (CAR) on humans, a sensitive and rapid method for the detection of PBZ and CAR in fruits and vegetables is required. Herein, a highly sensitive PBZ monoclonal antibody (PBZ mAb) and CAR monoclonal antibody (CAR mAb) with half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) at 0.77 and 0.82 ng mL−1 were prepared, respectively. We proposed a novel dual-color immunochromatographic assay (ICA) with two test lines (T1 and T2) and an independent control line (C) based on chrysanthemum-like Au@Polydopamine (AuNC@PDA) and colloidal gold (AuNPs) for the simultaneous and sensitive detection of PBZ and CAR with naked-eye detection limits of 10 and 5 μg kg−1, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) for PBZ and CAR were 0.117 and 0.087 μg kg−1 in orange, 0.109 and 0.056 μg kg−1 in grape, and 0.131 and 0.094 μg kg−1 in cabbage mustard, respectively. The average recoveries of PBZ and CAR in orange, grape, and cabbage mustard were 97.86−102.83%, with coefficients of variation from 8.94 to 11.05. The detection results of this method for 30 samples (orange, grapes, and cabbage mustard) agreed well with those of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The novel dual-color ICA was sensitive, rapid, and accurate for the simultaneous detection of PBZ and CAR in real samples.

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Karol, Michael D. "Mean residence time and the meaning of AUMC/AUC." Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 11, no. 2 (March 1990): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2510110210.

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42

Herrera, BM, MZ Cader, DA Dyment, JT Bell, GC DeLuca, CJ Willer, MR Lincoln, et al. "Multiple sclerosis susceptibility and the X chromosome." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 13, no. 7 (August 2007): 856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458507076961.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune complex trait with strong evidence for a genetic component. A female gender bias is clear but unexplained and a maternal parent-of-origin effect has been described. X-linked transmission of susceptibility has been previously proposed, based on pedigree, association and linkage studies. We genotyped 726 relative pairs including 552 affected sib-pairs for 22 X-chromosome microsatellite markers and a novel dataset of 195 aunt-uncle/niece-nephew (AUNN) affected pairs for 18 markers. Parent-of-origin effects were explored by dividing AUNN families into likely maternal and paternal trait transmission. For the sib-pair dataset we were able to establish exclusion at a λ s = 1.9 for all markers using an exclusion threshold of LOD ≤—2. Similarly for the AUNN dataset, we established exclusion at λAV = 1.9. For the combined dataset we estimate exclusion of λ = 1.6. We did not identify significant linkage in either the sib-pairs or the AUNN dataset nor when datasets were stratified for the presence/absence of the HLA-DRB1*15 allele or for paternal or maternal transmission. This comprehensive scrutiny of the X-chromosome suggests that it is unlikely to harbour an independent susceptibility locus or one which interacts with the HLA. Complex interactions including epigenetic ones, and masking by balanced polymorphisms are mechanisms not excluded by the approach taken. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13 : 856—864. http://msj.sagepub.com

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Schentag, Jerome J. "Grepafloxacin in Patients with Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis - a Question of Speed in Bacterial Killing." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 9, suppl e (1998): 16E—22E. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/407350.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral grepafloxacin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (ABECB), with particular attention to the speed of bacterial killing. This was possible because the study design incorporated daily cultures of the patients’ sputum.PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group included 76 patients (43 male, 33 female) between 23 and 81 years of age who were part of a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, dose-response study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive oral regimens of grepafloxacin - 200, 400 or 600 mg - each administered once daily for 14 days. Daily cultures and quantitative Gram stains from serial 24 h collections of sputum were used to determine the days to eradication of each strain of bacteria. Grepafloxacin plasma concentration profiles were best fit by a pharmacokinetic model with first order absorption following a lag time between administration of the dose and onset of systemic absorption. Pharmacodynamic analysis was performed for three measures of antibacterial response: probability of bacteriological cure and probability of clinical cure, and time to eradication.RESULTS: All three measures of response were strongly related to the 24 h area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) (area under the curve/minimum inhibitory concentration). At an AUIC below of 75/serum inhibiting titre (SIT) x 24 h, the percentage probability of clinical cure was 71 %; at an AUIC between 75 and 175, it was 80% (P<0.05); and, at an AUTC above 175, it was 98% (P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The speed of bacterial killing for grepafloxacin in ABECB patients was highly related to AUIC; values below 75 appear inadequate, and values greater than 175 were optimal.

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Firsov, Alexander A., Irene Y. Lubenko, Yury A. Portnoy, Stephen H. Zinner, and Sergey N. Vostrov. "Relationships of the Area under the Curve/MIC Ratio to Different Integral Endpoints of the Antimicrobial Effect: Gemifloxacin Pharmacodynamics in an In Vitro Dynamic Model." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.3.927-931.2001.

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ABSTRACT Most integral endpoints of the antimicrobial effect are determined over an arbitrarily chosen time period, such as the dosing interval (τ), regardless of the actual effect duration. Unlike the τ-related endpoints, the intensity of the antimicrobial effect (I E) does consider its duration—from time zero to the time when bacterial counts on the regrowth curve achieve the same maximal numbers as in the absence of the antimicrobial. To examine the possible impact of this fundamental difference on the relationships of the antimicrobial effect to the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to the MIC, a clinical isolate ofStaphylococcus aureus was exposed to simulated gemifloxacin pharmacokinetics over a 40-fold range of AUC/MIC ratios, from 11 to 466 h. In each run, I E and four τ-related endpoints, including the area under the time-kill curve (AUBC), the area above the curve (AAC), the area between the control growth and time-kill curves (ABBC), and the ABBC related to the area under the control growth curve (AUGC), were calculated for τ = 24 h. Unlike the I E, which displayed pseudolinear relationships with the AUC/MIC ratio; each τ-related endpoint showed a distinct saturation at potentially therapeutic AUC/MIC ratios (116 to 466 h) when the antimicrobial effect persisted longer than τ. This saturation results from the underestimation of the true effect and may be eliminated if ABBC, AAC, and AUBC (but not AUGC) are modified and determined in the same manner as the I E to consider the actual effect duration. These data suggest a marginal value of the τ-related endpoints as indices of the total antimicrobial effect. Since all of them respond to AUC/MIC ratio changes less than theI E, the latter is preferable in comparative pharmacodynamic studies.

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Bikkarolla, Santosh Kumar, Sara E. McNamee, Paul Vance, and James McLaughlin. "High-Sensitive Detection and Quantitative Analysis of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Using Gold-Nanoshell-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay Device." Biosensors 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2022): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12030182.

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Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been used as signal reporters in colorimetric lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) for decades. However, it remains a major challenge to significantly improve the detection sensitivity of traditional LFAs due to the low brightness of AuNPs. As an alternative approach, we overcome this problem by utilizing 150 nm gold nanoshells (AuNSs) that were engineered by coating low-density silica nanoparticles with a thin layer of gold. AuNSs are dark green, have 14 times larger surface area, and are approximately 35 times brighter compared to AuNPs. In this study, we used detection of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in a proof-of-concept assay. The limit of detection (LOD) with AuNS-based LFA was 0.16 µIU/mL, which is 26 times more sensitive than the conventional colorimetric LFA that utilizes AuNP as a label. The dynamic range of the calibration curve was 0.16–9.5 µIU/mL, making it possible to diagnose both hyperthyroidism (<0.5 µIU/mL) and hypothyroidism (>5 µIU/mL) using AuNS-based LFA. Thus, the developed device has a strong potential for early screening and diagnosis of diseases related to the thyroid hormone.

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Morozova, Olga, Nataliya Shevlyagina, and Vladimir Zhukhovitsky. "Abstract P-39: Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters with Immunoglobulins and Albumins." International Journal of Biomedicine 11, Suppl_1 (June 1, 2021): S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/ijbm.11.suppl_1.p39.

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Background: Multiplex biomedical assays including molecular genetic tests and immunoanalysis require multiple fluorophores with a wide excitation range and different emission spectra. In comparison with organic fluorophores and quantum dots, the metal nanoclusters (NC) consisting of a few to hundred atoms have the following advantages: small size, large Stokes shift, prolonged fluorescence lifetime and biocompatibility. Our research was aimed at construction of fluorescent AgNC with the main blood proteins and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Methods: AgNC were synthesized from AgNO3 in the presence of albumins and immunoglobulins (Ig) of different classes and origin at pH 9-11 with NaBH4 recovery. The resulting AgNC with proteins were loaded to "Formvar/Carbon 200 Mesh Copper" copper grids (Ted Pella, USA) and examined using TEM system JEM 2100 Plus (JEOL, Japan) without contrast. Fluorescence excitation/emission spectra were measured in quartz cuvette using the FluoroMax + spectrofluorometer (Horiba Scientific, Japan). Results: Recovery of Ag+ ions did not occur in the presence of IgG and albumins without NaBH4 at different temperatures, pH, and incubation time. Broad excitation spectra of AgNC were in a range 340-540 nm. Their emission spectra correlated with the original AgNO3 concentration and did not depend on protein and pH. NC stabilized with IgG or albumin with blue fluorescence and emission maximum at 420 nm contained NC from 0.6 nm and higher. Green AgNC with proteins had bright fluorescence at 430-470 nm and red NC showed emission maximum at 650 nm. TEM revealed discrete AgNC and their numerous aggregates in each sample of fluorescent NC in spite of different fluorescent emission spectra. According to the MTT test, AgNC with human IgG and BSA with protein concentrations up to 3 mg/ml were not toxic for human larynx carcinoma HEp-2 cells despite cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles covered with IgG or albumin envelopes as well as Cd and AuNC with BSA. Conclusion: AgNC with antibodies and albumin with a broad size range and aggregation possess tunable fluorescence emission spectra with broad excitation at 340-540 nm. Different emission spectra permit AgNC to be used in multiplex assays. AgNC were not toxic for human tissue culture and may be applied for bioimaging.

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Zieglera, J., G. Dietrichb, S. Krückeberga, K. Lützenkirchenb, L. Schweikharda, and C. Waltherb. "Multicollision-induced dissociation of multiply charged gold clusters, Aun2+, n = 7–35, and Aun3+, n = 19–35." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 202, no. 1-3 (October 2000): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-3806(00)00207-4.

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48

Safina, Ingrid, Zeid A. Nima Al Sudani, Ahmed Hashoosh, Emilie Darrigues, Fumiya Watanabe, Alexandru S. Biris, Ruud P. M. Dings, and Kieng Bao Vang. "Gold nanorods enhance different immune cells and allow for efficient targeting of CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregulatory cells." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e0241882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241882.

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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) hold great promise in nanomedicine, yet their successful clinical translation has not been realized. Some challenges include effective AuNP targeting and delivery to improve modulation of immune cells of interest while limiting potential adverse effects. In order to overcome these challenges, we must fully understand how AuNPs impact different immune cell subsets, particularly within the dendritic cell and T cell compartments. Herein, we show that polyethylene glycol coated (PEG) gold nanorods (AuNRs) and PEG AuNRs covered with a thin layer of silver (AuNR/Ag) may enhance the immune response towards immune suppression or activation. We also studied the ability to enhance CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs in vitro using AuNRs functionalized with interleukin 2 (IL2), a cytokine that is important in Treg development and homeostasis. Our results indicate that AuNRs enhance different immune cells and that NP composition matters in immune targeting. This knowledge will help us understand how to better design AuNRs to target and enhance the immune system.

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Cheung, Belinda W. Y., Linda L. Cartier, Henry Q. Russlie, and Ronald J. Sawchuk. "The application of sample pooling methods for determining AUC, AUMC and mean residence times in pharmacokinetic studies." Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 19, no. 3 (June 2005): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00329.x.

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50

Dey, Priyanka, Verena Baumann, and Jessica Rodríguez-Fernández. "Gold Nanorod Assemblies: The Roles of Hot-Spot Positioning and Anisotropy in Plasmon Coupling and SERS." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050942.

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Plasmon-coupled colloidal nanoassemblies with carefully sculpted “hot-spots” and intense surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are in high demand as photostable and sensitive plasmonic nano-, bio-, and chemosensors. When maximizing SERS signals, it is particularly challenging to control the hot-spot density, precisely position the hot-spots to intensify the plasmon coupling, and introduce the SERS molecule in those intense hot-spots. Here, we investigated the importance of these factors in nanoassemblies made of a gold nanorod (AuNR) core and spherical nanoparticle (AuNP) satellites with ssDNA oligomer linkers. Hot-spot positioning at the NR tips was made possible by selectively burying the ssDNA in the lateral facets via controlled Ag overgrowth while retaining their hybridization and assembly potential at the tips. This strategy, with slight alterations, allowed us to form nanoassemblies that only contained satellites at the NR tips, i.e., directional anisotropic nanoassemblies; or satellites randomly positioned around the NR, i.e., nondirectional nanoassemblies. Directional nanoassemblies featured strong plasmon coupling as compared to nondirectional ones, as a result of strategically placing the hot-spots at the most intense electric field position of the AuNR, i.e., retaining the inherent plasmon anisotropy. Furthermore, as the dsDNA was located in these anisotropic hot-spots, this allowed for the tag-free detection down to ~10 dsDNA and a dramatic SERS enhancement of ~1.6 × 108 for the SERS tag SYBR gold, which specifically intercalates into the dsDNA. This dramatic SERS performance was made possible by manipulating the anisotropy of the nanoassemblies, which allowed us to emphasize the critical role of hot-spot positioning and SERS molecule positioning in nanoassemblies.

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