Статті в журналах: "Auditory ossicle"

1

Reck, Rolf, Heinz Broemer, and Klaüs‐Konrad Deutscher. "Auditory ossicle prosthesis." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, no. 4 (April 1985): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.391984.

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2

SEKI, HIROYUKI. "Resonance measurement of auditory ossicle." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 40, no. 5 (1997): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.40.619.

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3

TAKAGI, Akira, Iwao HONJO, Akihiko FUJITA, Hajime NAKAMURA, and Juichi ITO. "Allogenic Auditory Ossicle in Tympanoplasty." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 87, no. 2 (1994): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.87.207.

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4

Chang, C. Y. Joseph. "Ossicle Coupling Active Implantable Auditory Devices." Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 52, no. 2 (April 2019): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2018.11.014.

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5

Tadaki, Tohru, Ryosuke Kamiyama, Hiro-Oki Okamura, and Iwao Ohtani. "Anomalies of the auditory organ in trisomy 18 syndrome: human temporal bone histopathological study." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 117, no. 7 (July 2003): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002221503322113094.

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The purpose of this study was to define the histopathological changes in the temporal bone of a fetus with trisomy 18 syndrome, a stillborn due to perosplanchnia. Several anomalies were found including malformation of the auditory ossicles, residual mesenchyme in the middle ear, aberrant tensor tympani muscle, absence of stapedial tendon, aberrant lateral ampullary nerve and wide endolymphatic sinus. The incus body was deformed and separated from the long process by connective tissue and monocrural stapes was noted in the right ear. Three-dimensional reconstruction images provided a clear view of the auditory ossicle malformation. The abnormal findings in our case indicate that ear anomalies in this syndrome might be derived from the component around the first and second branchial arches.

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6

Okano, Takayuki, Michitaka Iwanaga, Hiroshi Yonamine, Manabu Minoyarna, Yasushi Kakinoki, Chikako Tahara, and Masahiro Tanabe. "Congenital Auditory Ossicle Malformation without External Ear Abnormality." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 106, no. 3 (2003): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.106.199.

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7

Broemer, Heinz. "Auditory ossicle prosthesis and process for its manufacture." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 81, no. 5 (May 1987): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.395067.

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8

Gupta, Manish, Sunder Singh, and Monica Gupta. "Traumatic Ossicle Extrusion into the External Auditory Canal." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 92, no. 6 (June 2013): E21—E23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556131309200616.

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9

WADA, Hiroshi, Toshimitsu KOBAYASHI, and Tetsuro METOKI. "Optimal design of columella-type ceramic artificial auditory ossicle. Determination of ossicle configuration by theoretical analysis." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 56, no. 526 (1990): 1435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.56.1435.

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10

NAKAMURA, KOSHIRO. "Analysis of the auditory ossicle vibration by laser doppler." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 32, no. 5 (1989): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.32.473.

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11

FURUKAWA, Yuta, and Kenichiro IMAI. "Evaluation of vibration characteristics for an auditory ossicle model." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2017 (2017): G0200105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2017.g0200105.

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12

Sziklai, István, and Ottó Ribári. "Flavonoids Alter Bone-remodelling in Auditory Ossicle Organ Cultures." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 115, no. 2 (January 1995): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489509139313.

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13

ASE, YUJI. "Tympanic membrane impedance and tympanogram in auditory ossicle chain anomaly." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 29, no. 5 (1986): 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.29.667.

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14

Cui, Peng-Cheng, Katsuichiro Ohsaki, Kunio Ii, Satoru Tenshin, and Terushige Kawata. "Subcutaneous tissue reaction to synthetic auditory ossicle (Apaceram®) in rats." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 109, no. 1 (January 1995): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100129135.

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AbstractA study was carried out in order to obtain further information about the soft tissue response to thin Apaceram® discs of dense hydroxyapatite (HA) implanted in rats for various periods of time between one day and 10 months. The Apaceram® discs were implanted subcutaneously into the interscapular region of 33 rats. A sham operation was performed on eight rats used as controls. Decalcified histological sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Mallory's azan were examined and the different cell types found around the implants were counted. It was found that an acute inflammatory reaction occurred after one day and disappeared at about two weeks after implantation. In the test groups, macrophages and lymphocytes disappeared about one week later, and no inflammatory reaction was observed from one to three months. However, a tissue reaction occurred at six months with the appearance of macrophages and lymphocytes, and decreased gradually at 10 months. Meanwhile, a few foreign body giant cells at the Apaceram®-tissue interface and a thick layer of fibrous connective tissue around the Apaceram® disc were observed at 10 months. No osteogenesis was observed in any specimen. The results obtained so far suggest that Apaceram® is still a useful material for reconstructive surgery, despite the possible appearance of a slight macrophage reaction at six months.

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15

Ohsaki, Katsuichiro, Akira Shibata, Kunio, Qing Ye, Shinsuke Yamashita, and Yasuhiko Yamashita. "Long-term observation of surface structure of synthetic auditory ossicle (Apaceram)." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 121, no. 2_suppl (August 1999): P78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(99)80086-2.

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16

Qing Ye, Katsuichiro Ohsaki, Kunio. "Subcutaneous Inflammatory Reaction to a Synthetic Auditory Ossicle (Bioceram®) in Rats." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 119, no. 1 (January 1999): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016489950181990.

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17

Tohno, Yoshiyuki, Setsuko Tohno, Masako Utsumi, Takeshi Minami, Masayo Ichii, Yuko Okazaki, Fumio Nishiwaki, et al. "Age-independent constancy of mineral contents in human vertebra and auditory ossicle." Biological Trace Element Research 59, no. 1-3 (December 1997): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02783242.

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18

Kojima, Hiromi, Kazuhiro Aoki, Hidemi Miyazaki, and Hiroshi Moriyama. "Pathophysiology and Treatment Results of Auditory Ossicle Damage due to Earpick-induced Trauma." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 102, no. 3 (1999): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.102.339.

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19

Ren, Wu, Huijuan Yan, Yi Yu, Jinghong Ren, Jinlong Chang, Yidong Wang, and Yibo Han. "Study on the Prosthesis Structural Design and Vibration Characteristics Based on the Conduction Effect of Human Middle Ear." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2020 (May 21, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4250265.

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As a bridge from the sound signal in the air to the sound perception of the inner ear auditory receptor, the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain of the middle ear transform the sound signal in the outer ear through two gas-solid and solid-liquid conversions. In addition, through the lever principle formed by three auditory ossicle structure, the sound was concentrated and amplified to the inner ear. However, the sound transmission function of the middle ear will be decreased by disease, genetic, or trauma. Hence, using middle ear prosthesis to replace the damaged ossicles can restore the conduction function. The function realization of middle ear prosthesis depends on the vibration response of the prosthesis from the tympanic membrane to the stapes plate on the human auditory perception frequency, which is affected by the way the prosthesis combined with the tympanic membrane, the material, and the geometric shape. In this study, reasonable prosthetic structures had been designed for different types of ossicular chain injuries, and the frequency response characteristics were analyzed by the finite element method then. Moreover, in order to achieve better vibration frequency response, a ball structure was designed in the prosthesis to simulate its amplification function. The results showed that the middle ear prostheses constructed by different injury types can effectively transfer vibration energy. In particular, the first- and second-order resonant frequencies and response amplitudes are close to each other when ball structure models of different materials are added. Instead, the resonance frequency of the third stage formed by aluminum alloy ball materials is larger than that of the other two, which showed good response features.

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20

Gautam, R., J. Kumar, G. S. Pradhan, J. C. Passey, R. Meher, and A. Mehndiratta. "High-resolution computed tomography evaluation of congenital aural atresia – how useful is this?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 134, no. 7 (July 2020): 610–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221512000136x.

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AbstractObjectiveTo depict various temporal bone abnormalities on high-resolution computed tomography in congenital aural atresia patients, and correlate these findings with auditory function test results and microtia subgroup.MethodsForty patients (56 ears) with congenital malformation of the auricle and/or external auditory canal were evaluated. Auricles were graded according to Marx's classification, divided into subgroups of minor (grades I and II) and major (III and IV) microtia. Other associated anomalies of the external auditory canal, tympanic cavity, ossicular status, oval and round windows, facial nerve, and inner ear were evaluated.ResultsMinor and major microtia were observed in 53.6 and 46.4 per cent of ears respectively. Mean hearing levels were 62.47 and 62.37 dB respectively (p = 0.98). The malleus was the most commonly dysplastic ossicle (73.3 vs 80.8 per cent of ears respectively, p = 0.53). Facial nerve (mastoid segment) abnormalities were associated (p = 0.04) with microtia subgroup (80 vs 100 per cent in minor vs major subgroups).ConclusionMicrotia grade was not significantly associated with mean hearing levels or other ear malformations, except for external auditory canal and facial nerve (mastoid segment) anomalies. High-resolution computed tomography is essential in congenital aural atresia, before management strategy is decided.

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21

Seki, Morihiro, Hiroe Miyasaka, Hideo Edamatsu, and Kensuke Watanabe. "Changes in Permeability of Strial Vessels following Vibration Given to Auditory Ossicle by Drill." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 110, no. 2 (February 2001): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940111000206.

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22

Yao, Wen Juan, and Bo Te Luo. "Study on Mechanics Behavior of Human Ear Sound Transmission Based on Nonlinear Constitutive Relation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 432 (September 2013): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.432.381.

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Based on the normal CT scan image of human right ear, numerical model has been established combined with self-compiling program. The nonlinear constitutive relation of real middle ear material has been included, and sound - solid and liquid - solid coupling method have been adopted to simulate the sound transmission process from external auditory canal to tympanic membrane, auditory ossicle chain, and eventually to the inner ear. Frequency response and sound transmission behavior has been obtained, and numerical calculation results have been verified by comparing the calculation results with the experimental data. The amplitude, vibration velocity, and stress distribution of middle ear have been analyzed by the model, and the most easy damage part of the tympanic membrane and ossicular chains owing to stress concentration have been obtained in sound transmission of middle ear, which exposes the inner relationship between mechanical behavior of middle ear and pathological changes.

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23

Kojima, Hiromi, Hidemi Miyazaki, Yasuhiro Tanaka, and Hiroshi Moriyama. "72 Cases of the Auditory Ossicle Malformations but with Normal Findings in the Tympanic Membrane." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 101, no. 12 (1998): 1373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.101.12_1373.

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24

Li, Dong-Jun, Katsuichiro Ohsaki, Kunio Ii, Qing Ye, Yoko Nobuto, Satoru Tenshin, and Teruko Takano-Yamamoto. "Long-term observation of subcutaneous tissue reaction to synthetic auditory ossicle (Apaceram®) in rats." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 111, no. 8 (August 1997): 702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100138411.

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AbstractThe present study evaluates histological characteristics of the soft tissue response to long-term implantation of Apaceram™ discs composed of dense hydroxyapatite in rats. Discs were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of 76 rats for six to 20 months. Decalcified histological sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Mallory's azan were examined. Different cell types surrounding implants were counted. The greatest proportion of macrophages was found at six months (13.5 per cent). This proportion gradually decreased to four per cent at 20 months. Small numbers of lymphocytes and foreign body giant cells were observed in every group, but neither neutrophils nor osteogenesis were observed in any specimens. Results of the present study and previous related studies indicate that despite reappearance of a small number of macrophages six months after implantation, Apaceram™ is useful for reconstructive surgery.

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25

Crevecoeur, I. "New discovery of an Upper Paleolithic auditory ossicle: The right malleus of Nazlet Khater 2." Journal of Human Evolution 52, no. 3 (March 2007): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.11.004.

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26

Kato, M., K. Akahane, and K. Shimoda. "Lack of chondrotoxicity of ofloxacin otic solution on the auditory ossicle cartilages of juvenile guinea pigs." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 39, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/39.2.269.

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27

OKUMURA, Keisuke, Tomohiro ITO, Atsuhiko SHINTANI, and Chihiro NAKAGAWA. "1119 Basic Study on Vibration Characteristics of External and Middle Ears Considering Pry of Auditory Ossicle." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2012.87 (2012): _11–19_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2012.87._11-19_.

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28

SAWAKI, MASAYUKI. "A role of auditory ossicle node reflection in double sound suppression using e-OAE as a parameter." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 33, no. 5 (1990): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.33.509.

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29

YANAGIHARA, NAOAKI, HIROSHI ARITOMO, KIYOFUMI GYO, JUN-ICHI SUZUKI, and KAZUYUKI KODERA. "Assessment of pure tone hearing induced by direct oscillation of auditory ossicle using piezoelectric ceramic bimorph vibrator." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 90, no. 8 (1987): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.90.1217.

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30

Hollinger, A., A. Christe, M. J. Thali, B. P. Kneubuehl, L. Oesterhelweg, S. Ross, D. Spendlove, and S. A. Bolliger. "Incidence of auditory ossicle luxation and petrous bone fractures detected in post-mortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT)." Forensic Science International 183, no. 1-3 (January 2009): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.10.011.

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31

Paterson, J. A., and E. W. Hosea. "Auditory behaviour and brainstem histochemistry in adult rats with characterized ear damage after neonatal ossicle ablation or cochlear disruption." Behavioural Brain Research 53, no. 1-2 (February 1993): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80267-0.

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32

Xue, Hong Mei, and Yu Wang. "Research on dynamic characteristics of spiral basilar membrane after replacing artificial auditory ossicle based on the reconstructed human ear model." Journal of Vibroengineering 19, no. 8 (December 31, 2017): 6390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/jve.2017.18018.

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33

Li, Cheng-hua, Xiao-ping Jiang, Hao Ding, Jing Sun, and Jie-di Sun. "Influence of different materials for artificial auditory ossicle on the dynamic characteristics of human ear and research on hearing recovery." Journal of Vibroengineering 19, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 2995–3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/jve.2017.18026.

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34

Potashner, S. J., S. K. Suneja, and C. G. Benson. "Regulation ofd-Aspartate Release and Uptake in Adult Brain Stem Auditory Nuclei after Unilateral Middle Ear Ossicle Removal and Cochlear Ablation." Experimental Neurology 148, no. 1 (November 1997): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1997.6641.

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35

Hashimoto, Kazuya, Morihiro Seki, Hiroe Miyasaka, and Kensuke Watanabe. "Effect of Steroids on Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels of the Stria Vascularis after Auditory Ossicle Vibration by a Drill in Otologic Surgery." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 115, no. 10 (October 2006): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940611501010.

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36

Aharinejad, S., K. Grossschmidt, P. Franz, J. Streicher, F. Nourani, C. A. Mackay, W. Firbas, H. Plenk, and S. C. Marks. "Auditory Ossicle Abnormalities and Hearing Loss in the Toothless (Osteopetrotic) Mutation in the Rat and Their Improvement After Treatment with Colony-Stimulating Factor-1." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 14, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.3.415.

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37

Suneja, S. K., S. J. Potashner, and C. G. Benson. "Plastic Changes in Glycine and GABA Release and Uptake in Adult Brain Stem Auditory Nuclei after Unilateral Middle Ear Ossicle Removal and Cochlear Ablation." Experimental Neurology 151, no. 2 (June 1998): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1998.6812.

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38

Kurz, Heinz. "Auditory ossicles prosthesis." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 4 (October 1992): 2282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.405160.

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39

Wiatr, Agnieszka, Jacek Składzień, and Maciej Wiatr. "Auditory ossicles in ScanningElectron Microscopy." Otolaryngologia Polska 74, no. 4 (May 13, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1373.

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Introduction: Knowledge about the physiology of a healthy middle ear is essential for understanding the activity and mechanics of the ear as well as the basics of ossiculoplasty. Trauma of the epithelial lining of the tympanic cavity as well as the ossicular chain may be the result of chronic inflammation and surgery. Depending on the observed changes of the middle ear lining, there are several types of distinguished chronic inflammatory changes: simple, with cholesteatoma, with the formation of inflammatory granulation tissue, in course of specific diseases. Purpose: The aim of the article is presentation of the microstructure and vasculature of the ossicular chain in the Scanning Electron Microscope. Particular attention is drawn to the anatomical aspects of the structure and connections of auditory ossicles as vital elements for reconstruction of the conduction system of the middle ear. Material and method: The analysis covered auditory ossicles standardly removed in accordance with the methodology of the investigated surgical procedures. The preparations were evaluated in a scanning electron microscope. Results: The exposure of bone surface promotes deep erosion. The advanced process of destruction of bone surface in the case of chronic otitis media correlates with a significant degree of damage to both the lining covering the auditory ossicles and that surrounding articular surfaces. Conclusions: (1) The ossicles in the image of the Scanning Electron Microscope are covered with lining. It passes from the surface of the ossicles to the vascular bundles, forming vascular sheaths; (2) Damage to lining continuity on the surface of the auditory ossicles promotes the rapid destruction of bone tissue in the inflammatory process; (3) The dimensions of the individual ossicles are respectively: malleus – 8.36 +/- 0.01, incus – 8.14 +/- 0.0, stapes – 3.23 +/- 0.01 mm. Behavior of the anatomical length of ossicular chain during tympanoplasty appears to be essential to maintaining adequate vibration amplitude of the conductive system of the middle ear.

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40

Tubelli, Andrew A., Aleks Zosuls, Darlene R. Ketten, and David C. Mountain. "Elastic Modulus of Cetacean Auditory Ossicles." Anatomical Record 297, no. 5 (February 13, 2014): 892–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.22896.

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41

Sarrat, R., A. Torres, A. G. Guzman, F. Lostalé, and J. Whyte. "Functional Structure of Human Auditory Ossicles." Cells Tissues Organs 144, no. 3 (1992): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147306.

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42

ARII, Shiro, Kensaku HASEGAWA, Yasuomi KUNIMOTO, Hideyuki KATAOKA, Hiroaki YAZAMA, Junko KUYA, and Hiroya KITANO. "Analysis of Human Auditory Ossicles Vibration." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2016 (2016): J2320104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2016.j2320104.

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43

Preetha, Divya Meenu, Yuva Balakumaran, and Pravitha. "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma." International Journal of Current Research and Review 14, no. 06 (2022): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2022.14612.

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Introduction: Cholesteatomas are lesions that develop in pneumatized areas of the temporal bone, such as the middle ear and mastoid, or both, and are extremely rarely detected in the external auditory canal. Because it has benefits over CT, diffusion weighted imaging MRI (DWI-MRI) can be a useful technique in the identification of cholesteatoma. Image distortion and artefacts are less visible with non-echo planar imaging DWI techniques than with other DWI techniques. Aims and Objectives: 1) To assess the usefulness of HRCT scan in Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) with cholesteatoma in depicting the status of the middle ear structures. 2) To correlate HRCT findings of temporal bone with surgical findings in Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) with cholesteatoma with respect to the following parameters: Presence or absence of cholesteatoma, Extent of cholesteatoma, Status of ossicular chain, Integrity of the facial canal, Detection of erosions or dehisence in the bony labyrinth, and Detection of erosions or dehisence in the dural or sinus plates. 3) Comparison with Non Echo planar imaging diffusion weighted for presence or absence of cholesteatoma. 4) 3D FIESTA Magnetic resonance imaging with 3D reconstruction of membranous vestibule and cochlea for better delineating associated complications. Materials and Methods: Total 40 patients of clinically suspected CSOM with cholestaetoma were enrolled for this study. All patients were scanned using a non-contrast High-resolution computed tomography technique and MRI. HRCT findings were noted according to the proforma. MRI DWI was recorded as either positive or negative for cholesteatoma & directly correlated with post-surgical presence or absence of cholesteatoma.3D FIESTA for detection of membranous labyrinthine erosion/defect was correlated with surgical findings of bony labyrinthine erosions. Results: Cholesteatoma was shown to be common in the third decade of life in our study. The most often implicated middle ear structures in our investigation were the epitympanum, aditus, and antrum. The most often eroded ossicle is the stapes, followed by the incus. The tympanic section of the facial canal is the most often affected segment, while the posterior semicircular canal is the most commonly degraded of the bony labyrinth structures. Conclusion: HRCT temporal bone, in combination with non-echoplanar DWI MRI and 3D Fiesta, can help with accurate diagnosis and pre-operative assessment of cholesteatoma.

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44

Schmidt, Felix N., Maximilian M. Delsmann, Kathrin Mletzko, Timur A. Yorgan, Michael Hahn, Ursula Siebert, Björn Busse, Ralf Oheim, Michael Amling, and Tim Rolvien. "Ultra-high matrix mineralization of sperm whale auditory ossicles facilitates high sound pressure and high-frequency underwater hearing." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 12, 2018): 20181820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1820.

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The auditory ossicles—malleus, incus and stapes—are the smallest bones in mammalian bodies and enable stable sound transmission to the inner ear. Sperm whales are one of the deepest diving aquatic mammals that produce and perceive sounds with extreme loudness greater than 180 dB and frequencies higher than 30 kHz. Therefore, it is of major interest to decipher the microstructural basis for these unparalleled hearing abilities. Using a suite of high-resolution imaging techniques, we reveal that auditory ossicles of sperm whales are highly functional, featuring an ultra-high matrix mineralization that is higher than their teeth. On a micro-morphological and cellular level, this was associated with osteonal structures and osteocyte lacunar occlusions through calcified nanospherites (i.e. micropetrosis), while the bones were characterized by a higher hardness compared to a vertebral bone of the same animals as well as to human auditory ossicles. We propose that the ultra-high mineralization facilitates the unique hearing ability of sperm whales. High matrix mineralization represents an evolutionary conserved or convergent adaptation to middle ear sound transmission.

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Cordas, Emily A., Lily Ng, Arturo Hernandez, Masahiro Kaneshige, Sheue-Yann Cheng, and Douglas Forrest. "Thyroid Hormone Receptors Control Developmental Maturation of the Middle Ear and the Size of the Ossicular Bones." Endocrinology 153, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 1548–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1834.

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Thyroid hormone is critical for auditory development and has well-known actions in the inner ear. However, less is known of thyroid hormone functions in the middle ear, which contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that relay mechanical sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear. During the later stages of middle ear development, prior to the onset of hearing, middle ear cavitation occurs, involving clearance of mesenchyme from the middle ear cavity while the immature cartilaginous ossicles attain appropriate size and ossify. Using in situ hybridization, we detected expression of Thra and Thrb genes encoding thyroid hormone receptors α1 and β (TRα1 and TRβ, respectively) in the immature ossicles, surrounding mesenchyme and tympanic membrane in the mouse. Thra+/PV mice that express a dominant-negative TRα1 protein exhibited deafness with elevated auditory thresholds and a range of middle ear abnormalities including chronic persistence of mesenchyme in the middle ear into adulthood, markedly enlarged ossicles, and delayed ossification of the ossicles. Congenitally hypothyroid Tshr−/− mice and TR-deficient Thra1−/−;Thrb−/− mice displayed similar abnormalities. These findings demonstrate that middle ear maturation is TR dependent and suggest that the middle ear is a sensitive target for thyroid hormone in development.

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Isono, M., K. Murata, F. Ohta, A. Yoshida, and O. Ishida. "High Resolution Computed Tomography of Auditory Ossicles." Acta Radiologica 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859009173047.

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Speirs, A. D., M. A. Hotz, T. R. Oxland, R. Häusler, and L. P. Nolte. "Biomechanical properties of sterilized human auditory ossicles." Journal of Biomechanics 32, no. 5 (May 1999): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00012-3.

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48

Isono, M., K. Murata, F. Ohta, A. Yoshida, and O. Ishida. "High Resolution Computed Tomography of Auditory Ossicles." Acta Radiologica 31, no. 1 (January 1990): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859009173047.

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Isono, M., K. Murata, F. Ohta, A. Yoshida, and O. Ishida. "High Resolution Computed Tomography of Auditory Ossicles." Acta Radiologica 31, no. 1 (January 1990): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519003100105.

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ARII, Shiro, Kensaku HASEGAWA, Yasuomi KUNIMOTO, Hideyuki KATAOKA, Hiroaki YAZAMA, Junko KUYA, and Hiroya KITANO. "J2320101 Measurement of Human Auditory Ossicles Vibration." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2014 (2014): _J2320101——_J2320101—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2014._j2320101-.

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