Дисертації з теми "Attachment transfer"

This two phase study investigated the role of Educational Psychologists (EPs), in supporting school staff to transfer learning, from training about attachment and resilience into their practice. Of the various types of action research, this study focused on practical action research, using a responsive model design (Schmuck, 2006). Therefore findings from paper 1 informed the actions in paper 2. The researcher adopted a process consultancy role (Kemmis, 2007), which supported staff to identify and address concerns related to training transfer. The two papers view knowledge in terms of its usefulness for developing practice and therefore operate on the principles of a pragmatic approach. Using a mixed methods approach, the first paper and phase of the research examined the views of staff working in schools on their experiences of how training transfers to practice. In particular, paper 1 aims were to: 1) Determine if (and how) staff have changed their practice following the Multi Agency Attachment and Resilience Group (MAARG) training. 2) Identify what the supporting factors and barriers are perceived to be relevant to implementing or transferring the knowledge gained from the MAARG training, in their daily practice with children and young people. Key findings showed workplace factors such as communication and staff support, to influence staff’s experiences of training transfer. Barriers to implementation were also identified by staff (e.g. time constraints). These findings informed the second phase of the research, where staff were supported to develop capacity, and plan and implement actions to facilitate change. A case study approach was used to develop and evaluate a group intervention for school staff in two schools. This phase had three main aims: 1) To develop a programme which would further support staff to apply relevant knowledge learnt through training, to solve real life problems in their work. 2) To evaluate the processes of the programme of support, in terms of the fidelity of implementation, knowledge use, staff engagement and method acceptability (i.e. the 7 degree to which staff perceive the structure and processes of the programme to be suitable). 3) To evaluate the effectiveness of the programme of support, in terms of immediate outcomes. Process and outcome evaluations were carried out using a mixed methods approach. Key findings showed staff benefited from the intervention programme. The structured group consultation process enabled staff to work efficiently, share responsibilities whilst problem solving, and agree and implement actions with colleagues. Staff applied practical and experiential knowledge when solving problems, with little explicit links to training or research knowledge. Both papers reflect on the role of EPs within the contexts of training implementation. Sections 4 and 5 draw on the findings from both papers, and discuss implications for EP practice.

The purpose of this study was to examine how the social services are applying the sections of the law concerning custody transfer within foster care. More specifically the aim was to find out what circumstances are underlying the social services decision to go through with a custody transfer within the foster care, and to find out which difficulties and possibilities the law offers when it comes to this process. The study was based on interviews with six respondents, within the social services, who have great experiences working with these issues. The study concluded that there are several factors which affects the decision whether to implement at custody transfer or not, and some of these are the child’s attachment, the child’s fundamental needs and consent from the involving parties in the case. The study also concluded that some of the difficulties with the process involve a contradictory law and the lack of support to the child´s new family after the custody transfer has been implemented.  Some of the positive aspects with custody transfer within the foster care, that the study showed, includes that the child get to live with the family the child regards as his or her own, and a reduced amount of concern and stress, to the benefit of a more stable and safe environment. The analysis was based on two different perspectives: the attachment theory and Maslow´s theory on the hierarchy of the human´s needs

Bakgrund: Neonatalvården i Sverige är organiserad så att nyfödda barn i behov av intensivvård vårdas en tid på regionsjukhus innan de flyttas till hemsjukhuset för fortsatt vård. Tidigare studier har visat att flytten till hemsjukhuset är en stor och påfrestande händelse för föräldrar som befinner sig i anknytningsprocessen och därför behövs ny kunskap för att förbättra rutinerna och omhändertagandet av föräldrar i samband med återtransport. Syfte: Att undersöka föräldrars erfarenheter i samband med förflyttning av barnet från neonatal intensivvårdsavdelning på regionsjukhus till hemsjukhusets neonatalavdelning. Metod: För att genomföra studien valdes en deskriptiv och kvalitativ design. Resultat: Analysen av föräldrarnas berättelser resulterade i tre olika kategorier att lämna tryggheten, att möta det nya och likheter och skillnader. Resultatet visade att föräldrarna upplevde svårigheter med att lämna tryggheten på regionsjukhuset. De kände oro för flytten till hemsjukhuset och upplevde brist på förberedelser och information. Återtransporten kom ofta oväntat och föräldrarna upplevde många gånger att barnet tvingats att lämna regionsjukhuset för tidigt. Att föräldrar och barn separerades under transporten innebar en stor känslomässig påfrestning. Skillnader i rutiner skapade oro och vissa föräldrar upplevde att hemsjukhusens lokaler och kompetensen hos personalen var sämre. Slutsats: Omhändertagandet av familjer kan förbättras avseende förberedelser och kommunikation, rutiner och likvärdig vård. Rutiner för förberedelse och kommunikation behöver utvecklas för att flytten till hemsjukhuset skall bli så positiv som möjligt för familjen och minimera störningar i anknytningsprocessen. Gemensamma vårdrutiner skulle underlätta anpassningen för föräldrar och lokaler och kompetens behöver anpassas till den verksamhet som bedrivs för att garantera likvärdig vård i olika delar av landet.
Background: In Swedish neonatal care newborns in need of intensive care are transferred to specialized regional hospitals and when the infants’ condition has stabilized they are relocated to community hospitals for convalescent care. Previous studies have shown that moving from one hospital to another is a significant and stressful event for parents during the attachment process. In order to improve routines regarding the care of parents when their infants are transferred, further research is needed.  Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate parents’ experiences of their infants’ transfer from the intensive care unit at the regional center to the neonatal unit at the community hospital. Method: The study was performed in a descriptive and qualitative design. Findings: The analysis resulted in three different categories to leave the safe zone, to face the new and similarities and differences. The result shows that parents find it difficult to leave the safe environment of the intensive care unit. They were worried about going to the community hospital and they sensed a lack of preparations and information. The transfer often occurred unexpectedly and parents felt that their child was forced to leave the intensive care unit too early. During transport, the child was separated from the parents, which was perceived as emotionally stressful. Differences in routines created anxiety and some of the parents felt that the community hospitals did not possess the right premises and competence of staff. Conclusion: Improvements can be made regarding preparations and communication, routines and equal care. There is a need to further develop communication and routines regarding transfers within the Swedish neonatal care system in order to create a more positive experience for parents and minimize the impact on the attachment process. Standardized routines would facilitate the adaption for parents and all neonatal care units need to have adequate facilities and staff to guarantee equal health care in various parts of the country.

Uppsatsen handlar om tre verksamhetschefers och en behandlingsassistents uppfattningar om hur ungdomar som vistas på Hem för vård och boende (HVB)- eller Statens Institutionsstyrelse –hem (SiS, som kan använda låsbara avdelningar), påverkas av de omplaceringar som sker när ungdomen flyttar från SiS till HVB. I den här studien fokuserar vi på en specifik del i behandlingen, som kan påverka ungdomar som är vårdplacerade – omplaceringar mellan vårdboenden. Vi undersöker bland annat hur dessa omplaceringar går till/skulle kunna gå till, samt vilka anledningar som kan tänkas vara bakgrunden till att en ungdom omplaceras. Som underlag för vår studie har vi utöver litteratur och forskning inom området, genomfört fyra intervjuer med personal från HVB och SiS boenden. Vi använder anknytningsteorin och Sense of coherence modellen som teoretisk referensram. Resultatet visar att det finns brister gällande omplaceringar. Samtliga informanter önskade mer tid till förberedelserna i arbetet med ungdomen som ska flytta in. Ett önskemål vore att det från beslut till inflyttning skulle ta 3-6 månader, då det ger möjlighet för personalen på det nya boendet att besöka ungdomen och börja knyta band redan innan flytten ska genomföras. Slutsatsen blir att omplaceringen spelar roll för ungdomens behandling och vistelse på boendet. Samtidigt är det oroväckande att det saknas tydliga riktlinjer för hur dessa omplaceringar ska ske. Om mer resurser och tydligare riktlinjer kring omplaceringar gavs, kan det minska det antal omplaceringar där ungdomen tvingas flytta tillbaka till SiS. Idag får ungefär var fjärde ungdom flytta tillbaka igen.
This paper investigates the perspective of managers' and processing staffs concerning young people living on a Home for care or living(HVB)- or Institutional board of the states- home (SiS - they can use lockable departments), and how they think youths are affected by the transfer between SiS and HVB. This study focus on factors that can affect young people's health - replacing youths between different nursing homes. The paper investigates how these replacements are performed/could be performed, as well as the underlying factors that might explain why a youth is being relocated. As a basis for our study, in addition to the literature and research in the field, we have conducted four interviews with personnel from HVB- and SiS- accommodations. We use the attachment theory and the Sense of coherence theory as a theoretical frame. The results show that there are shortcomings in the process of redeployment. All informants wanted more time to prepare the work of a youth who is about to move. A proposal from the informants, was that the process from decision to the actual moving should take between 3-6 months. This would give the staff in the new accommodation a chance to visit the youth and begin to build ties, before the move is implemented. The conclusion is that the transfer has an important role in the treatment and the stay of the youth. At the same time, it is of great concern that there are no clear guidelines for how these replacements should be performed. If there would be more resources and clearer guidelines for how redeployments should be handled, it might perhaps reduce the number of shifts where young people are moving back to SiS. Today approximately one of four youth needs to move back.

Structural fire protection is an integral component of shipboard fire safety. There are national and international regulations that delineate requirements for the insulation placed throughout ships. The attachments that penetrate the insulation for hanging wires and pipes can disrupt the integrity of the division, and cause a failure to adhere to the regulations. This problem will be analyzed by using a simplified lumped capacitance model and ANSYS FLUENT CFD. A standard time-temperature fire curve is applied to the fire side of the enclosure. The thermal conductivity of the insulation and steel are made to be temperature dependent. The density of the air of the non-fire side is then approximated using the Boussinesq approximation for lower temperature differences and the incompressible ideal gas law for higher temperature differences. Different attachments of varying surface areas and volumes are exposed to the standard time-temperature fire curve and their heat transfer capabilities are analyzed.

A new “best match” match model has been developed to account for adduct formation on multiply charged peptides observed in negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry. To obtain a stable adduct, the model necessitates an approximate matching of apparent gas-phase basicity (GBapp) of a given proton bearing site on the peptide with the gas-phase basicity (GB) of the anion attaching at that site. Evidence supporting the model is derived from the fact that singly charged adducts were only observed for lower GB anions: HSO4-, I-, CF3COO-. Ions that have medium GBs (NO3-, Br-, H2PO4-) only form adducts having -2 charge states, whereas Cl- (higher GB) can form adducts having -3 charge states. Hydrogen bonds are the main interactions pertinent to the “Best Match” model, however, ion-ion interactions formed between peptides ([Glu]Fibrinopeptide B, Angiotensin I or [Asn1,Val5]-Angiotensin II) and low GB anions (ClO4- or HSO4-) have been established by CID-MS/MS. Evidence for ion-ion interactions comes especially from product ions formed during the first dissociation step, where, in addition to the expected loss of the anion or neutral acid, other product ions that require covalent bond cleavage (i.e., H2O or NH3 loss) are also observed. In this study, the “Best Match” model is further supported by the decomposition behavior of adducts formed when Na+/H+ exchange has occurred on peptides. Na+/H+ exchanges were found to occur preferentially at higher acidity sites. Without any Na+/H+ exchange, F- and CH3COO- can hardly form observable adducts with [Glu]Fibrinopeptide B. However, after multiple Na+/H+ exchanges, F- and CH3COO- do form stable adducts. This phenomenon can be rationalized by considering that Na+ cations serve to “block” the highly acidic sites, thereby forcing them to remain overall neutral. This leaves the less acidic protons available to match with higher GB anions. According to the "best match" model, high GB anions will match with high GBapp sites on the peptide, whereas low GB anions will match with low GBapp peptide sites. High charge states readily augment GBapp of the peptide (through-space effect). Na+/H+ exchanges substantially decrease GBapp by neutralizing charged sites, while slightly increasing intrinsic GBs by the inductive effect.

Development for sustainable poverty alleviation requires engagement with the values and cultural frames that enable or constrain communities to steward ecosystems and maintain their capacity to support human well-being. Rooted in a social-ecological systems (SES) perspective, this thesis explores the concept of sense of place to understand how emotional and cultural connections to place mediate human responses to change and influence interventions for development. Sense of place is both the attachments to place, as well as the descriptive meanings to which one is attached. Paper I presents an approach and agenda for studying sense of place in SES that emphasizes place attachment and meaning underlying stewardship actions and responses to change. This is empirically explored through a case study on the Wild Coast, South Africa - an area with multiple contested meanings. In this former Bantustan (an area set aside for black South Africans), Apartheid created interdependence between small-holder agriculture and labour migration, where rural homesteads relied on remittances from migrant household members. Today, the contribution of agriculture to livelihoods has declined and many households rely on income from social grants. Interacting social and ecological factors in this region have resulted in social-ecological trap conditions and circular migration continues to be the pattern. Community conservation and ecotourism is one strategy for local socio-economic development. Papers II and III explore community tensions around a proposed nature reserve declaration. In Paper II, a focus on the meanings of locally-defined ecotopes (e.g. forest and abandoned fields) illuminates the interpretations of underlying social-ecological processes. Paper III examines the use of place meanings in narratives of change to show tensions in the discourse of win-win conservation. The stalling of this particular intervention indicates the importance of engaging with multiple meanings of place and the cultural importance of nature. Papers IV and V focus on declining agriculture and continued labour migration. From a theoretical model of people’s abilities, desires and opportunities, Paper IV develops a typology of responses that may contribute to maintaining or resolving social-ecological traps. For this case study, the model identifies the mismatch between i) cultural expectations that frame the desire to farm, and ii) the decline in opportunities for off-farm income to support agriculture. Paper V demonstrates that these expectations are expressed in the idea of emakhaya (the rural landscape of home) as well as reinforced through cultural rituals. The paper identifies a place-based social contract between the living and the ancestors that helps to maintain circular migration and agricultural practices. This suggests that sense of place contributes to system inertia but may also offer opportunities for stewardship. Sense of place is socially constructed as well as produced through experience in ecosystems, and thus constitutes an emergent property of SES. The thesis demonstrates the use of participatory methods to produce an inclusive understanding of place and SES dynamics. The application of place meanings through these methods facilitates critical engagement with imposed interventions. Finally, the thesis shows that sense of place and culture are key for understanding inertia in SES and the capacity for transformation towards stewardship.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.

The impact close relationships have on development, functioning, and wellbeing makes its research important in enriching understanding about the social conditions that support better socio-emotional functioning. While the literature has seen voluminous research on close relationships, cross-cultural research on the topic has received relatively less attention. This dissertation addresses this literature gap by studying close relationships across two cultures, using attachment theory as the theoretical framework. A review of available adult attachment studies between Western and East Asian populations show that: 1) East Asians typically score higher culture level means in attachment insecurity (i.e., attachment anxiety and avoidance) on survey measures, and 2) attachment insecurity appears to more strongly predict worse psychological functioning among East Asians, than Westerners. These differences have been largely attributed to East-West differences in individualism and collectivism levels or related reasons, which are often vaguely defined and not systematically evaluated in existing studies. Current cross-cultural studies also almost overwhelmingly examine individual differences but not attachment normative processes. These findings informed two cross-cultural, cross-sectional studies that sampled college students from Western (Australian) and Eastern/Asian (Singaporean) backgrounds to examine if attachment differences are associated with individualism and collectivism at the individual level. The first study assessed participants’ (Australian n = 143; Singaporean n = 146) personal endorsement of individualism and collectivism, their associations with attachment orientation, and their roles in moderating the relation between attachment and psychological outcomes (i.e., attachment-psychological outcomes link). It also compared the attachment networks and transfer between Singaporeans and Australians. The second study (Australian n = 206; vii Singaporean n = 322) used two complementary approaches to assess culture to tease apart the separate associations of personal endorsement and perceived norms of individualism and collectivism with attachment, and assessed the moderating role of person-culture fit in the attachment-psychological outcomes link. Results showed that, across two studies using different attachment scales, the two populations did not score reliably differently in their culture level means of individualism and collectivism or attachment constructs. The two studies corroborated results showing that individual differences in personal endorsement of individualism and collectivism (also perceived norm of collectivism) were associated with individual differences in avoidance, in directions consistent with their conceptual definitions. However, personal endorsement and perceived norm of individualism and collectivism showed non-significant associations with attachment anxiety. At the individual level, there was qualified support that personal endorsement of individualism and collectivism and person-culture fit moderated the attachment-psychological outcomes association. Comparisons of attachment network and transfer showed that Singaporean and Australian late adolescents/young adults showed typical sequential attachment transfer. Romantic partners appeared to play a central role as attachment figures among individuals in a romantic relationship. Entering a romantic relationship seemed to accentuate differences in young adults’ preferences towards different relationship targets as attachment figures between cultures. Overall, results highlighted more similarities than differences in attachment patterns between the cultures examined. It is argued that cultural influences on attachment is better understood through directly examining associations between them rather than comparisons of culture level means. Implications of results, limitations of studies, and future directions for research are discussed.

The role of a set of gases relevant within the context of biomolecules and technologically relevant molecules under the interaction of low-energy electrons was studied in an effort to contribute to the understanding of the underlying processes yielding negative ion formation. The results are relevant within the context of damage to living material exposed to energetic radiation, to the role of dopants in the ion-molecule chemistry processes, to Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID) and Ion Beam Induced Deposition (IBID) techniques. The research described in this thesis addresses dissociative electron attachment (DEA) and electron transfer studies involving experimental setups from the University of Innsbruck, Austria and Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, respectively. This thesis presents DEA studies, obtained by a double focusing mass spectrometer, of dimethyl disulphide (C2H6S2), two isomers, enflurane and isoflurane (C3F5Cl5) and two chlorinated ethanes, pentachloroethane (C2HCl5) and hexachloroethane (C2Cl6), along with quantum chemical calculations providing information on the molecular orbitals as well as thermochemical thresholds of anion formation for enflurane, isoflurane, pentachloroethane and hexachloroethane. The experiments represent the most accurate DEA studies to these molecules, with significant differences from previous work reported in the literature. As far as electron transfer studies are concerned, negative ion formation in collisions of neutral potassium atoms with N1 and N3 methylated pyrimidine molecules were obtained by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF). The results obtained allowed to propose concerted mechanisms for site and bond selective excision of bonds.

Replacement of thymidine in DNA by halopyrimidines, such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and iododeoxyuridine (IdU), has long been known to enhance DNA damage and cell death induced by ionizing/UV radiation, but the mechanism of action of halopyrimidines at the molecular level is poorly understood. We have applied advanced time-resolved femtosecond laser spectroscopy to this molecular system of biological, chemical and medical significance. We obtained the first real-time observations of the transition states of the ultrafast electron transfer (UET) reactions of halopyrimidines with the ultrashort-lived precursor to the hydrated electron, which is a general product in ionizing/UV radiation. Our results provide a mechanistic understanding of these photo-/radiosensitizing drugs at the molecular level. We found that the UET reaction of BrdU is completed within 0.2 picosecond (ps) after the electronic exciataion, leading to the formation of the transition state BrdU* with a lifetime of ~1.5 ps that then dissociates into Br and a high reactive radical dU•. We have also demonstrated that the reaction efficiency for the formation of the reactive radical dU• to cause DNA damage and cell death is in the order of IdU>>BrdU>CldU>>FdU. This is due to the availability of two precursor states of ~0.2 ps and ~ 0.54 ps lifetimes for dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to IdU, of one precursor state of ~0.2 ps lifetime for DEAs to BrdU and CldU, and no precursors for DEA to FdU. This explains why BrdU and IdU were found to be effective radio-/photosensitizers and indicates that IdU should be explored as the most effective radiosensitizer among halopyrimidines. Moreover, as a by-product of this project, these halopyrimidines have been employed as quantum-state-specific molecular probes to resolve a long-standing controversy about the nature and lifetimes of prehydrated electrons. These findings also have a broader significance as they indicated that nonequilibrium precursor electrons may play an important role in electron-initiated reactions in many biological, chemical and environmental systems. We have also demonstrated UET reactions of nucleotides with the precursor to the hydrated electrons. Our results indicate that among DNA bases, adenine is the most efficient electron trapper and an effective electron transfer promoter, while guanine is the most effective in dissociative electron attachment. These results not only primarily explain the sequence selectivity of duplex DNA containing BrdU/IdU, but imply that the DEA of guanine is an important mechanism for radiation-induced DNA damage in ionizing radiation and radiotherapy of cancer.

The interaction of ionising radiation with living tissues may direct or indirectly generate several secondary species with relevant genotoxic potential. Due to recent findings that electrons with energies below the ionisation threshold can effectively damage DNA, radiation-induced damage to biological systems has increasingly come under scrutiny. The exact physico-chemical processes that occur in the first stages of electron induced damage remain to be explained. However, it is also known that free electrons have a short lifetime in the physiological medium. Hence, electron transfer processes studies represent an alternative approach through which the role of "bound" electrons as a source of damage to biological tissues can be further explored. The thesis work consists of studying dissociative electron attachment (DEA) and electron transfer to taurine and thiaproline. DEA measurements were executed in Siedlce University with Prof. Janina Kopyra under COST action MP1002 (Nanoscale insights in ion beam cancer therapy). The electron transfer experiments were conducted in a crossed atom(potassium)-molecule beam arrangement. In these studies the anionic fragmentation patterns were obtained. The results of both mechanisms are shown to be significantly different, unveiling that the damaging potential of secondary electrons can be underestimated. In addition, sulphur atoms appear to strongly influence the dissociation process, demonstrating that certain reactions can be controlled by substitution of sulphur at specific molecular sites.