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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Atom-ion system"

1

Ulrich, A., R. Gernhäuser, W. Krötz, J. Wieser, and D. E. Murnick. "Ion-atom charge-transfer system for a heavy-ion-beam pumped laser." Physical Review A 50, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): 1931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.50.1931.

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2

Melezhik, Vladimir S. "Efficient computational scheme for ion dynamics in RF-field of Paul trap." Discrete and Continuous Models and Applied Computational Science 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2658-4670-2019-27-4-378-385.

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We have developed an efficient computational scheme for integration of the classical Hamilton equations describing the ion dynamics confined in the radio-frequency field of the Paul trap. It has permitted a quantitative treatment of cold atom-ion resonant collisions in hybrid atom-ion traps with taking into account unremovable ion micromotion caused by the radio-frequency fields (V.S. Melezhik et. al., Phys. Rev. A100, 063406 (2019)). The important element of the hybrid atom-ion systems is the electromagnetic Paul trap confining the charged ion. The oscillating motion of the confined ion is defined by two frequencies of the Paul trap. It is the frequency of the order of 100 kHz due to the constant electric field and the radio-frequency of about 1-2 MHz defined by the alternating electromagnetic field of the ion trap. The necessity to accurately treat the ion motion in the combined field with two time scales defined by these two very different frequencies has demanded to develop the stable computational scheme for integration of the classical Hamilton equations for the ion motion. Moreover, the scheme must be stable on rather long time-interval of the ion collision with the cold atom ∼ 10 × 2/ defined by the atomic trap frequency ∼ 10 kHz and in the moment of the atom-ion collision when the Hamilton equations are strongly coupled. The developed numerical method takes into account all these features of the problem and makes it possible to integrate the system of coupled quantum-semiclassical equations with the necessary accuracy and quantitatively describes the processes of atomic-ion collisions in hybrid traps, including resonance effects.
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3

Yu, Yan-Zi, Jian-Gang Guo, and Yi-Lan Kang. "An Analytical Model for Adsorption and Diffusion of Atoms/Ions on Graphene Surface." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/382474.

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Theoretical investigations are made on adsorption and diffusion of atoms/ions on graphene surface based on an analytical continuous model. An atom/ion interacts with every carbon atom of graphene through a pairwise potential which can be approximated by the Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential. Using the Fourier expansion of the interaction potential, the total interaction energy between the adsorption atom/ion and a monolayer graphene is derived. The energy-distance relationships in the normal and lateral directions for varied atoms/ions, including gold atom (Au), platinum atom (Pt), manganese ion (Mn2+), sodium ion (Na1+), and lithium-ion (Li1+), on monolayer graphene surface are analyzed. The equilibrium position and binding energy of the atoms/ions at three particular adsorption sites (hollow, bridge, and top) are calculated, and the adsorption stability is discussed. The results show that H-site is the most stable adsorption site, which is in agreement with the results of other literatures. What is more, the periodic interaction energy and interaction forces of lithium-ion diffusing along specific paths on graphene surface are also obtained and analyzed. The minimum energy barrier for diffusion is calculated. The possible applications of present study include drug delivery system (DDS), atomic scale friction, rechargeable lithium-ion graphene battery, and energy storage in carbon materials.
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4

Kim, Se-Ho, Ji Yeong Lee, Jae-Pyoung Ahn, and Pyuck-Pa Choi. "Fabrication of Atom Probe Tomography Specimens from Nanoparticles Using a Fusible Bi–In–Sn Alloy as an Embedding Medium." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927618015556.

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AbstractWe propose a new method for preparing atom probe tomography specimens from nanoparticles using a fusible bismuth–indium–tin alloy as an embedding medium. Iron nanoparticles synthesized by the sodium borohydride reduction method were chosen as a model system. The as-synthesized iron nanoparticles were embedded within the fusible alloy using focused ion beam milling and ion-milled to needle-shaped atom probe specimens under cryogenic conditions. An atom probe analysis revealed boron atoms in a detected iron nanoparticle, indicating that boron from the sodium borohydride reductant was incorporated into the nanoparticle during its synthesis.
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5

LUPSA, ILEANA. "MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF U1-xYxMnAl SYSTEM." Modern Physics Letters B 18, no. 30 (December 30, 2004): 1543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984904007931.

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The magnetic measurements on U 1-x Y x MnAl system were performed in the 4–600 K temperature range and fields up to 70 kOe. YMnAl presents spin fluctuation characteristics due to manganese atoms with a Curie–Weiss type behavior over the T* temperature. The gradual substitution of uranium for yttrium leads to similar behavior evidencing higher molar Curie constants and supporting a contribution due to uranium atom. The effective magnetic moment on uranium positions is that of U 3+ ion (3.1μB) and is composition-independent. The spin fluctuating state of manganese is characterized by the effective magnetic moment of 3μB/ Mn atom. The intrinsic Mn moment order is discussed in the critical Mn – Mn separation term.
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Macauley, Chandra, Martina Heller, Alexander Rausch, Frank Kümmel, and Peter Felfer. "A versatile cryo-transfer system, connecting cryogenic focused ion beam sample preparation to atom probe microscopy." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e0245555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245555.

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Atom probe tomography (APT) is a powerful technique to obtain 3D chemical and structural information, however the ‘standard’ atom probe experimental workflow involves transfer of specimens at ambient conditions. The ability to transfer air- or thermally-sensitive samples between instruments while maintaining environmental control is critical to prevent chemical or morphological changes prior to analysis for a variety of interesting sample materials. In this article, we describe a versatile transfer system that enables cryogenic- or room-temperature transfer of specimens in vacuum or atmospheric conditions between sample preparation stations, a focused ion beam system (Zeiss Crossbeam 540) and a widely used commercial atom probe system (CAMECA LEAP 4000X HR). As an example for the use of this transfer system, we present atom probe data of gallium- (Ga)-free grain boundaries in an aluminum (Al) alloy specimen prepared with a Ga-based FIB.
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Trimby, E., H. Hirzler, H. Fürst, A. Safavi-Naini, R. Gerritsma, and R. S. Lous. "Buffer gas cooling of ions in radio-frequency traps using ultracold atoms." New Journal of Physics 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac5759.

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Abstract Reaching ultracold temperatures within hybrid atom–ion systems is a major limiting factor for control and exploration of the atom–ion interaction in the quantum regime. In this work, we present results on numerical simulations of trapped ion buffer gas cooling using an ultracold atomic gas in a large number of experimentally realistic scenarios. We explore the suppression of micromotion-induced heating effects through optimization of trap parameters for various radio-frequency (rf) traps and rf driving schemes including linear and octupole traps, digital Paul traps, rotating traps and hybrid optical/rf traps. We find that very similar ion energies can be reached in all of them even when considering experimental imperfections that cause so-called excess micromotion. Moreover we look into a quantum description of the system and show that quantum mechanics cannot save the ion from micromotion-induced heating in an atom–ion collision. The results suggest that buffer gas cooling can be used to reach close to the ion’s groundstate of motion and is even competitive when compared to some sub-Doppler cooling techniques such as Sisyphus cooling. Thus, buffer gas cooling is a viable alternative for ions that are not amenable to laser cooling, a result that may be of interest for studies into cold controlled quantum chemistry and charged impurity physics.
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Grovenor, C. R. M., A. Cerezo, J. A. Liddle, R. A. D. Mackenzie, M. G. Hetherington, and G. D. W. Smith. "Ultra-high resolution chemical analysis by field-ion atom probe/position sensitive atom probe techniques." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100086738.

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The use of field ion microscopy based techniques in the study of the structure and chemistry of metallic and semiconducting materials with very high resolution is now well documented. The particular features of these techniques which result in the achievement of very high spatial resolution in images and chemical profiles are; the intrinsic magnification in a conventional field ion microscope of at least 106, the plane-by-plane desorption characteristic of field evaporation processes, and the excellent chemical specificity in a modern atom probe. In addition, we have developed in Oxford a new detector system for field ion based equipment in which both the chemical identity of evaporated ions and the position on the sample surface from which they were evaporated can be established. This allows the reconstruction of the evaporated volume in three dimensions, and this technique has been christened the Position Sensitive Atom Probe, POSAP. This abstract presents the results of two typical experiments illustrating the very high quality of the chemical data that can be obtained in both conventional atom probe and POSAP facilities.
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Olaya, Jhon Jairo, Diana Maritza Marulanda, and Sandra Rodil. "Preferential orientation in metal nitride deposited by the UBM system." Ingeniería e Investigación 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v30n1.15220.

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This work was aimed at studying the influence of ion bombardment on the preferred orientation (OP) of transition metal nitrides (TMN) produced by the reactive sputtering technique with a variable unbalanced magnetron through permanent magnets. Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings were thus studied by varying two parameters: ion-atom ratio on the substrate (Ji/Ja) and nitrogen flux. Deposition conditions were as follows: 7 mTorr working pressure, ~ 380ºC substrate temperature, 2 and 8.5 sccm nitrogen flux and 245-265 discharge power. The results showed that preferred orientation (111) and the crystalline behaviour of the produced coatings depended more on nitrogen flux than on ion bombardment. Similarly, micro-hardness measured on films deposited on steel AISI-M2 substrates increased from 1600 to 2000 HV0.025 when nitrogen flux was increased.
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10

Wang, Xing Ye, Bing Jun Shen, Li Hong Jin, Xin Le Zhao, and Jian Tian. "Excess Heat Triggering by 488 nm Laser in a D/Pd Gas-Loading System." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 1182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.1182.

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A beam of Argon ion laser (λ = 488 nm and P = 40 mW) was used to irradiate some palladium deuterides with different deuteron loading ratios in a D/Pd gas-loading system (19 different loading ratios ranging from 0 to 0.77). The results showed that there was a maximum excess heat of about 287 J within an hour in the system when the loading ratio was about 0.65. This corresponds to 2.6×103 eV/atom D or 1.7 ×103eV/atom Pd. The results indicate that the proper ratio in the Pd lattice matching a suitable triggering power may be the key factor to excess heat production.
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Дисертації з теми "Atom-ion system"

1

Ratschbacher, Lothar. "Investigation of an atom-ion quantum hybrid system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648238.

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2

PEREGO, ELIA. "A novel setup for trapping and cooling Barium ions for atom-ion experiments." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2754716.

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3

BERTO, FEDERICO. "A new setup and methods for the fast production of ultracold atoms for atom-ion experiments." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2962242.

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4

Okeyo, Onyango Stephen. "Ultracold Atom-Ion Systems in Hybrid Traps." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18563.

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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der theoretischen Beschreibung eines Hybridsystems eines ultrakalten neutralen Atoms und eines einzelnen Ions. Diese Hybrid-Atom-Ion-Systeme verbinden die wichtigsten Vorteile von ultrakalten neutralen Atomen und Ionen. Neutrale Atome sind leicht skalierbar vor allem und können in großen Stückzahlen vorbereitet werden, wahrend gefangene Ionen über längere Zeiten gelagert werden können und leicht kontrollierbar sind. Einige der vorgeschlagenen Aussichten der hybriden Quantensysteme umfassen die sympathische Kühlung von eingefangenen Ionen, die ultrakalte Chemie, das Quantum Informationsverarbeitung, und Atom-Ionen-Quantensimulatoren. Diese Anwendungen erfordern eine äußerst präzise Steuerung und damit eine sehr genaue theoretische Modellierung. Eine neue Methode, die eine vollständige sechsdimensionale Behandlung von zwei Partikeln ermöglicht In räumlich getrennten dreidimensionalen Fangpotentialen wurde entwickelt. Indem man die raumliche Verschiebung zwischen den Einfangpotentialen erlaubt, ist es möglich, die gesteuerte Bewegung eines einzelnen Ions durch ein optisches Gitterpotential zu beschreiben, das mit neutralen Atomen gefüllt ist. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem neutralen Atom und dem geladenen Ion wird durch eine realistische Born-Oppenheimer Potentialkurve beschrieben. Eines der hier diskutierten Hybridsysteme ist 7Li2+ Isotop, das mit der neu entwickelten Methode untersucht wird, dabei wurden vermiedene Kreuzungen im Energiespektrum zwischen molekularen Zuständen und den Schwingungszuständen des Fallenpotentials als Funktion des Abstandes zwischen den beide Fallen beobachtet. Diese vermiedenen Kreuzungen bestatigen die bereits vorhergesagten falleninduzierten Resonanzen, die mithilfe der Quantendefekttheorie bestimmt wurden. Ebenfalls werden die erst kürzlich entdeckten inelastischen falleninduzierten Resonanzen in ultrakalten Atomen auch in den Atom-Ion Systemen beobachtet.
This thesis deals with the theoretical description of a hybrid system of an ultracold neutral atom and a single ion. These hybrid atom-ion systems combine the key advantages of ultracold neutral atoms and ions. In particular, neutral atoms are easily scalable and can be prepared in large numbers, while trapped ions can be stored for much longer times and are easy to control. Some of the proposed prospects of the hybrid quantum systems include sympathetic cooling of trapped ions, ultracold chemistry, quantum information processing, and atom-ion quantum simulators. These applications require extremely precise control and thus very accurate theoretical modeling. A new method that allows for a full 6-dimensional treatment of two particles in spatially separated 3-dimensional trapping potentials was developed. By allowing for the spatial displacement between the trapping potentials, it is possible to describe the controlled motion of a single ion through an optical-lattice potential filled with neutral atoms. The interaction between the neutral atom and the ion is modeled using realistic Born-Oppenheimer potential curves from ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. An application of the developed approach to the hybrid atom-ion system reveals avoided crossings between the molecular bound states and the unbound trap states as a function of the separation between the two traps. These avoided crossings correspond to trap-induced resonances. This finding confirms the trap-induced resonances predicted earlier based on quantum-defect-theory calculations. Also, the recently found inelastic confinement-induced resonances in ultracold neutral atoms are demonstrated to be present in atom-ion systems. These resonances arise due to the coupling between the center-of-mass and relative motions. The inelastic confinement-induced resonances could be used in coherent molecular ion formation and in the determination of atom-ion scattering properties like the scattering lengths.
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Huerta, Parajon Monica. "Hydrogen atom formation in the gamma and heavy ion radiolysis of aqueous systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hydrogen-atom-formation-in-the-gamma-and-heavy-ion-radiolysis-of-aqueous-systems(2bf0fe0a-b32e-414d-831b-58339df93eeb).html.

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Experimental measurements in conjunction with stochastic simulations are used to determine hydrogen atom yields in the gamma and heavy ions radiolysis of aqueous solutions of formate and deuterated formate ions. In radiolysis, the hydrogen atom is produced directly by the fragmentation of water excited states, and during the diffusion-kinetic evolution of the radiation track by the intra-track reaction of eaq⁻ with Haq⁺ up to the microsecond timescale. The yield of H• is relatively small, but it is fundamentally very important. An accurate examination of the H atom yields after radiolysis will make possible a better understanding of the initial steps of the radiolytic decomposition of water. The competition between H atom combination reactions and its formation by reaction of eaq⁻ with Haq⁺ makes predictions of the H atom kinetics very difficult. Hydrogen atom yields were determined by difference measurements of H2 yields and directmeasurements of HD yields when using deuterated formate as H• scavenger. While the total H₂ yield measured is always greater for alpha than for gamma radiolysis, the H atom yield is observed to be smaller. The addition of selected scavengers of the hydrated electron and its precursors reveals a stronger correlation of the H atom formation on the precursor to the hydrated electron rather than the hydrated electron itself. Scavengable H• yields strongly decrease as the concentration of the electron scavenger increases. Stochastic track chemistry calculations were used to analyze the measured experimental yields and to elucidate the underlying kinetics.
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6

Hami, Mohamed. "Spectroscopie du mélange helium-xénon : rôle du monoxyde de carbone : analyse cinétique dans l'ultra-violet lointain." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30169.

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Etude spectroscopique des gaz purs et des melanges he-xe, excites par des particules alpha , entre 110 et 600 nm. Dans he observations de transitions moleculaires a 164 et 365 nm, et, en presence de co, du 1er systeme negatif (absence de v'=2). Dans xe, observation de deux continuums en uv proche et lointain et de la 2eme raie de resonance. Dans les melanges he-xe, observation en plus de la 1ere raie de resonance de xe avec renforcement des emissions de he par xe. Dans les melanges ne-co, emission du 1er systeme negatif et du 4eme systeme positif de l'ion et de la molecule; renforcement des emissions par addition de xe. Etude cinetique du 2nd continuum de xe dans les melanges he-xe a 173 nm (importance des processus heteronucleaires pour l'emission de l'excimere de xe) et du 4eme systeme positif dans les melanges ne-co (processus reactionnels a deux corps)
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7

Okeyo, Onyango Stephen [Verfasser], Alejandro [Gutachter] Saenz, Kurt [Gutachter] Busch, and Zbigniew [Gutachter] Idziaszek. "Ultracold Atom-Ion Systems in Hybrid Traps / Onyango Stephen Okeyo ; Gutachter: Alejandro Saenz, Kurt Busch, Zbigniew Idziaszek." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1185578587/34.

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DIALAMEH, MASOUD. "Fabrication and characterization of reference nano and micro structures for 3D chemical analysis." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2742524.

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Книги з теми "Atom-ion system"

1

Ion-Atom Collisions: The Few-Body Problem in Dynamic Systems. De Gruyter, Inc., 2019.

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2

Schulz, Michael. Ion-Atom Collisions: The Few-Body Problem in Dynamic Systems. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2019.

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3

Schulz, Michael. Ion-Atom Collisions: The Few-Body Problem in Dynamic Systems. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2019.

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Частини книг з теми "Atom-ion system"

1

Guissani, M., and V. Sidis. "The Jellium-Atom quasimolecular model for the investigation of charge transfer in alkali-cluster-ion/alkali-atom interactions: the Na 19 + /Na system." In Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 221–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60854-4_55.

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2

Pérez Ríos, Jesús. "Hybrid Atom–Ion Systems." In An Introduction to Cold and Ultracold Chemistry, 171–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55936-6_9.

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3

Schöffler, M. S., L. Ph H. Schmidt, S. Eckart, R. Dörner, A. Czasch, O. Jagutzki, T. Jahnke, et al. "Ultra-fast Dynamics in Quantum Systems Revealed by Particle Motion as Clock." In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 353–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_17.

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AbstractTo explore ultra-fast dynamics in quantum systems one needs detection schemes which allow time measurements in the attosecond regime. During the recent decades, the pump & probe two-pulse laser technique has provided milestone results on ultra-fast dynamics with femto- and attosecond time resolution. Today this technique is applied in many laboratories around the globe, since complete pump & probe systems are commercially available. It is, however, less known or even forgotten that ultra-fast dynamics has been investigated several decades earlier even with zeptosecond resolution in ion-atom collision processes. A few of such historic experiments, are presented here, where the particle motion (due to its very fast velocity) was used as chronometer to determine ultra-short time delays in quantum reaction processes. Finally, an outlook is given when in near future relativistic heavy ion beams are available which allow a novel kind of “pump & probe” experiments on molecular systems with a few zeptosecond resolution. However, such experiments are only feasible if the complete many-particle fragmentation process can be imaged with high momentum resolution by state-of-the-art multi-particle coincidence technique.
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Bacchus-Montabonel, Marie-Christine, Marta Łabuda, Y. Suzanne Tergiman, and Jozef E. Sienkiewicz. "Theoretical treatment of charge transfer processes: From ion/atom to ion/biomolecule interactions." In Topics in the Theory Of Chemical and Physical Systems, 203–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5460-0_9.

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5

Caillat, J., A. Dubois, and J. P. Hansen. "Semiclassical Close-Coupling Description of Electron Transfer in Multicharged Ion-Atom Collisions." In New Trends in Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics, 121–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46950-2_7.

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Hopersky, Alexey N., and Victor A. Yavna. "Many-Particle Effects at Anomalous Elastic X-Ray Photon Scattering by an Atom and an Atomic Ion." In Scattering of Photons by Many-Electron Systems, 19–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04256-0_2.

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Côté, R. "Ultracold Hybrid Atom–Ion Systems." In Advances In Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 67–126. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aamop.2016.04.004.

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8

Atkins, Peter. "Zippers: Base Catalysis." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0023.

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A base, you should recall from Reaction 2, is the second hand clapping to the acid’s first. That is, whereas an acid is a proton donor, a base is its beneficiary as a proton acceptor. The paradigm base is a hydroxide ion, OH–, which can accept a proton and thereby become H2O. However, in the context of catalysis, the topic of this section, its role is rather different: instead of using its electrons to accept the proton, it uses them to behave as a nucleophile (Reaction 15), a searcher out of positive charge. Instead of forming a hydrogen–oxygen bond with an incoming proton, it sets the electronic fox among the electronic geese of a molecule by forming a new carbon–oxygen bond and thereby loosening the bonds to neighbouring atoms so that they can undergo rearrangement. The OH– ion in effect unzips the molecule and renders it open to further attack. Base catalysis has a lot of important applications. An ancient one is the production of soap from animal fat. To set that scene, I shall consider a simple model system, the ‘hydrolysis’ (severing apart by water) of the two components of an ester, 1 (the same compound I used in Reaction 17, a combination of acetic acid and ethanol), and then turn to soap-making itself. You saw in Reaction 17 how esters can be broken down into their components, a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, by an acid; here we see the analogous reaction in the presence of a base. To be specific, the reagent is a solution of sodium hydroxide, which provides the OH– ions that catalyse the reaction. We watch what happens when a solution of sodium hydroxide is added to an ester and the mixture is boiled. The O oxygen atoms of the ester have already ripened the molecule for nucleophilic attack by drawing some of the electron cloud away from the C atom to which they are both attached, leaving it with a partial positive charge, 2. The negatively charged OH– ion sniffs out that positive charge and jostles in to do its business.
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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Oxidation and Reduction Reactions." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367997.003.0026.

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Oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions, occur in many chemical and biochemical systems. The process involves the complete or partial transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Oxidation and reduction processes are complementary. For every oxidation, there is always a corresponding reduction process. This is because for a substance to gain electrons in a chemical reaction, another substance must be losing these electrons. Oxidation is defined as a process by which an atom or ion loses electrons. This can occur in several ways: • Addition of oxygen or other electronegative elements to a substance:. . . 2 Mg(s)+O2(g) → 2 MgO(s) . . .2 Mg(s)+O2(g) → MgCl2 (s). . . • Removal of hydrogen or other electropositive elements from a substance: . . . H2S(g)+Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g)+S(s) . . .Here, H2S is oxidized. • The direct removal of electrons from a substance: . . . 2 FeCl2 (s)+Cl2(g) → 2 FeCl3 (s) . . . Fe2+ → Fe3+ +e− . . . Reduction is defined as the process by which an atom or ion gains electrons. This can occur in the following ways: • Removal of oxygen or other electronegative elements from a substance: . . . MgO(s)+H2(g) → Mg(s)+H2O(g). . . • Addition of hydrogen or other electropositive elements to a substance: . . . H2(g)+Br2(g) → 2 HBr(g). . . 2 Na(s)+Cl2(g) → 2 NaCl(s). . . Here, chlorine (Cl2) is reduced. • The addition of electrons to a substance: . . . Fe3+ +e− → Fe2+ . . . Oxidation number or oxidation state is a number assigned to the atoms in a substance to describe their relative state of oxidation or reduction. These numbers are used to keep track of electron transfer in chemical reactions. Some general rules are used to determine the oxidation number of an atom in free or combined state. 1. Any atom in an uncombined (or free) element (e.g., N2, Cl2, S8, O2, O3, and P4) has an oxidation number of zero. 2. Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 except in metal hydrides (e.g., NaH, MgH2) where it is −1. 3. Oxygen has an oxidation number of −2 in all compounds except in peroxides (e.g., H2O2, Na2O2) where it is –1.
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10

Fawcett, W. Ronald. "The Electrical Double Layer." In Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094329.003.0014.

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In examining the properties of the metal | solution interface, two limiting types of behavior are found, namely, the ideal polarizable interface and the ideally nonpolarizable interface. In the former case, the interface behaves as a capacitor so that charge can be placed on the metal using an external voltage source. This leads to the establishment of an equal and opposite charge on the solution side. The total system in which charge is separated in space is called the electrical double layer and its properties are characterized by electrostatic equilibrium. An electrical double layer exists in general at any interface at which there is a change in dielectric properties. It has an important influence on the structure of the interface and on the kinetics of processes occurring there. The classical example of an ideally polarizable interface is a mercury electrode in an electrolyte solution which does not contain mercury ions, for example, aqueous KCl. The charge on the mercury surface is altered using an external voltage source placed between the polarizable electrode and non-polarizable electrode, for example, a silver | silver chloride electrode in contact with the same solution. Within well-defined limits, the charge can be changed in both the negative and positive directions. When the mercury electrode is positively charged, there is an excess of anions in the solution close to the electrode. The opposite situation occurs when the electrode is negatively charged. An important point of reference is the point of zero charge (PZC), which occurs when the charge on the electrode is exactly zero. The properties of the electrical double layer in solution depend on the nature of the electrolyte and its concentration. In many electrolytes, one or more of the constituent ions are specifically adsorbed at the interface. Specific adsorption implies that the local ionic concentration is determined not just by electrostatic forces but also by specific chemical forces. For example, the larger halide ions are chemisorbed on mercury due to the covalent nature of the interaction between a mercury atom and the anion. Specific adsorption can also result from the hydrophobic nature of an ion.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Atom-ion system"

1

Hwangbo, C. K., L. J. Lingg, J. P. Lehan, M. R. Jacobson, H. A. Macleod, J. L. Makhous, and S. Y. Kim. "Ion-Assisted Deposition of Thermally Evaporated Ag Films." In Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.1988.thb9.

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Correlation of film properties and microstructure with ion beam parameters in ion-assisted deposition (IAD) provides insights for improving IAD thin films. It is well-known that the ion beam energy and ion flux are two main parameters which alter the microstructure of thin films and their optical properties. Parmigiani et al.1 related the normalized energy, defined as the energy delivered by the bombarding ions per arriving metal atom, to microstructural changes of Ag films in a dual ion-beam sputtering system.
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2

Mayer, T. M., M. S. Ameen, E. L. Barish, D. J. Vitkavage, and T. Mizutani. "Ion Enhanced Processes in Etching of Silicon." In Microphysics of Surfaces, Beams, and Adsorbates. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/msba.1985.ma1.

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A case study of the ion-assisted etching of silicon by chlorine is presented as a prototype of a class of ion-assisted etching processes. In contrast to the more well studied Si-F system, and other F atom etching reactions, Cl etching processes are much more dependent on energetic ion impact of the surface. We will examine aspects of chlorine adsorption to silicon, sputtering of adsorbed chlorine atoms, incorporation fo chlorine into the silicon crystal lattice, and formation and removal of SiClx etch products. In-situ SIMS, ISS, and modulated beam mass spectrometric measurements, and post etch RBS and XPS analysis of the altered surface are used to examine the dynamics of the etching process and the state of the altered surface layer produced by ion bombardment.
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3

Mildren, Richard P., Daniel J. Brown, Robert J. Carman, and James A. Piper. "Spatio-temporal population density measurements in a barium vapour laser operated in burst mode." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.cthq1.

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Barium vapour lasers (BVLs) are an efficient (~0.5%), high average power (10-15 W) and high pulse rate (~10 kHz) source operating on a variety of near and mid IR wavelengths (1.13, 1.50, 2.55, and 4.72 microns), with applications including scanning ranging, remote gas detection, and optical fibre testing. The BVL is also an amenable system for studying kinetics of metal vapour lasers, as the atom and ion ground states have visible upward transitions suitable for hook spectroscopy. To date, there has been relatively little work on ground state kinetic issues and the factors influencing prepulse ground state density in metal vapour laser (MVL) systems in general are not fully understood. Previous reports1,2,3 indicate that the observed prepulse metal atom density across the tube bore is well below that expected from thermal considerations. We have studied the factors influencing the pre-pulse ground state density for a BVL operating with both helium and neon buffer gases.
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4

Mildren, Richard P., Daniel J. Brown, Robert J. Carman, and James A. Piper. "Spatial behaviour of population density measurements and wall phenomena in a barium vapour laser." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.ctuk98.

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The barium vapour laser, as well as being a high average power source of near to mid-IR radiation, is also a useful test system for studying kinetics of metal vapour lasers. The barium atom and ion ground states have visible upward transitions of sufficient oscillator strength suitable for hook spectroscopy. In contrast, the more popular copper vapour laser requires broadband uv sources and detectors to access the copper ground state, and the copper ion density is impossible to measure by conventional techniques (absorption, emission, and anomalous dispersion spectroscopy). Hook studies of metal vapour lasers have been popular in the last ten years, however, there has been little work on spatially resolved density measurements, particularly of the ground state.
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5

Radziemski, Leon J., Noshir M. Khambatta, John A. Oertel, and Robert Silk. "Two- and three-photon processes in atomic krypton and their use in laser guiding of electron beams." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.my4.

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Neutral krypton atoms were excited from the ground state 4p6 1S0 to the 4p5 6p[3/2]2 state by two-photon absorption from a line-narrowed ArF excimer laser operating at 193.41 nm. A third photon, absorbed while the atom is in the excited state, ionizes it. Excited state and ion densities were theoretically computed using a standard rate equation analysis. The irradiance levels used (1–5 × 108 W/cm2) were too low for significant ground and excited state ac Stark and Rabi effects. The photon detection system was calibrated with a standard tungsten lamp. Ion signals were measured with known electrical components. The resulting ion and excited state densities, corrected for collisional losses, agreed with the theoretical analysis to within 20% on the average. These results have been used with a modified electron beam propagation code to model such propagation in a low-pressure laser-excited krypton channel. The modifications included the effects of field ionization and enhanced collisional ionization of the excited krypton atoms.
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6

Bao, Wen, Xiaoling Wu, Daren Yu, and Songjing Li. "Computation Platform of SPT Dynamic Characteristics Based on Simulink." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58545.

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In order to study the low frequency oscillations in a stationary plasma thruster (SPT), a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the atom and ion dynamics in an SPT is constructed. At the same time, a new simulation technic using Matlab Simulink is developed to simulate the performance both in space and time dimension. The dynamic simulation of SPT can be made by establishing the dynamic model in Simulink using difference scheme. The scheme is continuous in time and discrete in space. Initializing the parameters of the system, using the stiff arithmetic ode23t with alterative time steps which can accelerate the simulation speed, ultimately the dynamic simulation can be implemented. This process of simulation provides reasonable estimates of the plasma properties and is able to give a clear picture of the low frequency oscillations, qualitatively close to the experimental observations. The simulation results show that the Simulink method is an effective way to simulate the dynamic characteristics of SPT.
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7

Brown, Dave, Lorraine Mauser, Brenton Young, Mark Kasevich, Hugh F. Rice, and Vincent Benischek. "Atom interferometric gravity sensor system." In 2012 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium - PLANS 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plans.2012.6236861.

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8

Sakamoto, Hayato, Ken Suzuki, and Hideo Miura. "Creep-Damage-Induced Deterioration of the Strength of Ni-Base Superalloy due to the Change of its Microstructure." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70317.

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Ni-base superalloys are widely used for various power plants and jet engines. Since the operating temperature of thermal plants and equipment has been increasing to improve their thermal efficiency for decreasing the emission of carbon-dioxide, the initially designed microstructure was found to change gradually during their operation. Since this change of microstructure should deteriorate the strength of the materials, sudden unexpected fracture should occur during the operation of the plants and equipment. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the dominant factor of the change of the microstructure and the relationship between the microstructure and its strength for assuring the stable and reliable operation of the plants and equipment. In this study, the change of the strength of a grain and a grain boundary of Ni-base superalloys caused by the change of their microstructure was measured by using a micro tensile test system in a scanning ion microscope. A creep test was applied to bulk alloys at elevated temperatures and a small test sample was cut from the bulk alloy with different microstructure caused by creep damage by using focused ion beams. The test sample was fixed to a silicon beam and a micro probe, respectively, by tungsten deposition. Finally, the test sample was thinned to 1μm and the sample was stretched to fracture at room temperature. The change of the order of atom arrangement of the sample was evaluated by applying electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis quantitatively. In this study, the quality of grains in Ni-base superalloys was analyzed by using image quality (IQ) value calculated by using Hough transform of the observed Kikuchi pattern. It was found that the order of atom arrangement was deteriorated monotonically during the creep tests and this deterioration corresponded to the change of the microstructure clearly. Both the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength of a grain in the alloys decreased drastically with the change of the microstructure, in other words, the IQ value of the grains. There was a clear relationship between the IQ value of a grain and its strength. Therefore, this IQ value is effective for evaluating the crystallinity of the alloys and the remained strength of the damaged alloys. The change of the microstructure was dominated by the strain-induced anisotropic accelerated diffusion of component elements of the alloys and the activation energy of the diffusion was determined quantitatively as a function of temperature and the applied stress.
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9

Robinson, J. C., F. L. Moore, P. R. Morrow, P. E. Williams, and M. G. Raizen. "Interference and collective behavior in atomic fluorescence." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.mqq.3.

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The study of collective atomic behavior is an important problem which has attracted much interest in recent years. Motivated by recent advances in ion trapping technology,1 and by a calculation of interference in the fluorescence from two atoms,2 we have investigated the effects of collective behavior on the interference fringe visibility. Interference in the fluorescence from two atoms separated by a fixed distance is examined as a function of driving laser and cavity parameters. The fringe visibility, a measure of the coherence of the atomic radiation, is calculated for the system of two driven atoms and the cavity mode. In free space, as the atoms are driven towards saturation, the visibility drops due to loss of coherence. The visibility goes from unity, at weak field, to 10% at saturation and falls off to zero asymptotically at higher fields. Dramatic improvement in visibility is found in the presence of the atom-cavity coupling, with the largest enhancement at intermediate driving field. This result indicates that induced coherence is a sensitive measure of collective behavior. Our progress in the experimental realization of this system with laser cooled beryllium ions confined in a linear trap is described, and directions for future work are indicated.
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10

Nakanishi, Takahiro, Ken Suzuki, and Hideo Miura. "Variation of the Strength of Grains and Grain Boundaries Caused by the Fluctuation of Their Crystallinity." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67557.

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The variation of the strength of a grain and a grain boundary was measured by a micro tensile test system fabricated in an electron microscope. A micro-scale beam structure was fabricated from a single-crystalline silicon wafer and a fine nano-scale sample cut from a thin film using a focused ion beam was attached to the center of the beam by deposition of tungsten in the microscope. The other end was attached to a micro probe similarly. Finally, the micro probe was activated to pull the sample and the deformation of the sample was observed by a scanning electron microscope. The fracture strength of a bicrystal sample was measured by detecting the deflection of the beam at the breakage of the sample. The crystallinity of both a grain and a grain boundary was quantitatively evaluated by using electron back-scatter diffraction analysis from the viewpoint of the change of the order of atom arrangement in them. It was found that the strength of a grain and a grain boundary varied clearly depending on their crystallinity. In addition, there was a critical value of the crystallinity at which the fracture mode of a polycrystalline material changed from intergranular fracture to transgranular fracture.
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