Статті в журналах: "Atmospheric wind tunnel"

1

Andreas, Edgar L., and Larry Mahrt. "On the Prospects for Observing Spray-Mediated Air–Sea Transfer in Wind–Water Tunnels." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 1 (December 21, 2015): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0083.1.

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Abstract Nature is wild, unconstrained, and often dangerous. In particular, studying air–sea interaction in winds typical of tropical cyclones can place researchers, their instruments, and even their research platforms in jeopardy. As an alternative, laboratory wind–water tunnels can probe 10-m equivalent winds of hurricane strength under conditions that are well constrained and place no personnel or equipment at risk. Wind–water tunnels, however, cannot simulate all aspects of air–sea interaction in high winds. The authors use here the comprehensive data from the Air–Sea Interaction Salt Water Tank (ASIST) wind–water tunnel at the University of Miami that Jeong, Haus, and Donelan published in this journal to demonstrate how spray-mediated processes are different over the open ocean and in wind tunnels. A key result is that, at all high-wind speeds, the ASIST tunnel was able to quantify the so-called interfacial air–sea enthalpy flux—the flux controlled by molecular processes right at the air–water interface. This flux cannot be measured in high winds over the open ocean because the ubiquitous spray-mediated enthalpy transfer confounds the measurements. The resulting parameterization for this interfacial flux has implications for modeling air–sea heat fluxes from moderate winds to winds of hurricane strength.

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2

Flamand, Olivier, Philippe Delpech, Pierre Palier, and Jean-Paul Bouchet. "Benefit of Wind Tunnels with Large Test Sections for Wind Engineering Applications." Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmce-2019-0005.

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Abstract Atmospheric Boundary layer wind tunnels (ABLWT) dedicated to building safety and comfort have been operated by CSTB in Nantes since 1971. Because ABLWT only deal with reduced scale models of real structures, the necessity of a larger wind tunnel, the Jules Verne Climatic wind tunnel (CWT), able to reproduce extreme wind loads on real scale structures arose in the years 80. Hence, it became a major European facility operating for improvement of the safety, quality and environmental impact of buildings and civil engineering works as well as products from industrial fields (transportation, energy…) with respect to strong winds and other climatic hazards. Both wind tunnel types, the ABLWT and the CWT are complementary and used for studying the effect of wind on the same structures at two different scales, when the effect of wind scaling is important. During the 2018 year, several modifications were made to the CWT facility. The atmospheric test section of the existing facility was elongated preserving the initial advantages, very large test section (approximately 120 m2) with wind velocity performance compatible with many applications (up to 90 km/h). This new test section makes it possible to simulate turbulent wind and driving rain testing. The sand winds capabilities have been maintained in the new design, despite the closed loop configuration, by fitting a filtering. The modifications of the wind tunnel geometry now offer a long test section upstream the turning vanes where a whole set of new tests can be carried out, as windmill field, natural ventilation of urban environments, slender structures (large bridges, pylons, cable transport systems,)

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3

Čeheľová, Dagmara, Michal Franek, and Boris Bielek. "Atmospheric Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel of Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.419.

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Aerodynamics is a relatively young scientific discipline, which started developing in the 50´s of last century. There are known several methods for calculating and measuring of the aerodynamic variables – in-situ measurements, wind tunnel measurements, CFD simulations and calculations according to national standards. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Nowadays a large focus is on experimental verifying the findings achieved with calculations help and CFD simulations. One of the verification possibilities are measurements in wind tunnels. The submitted paper deals with construction and using of the wind tunnel by the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava. This device was put into operation after experimental verification in 2012, so this wind tunnel is one of the newest of its kind in Europe. The concept of the construction of individual structural elements and the wind tunnel parts has been designed in collaboration with the Aeronautical Research and Test Institute (Czech Republic) and was based on previous made analysis of aerodynamic tunnels. Its structure was designed and realized by Konštrukta Industry (Slovak Republic). We could it characterized as atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel with open test section. It is unique with two test sections – front and back measuring space, where the front measuring space is used for uniform flow and the back measuring space is used for turbulent flow. That is why it is not only usable in the civil engineering sector (buildings, bridges, chimneys etc.), but also in city urbanism (pedestrian wind comfort and wind safety, dispersion of air pollutants), aircraft and automotive industries.

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4

Houston, Adam L., Roger J. Laurence, Tevis W. Nichols, Sean Waugh, Brian Argrow, and Conrad L. Ziegler. "Intercomparison of Unmanned Aircraftborne and Mobile Mesonet Atmospheric Sensors." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 8 (August 2016): 1569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0178.1.

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AbstractResults are presented from an intercomparison of temperature, humidity, and wind velocity sensors of the Tempest unmanned aircraft system (UAS) and the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) mobile mesonet (NSSL-MM). Contemporaneous evaluation of sensor performance was facilitated by mounting the Tempest wing with attached sensors to the NSSL-MM instrument rack such that the Tempest and NSSL-MM sensors could collect observations within a nearly identical airstream. This intercomparison was complemented by wind tunnel simulations designed to evaluate the impact of the mobile mesonet vehicle on the observed wind velocity.The intercomparison revealed strong correspondence between the temperature and relative humidity (RH) data collected by the Tempest and the NSSL-MM with differences generally within sensor accuracies. Larger RH differences were noted in the presence of heavy precipitation; however, despite the exposure of the Tempest temperature and humidity sensor to the airstream, there was no evidence of wet bulbing within precipitation. Wind tunnel simulations revealed that the simulated winds at the location of the NSSL-MM wind monitor were ~4% larger than the expected winds due to the acceleration of the flow over the vehicle. Simulated vertical velocity exceeded 1 m s−1 for tunnel inlet speeds typical of a vehicle moving at highway speeds. However, the theoretical noncosine reduction in winds that should result from the impact of vertical velocity on the laterally mounted wind monitor was found to be negligible across the simulations. Comparison of the simulated and observed results indicates a close correspondence, provided the crosswind component of the flow is small.

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5

Cheng, XX, X. Chen, YJ Ge, H. Jiang, and L. Zhao. "A new atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel simulation methodology for wind effects on large cooling towers considering wind environment variations." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 5 (November 4, 2018): 1194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218809899.

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The traditional atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel model test practice employs wind fields, the flow characteristics of which are in accordance with the empirical formulae of the atmospheric turbulence presented in Codes of Practice and monographs. However, the empirical formulae presented in Codes of Practice and monographs cannot truthfully reflect the high variations of the realistic atmospheric turbulence which sometimes aggravates wind effects on structures. Based on model tests conducted in a multiple-fan actively controlled wind tunnel, it is found that most wind effects on large cooling towers change monotonically with the increase in free-stream turbulence, and the model test results are more unfavorable for a flow field of low turbulence intensity than for a flow field of high turbulence intensity with respect to the measured coherences. Thus, a new atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel simulation methodology for wind effects on circular cylindrical structures is proposed to overcome the deficiency of the traditional atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel model tests. The new simulation methodology includes the simulation of two realistic atmospheric boundary layer flow fields with the highest and the lowest turbulence intensities in the wind tunnel and the envelopment of model test results obtained in the two flow fields (e.g. the mean and fluctuating wind pressure distributions, the power spectral density, the coherence function, and the correlation coefficient). The superiority of the new atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel simulation methodology over the traditional model test practice is demonstrated by comparing the model test results with the full-scale measurement data.

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6

Raupach, MR, and JF Leys. "Aerodynamics of a portable wind erosion tunnel for measuring soil erodibility by wind." Soil Research 28, no. 2 (1990): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900177.

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Portable wind erosion tunnels must satisfy several aerodynamic criteria to ensure that the flow within them acceptably reproduces the atmospheric flow causing natural wind erosion. We define these criteria and use them to assess the flow and turbulence in two alternative designs of portable wind erosion tunnel: the first has a working section with an approximately triangular, 'tent-shaped' cross section, while the second has a conventional, rectangular working section. The measurements were made with Pitot-static tubes and X-configuration hot-wire anemometers, over stable (non-eroding) rough surfaces, mainly mowed grass of height 1 cm. We found that, with careful attention to flow conditioning elements such as honeycombs and tripping fences, an acceptable flow can be achieved in the rectangular tunnel. The flow in the tent-shaped tunnel is less satisfactory, exhibiting departures from the logarithmic wind profile law which depend on the surface roughness.

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7

KOSUGI, Atushi, Hideharu MAKITA, and Kenji SAITO. "Wind Tunnel Experiments of Atmospheric Turbulent Diffusion." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2000.4 (2000): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2000.4.0_221.

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8

Kosugi, Atsushi, Tomoki Furudate, and Satoshi Fukui. "Wind Tunnel Experiments of Atmospheric Turbulent Diffusion." Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2016.54 (2016): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2016.54.71.

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9

Liu, Shanhe, Zhiwen Luo, Keer Zhang, and Jian Hang. "Natural Ventilation of a Small-Scale Road Tunnel by Wind Catchers: A CFD Simulation Study." Atmosphere 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100411.

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Providing efficient ventilation in road tunnels is essential to prevent severe air pollution exposure for both drivers and pedestrians in such enclosed spaces with heavy vehicle emissions. Longitudinal ventilation methods like commercial jet fans have been widely applied and confirmed to be effective for introducing external fresh air into road tunnels that are shorter than 3 km. However, operating tunnel jet fans is energy consuming. Therefore, for small-scale (~100 m–1 km) road tunnels, mechanical ventilation methods might be highly energetically expensive and unaffordable. Many studies have found that the use of wind catchers could improve buildings’ natural ventilation, but their effect on improving natural ventilation in small-scale road tunnels has, hitherto, rarely been studied. This paper, therefore, aims to quantify the influence of style and arrangement of one-sided flat-roof wind catchers on ventilation performance in a road tunnel. The concept of intake fraction (IF) is applied for ventilation and pollutant exposure assessment in the overall tunnel and for pedestrian regions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology with a standard k-epsilon turbulence model is used to perform a three-dimensional (3D) turbulent flow simulation, and CFD results have been validated by wind-tunnel experiments for building cross ventilation. Results show that the introduction of wind catchers would significantly enhance wind speed at pedestrian level, but a negative velocity reduction effect and a near-catcher recirculation zone can also be found. A special downstream vortex extending along the downstream tunnel is found, helping remove the accumulated pollutants away from the low-level pedestrian sides. Both wind catcher style and arrangement would significantly influence the ventilation performance in the tunnel. Compared to long-catcher designs, short-catchers would be more effective for providing fresh air to pedestrian sides due to a weaker upstream velocity reduction effect and smaller near-catcher recirculation zone. In long-catcher cases, IF increases to 1.13 ppm when the wind catcher is positioned 240 m away from the tunnel entrance, which is almost twice that in short-catcher cases. For the effects of catcher arrangements, single, short-catcher, span-wise, shifting would not help dilute pollutants effectively. Generally, a design involving a double short-catcher in a parallel arrangement is the most recommended, with the smallest IF, i.e., 61% of that in the tunnel without wind catchers (0.36 ppm).

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10

SIVARAMAKRISHNAN, S. "Wind and turbulence profiles in a simulated wind tunnel boundary layer." MAUSAM 43, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v43i3.3456.

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A system of Honeycomb Flat Plate (HFP) grid and cylindrical rods has been developed to accelerate the growth of a thick (32 cm) turbulent boundary layer, artificially, over rough floor of a low speed short test-section (0.61 m x 0.61 m) wind tunnel. Simulated profiles of wind velocity, longitudinal turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress are shown to have similarity to those of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer over a typical rural terrain. Longitudinal spectrum of turbulence measured at 10,30 and 100 mm above tunnel floor is shown to compare well with atmospheric spectrum and agree closely with the Kolmogoroff's -2/3 law in the inertial sub-range of the spectrum. Based on the length scale of longitudinal turbulence estimated from the spectrum, a scale of 1 :900 has been proposed for laboratory modeling of environmental problems wherein the transport of mass in a neutral atmospheric surface layer IS solely due to eddies of mechanical origin.

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11

Frechen, F. B., M. Frey, M. Wett, and C. Löser. "Aerodynamic performance of a low-speed wind tunnel." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0220.

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The determination of the odour mass flow emitted from a source is a very important step and forms the basis for all subsequent considerations and calculations. Wastewater treatment plants, as well as waste treatment facilities, consist of different kinds of odour sources. Unfortunately, most of the sources are passive sources, where no outward air flow-rate can be measured, but where odorants are obviously emitted. Thus, a type of sampling is required that allows to measure the emitted odour flow-rate (OFR). To achieve this, different methods are in use worldwide. Besides indirect methods, such as micrometeorological atmospheric dispersion models, which have not been used in Germany (in other countries due to different problems, direct methods are also used). Direct measurements include hood methods, commonly divided into static flux chambers, dynamic flux chambers and wind tunnels. The wind tunnel that we have been operating in principle since 1983 is different from all subsequent presented wind tunnels, in that we operate it at a considerably lower wind speed than the others. To describe the behaviour of this wind tunnel, measurement of the flow pattern in this low-speed tunnel are under way, and some initial results are presented here.

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12

Dou, Bingzheng, Zhanpei Yang, Michele Guala, Timing Qu, Liping Lei, and Pan Zeng. "Comparison of Different Driving Modes for the Wind Turbine Wake in Wind Tunnels." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081915.

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The wake of upstream wind turbine is known to affect the operation of downstream turbines and the overall efficiency of the wind farm. Wind tunnel experiments provide relevant information for understanding and modeling the wake and its dependency on the turbine operating conditions. There are always two main driving modes to operate turbines in a wake experiment: (1) the turbine rotor is driven and controlled by a motor, defined active driving mode; (2) the rotor is driven by the incoming wind and subject to a drag torque, defined passive driving mode. The effect of the varying driving mode on the turbine wake is explored in this study. The mean wake velocities, turbulence intensities, skewness and kurtosis of the velocity time-series estimated from hot-wire anemometry data, were obtained at various downstream locations, in a uniform incoming flow wind tunnel and in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. The results show that there is not a significant difference in the mean wake velocity between these two driving modes. An acceptable agreement is observed in the comparison of wake turbulence intensity and higher-order statistics in the two wind tunnels.

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13

Bansmer, Stephan E., Arne Baumert, Stephan Sattler, Inken Knop, Delphine Leroy, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Christiane Voigt, Hugo Pervier, and Biagio Esposito. "Design, construction and commissioning of the Braunschweig Icing Wind Tunnel." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2018): 3221–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3221-2018.

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Abstract. Beyond its physical importance in both fundamental and climate research, atmospheric icing is considered as a severe operational condition in many engineering applications like aviation, electrical power transmission and wind-energy production. To reproduce such icing conditions in a laboratory environment, icing wind tunnels are frequently used. In this paper, a comprehensive overview on the design, construction and commissioning of the Braunschweig Icing Wind Tunnel is given. The tunnel features a test section of 0.5 m × 0.5 m with peak velocities of up to 40 m s−1. The static air temperature ranges from −25 to +30 ∘C. Supercooled droplet icing with liquid water contents up to 3 g m−3 can be reproduced. The unique aspect of this facility is the combination of an icing tunnel with a cloud chamber system for making ice particles. These ice particles are more realistic in shape and density than those usually used for mixed phase and ice crystal icing experiments. Ice water contents up to 20 g m−3 can be generated. We further show how current state-of-the-art measurement techniques for particle sizing are performed on ice particles. The data are compared to those of in-flight measurements in mesoscale convective cloud systems in tropical regions. Finally, some applications of the icing wind tunnel are presented.

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14

Barbosa, P. H. A., M. Cataldi, and A. P. S. Freire. "Wind tunnel simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flows." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences 24, no. 3 (July 2002): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-73862002000300005.

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15

Kosugi, Atsushi, and Masaaki Nishiyama. "232 Wind Tunnel Experiments of Atmospheric Turbulent Diffusion." Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2017.55 (2017): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2017.55.43.

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16

Cermak, Jack E., Leighton S. Cochran, and Russ D. Leflier. "Wind-tunnel modelling of the atmospheric surface layer." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 54-55 (February 1995): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)00065-l.

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17

NAGAI, Kiyoyuki, Shouji SHIRAKATA, and Nobuko MIZUMOTO. "Wind tunnel experiments for atmospheric diffusion under various atmospheric stability conditions." Wind Engineers, JAWE 1998, no. 75 (1998): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5359/jawe.1998.75_7.

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18

Tian, Wei, Ahmet Ozbay, and Hui Hu. "A wind tunnel study of wind loads on a model wind turbine in atmospheric boundary layer winds." Journal of Fluids and Structures 85 (February 2019): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2018.12.003.

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19

Yasuo, Hattori, Murakami Takahiro, Matsumiya Hisato, Eguchi Yuzuru, and Nishihara Takashi. "1008 WIND-TUNNEL EXPERIMENT ON SPATIAL- AND TEMPORAL- STRUCTURES OF WIND FIELD BEHIND A PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL IN ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER." Proceedings of the International Conference on Jets, Wakes and Separated Flows (ICJWSF) 2013.4 (2013): _1008–1_—_1008–6_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicjwsf.2013.4._1008-1_.

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20

Guo, Dong-Peng, Ren-Tai Yao, and Dan Fan. "Wind Tunnel Experiment for Predicting a Visible Plume Region from a Nuclear Power Plant Cooling Tower." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 2 (February 2014): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0153.1.

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AbstractThis paper introduces a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of the cooling tower of a nuclear power plant on the flow and the characteristics of visible plume regions. The relevant characteristics of the flow field near the cooling tower, such as the plume rise and the visible plume region, are compared with the results of previous experimental data from Électricité de France (EDF) and the Briggs formulas. The results show that the wind tunnel experiment can simulate the top backflow of the cooling tower and the rear cavity regions among others. In the near-wake region, including the recirculation cavity, mean velocity decreases and turbulence intensity increases significantly. The maximum turbulence intensity observed is 0.5. In addition, the disturbed flow extent of the cooling tower top reaches 1.5 times the cooling tower height. Analysis of the visible plume region shows that the wind tunnel experiment can simulate the variation of a visible plume region. The results are consistent with the wind tunnel experiment of EDF. Moreover, the plume rise analysis shows that the wind tunnel experiment data are in agreement with the Briggs formulas for 50–200 m. As a whole, the proposed wind tunnel experiment can simulate the flow field variation of the visible plume region and the plume rise around the buildings with reasonable accuracy.

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21

KATO, Makiko. "WIND TUNNEL SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE OVER COMPLEX TERRAINS." Wind Engineers, JAWE 1994, no. 59 (1994): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5359/jawe.1994.59_89.

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22

Hancock, P. E., and P. Hayden. "Wind-tunnel simulation of stably stratified atmospheric boundary layers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 753 (September 2016): 032012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032012.

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23

Shojaee, S. M. N., O. Uzol, and Ö. Kurç. "Atmospheric boundary layer simulation in a short wind tunnel." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (November 28, 2013): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0371-4.

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24

Hlevca, Dan, and Mircea Degeratu. "Atmospheric boundary layer modeling in a short wind tunnel." European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids 79 (January 2020): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2019.10.003.

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25

Latham, Don J. "Space charge generated by wind tunnel fires." Atmospheric Research 51, no. 3-4 (July 1999): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8095(99)00012-5.

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French, Aaron, Wilhelm Friess, Andrew Goupee, and Keith Berube. "Design, Construction and Evaluation of an Oscillating Vane Gust Generator for Atmospheric Flow Simulation." Wind 1, no. 1 (November 11, 2021): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind1010004.

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The study of unsteady aerodynamic phenomena in wind tunnels is supported by gust-generating devices capable of generating adjustable magnitude and periodicity velocity fluctuations in a flowfield. Gusts are typically generated actively by introducing moving vanes to direct the flow, or passively by tailoring the boundary layer growth and shape in the tunnel. The flow facility used here is a student-built closed-return low-speed wind tunnel, with a test section size of 750 mm × 750 mm and a maximum speed of 25 m/s. A two-vane gust generator utilizing NACA0018 airfoil sections of 150 mm chord length was designed and installed upstream of the test section. The flowfield was mapped with the installed vanes with and without gust actuation, utilizing a hot wire system. The tunnel with gust vanes exhibits a spatially uniform baseline turbulence intensity of 5%, with a steady state velocity deficit of 1 m/s in the vane–wake region. Upon introducing the gusting conditions at vane deflection angles of up to ±45°, velocity differences of up to 4 m/s were attained at 18 m/s freestream velocity at oscillation frequencies ranging between 1 Hz and 2 Hz.

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KAMRA, AK, AB SATHE, and DV AHIR. "A vertical wind tunnel for water drop studies." MAUSAM 37, no. 2 (April 11, 2022): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i2.2348.

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A vertical wind tunnel for free suspension of millimetre size water drops has been designed and constructed. It consists of a reservoir, flow straightning devices, a diffusor section and a test section. The velocity profiles in the region of suspended drops are given. Stability of the drops placed in velocity wells generated in the vertical air flow of the tunnel, is discussed. Arrangements to apply electric fields and to take photographs of the suspended drops are described. Some possible uses of this tunnel are discussed.

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28

Cheng, XX, J. Dong, Y. Peng, L. Zhao, and YJ Ge. "Effects of free-stream turbulence on wind loads on a full-scale large cooling tower." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 10 (December 27, 2017): 1437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217747404.

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The high variability in turbulence is a significant feature of the realistic atmospheric boundary layer winds which might have strong effects on wind loads on structures submerged in atmospheric boundary layer. This article has been devoted to this matter of science which is of practical importance to wind-engineering design and research. First, the variation of the turbulence intensity of the atmospheric boundary layer flow has been studied using theoretical calculations and meteorological wind measurements. Second, the effects of free-stream turbulence on wind loads on circular cylindrical structures have been revealed at high Reynolds number and equivalent conditions based on field measurements and wind tunnel model tests for wind effects on a large cooling tower. Through these works, it is found that the turbulence intensity for the measured atmospheric boundary layer winds is highly variable due to the significant effect of the mean wind speed, which is not well represented by the traditional empirical formulae. Besides, the free-stream turbulence significantly influences the dynamic characteristics of wind effects on the cooling tower in most cases, and the wind effects for a flow field of high turbulence intensity are generally more unfavorable than those for a flow field of low turbulence intensity.

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Kozmar, Hrvoje. "Characteristics of natural wind simulations in the TUM boundary layer wind tunnel." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 106, no. 1-2 (March 4, 2011): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0417-9.

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30

Han, Dong Seop, Hyo Pil Jang, and Geun Jo Han. "Compensation of FSI Analysis to Develop an Alarm System for a Container Crane." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.561.

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This study is conducted to provide a compensation formula to design the stowing devices - a tie-down rod and a stowage pin - and an alarm system to prevent an overturning of a container crane under wind loads. Two method, namely FSI(fluid-structure interaction) analysis and wind tunnel test, are adopted in this investigation. In order to evaluate the effect of wind load on the stability of the crane, 50-ton class container crane widely used in container terminals is adopted for analytic model and 19-values are considered for wind direction as design parameter. First, the wind tunnel test for the reduced scale container crane model is performed according to the wind direction using an Eiffel type atmospheric boundary-layer wind tunnel. Next, FSI analysis for a full-scale container crane is conducted using ANSYS and CFX. Then, the uplift force obtained from FSI analysis is compared with that yielded by the wind tunnel test. Finally, a formula is suggested to compensate the difference between the FSI analysis and the wind tunnel test.

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Zhang, Yu, and Qing Lin Meng. "Experimental Method Study of Climatic Evaporation of Porous Material in Wind Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 4449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.4449.

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A hot-humid climatic wind tunnel using wind tunnel technology was developed to simulate the true outdoor dynamic climatic parameters, including solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, which realized a small-step periodic changing climatic environment of a particular area. To obtain atmospheric evaporation force of porous material, water evaporation experiment representing the impact of climatic elements with atmospheric evaporation force was carried out, then a Penman formula based water evaporation experimental model was built. Considered to different texture of materials, different beginning times and different climatic parameters, porous material evaporation experiments were carried out and an experimental model was established.

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32

Mott, Rebecca, Enrico Paterna, Stefan Horender, Philip Crivelli, and Michael Lehning. "Wind tunnel experiments: cold-air pooling and atmospheric decoupling above a melting snow patch." Cryosphere 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-445-2016.

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Abstract. The longevity of perennial snowfields is not fully understood, but it is known that strong atmospheric stability and thus boundary-layer decoupling limit the amount of (sensible and latent) heat that can be transmitted from the atmosphere to the snow surface. The strong stability is typically caused by two factors, (i) the temperature difference between the (melting) snow surface and the near-surface atmosphere and (ii) cold-air pooling in topographic depressions. These factors are almost always a prerequisite for perennial snowfields to exist. For the first time, this contribution investigates the relative importance of the two factors in a controlled wind tunnel environment. Vertical profiles of sensible heat and momentum fluxes are measured using two-component hot-wire and one-component cold-wire anemometry directly over the melting snow patch. The comparison between a flat snow surface and one that has a depression shows that atmospheric decoupling is strongly increased in the case of topographic sheltering but only for low to moderate wind speeds. For those conditions, the near-surface suppression of turbulent mixing was observed to be strongest, and the ambient flow was decoupled from the surface, enhancing near-surface atmospheric stability over the single snow patch.

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33

Garman, K. E., K. A. Hill, P. Wyss, M. Carlsen, J. R. Zimmerman, B. H. Stirm, T. Q. Carney, R. Santini, and P. B. Shepson. "An Airborne and Wind Tunnel Evaluation of a Wind Turbulence Measurement System for Aircraft-Based Flux Measurements*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 23, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1696–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1940.1.

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Abstract Although the ability to measure vertical eddy fluxes of gases from aircraft platforms represents an important capability to obtain spatially resolved data, accurate and reliable determination of the turbulent vertical velocity presents a great challenge. A nine-hole hemispherical probe known as the “Best Air Turbulence Probe” (often abbreviated as the “BAT Probe”) is frequently used in aircraft-based flux studies to sense the airflow angles and velocity relative to the aircraft. Instruments such as inertial navigation and global positioning systems allow the measured airflow to be converted into the three-dimensional wind velocity relative to the earth’s surface by taking into account the aircraft’s velocity and orientation. Calibration of the aircraft system has previously been performed primarily through in-flight experiments, where calibration coefficients were determined by performing various flight maneuvers. However, a rigorous test of the BAT Probe in a wind tunnel has not been previously undertaken. The authors summarize the results of a complement of low-speed wind tunnel tests and in-flight calibrations for the aircraft–BAT Probe combination. Two key factors are addressed in this paper: The first is the correction of systematic error arising from airflow measurements with a noncalibrated BAT Probe. The second is the instrumental precision in measuring the vertical component of wind from the integrated aircraft-based wind measurement system. The wind tunnel calibration allows one to ascertain the extent to which the BAT Probe airflow measurements depart from a commonly used theoretical potential flow model and to correct for systematic errors that would be present if only the potential flow model were used. The precision in the determined vertical winds was estimated by propagating the precision of the BAT Probe data (determined from the wind tunnel study) and the inertial measurement precision (determined from in-flight tests). The precision of the vertical wind measurement for spatial scales larger than approximately 2 m is independent of aircraft flight speed over the range of airspeeds studied, and the 1σ precision is approximately 0.03 m s−1.

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34

Takahashi, Tsutomu, and Kuniko Miyawaki. "Reexamination of Riming Electrification in a Wind Tunnel." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 59, no. 5 (March 2002): 1018–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1018:roreia>2.0.co;2.

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35

Schatzmann, M., G. K�nig, and O. A. Lohmeyer. "Wind tunnel modeling of small-scale meteorological processes." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 41, no. 1-4 (1987): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00120441.

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36

Ullah, Junaid, Aleš Prachař, Miroslav Šmíd, Avraham Seifert, Vitaly Soudakov, Thorsten Lutz, and Ewald Krämer. "Reynolds number and wind tunnel wall effects on the flow field around a generic UHBR engine high-lift configuration." CEAS Aeronautical Journal 11, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 1009–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13272-020-00463-w.

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Abstract RANS simulations of a generic ultra-high bypass ratio engine high-lift configuration were conducted in three different environments. The purpose of this study is to assess small scale tests in an atmospheric closed test section wind tunnel regarding transferability to large scale tests in an open-jet wind tunnel. Special emphasis was placed on the flow field in the separation prone region downstream from the extended slat cut-out. Validation with wind tunnel test data shows an adequate agreement with CFD results. The cross-comparison of the three sets of simulations allowed to identify the effects of the Reynolds number and the wind tunnel walls on the flow field separately. The simulations reveal significant blockage effects and corner flow separation induced by the test section walls. By comparison, the Reynolds number effects are negligible. A decrease of the incidence angle for the small scale model allows to successfully reproduce the flow field of the large scale model despite severe wind tunnel wall effects.

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37

De Bortoli, M. E., B. Natalini, M. J. Paluch, and M. B. Natalini. "Part-depth wind tunnel simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 90, no. 4-5 (May 2002): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6105(01)00204-5.

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38

Farell, Cesar, and Arun K. S. Iyengar. "Experiments on the wind tunnel simulation of atmospheric boundary layers." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 79, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 11–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6105(98)00117-2.

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39

SEKISHITA, Nobumasa, Hideharu MAKITA, Masayuki ICHIGO, and Tadasuke FUJITA. "Simulation of Atmospheric Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Wind Tunnel." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 68, no. 665 (2002): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.68.55.

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40

van Ramshorst, Justus G. V., Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Bart Schilperoort, Bas J. H. van de Wiel, Jonathan G. Izett, John S. Selker, Chad W. Higgins, Hubert H. G. Savenije, and Nick C. van de Giesen. "Revisiting wind speed measurements using actively heated fiber optics: a wind tunnel study." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 5423–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5423-2020.

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Abstract. Near-surface wind speed is typically only measured by point observations. The actively heated fiber-optic (AHFO) technique, however, has the potential to provide high-resolution distributed observations of wind speeds, allowing for better spatial characterization of fine-scale processes. Before AHFO can be widely used, its performance needs to be tested in a range of settings. In this work, experimental results on this novel observational wind-probing technique are presented. We utilized a controlled wind tunnel setup to assess both the accuracy and the precision of AHFO under a range of operational conditions (wind speed, angles of attack and temperature difference). The technique allows for wind speed characterization with a spatial resolution of 0.3 m on a 1 s timescale. The flow in the wind tunnel was varied in a controlled manner such that the mean wind ranged between 1 and 17 m s−1. The AHFO measurements are compared to sonic anemometer measurements and show a high coefficient of determination (0.92–0.96) for all individual angles, after correcting the AHFO measurements for the angle of attack. Both the precision and accuracy of the AHFO measurements were also greater than 95 % for all conditions. We conclude that AHFO has the potential to measure wind speed, and we present a method to help choose the heating settings of AHFO. AHFO allows for the characterization of spatially varying fields of mean wind. In the future, the technique could potentially be combined with conventional distributed temperature sensing (DTS) for sensible heat flux estimation in micrometeorological and hydrological applications.

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41

Zhang, J., Y. Shao, and N. Huang. "Measurements of dust deposition velocity in a wind-tunnel experiment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2014): 8869–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8869-2014.

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Abstract. In this study, we present the results of a wind-tunnel experiment on dust deposition. A new method is proposed to derive dust deposition velocity from PDA (particle dynamics analysis) particle-velocity and particle-size measurements. This method has the advantage that the motions of individual dust particles are directly observed and all relevant data for computing dust deposition velocity is collected using a single instrument, and thus the measurement uncertainties are reduced. The method is used in the wind-tunnel experiment to measure dust deposition velocities for different particle sizes, wind speeds and surface conditions. For sticky-smooth wood and water surfaces, the observed dust deposition velocities are compared with the predictions using a dust deposition scheme, and the entire data set is compared with the data found in the literature. From the wind-tunnel experiments, a relatively reliable data set of dust deposition velocities is obtained, which is valuable for the development and validation of dust deposition schemes.

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42

Knop, Inken, Stephan E. Bansmer, Valerian Hahn, and Christiane Voigt. "Comparison of different droplet measurement techniques in the Braunschweig Icing Wind Tunnel." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 1761–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1761-2021.

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Abstract. The generation, transport and characterization of supercooled droplets in multiphase wind tunnel test facilities is of great importance for conducting icing experiments and to better understand cloud microphysical processes such as coalescence, ice nucleation, accretion and riming. To this end, a spray system has been developed, tested and calibrated in the Braunschweig Icing Wind Tunnel. Liquid droplets in the size range of 1 to 150 µm produced by pneumatic atomizers were accelerated to velocities between 10 and 40 m s−1 and supercooled to temperatures between 0 and −20 ∘C. Thereby, liquid water contents between 0.07 and 2.5 g m−3 were obtained in the test section. The wind tunnel conditions were stable and reproducible within 3 % standard variation for median volumetric diameter (MVD) and 7 % standard deviation for liquid water content (LWC). Different instruments were integrated in the icing wind tunnel measuring the particle size distribution (PSD), MVD and LWC. Phase Doppler interferometry (PDI), laser spectroscopy with a fast cloud droplet probe (FCDP) and shadowgraphy were systematically compared for present wind tunnel conditions. MVDs measured with the three instruments agreed within 15 % in the range between 8 and 35 µm and showed high coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.985 for FCDP and 0.799 for shadowgraphy with respect to PDI data. Between 35 and 56 µm MVD, the shadowgraphy data exhibit a low bias with respect to PDI. The instruments' trends and biases for selected droplet conditions are discussed. LWCs determined from mass flow calculations in the range of 0.07–1.5 g m−3 are compared to measurements of the bulk phase rotating cylinder technique (RCT) and the above-mentioned single-particle instruments. For RCT, agreement with the mass flow calculations of approximately 20 % in LWC was achieved. For PDI 84 % of measurement points with LWC<0.5 g m−3 agree with mass flow calculations within a range of ±0.1 g m−3. Using the different techniques, a comprehensive wind tunnel calibration for supercooled droplets was achieved, which is a prerequisite for providing well-characterized liquid cloud conditions for icing tests for aerospace, wind turbines and power networks.

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43

Zeng, Jiadong, Zhitian Zhang, Mingshui Li, and Zhiguo Li. "The Spatial Structure of Passively Simulated Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 11934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411934.

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Three types of turbulence fields were investigated using a research method combining wind tunnel tests and theoretical analysis to further explore the spatial structure of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence, which was passively simulated by a wind tunnel. The fundamental theory of turbulence is introduced, and some traditional theoretical coherence models based on isotropic turbulence theory are derived. The difference between the theoretical results and the passive simulation of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence was compared and discussed. The analysis results show that the passively simulated atmospheric turbulence basically conformed to the homogeneous isotropic turbulence assumption on the horizontal plane, but the interference of the nonisotropic turbulence components cannot be ignored either. Finally, some improvements were made to the traditional coherence function model based on the experimental results to apply the passively simulated atmospheric boundary layer turbulence.

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44

Han, D. S., and G. J. Han. "Reference data on uplift forces for an alarm system to prevent an accident of a container crane due to windblast." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 6 (April 13, 2011): 1373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211399820.

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This study is conducted to provide the reference data for an alarm system to prevent an overturning of a container crane under wind loads. Two methods, namely FSI (fluid–structure interaction) analysis and wind tunnel test, are adopted in this investigation. In order to evaluate the effect of wind load on the stability of the crane, a 50-ton class container crane, widely used in container terminals, is adopted for an analytic model, and 19 values are considered for wind direction as a design parameter. First, the wind tunnel test for the reduced-scale container crane model is performed according to the wind direction using an Eiffel-type atmospheric boundary-layer wind tunnel. Next, FSI analysis for a full-scale container crane is conducted using ANSYS and CFX. Then, the uplift force obtained from FSI analysis is compared with that yielded by the wind tunnel test. Finally, the reference data on the uplift forces for an alarm system are suggested to prevent an accident of a container crane due to windblast.

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45

Mott, R., E. Paterna, S. Horender, P. Crivelli, and M. Lehning. "Wind tunnel experiments: cold-air pooling and atmospheric decoupling above a melting snow patch." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 5 (October 8, 2015): 5413–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-5413-2015.

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Abstract. The longevity of perennial snow fields is not fully understood but it is known that strong atmospheric stability and thus boundary layer decoupling limits the amount of (sensible and latent) heat that can be transmitted to the snow surface. The strong stability is typically caused by two factors, (i) the temperature difference between the (melting) snow surface and the near-surface atmosphere and (ii) cold-air pooling in topographic depressions. These factors are almost always a prerequisite for perennial snow fields to exist. For the first time, this contribution investigates the relative importance of the two factors in a controlled wind tunnel environment. Vertical profiles of sensible heat fluxes are measured using two-component hot wire and one-component cold-wire anemometry directly over the melting snow patch. The comparison between a flat snow surface and one that has a depression shows that atmospheric decoupling is strongly increased in the case of topographic sheltering but only for low to moderate wind speeds. For those conditions, the near-surface suppression of turbulent mixing was observed to be strongest and drainage flows were decoupled from the surface enhancing atmospheric stability and promoting the cold-air pooling over the single snow patch. Further work is required to systematically and quantitatively describe the flux distribution for varying terrain geometry, wind speeds and air temperatures.

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46

KATSUKI, Takeaki, Ryozo OOKA, Takeo TAKAHASHI, and Shinsuke KATO. "WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENT AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER VARIOUS ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 74, no. 640 (2009): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.74.735.

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47

Wernitz, Ricarda, Christoph Eichhorn, Thomas Marynowski, and Georg Herdrich. "Plasma Wind Tunnel Investigation of European Ablators in Nitrogen/Methane Using Emission Spectroscopy." International Journal of Spectroscopy 2013 (June 20, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/764321.

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For atmospheric reentries at high enthalpies ablative heat shield materials are used, such as those for probes entering the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan, such as Cassini-Huygens in December, 2004. The characterization of such materials in a nitrogen/methane atmosphere is of interest. A European ablative material, AQ60, has been investigated in plasma wind tunnel tests at the IRS plasma wind tunnel PWK1 using the magnetoplasma dynamic generator RD5 as plasma source in a nitrogen/methane atmosphere. The dimensions of the samples are 45 mm in length with a diameter of 39 mm. The actual ablator has a thickness of 40 mm. The ablator is mounted on an aluminium substructure. The experiments were conducted at two different heat flux regimes, 1.4 MW/m2 and 0.3 MW/m2. In this paper, results of emission spectroscopy at these plasma conditions in terms of plasma species’ temperatures will be presented, including the investigation of the free-stream species, N2 and N2+, and the major erosion product C2, at a wavelength range around 500 nm–600 nm.

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48

Volker, P. J. H., J. Badger, A. N. Hahmann, and S. Ott. "The Explicit Wake Parametrisation V1.0: a wind farm parametrisation in the mesoscale model WRF." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 11 (November 18, 2015): 3715–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3715-2015.

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Abstract. We describe the theoretical basis, implementation, and validation of a new parametrisation that accounts for the effect of large offshore wind farms on the atmosphere and can be used in mesoscale and large-scale atmospheric models. This new parametrisation, referred to as the Explicit Wake Parametrisation (EWP), uses classical wake theory to describe the unresolved wake expansion. The EWP scheme is validated for a neutral atmospheric boundary layer against filtered in situ measurements from two meteorological masts situated a few kilometres away from the Danish offshore wind farm Horns Rev I. The simulated velocity deficit in the wake of the wind farm compares well to that observed in the measurements, and the velocity profile is qualitatively similar to that simulated with large eddy simulation models and from wind tunnel studies. At the same time, the validation process highlights the challenges in verifying such models with real observations.

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49

Bai, Yuguang, Youwei Zhang, Tingting Liu, David Kennedy, and Fred Williams. "Numerical predictions of wind-induced buffeting vibration for structures by a developed pseudo-excitation method." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 38, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 510–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348419828248.

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A numerical analysis method for wind-induced response of structures is presented which is based on the pseudo-excitation method to significantly reduce the computational complexity while preserving accuracy. Original pseudo-excitation method was developed suitable for adoption by combining an effective computational fluid dynamic method which can be used to replace wind tunnel tests when finding important aerodynamic parameters. Two problems investigated are gust responses of a composite wing and buffeting vibration responses of the Tsing Ma Bridge. Atmospheric turbulence effects are modeled by either k–ω shear stress transport or detached eddy simulation. The power spectral responses and variances of the wing are computed by employing the Dryden atmospheric turbulence spectrum and the computed values of the local stress standard deviation of the Tsing Ma Bridge are compared with experimental values. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide highly efficient numerical analysis of two kinds of wind-induced responses of structures and hence has significant benefits for wind-induced vibration engineering.

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50

Segalini, Antonio, Jens H. M. Fransson, and P. Henrik Alfredsson. "Scaling Laws in Canopy Flows: A Wind-Tunnel Analysis." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 148, no. 2 (March 21, 2013): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9813-2.

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