Дисертації з теми "Atmospheric circulation Africa Mathematical models"
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Shongwe, Mxolisi Excellent. "Performance of recalibration systems of general circulation model forecasts over southern Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07032007-102650.
Повний текст джерелаDionne, Pierre 1962. "Numerical simulation of blocking by the resonance of topographically forced waves." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65542.
Повний текст джерелаJia, XiaoJing 1977. "The mechanisms and the predictability of the Arctic oscillation and the North Atlantic oscillation /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103026.
Повний текст джерелаHang, Jian, and 杭建. "Wind conditions and urban ventilation in idealized city models." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42841471.
Повний текст джерелаKaspi, Yohai. "Turbulent convection in the anelastic rotating sphere : a model for the circulation on the giant planets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45780.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (p. 207-221).
This thesis studies the dynamics of a rotating compressible gas sphere, driven by internal convection, as a model for the dynamics on the giant planets. We develop a new general circulation model for the Jovian atmosphere, based on the MITgcm dynamical core augmenting the nonhydrostatic model. The grid extends deep into the planet's interior allowing the model to compute the dynamics of a whole sphere of gas rather than a spherical shell (including the strong variations in gravity and the equation of state). Different from most previous 3D convection models, this model is anelastic rather than Boussinesq and thereby incorporates the full density variation of the planet. We show that the density gradients caused by convection drive the system away from an isentropic and therefore barotropic state as previously assumed, leading to significant baroclinic shear. This shear is concentrated mainly in the upper levels and associated with baroclinic compressibility effects. The interior flow organizes in large cyclonically rotating columnar eddies parallel to the rotation axis, which drive upgradient angular momentum eddy fluxes, generating the observed equatorial superrotation. Heat fluxes align with the axis of rotation, contributing to the observed flat meridional emission. We show the transition from weak convection cases with symmetric spiraling columnar modes similar to those found in previous analytic linear theory, to more turbulent cases which exhibit similar, though less regular and solely cyclonic, convection columns which manifest on the surface in the form of waves embedded within the superrotation. We develop a mechanical understanding of this system and scaling laws by studying simpler configurations and the dependence on physical properties such as the rotation period, bottom boundary location and forcing structure. These columnar cyclonic structures propagate eastward, driven by dynamics similar to that of a Rossby wave except that the restoring planetary vorticity gradient is in the opposite direction, due to the spherical geometry in the interior.
(cont.) We further study these interior dynamics using a simplified barotropic annulus model, which shows that the planetary vorticity radial variation causes the eddy angular momentum flux divergence, which drives the superrotating equatorial flow. In addition we study the interaction of the interior dynamics with a stable exterior weather layer, using a quasigeostrophic two layer channel model on a beta plane, where the columnar interior is therefore represented by a negative beta effect. We find that baroclinic instability of even a weak shear can drive strong, stable multiple zonal jets. For this model we find an analytic nonlinear solution, truncated to one growing mode, that exhibits a multiple jet meridional structure, driven by the nonlinear interaction between the eddies. Finally, given the density field from our 3D convection model we derive the high order gravitational spectra of Jupiter, which is a measurable quantity for the upcoming JUNO mission to Jupiter.
by Yohai Kaspi.
Ph.D.
Zhai, Ping Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Buoyancy-driven circulation in the Red Sea." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/95561.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 175-180).
This thesis explores the buoyancy-driven circulation in the Red Sea, using a combination of observations, as well as numerical modeling and analytical method. The first part of the thesis investigates the formation mechanism and spreading of Red Sea Overflow Water (RSOW) in the Red Sea. The preconditions required for open-ocean convection, which is suggested to be the formation mechanism of RSOW, are examined. The RSOW is identified and tracked as a layer with minimum potential vorticity and maximum chlorofluorocarbon-12. The pathway of the RSOW is also explored using numerical simulation. If diffusivity is not considered, the production rate of the RSOW is estimated to be 0.63 Sv using Walin's method. By comparing this 0.63 Sv to the actual RSOW transport at the Strait of Bab el Mandeb, it is implied that the vertical diffusivity is about 3.4 x10-5 m 2 s-1. The second part of the thesis studies buoyancy-forced circulation in an idealized Red Sea. Buoyancy-loss driven circulation in marginal seas is usually dominated by cyclonic boundary currents on f-plane, as suggested by previous observations and numerical modeling. This thesis suggests that by including [beta]-effect and buoyancy loss that increases linearly with latitude, the resultant mean Red Sea circulation consists of an anticyclonic gyre in the south and a cyclonic gyre in the north. In mid-basin, the northward surface flow crosses from the western boundary to the eastern boundary. The observational support is also reviewed. The mechanism that controls the crossover of boundary currents is further explored using an ad hoc analytical model based on PV dynamics. This ad hoc analytical model successfully predicts the crossover latitude of boundary currents. It suggests that the competition between advection of planetary vorticity and buoyancy-loss related term determines the crossover latitude. The third part of the thesis investigates three mechanisms that might account for eddy generation in the Red Sea, by conducting a series of numerical experiments. The three mechanisms are: i) baroclinic instability; ii) meridional structure of surface buoyancy losses; iii) cross-basin wind fields.
by Ping Zhai.
Ph. D.
Yang, Lina, and 阳丽娜. "City ventilation of Hong Kong by thermal buoyancy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42841380.
Повний текст джерелаLuo, Zhiwen, and 罗志文. "City ventilation by slope wind." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46089962.
Повний текст джерелаMazloff, Matthew R. "Production and analysis of a Southern Ocean state estimate." Thesis, Online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1282.
Повний текст джерела"September 2006." Bibliography: p. 97-106.
Dail, Holly Janine. "Atlantic Ocean circulation at the last glacial maximum : inferences from data and models." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78367.
Повний текст джерелаThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-236).
This thesis focuses on ocean circulation and atmospheric forcing in the Atlantic Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 18-21 thousand years before present). Relative to the pre-industrial climate, LGM atmospheric CO₂ concentrations were about 90 ppm lower, ice sheets were much more extensive, and many regions experienced significantly colder temperatures. In this thesis a novel approach to dynamical reconstruction is applied to make estimates of LGM Atlantic Ocean state that are consistent with these proxy records and with known ocean dynamics. Ocean dynamics are described with the MIT General Circulation Model in an Atlantic configuration extending from 35°S to 75°N at 1° resolution. Six LGM proxy types are used to constrain the model: four compilations of near sea surface temperatures from the MARGO project, as well as benthic isotope records of [delta]¹⁸O and [delta]¹³C compiled by Marchal and Curry; 629 individual proxy records are used. To improve the fit of the model to the data, a least-squares fit is computed using an algorithm based on the model adjoint (the Lagrange multiplier methodology). The adjoint is used to compute improvements to uncertain initial and boundary conditions (the control variables). As compared to previous model-data syntheses of LGM ocean state, this thesis uses a significantly more realistic model of oceanic physics, and is the first to incorporate such a large number and diversity of proxy records. A major finding is that it is possible to find an ocean state that is consistent with all six LGM proxy compilations and with known ocean dynamics, given reasonable uncertainty estimates. Only relatively modest shifts from modern atmospheric forcing are required to fit the LGM data. The estimates presented herein succesfully reproduce regional shifts in conditions at the LGM that have been inferred from proxy records, but which have not been captured in the best available LGM coupled model simulations. In addition, LGM benthic [delta]¹⁸O and [delta]¹³C records are shown to be consistent with a shallow but robust Atlantic meridional overturning cell, although other circulations cannot be excluded.
by Holly Janine Dail.
Ph.D.
Comer, Neil Thomas. "Validation and heterogeneity investigation of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) for wetland landscapes." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38173.
Повний текст джерелаCLASS was then tuned for a specific bog location found in the Hudson Bay Lowland (HBL) during the Northern Wetlands Study (NOWES). With bog surfaces better described within the model, testing of CLASS over a highly heterogeneous 169 km2 HBL region is then undertaken. The model is first modified for lake and pond surfaces and then separate runs for bog, fen, lake and tree/shrub categories is undertaken. Using a GIS, the test region under which airborne flux measurements are available is divided into 104 grid cells and proportions of each surface type are calculated within each cell. Findings indicate that although the modelled grid average radiation and flux values are reasonably well reproduced (4% error for net radiation, 10% for latent heat flux and 30% for sensible heat flux), spatial agreement between modelled and observed grid cells is disappointing. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Hsu, Wei-Ching. "The variability and seasonal cycle of the Southern Ocean carbon flux." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49079.
Повний текст джерелаHorwitz, Rachel Mandy. "The effect of stratification on wind-driven, cross-shelf circulation and transport on the inner continental shelf." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77779.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-215).
Observations from a three-year field program on the inner shelf south of Martha's Vineyard, MA and a numerical model are used to describe the effect of stratification on inner shelf circulation, transport, and sediment resuspension height. Thermal stratification above the bottom mixed layer is shown to cap the height to which sediment is resuspended. Stratification increases the transport driven by cross-shelf wind stresses, and this effect is larger in the response to offshore winds than onshore winds. However, a one-dimensional view of the dynamics is not sufficient to explain the relationship between circulation and stratification. An idealized, cross-shelf transect in a numerical model (ROMS) is used to isolate the effects of stratification, wind stress magnitude, surface heat flux, cross-shelf density gradient, and wind direction on the inner shelf response to the cross-shelf component of the wind stress. In well mixed and weakly stratified conditions, the cross-shelf density gradient can be used to predict the transport efficiency of the cross-shelf wind stress. In stratified conditions, the presence of an along-shelf wind stress component makes the inner shelf response to cross-shelf wind stress strongly asymmetric.
by Rachel Mandy Horwitz.
Ph.D.
Habarulema, John Bosco. "A contribution to TEC modelling over Southern Africa using GPS data." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005241.
Повний текст джерелаVerdy, Ariane. "Dynamics of marine zooplankton : social behavior, ecological interactions, and physically-induced variability." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43158.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (p. [221]-232).
Marine ecosystems reflect the physical structure of their environment and the biological processes they carry out. This leads to spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability, some of which is imposed externally and some of which emerges from the ecological mechanisms themselves. The main focus of this thesis is on the formation of spatial patterns in the distribution of zooplankton arising from social interactions between individuals. In the Southern Ocean, krill often assemble in swarms and schools, the dynamics of which have important ecological consequences. Mathematical and numerical models are employed to study the interplay of biological and physical processes that contribute to the observed patchiness. The evolution of social behavior is simulated in a theoretical framework that includes zooplankton population dynamics, swimming behavior, and some aspects of the variability inherent to fluid environments. First, I formulate a model of resource utilization by a stage-structured predator population with density-dependent reproduction. Second, I incorporate the predator-prey dynamics into a spatially-explicit model, in which aggregations develop spontaneously as a result of linear instability of the uniform distribution. In this idealized ecosystem, benefits related to the local abundance of mates are offset by the cost of having to share resources with other group members. Third, I derive a weakly nonlinear approximation for the steady-state distributions of predator and prey biomass that captures the spatial patterns driven by social tendencies. Fourth, I simulate the schooling behavior of zooplankton in a variable environment; when turbulent flows generate patchiness in the resource field, schools can forage more efficiently than individuals.
(cont.) Taken together, these chapters demonstrate that aggregation/ schooling can indeed be the favored behavior when (i) reproduction (or other survival measures) increases with density in part of the range and (ii) mixing of prey into patches is rapid enough to offset the depletion. In the final two chapters, I consider sources of temporal variability in marine ecosystems. External perturbations amplified by nonlinear ecological interactions induce transient ex-cursions away from equilibrium; in predator-prey dynamics the amplitude and duration of these transients are controlled by biological processes such as growth and mortality. In the Southern Ocean, large-scale winds associated with ENSO and the Southern Annular Mode cause convective mixing, which in turn drives air-sea fluxes of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Whether driven by stochastic fluctuations or by climatic phenomena, variability of the biogeochemical/physical environment has implications for ecosystem dynamics.
by Ariane Verdy.
Ph.D.
Verdy, Ariane. "Variability of zooplankton and sea surface temperature in the Southern Ocean." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39197.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (p. 69-74).
Interactions between physical and biological processes in the Southern Ocean have significant impacts on local ecosystems as well as on global climate. In this thesis, I present evidence that the Southern Ocean circulation affects the variability of zooplankton and sea surface temperature, both of which are involved in air-sea exchanges of carbon dioxide. First, I examine the formation of spatial patterns in the distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) resulting from social behavior. Turbulence of the flow is found to provide favorable conditions for the evolution social behavior in an idealized biological-physical model. Second, I analyze observations of sea surface temperature variability in the region of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Results suggest that propagating anomalies can be explained as a linear response to local atmospheric forcing by the Southern Annular Mode and remote forcing by El-Nifio southern oscillation, in the presence of advection by a mean flow.
by Ariane Verdy.
S.M.
Wortham, Cimarron James Lemuel IV. "A multi-dimensional spectral description of ocean variability with applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79296.
Повний текст джерела"February 2013." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-184).
Efforts to monitor the ocean for signs of climate change are hampered by ever-present noise, in the form of stochastic ocean variability, and detailed knowledge of the character of this noise is necessary for estimating the significance of apparent trends. Typically, uncertainty estimates are made by a variety of ad hoc methods, often based on numerical model results or the variability of the data set being analyzed. We provide a systematic approach based on the four-dimensional frequency-wavenumber spectrum of low-frequency ocean variability. This thesis presents an empirical model of the spectrum of ocean variability for periods between about 20 days and 15 years and wavelengths of about 200-10,000 km, and describes applications to ocean circulation trend detection, observing system design, and satellite data processing. The horizontal wavenumber-frequency part of the model spectrum is based on satellite altimetry, current meter data, moored temperature records, and shipboard ADCP data. The spectrum is dominated by motions along a "nondispersive line". The observations considered are consistent with a universal [omega] -² power law at the high end of the frequency range, but inconsistent with a universal wavenumber power law. The model spectrum is globally varying and accounts for changes in dominant phase speed, period, and wavelength with location. The vertical structure of the model spectrum is based on numerical model results, current meter data, and theoretical considerations. We find that the vertical structure of kinetic energy is surface intensified relative to the simplest theoretical predictions. We present a theory for the interaction of linear Rossby waves with rough topography; rough topography can explain both the observed phase speeds and vertical structure of variability. The improved description of low-frequency ocean variability presented here will serve as a useful tool for future oceanographic studies.
by Cimarron James Lemuel Wortham, IV.
Ph.D.
Schanze, Julian J. (Julian Johannes). "The production of temperature and salinity variance and covariance : implications for mixing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79294.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-195).
Large-scale thermal forcing and freshwater fluxes play an essential role in setting temperature and salinity in the ocean. A number of recent estimates of the global oceanic freshwater balance as well as the global oceanic surface net heat flux are used to investigate the effects of heat- and freshwater forcing at the ocean surface. Such forcing induces changes in both density and density-compensated temperature and salinity changes ('spice'). The ratio of the relative contributions of haline and thermal forcing in the mixed layer is maintained by large-scale surface fluxes, leading to important consequences for mixing in the ocean interior. In a stratified ocean, mixing processes can be either along lines of constant density (isopycnal) or across those lines (diapycnal). The contribution of these processes to the total mixing rate in the ocean can be estimated from the large-scale forcing by evaluating the production of thermal variance, salinity variance and temperature-salinity covariance. Here, I use new estimates of surface fluxes to evaluate these terms and combine them to generate estimates of the production of density and spice variance under the assumption of a linear equation of state. As a consequence, it is possible to estimate the relative importance of isopycnal and diapycnal mixing in the ocean. While isopycnal and diapycnal processes occur on very different length scales, I find that the surface-driven production of density and spice variance requires an approximate equipartition between isopycnal and diapycnal mixing in the ocean interior. In addition, consideration of the full nonlinear equation of state reveals that surface fluxes require an apparent buoyancy gain (expansion) of the ocean, which allows an estimate of the amount of contraction on mixing due to cabbeling in the ocean interior.
by Julian J. Schanze.
Ph.D.
Joubert, Alec Michael. "General circulation model simulations of Southern African regional climate." Thesis, 1994. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/25869.
Повний текст джерелаSix general circulation model simulations of present-day southern African climate are assessed, Each of these models are early-generation equilibrium climate models linked to simple mixed-slab oceans. Simulations of surface air temperature over the subcontinent are sensitive to the grid-scale parameterisation of convection in summer. At high latitudes, large simulation errors are caused by errors in the specification of sea-ice albedo feedbacks. Increased spatial resolution and the inclusion of a gravity wave drag term in the momentum equations results in a markedly-improved simulated mean sea level pressure distribution. Tho models successfully simulate the pattern of rainfall seasonality over the Subcontinent, although grid-point simulation of precipitation is unreliable. Treatment of convection, cloud radiative feedbacks and the oceans by this generation of models is simplistic, and consequently there is a large degree of uncertainty associated with predictions of future climate under doubled-carbon dioxide conditions. For this reason, more reliable estimates of future conditions will be achieved using only those models which reproduce present climate most accurately. Early-generation general circulation models suggest a warming of 4°C to 5°C for the southern African region as a whole throughout the year. Over the subcontinent, warming is expected to be least in the tropics, and greatest in the dry subtropical regions in winter. Estimated changes in mean sea level pressure indicate a southward shlft of all pressure systems, with a weakening of the subtropical high pressure belt and mid-latitude westerlies. Little agreement exists between the models concerning predictions of regional precipitation change. However, broad scale changes in precipitation patterns are in accordance with predicted circulation changes over the subcontinent. Generally wetter conditions may be expected in the tropics throughout the year and over the summer rainfall region during summer. Decreased winter rainfall may be expected over the winter rainfall region of the south-western Cape. However, estimated precipitation changes are grid-point specific and therefore must riot be over-interpreted. The present climate validation has resulted in more reliable estimates of future conditions for the southern African region. This approach should be extended to recent slrnulations which include more comprehensive treatment of important physical processes.
Andrew Chakane 2018
Jiang, Xingjian. "Role of oceanic heat transport processes in CO₂-induced warming : analysis of simulations by the OSU coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29322.
Повний текст джерелаGraduation date: 1987
Lipat, Bernard. "Quantifying and Understanding the Linkages between Clouds and the General Circulation of the Atmosphere." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8BS08VK.
Повний текст джерелаMabuza, Major. "Evaluating the adsorption capacity of supercritical carbon dioxide on South African coals using a simulated flue gas." 2013. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000996.
Повний текст джерелаAims to investigate how the addition of impurities in a CO2 stream affects the adsorption capacity of CO2 on South African coals. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were carried out. 1. To measure the adsorption isotherms and adsorption capacities of pure CO2 and flue gas mixtures on various South African coals under in-seam conditions including pressures up to 88 bar and isothermal temperature of 35 º%x;C; 2. To evaluate the effects of coal rank on the adsorption isotherms and adsorption capacities of pure CO2 and flue gas mixtures; 3. To do a comparative study to evaluate the effects of CO2 impurities on the adsorption capacity of pure CO2 on coal; 4. To study the degree of preferential sorption of the individual flue gas mixtures components on coal; 5. To determine the suitability of the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherm models in representing pure CO2 adsorption onto coal; and 6. To determine the suitability of Extended Langmuir (EL) adsorption models in representing the flue gas mixture adsorption onto coal.
Crimp, Steven Jeffrey. "Simulating sea-surface temperature effects on Southern African rainfall using a mesoscale numerical model." Thesis, 1996. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24293.
Повний текст джерелаThe atmospheric response of the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS) to sea-surface temperature anomaliesis investigated. A period of four days was chosen from 21 to 24 January 1981, where focus was placed on the development and dissipation of a tropical-temperate trough across Southern Africa. Previous experimenting this mesoscalenumerical model have detemined the kinematic, moisture, and thermodynamic nature of these synoptic features. The research in this dissertation focuses specifically on the sensitivity of the numerical model's simulated responses to positive sea-surface temperature anomalies. Three separate experiments were devised, in which positive anomalous temperatures were added to the ocean surface north of Madagascar (in the tropical Indian Ocean), at the region of the Agulhas Current retroflection, and along the tropical African west coast (in the Northern Benguela and Angola currents). The circulation aspects of each sensitivity test were investigated through the comparison of simulated variables such as vapour and cloud mixing ratios, temperature, streamlines and vertical velocity, with the same variables created by a control simulation. The results indicate that for the first sensitivity test, (the Madagascar anomaly), cyclogenesis was initiated over the area of modified sea temperatures which resulted in a marginal decrease in continental precipitation. The second sensitivity test (over the Agulhas retroflection) produced a much smaller simulated response to the addition of anomalously warm sea temperatures than the tropical Indian Ocean anomaly. Instability and precipitation values increased over the anomalously warm retroflection region, and were slowly transferred along the westerly wave perturbation and the South African east coast. The third sensitivity experiment showed a predominantly localised simulated increase in precipitation over Gabon and the Congo, with the slow southward progression of other simulated circulation differences taking place. The small perturbations in each of the simulated meteorological responses are consistent with the expected climate response to anomalously warm sea-surface temperatures in those areas.
AC 2018
Compton, Andrea Jean. "The correlation of sea surface temperatures, sea level pressure and vertical wind shear with ten tropical cyclones between 1981-2010." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3669.
Повний текст джерела