Статті в журналах: "Atmospheric carbon dioxide"

1

Smith, H. Jesse. "Controlling atmospheric carbon dioxide." Science 370, no. 6522 (December 10, 2020): 1286.13–1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.370.6522.1286-m.

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2

Lal, R. "Sequestering Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 28, no. 3 (April 3, 2009): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352680902782711.

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3

Lockwood, John G. "Changing atmospheric carbon dioxide." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 11, no. 4 (December 1987): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338701100406.

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4

Radmilović-Radjenović, Marija, Martin Sabo, and Branislav Radjenović. "Transport Characteristics of the Electrification and Lightning of the Gas Mixture Representing the Atmospheres of the Solar System Planets." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040438.

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Electrification represents a fundamental process in planetary atmospheres, widespread in the Solar System. The atmospheres of the terrestrial planets (Venus, Earth, and Mars) range from thin to thick are rich in heavier gases and gaseous compounds, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, sodium, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) have thick atmospheres mainly composed of hydrogen and helium involving. The electrical discharge processes occur in the planetary atmospheres leading to potential hazards due to arcing on landers and rovers. Lightning does not only affect the atmospheric chemical composition but also has been involved in the origin of life in the terrestrial atmosphere. This paper is dealing with the transport parameters and the breakdown voltage curves of the gas compositions representing atmospheres of the planets of the Solar System. Ionization coefficients, electron energy distribution functions, and the mean energy of the atmospheric gas mixtures have been calculated by BOLSIG+. Transport parameters of the carbon dioxide rich atmospheric compositions are similar but differ from those of the Earth’s atmosphere. Small differences between parameters of the Solar System’s outer planets can be explained by a small abundance of their constituent gases as compared to the abundance of hydrogen. Based on the fit of the reduced effective ionization coefficient, the breakdown voltage curves for atmospheric mixtures have been plotted. It was found that the breakdown voltage curves corresponding to the atmospheres of Solar System planets follow the standard scaling law. Results of calculations satisfactorily agree with the available data from the literature. The minimal and the maximal value of the voltage required to trigger electric breakdown is obtained for the Martian and Jupiter atmospheres, respectively.

5

Tamás, András. "The effect of rising concentration of atmospheric carbone dioxide on crop production." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 67 (February 3, 2016): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/67/1758.

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In the atmosphere, the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are rising in gradually increasing pace since the Industrial Revolution. The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes to global warming, and the changes affect to both the precipitation and the evaporation quantity. Moreover, the concentration of carbon dioxide directly affects the productivity and physiology of plants. The effect of temperature changes on plants is still controversial, although studies have been widely conducted. The C4-type plants react better in this respect than the C3-type plants. However, the C3-type plants respond more richer for the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change.

6

Sarmiento, Jorge L., Corinne Le Quéré, and Stephen W. Pacala. "Limiting future atmospheric carbon dioxide." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gb01779.

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7

Smith, H. J. "Down with atmospheric carbon dioxide." Science 348, no. 6231 (April 9, 2015): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.348.6231.196-l.

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8

Joos, F. "The Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Perturbation." Europhysics News 27, no. 6 (1996): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/19962706213.

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9

Fischer, Gaston. "Atmospheric lifetime of carbon dioxide." Population and Environment 10, no. 3 (March 1989): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01257903.

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10

Goreau, Thomas J. "Control of atmospheric carbon dioxide." Global Environmental Change 2, no. 1 (March 1992): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(92)90031-2.

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11

Alexandrov, G. A. "Explaining the seasonal cycle of the globally averaged CO<sub>2</sub> with a carbon-cycle model." Earth System Dynamics 5, no. 2 (October 21, 2014): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-345-2014.

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Abstract. The seasonal changes in the globally averaged atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations reflect an important aspect of the global carbon cycle: the gas exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. The data on the globally averaged atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations, which are reported by Earth System Research Laboratory of the US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/ESRL), could be used to demonstrate the adequacy of the global carbon-cycle models. However, it was recently found that the observed amplitude of seasonal variations in the atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations is higher than simulated. In this paper, the factors that affect the amplitude of seasonal variations are explored using a carbon-cycle model of reduced complexity. The model runs show that the low amplitude of the simulated seasonal variations may result from underestimated effect of substrate limitation on the seasonal pattern of heterotrophic respiration and from an underestimated magnitude of the annual gross primary production (GPP) in the terrestrial ecosystems located to the north of 25° N.

12

JASTROW, JULIE D., R. MICHAEL MILLER, ROSER MATAMALA, RICHARD J. NORBY, THOMAS W. BOUTTON, CHARLES W. RICE, and CLENTON E. OWENSBY. "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide increases soil carbon." Global Change Biology 11, no. 12 (December 2005): 2057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01077.x.

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13

Johnstone, C. P., M. Güdel, H. Lammer, and K. G. Kislyakova. "Upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets: Carbon dioxide cooling and the Earth’s thermospheric evolution." Astronomy & Astrophysics 617 (September 2018): A107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832776.

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Context.The thermal and chemical structures of the upper atmospheres of planets crucially influence losses to space and must be understood to constrain the effects of losses on atmospheric evolution.Aims.We develop a 1D first-principles hydrodynamic atmosphere model that calculates atmospheric thermal and chemical structures for arbitrary planetary parameters, chemical compositions, and stellar inputs. We apply the model to study the reaction of the Earth’s upper atmosphere to large changes in the CO2abundance and to changes in the input solar XUV field due to the Sun’s activity evolution from 3 Gyr in the past to 2.5 Gyr in the future.Methods.For the thermal atmosphere structure, we considered heating from the absorption of stellar X-ray, UV, and IR radiation, heating from exothermic chemical reactions, electron heating from collisions with non-thermal photoelectrons, Joule heating, cooling from IR emission by several species, thermal conduction, and energy exchanges between the neutral, ion, and electron gases. For the chemical structure, we considered ~500 chemical reactions, including 56 photoreactions, eddy and molecular diffusion, and advection. In addition, we calculated the atmospheric structure by solving the hydrodynamic equations. To solve the equations in our model, we developed the Kompot code and have provided detailed descriptions of the numerical methods used in the appendices.Results.We verify our model by calculating the structures of the upper atmospheres of the modern Earth and Venus. By varying the CO2abundances at the lower boundary (65 km) of our Earth model, we show that the atmospheric thermal structure is significantly altered. Increasing the CO2abundances leads to massive reduction in thermospheric temperature, contraction of the atmosphere, and reductions in the ion densities indicating that CO2can significantly influence atmospheric erosion. Our models for the evolution of the Earth’s upper atmosphere indicate that the thermospheric structure has not changed significantly in the last 2 Gyr and is unlikely to change signficantly in the next few Gyr. The largest changes that we see take place between 3 and 2 Gyr ago, with even larger changes expected at even earlier times.

14

Glazunova, D. M., P. Yu Galitskaya, and S. Yu Selivanovskaya. "Atmospheric Carbon Sequestration Using Microalgae." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta Seriya Estestvennye Nauki 166, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 82–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2542-064x.2024.1.82-125.

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This article outlines biotechnological methods that can help reduce atmospheric and industrial carbon dioxide emissions through the use of microalgae. A general description of microalgae was provided, and the most promising species for microalgal biotechnology were identified. The metabolic process by which microalgae capture and degrade carbon dioxide was described. The microalgae-based biotechnological systems and devices available today were analyzed. The key factors that need to be considered for the effective and successful use of microalgae were highlighted. Different products obtained from microalgal biomass after atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration were overviewed.

15

Arens, Nan Crystal, A. Hope Jahren, and Ronald Amundson. "Can C3 plants faithfully record the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide?" Paleobiology 26, no. 1 (2000): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0137:ccpfrt>2.0.co;2.

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Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for the biosphere. Therefore, changes in the carbon isotopic composition of the atmosphere will influence the terrestrial δ13C signals we interpret. However, reconstructing the atmospheric δ13C value in the geologic past has proven challenging. Land plants sample the isotopic composition of CO2 during photosynthesis. We use a model of carbon isotopic fractionation during C3 photosynthesis, in combination with a meta–data set (519 measurements from 176 species), to show that the δ13C value of atmospheric CO2 can be reconstructed from the isotopic composition of plant tissue. Over a range of pCO2 (198–1300 ppmv), the δ13C value of plant tissue does not vary systematically with atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. However, environmental factors, such as water stress, can influence the δ13C value of leaf tissue. These factors explained a relatively small portion of variation in the δ13C value of plant tissue in our data set and emerged strongly only when the carbon isotopic composition of the atmosphere was held constant. Members of the Poaceae differed in average δ13C value, but we observed no other differences correlated with plant life form (herbs, trees, shrubs). In contrast, over 90% of the variation the carbon isotopic composition of plant tissue was explained by variation in the δ13C value of the atmosphere under which it was fixed. We use a subset of our data spanning a geologically reasonable range of atmospheric δ13C values (−6.4‰ to −9.6‰) and excluding C3 Poaceae to develop an equation to reconstruct the δ13C value of atmospheric CO2 based on plant values. Reconstructing the δ13C value of atmospheric CO2 in geologic time will facilitate chemostratigraphic correlation in terrestrial sediments, calibrate pCO2 reconstructions based on soil carbonates offer a window into the physiology of ancient plants.

16

Cerling, T. E., J. R. Ehleringer, and J. M. Harris. "Carbon dioxide starvation, the development of C4 ecosystems, and mammalian evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1365 (January 29, 1998): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0198.

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The decline of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 65 million years (Ma) resulted in the ‘carbon dioxide–starvation’ of terrestrial ecosystems and led to the widespread distribution of C 4 plants, which are less sensitive to carbon dioxide levels than are C 3 plants. Global expansion of C 4 biomass is recorded in the diets of mammals from Asia, Africa, North America, and South America during the interval from about 8 to 5 Ma. This was accompanied by the most significant Cenozoic faunal turnover on each of these continents, indicating that ecological changes at this time were an important factor in mammalian extinction. Further expansion of tropical C 4 biomass in Africa also occurred during the last glacial interval confirming the link between atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and C 4 biomass response. Changes in fauna and flora at the end of the Miocene, and between the last glacial and interglacial, have previously been attributed to changes in aridity; however, an alternative explanation for a global expansion of C 4 biomass is carbon dioxide starvation of C 3 plants when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below a threshold significant to C 3 plants. Aridity may also have been a factor in the expansion of C 4 ecosystems but one that was secondary to, and perhaps because of, gradually decreasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Mammalian evolution in the late Neogene, then, may be related to the carbon dioxide starvation of C 3 ecosystems.

17

Elavarasi, P., Kasinam Doruk, K. Subash Chandra Bose, P. Ramamoorthy, Manojkumar, and Nakeertha Venu. "Modern Agro Techniques for Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate Climate Change." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 3 (March 28, 2024): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i34083.

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The review discusses both abiotic and biotic technologies and describes the mechanics involved in sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2). In an attempt to reduce the net rate of rise in atmospheric CO2, carbon sequestration entails transporting or storing CO2 into various long-lived global reservoirs, such as biotic, geological, pedologic, and marine layers. Carbon sequestration is the process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by biological or geological mechanisms. The method of keeping carbon in a stable, solid state is known as sequestration. Technologies are being developed which is explained in the main body of review to reduce the rate at which land-use change, energy, process industries, and the process of cultivating soil in raising the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.

18

Jiang, Xun, and Yuk L. Yung. "Global Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Variability from Satellite Observations." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060447.

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Advanced satellite technology has been providing unique observations of global carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. These observations have revealed important CO2variability at different timescales and over regional and planetary scales. Satellite CO2retrievals have revealed that stratospheric sudden warming and the Madden-Julian Oscillation can modulate atmospheric CO2concentrations in the mid-troposphere. Atmospheric CO2also demonstrates variability at interannual timescales. In the tropical region, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation can change atmospheric CO2concentrations. At high latitudes, mid-tropospheric CO2concentrations can be influenced by the Northern Hemispheric annular mode. In addition to modulations by the large-scale circulations, sporadic events such as wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and droughts, which change CO2surface emissions, can cause atmospheric CO2concentrations to increase significantly. The natural variability of CO2summarized in this review can help us better understand its sources and sinks and its redistribution by atmospheric motion. ▪ Global satellite CO2data offer a unique opportunity to explore CO2variability in different regions. ▪ Atmospheric CO2concentration demonstrates variations at intraseasonal, seasonal, and interannual timescales. ▪ Both large-scale circulations and variations of surface emissions can modulate CO2concentrations in the atmosphere.

19

McElwain, J. C. "Do fossil plants signal palaeoatmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the geological past?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1365 (January 29, 1998): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0193.

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Fossil, subfossil, and herbarium leaves have been shown to provide a morphological signal of the atmospheric carbon dioxide environment in which they developed by means of their stomatal density and index. An inverse relationship between stomatal density/index and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has been documented for all the studies to date concerning fossil and subfossil material. Furthermore, this relationship has been demonstrated experimentally by growing plants under elevated and reducedcarbon dioxide concentrations. To date, the mechanism that controls the stomatal density response to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration remains unknown. However, stomatal parameters of fossil plants have been successfully used as a proxy indicator of palaeo–carbon dioxide levels. This paper presents new estimates of palaeo–atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for the Middle Eocene (Lutetian), based on the stomatal ratios of fossil Lauraceae species from Bournemouth in England. Estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations derived from stomatal data from plants of the Early Devonian, Late Carboniferous, Early Permian and Middle Jurassic ages are reviewed in the light of new data. Semi–quantitative palaeo–carbon dioxide estimates based on the stomatal ratio (a ratio of the stomatal index of a fossil plant to that of a selected nearest living equivalent) have in the past relied on the use of a Carboniferous standard. The application of a new standard based on the present–day carbon dioxide level is reported here for comparison. The resultant ranges of palaeo–carbon dioxide estimates made from standardized fossil stomatal ratio data are in good agreement with both carbon isotopic data from terrestrial and marine sources and long–term carbon cycle modelling estimates for all the time periods studied. These data indicate elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Early Devonian, Middle Jurassic and Middle Eocene, and reduced concentrations during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. Such data are important in demonstrating the long–term responses of plants to changing carbon dioxide concentrations and in contributing to the database needed for general circulation model climatic analogues.

20

Pagani, Mark, Michael A. Arthur, and Katherine H. Freeman. "Miocene evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide." Paleoceanography 14, no. 3 (June 1999): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999pa900006.

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21

Siegenthaler, U., and J. L. Sarmiento. "Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean." Nature 365, no. 6442 (September 1993): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365119a0.

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22

Malhi, Yadvinder, and John Grace. "Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, no. 8 (August 2000): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01906-6.

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23

Meyers, S. D., and J. J. O'Brien. "Pacific Ocean influences atmospheric carbon dioxide." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 76, no. 52 (1995): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95eo00326.

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24

Caldeira, K. "Seawater pH and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide." Science 286, no. 5447 (December 10, 1999): 2043a—2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5447.2043a.

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25

Williams, Nigel. "Atmospheric carbon dioxide at record high." Current Biology 18, no. 11 (June 2008): R445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.015.

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26

Houghton, R. A. "Tropical deforestation and atmospheric carbon dioxide." Climatic Change 19, no. 1-2 (September 1991): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00142217.

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27

Henry, Burl. "Experimental Proof that Carbon Dioxide does NOT Cause Global Warming." Sustainability in Environment 5, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): p91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v5n3p91.

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Multiple instances of reductions in atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) levels were examined, and it was found that the only climatic effect was from reduced levels of anthropogenic SO2 aerosol pollution in the atmosphere. There were no instances of the hypothesized cooling from reduced CO2 levels.

28

El-Meligi, AA. "Investigating the effect of carbon dioxide on the acidity of the Ocean." MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 6, no. 6 (November 18, 2021): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2021.06.00235.

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There is a significant effect of carbon dioxide on the acidification of the ocean. This research focuses on the acidification of the ocean and its effect on the animal life in the ocean. Also, it focuses on the effect of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere on the ocean acidification. The data are collected from the research institutions and laboratories, such as National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Japan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), USA, Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, and other sources of research about acidification of ocean. The results show that the acidity increases with increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This is because ocean absorbs nearly 50% of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbonate ions (CO32-) will be used in forming carbonic acid, which will increase the acidity of the water. Increasing the acidity of water will affect building of the animal Skeleton. It is recommended to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; therefore the acidity will be decreased in the ocean.

29

Eliseev, A. V., M. Zhang, R. D. Gizatullin, A. V. Altukhova, Yu P. Perevedentsev, and A. I. Skorokhod. "Impact of sulphur dioxide on the terrestrial carbon cycle." Известия Российской академии наук. Физика атмосферы и океана 55, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002-351555141-53.

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In this paper, the earlier results, which were obtained with the climate model developed at the A.M. Obu khov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS CM) and related to the impact of the atmospheric sulphur dioxide on terrestrial carbon cycle, are elucidated. Because of the unavailability of the global data for near surface SO2 concentration, it was reconstructed by using statistical model which was fitted employing the output of the atmospheric chemistry-transport model RAMS-CMAQ. The obtained results are in general agreement with those reported earlier. In particular, the most significant SO2 impact on terrestrial carbon cycle is simulated for south-east North America and for Europe. However, such impact for south-east Asia is markedly weaker in comparison to that reported earlier, which is related to excessive moisture content in the atmosphere of this region.

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Ehlert, Dana, and Kirsten Zickfeld. "Irreversible ocean thermal expansion under carbon dioxide removal." Earth System Dynamics 9, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-197-2018.

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Abstract. In the Paris Agreement in 2015 countries agreed on holding global mean surface air warming to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, but the emission reduction pledges under that agreement are not ambitious enough to meet this target. Therefore, the question arises of whether restoring global warming to this target after exceeding it by artificially removing CO2 from the atmosphere is possible. One important aspect is the reversibility of ocean heat uptake and associated sea level rise, which have very long (centennial to millennial) response timescales. In this study the response of sea level rise due to thermal expansion to a 1 % yearly increase of atmospheric CO2 up to a quadrupling of the pre-industrial concentration followed by a 1 % yearly decline back to the pre-industrial CO2 concentration is examined using the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM). We find that global mean thermosteric sea level (GMTSL) continues to rise for several decades after atmospheric CO2 starts to decline and does not return to pre-industrial levels for over 1000 years after atmospheric CO2 is restored to the pre-industrial concentration. This finding is independent of the strength of vertical sub-grid-scale ocean mixing implemented in the model. Furthermore, GMTSL rises faster than it declines in response to a symmetric rise and decline in atmospheric CO2 concentration partly because the deep ocean continues to warm for centuries after atmospheric CO2 returns to the pre-industrial concentration. Both GMTSL rise and decline rates increase with increasing vertical ocean mixing. Exceptions from this behaviour arise if the overturning circulations in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean intensify beyond pre-industrial levels in model versions with lower vertical mixing, which leads to rapid cooling of the deep ocean.

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Ai, Xuyuan E., Anja S. Studer, Daniel M. Sigman, Alfredo Martínez-García, François Fripiat, Lena M. Thöle, Elisabeth Michel, et al. "Southern Ocean upwelling, Earth’s obliquity, and glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO2 change." Science 370, no. 6522 (December 10, 2020): 1348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd2115.

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Previous studies have suggested that during the late Pleistocene ice ages, surface-deep exchange was somehow weakened in the Southern Ocean’s Antarctic Zone, which reduced the leakage of deeply sequestered carbon dioxide and thus contributed to the lower atmospheric carbon dioxide levels of the ice ages. Here, high-resolution diatom-bound nitrogen isotope measurements from the Indian sector of the Antarctic Zone reveal three modes of change in Southern Westerly Wind–driven upwelling, each affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide. Two modes, related to global climate and the bipolar seesaw, have been proposed previously. The third mode—which arises from the meridional temperature gradient as affected by Earth’s obliquity (axial tilt)—can explain the lag of atmospheric carbon dioxide behind climate during glacial inception and deglaciation. This obliquity-induced lag, in turn, makes carbon dioxide a delayed climate amplifier in the late Pleistocene glacial cycles.

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Golubyatnikov, L. L., I. N. Kurganova, and V. O. Lopes de Gerenyu. "Estimation of Carbon Balance in Steppe Ecosystems of Russia." Известия Российской академии наук. Физика атмосферы и океана 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002351523010042.

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Steppe ecosystems, occupying about 8% of the terrestrial area, are an essential element of the global carbon cycle in the atmosphere–vegetation–soil system. Based on the geoinformation-analytical method, the database of empirically measured values of the net primary production and the climate-driven regression model that makes it possible to estimate the intensity of carbon dioxide flux from soils into the atmosphere, the carbon (C–СО2) balance of natural steppe ecosystems in Russia was estimated. Natural steppes in Russia serve as a significant sink of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The intensity of this carbon flux can be estimated as 231 ± 202 gC/m2 per year. The annual accumulation of carbon dioxide in the natural steppe ecosystems of Russia is evaluated as 111 ± 97 MtC. According to the obtained estimates, the steppe ecosystems under study provide from 8 to 19% of the atmospheric carbon sink to the terrestrial ecosystems of Russia.

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Kramer, J. R., P. Brassard, G. Patry, and I. Takacs. "Sensivity of terrestrial carbon cycle on atmospheric carbon dioxide." Chemical Geology 84, no. 1-4 (July 1990): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90201-h.

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34

Soon, W., SL Baliunas, AB Robinson, and ZW Robinson. "Environmental effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide." Climate Research 13 (1999): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr013149.

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35

MacCracken, Michael C., Michael E. Schlesinger, and Michael R. Riches. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Summer Soil Wetness." Science 234, no. 4777 (November 7, 1986): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4777.659-d.

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36

MacCracken, Michael C., Michael E. Schlesinger, and Michael R. Riches. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Summer Soil Wetness." Science 234, no. 4777 (November 7, 1986): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4777.659.d.

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37

Archer, David, Michael Eby, Victor Brovkin, Andy Ridgwell, Long Cao, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Ken Caldeira, et al. "Atmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37, no. 1 (May 2009): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206.

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38

Grounds, T., H. G Midgley, and D. V Novell. "Carbonation of ettringite by atmospheric carbon dioxide." Thermochimica Acta 135 (October 1988): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(88)87407-0.

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39

Moore, Berrien, and B. H. Braswell. "The lifetime of excess atmospheric carbon dioxide." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gb03392.

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40

Retallack, Gregory, and Giselle Conde. "Flooding Induced by Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide." GSA Today 30, no. 10 (2020): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/gsatg427a.1.

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41

Kaminski, T. "Inverse Modeling of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Fluxes." Science 294, no. 5541 (October 12, 2001): 259a—259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.294.5541.259a.

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42

MACCRACKEN, M. C., M. E. SCHLESINGER, and M. R. RICHES. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Summer Soil Wetness." Science 234, no. 4777 (November 7, 1986): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4777.659-c.

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43

Berner, R. A. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels Over Phanerozoic Time." Science 249, no. 4975 (September 21, 1990): 1382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.249.4975.1382.

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44

Sigman, Daniel M., and Edward A. Boyle. "Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide." Nature 407, no. 6806 (October 2000): 859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35038000.

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45

Soon, Willie, Sallie L. Baliunas, Arthur B. Robinson, and Zachary W. Robinson. "Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide." Energy & Environment 10, no. 5 (September 1999): 439–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305991499694.

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46

Hofmann, David J., James H. Butler, and Pieter P. Tans. "A new look at atmospheric carbon dioxide." Atmospheric Environment 43, no. 12 (April 2009): 2084–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.028.

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47

Francey, Roger James, and Lloyd Paul Steele. "Measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide—the calibration challenge." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 8, no. 5 (April 25, 2003): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-003-0620-1.

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48

Cortis, Andrea, and Curtis M. Oldenburg. "Short-Range Atmospheric Dispersion of Carbon Dioxide." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 133, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9418-y.

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49

Glidden, Ana, Sara Seager, Jingcheng Huang, Janusz J. Petkowski, and Sukrit Ranjan. "Can Carbon Fractionation Provide Evidence for Aerial Biospheres in the Atmospheres of Temperate Sub-Neptunes?" Astrophysical Journal 930, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac625f.

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Анотація:

Abstract The search for signs of life on other worlds has largely focused on terrestrial planets. Recent work, however, argues that life could exist in the atmospheres of temperate sub-Neptunes. Here we evaluate the usefulness of carbon dioxide isotopologues as evidence of aerial life. Carbon isotopes are of particular interest, as metabolic processes preferentially use the lighter 12C over 13C. In principle, the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to spectrally resolve the 12C and 13C isotopologues of CO2, but not CO and CH4. We simulated observations of CO2 isotopologues in the H2-dominated atmospheres of our nearest (<40 pc), temperate (equilibrium temperature of 250–350 K) sub-Neptunes with M-dwarf host stars. We find 13CO2 and 12CO2 distinguishable if the atmosphere is H2 dominated with a few percentage points of CO2 for the most idealized target with an Earth-like composition of the two most abundant isotopologues, 12CO2 and 13CO2. With a Neptune-like metallicity of 100× solar and a C/O of 0.55, we are unable to distinguish between 13CO2 and 12CO2 in the atmospheres of temperate sub-Neptunes. If atmospheric composition largely follows metallicity scaling, the concentration of CO2 in a H2-dominated atmosphere will be too low to distinguish CO2 isotopologues with JWST. In contrast, at higher metallicities, there will be more CO2, but the smaller atmospheric scale height makes the measurement impossible. Carbon dioxide isotopologues are unlikely to be useful biosignature gases for the JWST era. Instead, isotopologue measurements should be used to evaluate formation mechanisms of planets and exosystems.

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Kaufmann, R. K., L. F. Paletta, H. Q. Tian, R. B. Myneni, and R. D. D’Arrigo. "The Power of Monitoring Stations and a CO2 Fertilization Effect: Evidence from Causal Relationships between NDVI and Carbon Dioxide." Earth Interactions 12, no. 9 (July 1, 2008): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007ei240.1.

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Abstract Two hypotheses are tested: 1) monitoring stations (e.g., Mauna Loa) are not able to measure changes in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 that are generated by changes in terrestrial vegetation at distant locations; 2) changes in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide do not affect terrestrial vegetation at large scales under conditions that now exist in situ, by estimating statistical models of the relationship between satellite measurements of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa and Point Barrow. To go beyond simple correlations, the notion of Granger causality is used. Results indicate that the authors are able to identify locations where and months when disturbances to the terrestrial biota “Granger cause” atmospheric CO2. The authors are also able to identify locations where and months when disturbances to the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide generate changes in NDVI. Together, these results provide large-scale support for a CO2 fertilization effect and an independent empirical basis on which observations at monitoring stations can be used to test hypotheses and validate models regarding effect of the terrestrial biota on atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.

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