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1
Cassel, Daniel Kolb. A genea-biographical history of the Rittenhouse family and all its branches in America: With sketches of their descendants, from the earliest available records to the present time, including the birth of Wilhelm in 1644. Philadelphia, Pa: Rittenhouse Memorial Assoc., 1985.
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2
Powell, Craig M. SHANK Gene Family and Autism. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SHANK3 deletion/mutation is an independently replicated, genetic cause of autism (Durand et al., 2007; Gauthier et al., 2009; Moessner et al., 2007) and is the major causative gene in the 22q13 deletion syndrome known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome (Bonaglia et al., 2011; Bonaglia et al., 2001; Bonaglia et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2011; Delahaye et al., 2009; Dhar et al., 2010; Jeffries et al., 2005; Misceo et al., 2011; Sarasua et al., 2011; Wilson et al., 2003). Patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome uniformly have delayed or absent speech and many carry the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (Cusmano-Ozog, Manning, & Hoyme, 2007; Havens, Visootsak, Phelan, & Graham, 2004). More recently, mutations in SHANK2 have been implicated in autism and intellectual disability (Berkel et al., 2010; Pinto et al., 2010). These recent human genetic findings provide a compelling rationale for developing a comprehensive understanding of SHANK3 function in synapses, circuits, and behavior, resulting in three different novel genetic mouse models published by more than four independent laboratories (Bangash et al., 2011; Bozdagi et al., 2010; Peca et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011). Such studies shed light on the underlying biology of autism caused by SHANK3 mutations. This chapter examines in detail the evidence supporting a role for SHANK genes in autism and intellectual disability as well as insights from the recent genetic animal models of SHANK3 mutations.
3
Johnston, Trevin. Gene Simmons PhotoBook: Compelling Photos of Gene Simmons Collection As a Perfect Gift Idea for Fans Family Relatives Friends Lover All Age. Independently Published, 2022.
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4
Alves, Ines Teles, Jan Trapman, and Guido Jenster. Molecular biology of prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0059.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease that arises through the acquisition of key malignant hallmarks. At the molecular level, prostate tumours are dependent upon the androgen receptor pathway, which affects cell function, growth, and behaviour through downstream androgen-regulated genes. Prostate cancer requires this activity and manipulates the AR pathway to maintain signalling. For example, mutation of the AR (to bind ligands other than androgens) or amplification/duplication of the AR allows signalling to continue in the absence of testosterone. Around 50% of prostate cancers have a gene fusion between the androgen-regulated component of the TMPRSS2 gene and a transcription factor (e.g. ETS family members ERG and ETV1). This results in aberrant androgen stimulated cell growth. Current research is using molecular knowledge to identify biomarkers, such as PCA3, and new therapies, such as enzalutamide or abiraterone acetate.
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Nielsen, François. Genes and Status Achievement. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A number of human traits that are predictive of socioeconomic success (e.g., intelligence, certain personality traits, and educational attainment) or reflective of success (e.g., occupational prestige and earnings) have been found to be substantially affected by individual genetic endowments; some outcomes, such as educational attainment, are also affected by the family environment, although usually to a lesser extent. The associations among status-related traits are themselves largely due to genetic causes. By reshuffling the genes of parents at each generation, sexual reproduction produces a regression of status-relevant traits of offspring toward the population mean—downward for high-status parents, upward for low-status parents—generating social mobility in an achievement-oriented society. Incorporating the quantitative genetic decomposition of trait variance into genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental sources into the classic sociological model of status achievement allows for a better understanding and measurement of central social stratification concepts, such as opportunity and ascription.
6
Syrris, Petros, and Alexandros Protonotarios. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0359.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a disorder of the heart muscle which is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is believed to be familial in over 50% of cases. A recessive mode of inheritance has also been reported in syndromic cases with cardiocutaneous features. The classic form of the disorder is considered to be ‘a disease of the desmosome’ as pathogenic variants have been identified in five genes encoding key desmosomal proteins: plakoglobin, desmoplakin, plakophilin-2, desmoglein-2, and desmocollin-2. Mutations in these genes account for 30–50% of ARVC cases. A further eight non-desmosomal genes have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disorder but only account for rare cases. Studies of patients with ARVC-associated gene mutations have revealed marked genetic heterogeneity and very limited genotype–phenotype correlation. Disease expression often varies significantly amongst individuals carrying the same mutation. It has been proposed that the presence of more than one sequence variant is required to determine overt clinical disease and patients with multiple variants have a more severe phenotype compared to single variant carriers. Identification of a potentially pathogenic variant comprises a major criterion in the diagnosis of ARVC but informative integration of genetic testing into clinical practice remains challenging. Gene testing should be used to identify asymptomatic family members at risk and only aids diagnosis in cases of high suspicion for ARVC, along with other evident features of the disease already present. However, genetic findings should be used with caution in clinical practice and their interpretation must be performed in expert centres.
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Pezzini, Alessandro. Genetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ischaemic stroke is a heterogeneous multifactorial disorder. Although epidemiological data from twin and family studies provide substantial evidence for a genetic basis for stroke, the contribution of genetic factors identified so far is small. Large progress has been made in single-gene disorders associated with ischaemic stroke, particularly at young age. By contrast, little is known about the genes associated with multifactorial stroke. The reported genome-wide association studies of ischaemic stroke have shown that no single common genetic variant imparts major risk, but data on early-onset disease are scarce in this regard. Larger studies with samples numbering in the thousands are ongoing to identify common variants with smaller effects on risk. This approach, in addition with new analytic techniques, will likely contribute to the identification of additional genes, novel pathways, and eventually novel therapeutic approaches to cerebrovascular disorders in the near future. The aims of this review are to summarize data on clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic aspects of monogenic conditions associated with juvenile ischaemic stroke, to discuss recent findings and methodological limitations regarding the genetics of sporadic ischaemic stroke in this age category, and to provide a brief overview of the potential future approaches to stroke genetics.
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Ingles, Jodie, Charlotte Burns, and Laura Yeates. Genetic counselling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cardiac genetic counselling is an emerging but important subspecialty. The qualifications of cardiac genetic counsellors depend on the country of practice, but at a minimum they are Master’s-level trained health professionals with expertise in genetics, and are integral members of the multidisciplinary inherited cardiovascular disease clinic. Though the framework is diverse in different countries, key roles include investigation and confirmation of family history details, discussion of inheritance risks and facilitation of cardiac genetic testing, communication with at-risk relatives, and increasingly, curation of genetic test results. The use of next-generation sequencing technologies has seen a recent shift in the uptake of genetic testing, due to greater availability and lowered costs. As these gene tests become more comprehensive, including large panels of genes and even whole exome or whole genome sequencing, the need for cardiac genetic counsellors to provide informed consent, appropriate pre- and post-test genetic counselling, and ongoing curation of the variants identified is evident. Finally, given the improved understanding of the psychological implications of living with a cardiovascular genetic disease, cardiac genetic counsellors are integral in delivering psychosocial care and identifying patients requiring intervention with a clinical psychologist.
9
Cassel, Daniel Kolb. A Genea-Biographical History Of The Rittenhouse Family V1: And All Its Branches In America, With Sketches Of Their Descendants (1893). Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010.
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10
Hertz, Rosanna, and Margaret K. Nelson. Random Families. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888275.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is a book about unprecedented families—networks of strangers linked by genes, medical technology, and the human desire for affinity and identity. It chronicles the chain of choices that couples and single mothers make—how to conceive, how to place sperm donors in their family tree, and what to do when it suddenly becomes clear that there are children out there that share half their child’s DNA. Do shared genes make you family? Do children find anything in common? What becomes of the random networks that arise once the members of the families of donor siblings find one another? Based on over 350 interviews with children and parents from all over the United States, Hertz and Nelson explore what it means to children to be a donor sibling and what it’s like to be a parent who discovers four, six, or even a dozen children who share half the DNA of one’s own child. At the heart of their investigation are remarkable relationships woven from tenuous bits of information and fueled by intense curiosity. The authors suggest that donor siblings are expanding the possibilities for extended kinship in the United States.
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Valentine, Zariah. Picture Book of the lҽgend of Zeidɑ: Compelling Photos of the lҽgend of Zeidɑ Collection As a Perfect Gift Idea for Fans Family Relatives Friends Lover All Age. Independently Published, 2022.
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12
Sebastio, Gianfranco, Manuel Schiff, and Hélène Ogier de Baulny. Lysinuric Protein Intolerance and Hartnup Disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is an inherited aminoaciduria caused by defective cationic amino acid transport at the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells in intestine and kidney. LPI is caused by mutations in the SLC7A7 gene, which encodes the y+LAT-1 protein, the catalytic light chain subunit of a complex belonging to the heterodimeric amino acid transporter family. Symptoms usually begin after weaning with refusal of feeding, vomiting, and consequent failure to thrive. Hepatosplenomegaly, hematological anomalies, and neurological involvement including hyperammonemic coma will progressively appear. Lung involvement (specifically pulmonary alveolar proteinosis), chronic renal disease that may lead to end stage renal disease, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with macrophage activation all represent complications of LPI that may appear at any time from childhood to adulthood. The great variability of the clinical presentation frequently causes misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. The basic therapy of LPI consist of a low-protein diet, low-dose citrulline supplementation, nitrogen-scavenging compounds to prevent hyperammonemia, lysine, and carnitine supplements.
13
Gutierrez, Brennen. lҽgend of Koɾɾa Picture Book: Compelling Photos of the lҽgend of Koɾɾa Collection As a Perfect Gift Idea for Family Relatives Friends Lover All Age. Independently Published, 2022.
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14
Rehmann-Sutter, Christoph, and Dana Mahr. The Lived Genome. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From a medical perspective, the genome can today be used primarily as a source of health information for diagnoses and prospective disease risk management. Gene therapy may be an option in the future. For scientists, the genome is the sum of an organism’s DNA molecules, which can be sequenced and used to explain heredity and development. What is a genome for those who have it in their bodies and who live it? How do they make sense of it? What meanings are associated with the genome in their lifeworlds, where identities are formed and decisions taken in personal, family and cultural contexts? It is a matter of perspectives. We all live a genome, but the questions that arise from people who live a genome are different from those raised by doctors and scientists who look at the genome as a functional part of cells. From the perspective of their own embodiment, people act
15
Banerjee, Amitava, and Kaleab Asrress. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most prevalent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are atherosclerotic, affecting all arterial territories. Epidemiologic studies such as the Framingham and INTERHEART studies have firmly established the commonest or ‘traditional’ risk factors for CVD; namely, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, and a family history of CVD. The ‘risk-factors approach’ to CVD looks at these factors, individually and in combination, in the causation of disease. The complex causation pathways involve interplay of individual factors, whether genetic or environmental. More recently, there has been increasing interest in ‘epigenetics’ or the way in which the environment interacts with genes in the process underlying CVD. This chapter presents an analysis of the traditional and novel risk factors for CVD.
16
Mee, Laura. The Shining. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325444.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Taking a fresh look at The Shining (1980), this book situates the film within the history of the horror genre and examines its rightful status as one of the greatest horror movies ever made. It explores how Stanley Kubrick's filmmaking style, use of dark humour, and ambiguous approach to supernatural storytelling complements generic conventions, and it analyses the effective choices made in adapting King's book for the screen—stripping the novel's backstory, rejecting its clear explanations of the Overlook Hotel's hauntings, and emphasizing the strained relationships of the Torrance family. The fractured family unit and patriarchal terror of Kubrick's film, alongside its allusions to issues of gender, race, and class, connect it to themes prevalent in horror cinema by the end of the 1970s, and are shown to offer a critique of American society that chimed with the era's political climate as well as its genre trends. The film's impact on horror cinema and broader pop culture is ever apparent, with homages in everything from Toy Story to American Horror Story. The Shining showed that popular, commercial horror films could be smart, artistic, and original.
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Mellor, Anne K. Gender Boundaries. Edited by David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The social construction of gender in Britain during the Romantic era—in which males were consigned to the public sphere and females to the private sphere under the laws of couverture—produced an all-important difference between the writings of men and women, what we might call masculine as opposed to feminine Romanticism. Male writers tended to celebrate the development of an autonomous self, the divinity of the creative imagination, a political revolution leading to democratic freedom, and the elevation of poetry as the highest genre. Female writers, in contrast, embraced an ideology grounded in family politics; the equality of the sexes and races; the value of rationality, prudence, and self-discipline; a relational self; and the genre of the novel as the form best suited to represent the gradual evolution of the community over time. The Gothic novel offers a compelling example of the difference that gender can make.
18
Siyahhan, Sinem, and Elisabeth Gee. Families at Play. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037464.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Video games have a bad reputation in the mainstream media. They are blamed for encouraging social isolation, promoting violence, and creating tensions between parents and children. In this book, Sinem Siyahhan and Elisabeth Gee offer another view. They show that video games can be a tool for connection, not isolation, creating opportunities for families to communicate and learn together. Siyahhan and Gee offer examples of how video games, like smartphones, Skype, and social media, help families stay connected. Further, they describe how families express their feelings and share their experiences and understanding of the world through playing video games like Sims, Civilization, and Minecraft. When designed intentionally to support families, video games can also create conversations around such real-world issues and sensitive topics as bullying and peer pressure. Siyahhan and Gee draw on a decade of research to look at how learning and teaching take place when families play video games together. With video games, they argue, the parents are not necessarily the teachers and experts; all family members can be both teachers and learners. They suggest video games can help families form, develop, and sustain their learning culture as well as develop skills that are valued in the twenty-first century workplace. Finally, Siyahhan and Gee share recommendations for educators and game designers who are interested in supporting intergenerational play around video games.
19
Connor, Thomas, and Patrick H. Maxwell. Molecular basis of renal tumour syndromes. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kidney cancer is among the most common adult malignancy. It accounts for over 3% of all new cases of cancer diagnosed in men and around 2% of all cancers in women in the United Kingdom. In the United States, 1 in 75 people will develop renal cancer in their lifetime and approximately one-third will have metastatic disease at presentation. Kidney cancer has a notoriously poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but treatment has evolved significantly in the past 10 years. Key to these recent developments in therapy has been a revolution in our understanding of the molecular basis of the renal tumour syndromes which are described in this chapter. Two to three per cent of cases of renal cancer are recognized as due to these syndromes, but they are likely to be recurrent, and to occur in other family members. Seven genes are currently implicated in these syndromes.
20
Biffis, Giulia. Nostos, a Journey towards Identity in Athenian Tragedy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811428.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter investigates tragedy engagement with stories of heroes’ returns, nostoi, and the idea of nostos. Surveying all occurrences of the word nostos and its cognates in tragedy, it shows how these relate to characteristic traits of nostos tales and to the building or consolidation of identity. Euripides’ Iphigeneia in Tauris is singled out, as it offers the chance to explore different strands of analysis at once: how return narratives, usually presented in diegetic mode, can be reinterpreted in a mimetic genre; how the characters’ identity is constructed through self-referential first-person speech narratives that describe a separation from home and the desire to return to it; how these narratives have at their centre the mutual relationship between the narrating subject and his/her own community (family ties included); and finally, how these autobiographical narratives in particular articulate nostoi motifs from a female perspective, being mainly uttered by women.
21
Vosen Callens, Melissa. Ode to Gen X. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496832412.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Even for the casual viewer, the Netflix series Stranger Things will likely feel familiar, reminiscent of popular 1980s coming-of-age movies. While Stranger Things and these classic 1980s films are all tales of childhood friendship and shared adventures, they are also narratives that reflect and shape the burgeoning cynicism of the 1980s. Throughout Ode to X: Institutional Cynicism in “Stranger Things” and 1980s Film, Melissa Vosen Callens explores the parallels between iconic 1980s films featuring children and teenagers and the first three seasons of Stranger Things, moving beyond the 1980s Easter eggs to a common underlying narrative: Generation X’s (Gen X) growing distrust in American institutions. Throughout, Vosen Callens demonstrates how Stranger Things draws on popular 1980s popular culture to pay tribute to Gen X’s evolving outlook on three key and interwoven American institutions: family, economy, and government.
22
Schwartz, Peter J., and Lia Crotti. Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias—catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare inherited disorder associated with syncope and sudden death manifesting in the young during sympathetic activation. The electrocardiogram is normal and the heart is structurally normal. The diagnosis is usually made with an exercise stress test that shows a typical pattern of onset and offset of adrenergically induced ventricular arrhythmias. Molecular screening of RyR2, the major CPVT gene, is recommended whenever the suspicion of CPVT is high. If a disease-causing mutation is identified, cascade screening allows pre-symptomatic diagnosis among family members. All affected subjects should be treated with beta blockers (nadolol or propranolol). Preliminary data support the association of beta blockers with flecainide. After a cardiac arrest, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) should be implanted, but it is accompanied by a disquietingly high incidence of adverse effects. After syncope on beta blocker therapy, left cardiac sympathetic denervation is most effective, preserves quality of life, and does not preclude a subsequent ICD implantation.
23
Short, Ian, ed. Crestien’s Guillaume d’Angleterre / William of England. University of Exeter Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47788/txvu9029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An edition with facing annotated translation of the 12th-century Medieval French popular romance Guillaume d’Angleterre. The claim to fame of this verse narrative is to have had its authorship attributed (falsely) to Chrétien de Troyes, the most famous of all 12th-century Medieval French narrative poets. This prototypical adventure romance and is representative of a literary genre that has recently seen a renewal of interest among medieval literary critics. An amusing tale of late twelfth-century social mobility, the romance tells of a bewildering series of adventures that befall a fictitious king who deliberately abandons his royal status to enter the ‘real’ world of knights, wolves, pirates and merchants. He and his family, dispersed by events between Bristol, Galway and Caithness, are finally re-united at Yarmouth thanks to a climactic stag hunt. The book is designed for students of French, Medieval Studies, Comparative Literature and English, and for all medieval scholars interested in having an English version of a typical medieval adventure romance. It is the first authoritative English translation of this text, and all of its critical material is new.
24
Paunksnis, Šarūnas. Dark Fear, Eerie Cities. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199493180.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What haunts the city? Why is there so much pessimism in our urban lives? How does this physical and psychological insecurity of relentless competition and a desire to succeed against all odds proliferate into cinema? Dark Fear, Eerie Cities analyses a wide array of films made in the early 21st century to offer a philosophical and psychoanalytical critique of the transforming cinematic imagery. It traces the trajectory of Hindi cinema from the pre-1990s feudal family ideal to the contemporary construction of the new middle class’s subjectivities against a postcolonial backdrop. Keeping in mind the effects of globalization, market liberalization and the emergence of new forms of media and their consumption, the book provides a theoretical perspective to cinematic transformations. Paunksnis presents an interdisciplinary study of a genre of cinema in which crime thrillers and horror films are aimed at answering some of the fundamental questions of our contemporary times.
25
Shami, Jeanne. The Sermon. Edited by Andrew Hiscock and Helen Wilcox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672806.013.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the sermon in post-Reformation England, and its development as the pre-eminent genre of instruction, edification, and conversion to Christian believers of all stripes. Beginning with its roots in traditional religious and classical forms and its development as a flexible form restrained by ecclesiastical regulation, censorship, and gender, the chapter emphasizes the sermon’s radically occasional nature and its elusive performative impact. The chapter explores the experience of sermon delivery and reception in oral and written forms, shaped by the institutional and public settings in which it was delivered, and by the historical/political contexts (both national and local) in which it emerged. Connections to other genres—plays, conduct books, catechisms, newsbooks, satiric pamphlets are also outlined. The chapter emphasizes the sermon as a form with family features adapted to local circumstances with an inherently political and controversial potential both at the moment of delivery and beyond.
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Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Principles of oncogenesis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0322.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is obvious that the process of developing cancer—oncogenesis—is a multistep process. We know that smoking, obesity, and a family history are strong independent predictors of developing malignancy; yet, in clinics, we often see that some heavy smokers live into their nineties and that some people with close relatives affected by cancer spend many years worrying about a disease that, in the end, they never contract. For many centuries scientists have struggled to understand the process that make cancer cells different from normal cells. There were those in ancient times who believed that tumours were attributable to acts of the gods. Hippocrates suggested that cancer resulted from an imbalance between the black humour that came from the spleen, and the other three humours: blood, phlegm, and bile. It is only in the last 100 years that biologists have been able to characterize some of the pathways that lead to the uncontrolled replication seen in cancer, and subsequently examine exactly how these pathways evolve. The rampant nature by which cancer invades local and distant tissues, as well its apparent ability to spread between related individuals led some, such as Peyton Rous in 1910, to suggest that cancer was an infectious condition. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1966 for the 50 years of work into investigating a link between sarcoma in chickens and a retrovirus that became known as Rous sarcoma virus. He had shown how retroviruses are able to integrate sequences of DNA coding for errors in cellular replication control (oncogenes) by introducing into the human cell viral RNA together with a reverse transcriptase. Viruses are now implicated in many cancers, and in countries where viruses such as HIV and EBV are endemic, the high incidence of malignancies such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma is likely to be directly related. There are several families of viruses associated with cancer, broadly classed into DNA viruses, which mutate human genes using their own DNA, and retroviruses, like Rous sarcoma virus, which insert viral RNA into the cell, where it is then transcribed into genes. This link with viruses has not only led to an understanding that cancer originates from genetic mutations, but has also become a key focus in the design of new anticancer therapies. Traditional chemotherapies either alter DNA structure (as with cisplatin) or inhibit production of its component parts (as with 5-fluorouracil.) These broad-spectrum agents have many and varied side effects, largely due to their non-specific activity on replicating DNA throughout the body, not just in tumour cells. New vaccine therapies utilizing gene-coding viruses aim to restore deficient biological pathways or inhibit mutated ones specific to tumour cells. The hope is that these gene therapies will be effective and easily tolerated by patients, but development is currently progressing with caution. In a trial in France of ten children suffering from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and who were injected with a vector that coded for the gene product they lacked, two of the children subsequently died from leukaemia. Further analysis confirmed that the DNA from the viral vector had become integrated into an existing, but normally inactive, proto-oncogene, LM02, triggering its conversion into an active oncogene, and the development of life-threatening malignancy. To understand how a tiny change in genetic structure could lead to such tragic consequences, we need to understand the molecular biology of the cell and, in particular, to pay attention to the pathways of growth regulation that are necessary in all mammalian cell populations. Errors in six key regulatory pathways are known as the ‘hallmarks of cancer’ and will be discussed in the rest of this chapter.
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Fowler, Alastair. Remembered Words. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856979.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This text is a collection of chapters on genre, realism, and the emblem (three interrelated subjects), published over six decades. It offers a way to arrive at a sense of how approaches to these subjects have changed over that period. Specifically, it shows how genre has come to be understood in terms of family resemblance theory. The book argues that realism can be seen as altering historically, so that Renaissance realism, for example, differs from those of later periods. Similar changes are traced in the emblem, which the text shows to be not only a particular genre, but an element of various kinds of realism. Famous passages in ancient literature are remembered in the familiar emblems of the Renaissance; and Renaissance emblems form the basis of metaphors in later literature. Meanwhile, the general approach of the critic and the reader has been altering over the years—as becomes evident when the timescale of sixty years (an unusually long working life for a critic) is taken into account. Modern theoretical approaches—which are often casually regarded as self-evident—may appear less inevitable and more arbitrary. This is not to say that they are necessarily wrong, just that they need to be argued for.
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Cassel, Daniel Kolb. A Genea-Biographical History of the Rittenhouse Family: And All Its Branches in America, with Sketches of Their Descendants, from the Earliest ... Time, Including the Birth of Wilhelm in 1644. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.
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29
Hertz, Rosanna, and Margaret K. Nelson. Unprecedented Relationships. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888275.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the concept of networks of strangers linked by reliance on the same sperm donor. It draws on participants’ use of the language of genes and the language of choice to explain how these networks develop. Because the relationships within these networks are unprecedented, the members have to decide for themselves naming conventions and social norms. The introduction suggests the importance of these relationships at a time when family size is shrinking. It includes a discussion of research methods, describing how the authors located respondents and the characteristics of respondents (212 parents and 154 donor-conceived children). It also explains how the authors chose to feature particular networks that reflected different eras, different age groups of children, and different internal dynamics.
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Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen, and Robert Biegler. Conflicting Tastes. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.31.
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Shared genes give relatives shared interests in each other’s evolutionary success, yet differences in patterns of relatedness can create conflicts. In a monogamous relationship, parents are equally related to all their children and also equally related to all their grandchildren. However, their children are more closely related to their own children and take greater interest in them than in their nieces and nephews. Various types of parent–offspring conflict can be explained in terms of such patterns of genetic relatedness. The authors extend this principle to mother–daughter conflict over choice of the daughter’s partner and to competition between sisters by considering how parental influence causes increased competition among same-sex siblings. The authors conclude that females wish family members to choose partners with traits that may provide more direct benefits and potentially improve their fitness, that individuals choose sexier partners for themselves, and that parental influence may theoretically drive sister competition.
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Hopcroft, Rosemary L., ed. Oxford Handbook of Evolution, Biology, and Society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Evolution, Biology, and Society explores a growing area within sociology: research that uses theory and/or methods from biology. The essays in this handbook integrate current research from all strands of this new and developing area. The first section of this book has essays that address the history of the use of method and theory from biology in the social sciences; the second section has papers on evolutionary approaches to social psychology; the third section has chapters describing research on the interaction of genes (and other biochemicals such as hormones) and environmental contexts on a variety of outcomes of sociological interest; and the fourth section includes papers that apply evolutionary theory to areas of traditional concern to sociologists-including the family, fertility, sex and gender, religion, crime, and race and ethnic relations. The last section of the book presents two chapters on cultural evolution.
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Cassel, Daniel Kolb. Genea-Biographical History of the Rittenhouse Family: And All Its Branches in America, with Sketches of Their Descendants, from the Earliest Available Records to the Present Time, Including the Birth of Wilhelm In 1644. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Genea-Biographical History of the Rittenhouse Family: And All Its Branches in America, with Sketches of Their Descendants, from the Earliest Available Records to the Present Time, Including the Birth of Wilhelm In 1644. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.
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Servais, Aude, and Bertrand Knebelmann. Cystinuria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0024.
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Cystinuria (OMIM #220100) is an autosomal recessive disorder of a dibasic amino acid transport in the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the renal proximal tubule and small intestine. It leads to increased urinary cystine excretion and recurrent urolithiasis. The cystine transporter is an heterodimeric transporter which is composed of a heavy subunit, rBAT, linked to a light subunit, b0,+AT. Two genes, SLC3A1 (solute carrier family 3 member 1) and SLC7A9, coding for rBAT and b0,+AT, account for the genetic basis of cystinuria. Cystinuria may lead to obstruction, infections, and ultimately to renal insufficiency. The diagnosis of cystinuria mainly relies on stone analysis, urinary cystine measurement, or urinary cystine crystal identification. Medical treatment is based upon a stepwise strategy using hydration and alkalinization as basic measures, with the addition of thiol derivatives in refractory cases. Urological interventions are often indicated for the management of cystine stones >5 mm in diameter.
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Willis, Andy. From Killer Snakes to Taxi Hunters: Hong Kong Horror in an Exploitation Context. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424592.003.0004.
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From the Shaw Brothers production line to the clones of Bruce Lee, Hong Kong cinema has long been seen as driven by raw commercial concerns. Like many other commercial film industries, most notably Hollywood, production in the Hong Kong film industry has also been focused on popular cycles of production. These have included phases when family melodramas, historical swordplay and kung-fu films, screwball comedies and triad based crime films have all proved successful at the domestic and regional box-office. As with other commercially focused film industries there has also been a low budget sector within Hong Kong industry. Here producers and directors have fashioned energetic, populist films that were designed to appeal to audiences’ desire for films that contained sex and violence. The horror genre seemed the perfect vehicle to satiate these needs. This chapter explores the work of filmmakers who worked at this rougher end of Hong Kong horror in the 80s and 90s. As well as placing them into this exploitation context of production, this chapter discusses their excessive content and the visual style employed by directors such as Kuei Chih-hung (Killer Snakes, Hex) and Herman Yau (The Untold Story, Ebola Syndrome) to deliver their exploitative content.
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Schutte, Nienke M., Meike Bartels, and Eco JC de Geus. Genetics of physical activity and physical fitness. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0020.
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Regular physical activity and fitness are key contributors to children’s health. It is important to understand sources of variation in phenotypes seen among children and adolescents. It is important to calculate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors to observed individual differences. Heritability estimates of physical activity vary, depending on sample size and measurement instrument, but the overall importance of environmental factors seems to decrease in adolescence, whereas genetic effects become more prominent. Twin and family studies show that individual differences in maximal oxygen uptake, muscle strength, flexibility, and balance are affected by genetic factors. Some evidence is found for specific genes coding for physical activity and fitness, but children and adolescent studies are limited. Future research should prioritize these target groups as knowledge of the source of individual differences in physical activity and fitness at different time points can optimize the choice and timing of exercise intervention.
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Cooper, L. Andrew. Dario Argento. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037092.003.0001.
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This book explores the extreme violence that pervades Dario Argento's films, and particularly the ways in which they push the limits of visual and auditory experience by offending, confusing, sickening, and baffling the viewers. It looks at Argento's approach to his work over more than four decades of filmmaking, and his commitment to innovation that is evident in two closely related genres whose disturbing violence reaches previously unrecorded levels of pain, suffering, and mental anguish: crime thriller and supernatural horror. From his directorial debut, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage (1970), to Giallo (2009), Argento's films challenge a viewer's accepted ideas about film spectatorship, meaning, storytelling, and genre. This book also looks at the centrality of collaboration, particularly with family, in Argento's work by analyzing sixteen films that feature him as writer and director. Finally, it discusses how Argento's films function as rhetorical interventions against dominant views on film criticism, interpretation, narrative, and conventions through an examination of interpretive possibilities that connect the films to broader tendencies in film history.
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Kozlova, Ekaterina E. Maternal Grief in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796879.001.0001.
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This book explores the stories of biblical mothers who were placed at key junctures in Israel’s history to renegotiate the destinies not only of their own children, dead or lost, but also those of larger communities, i.e. family lines, ethnic groups, or entire nations. Since ‘rites in general are a context for the creation and transformation of social order’, these women used the circumstance of child loss as a platform for a kind of grief-driven socio-political activism. As maternal bereavement is generally understood as the most intense of all types of loss and was seen as archetypal of all mourning in the ancient Near East, Israelite communities in crisis deemed sorrowing motherhood as a potent agent in bringing about their own survival and resurgence back to normalcy. The book considers (1) modern examples of socio-political engagement among women that stems from child loss; (2) a survey of recent grief studies that identify maternal grief as the most intense and the most enduring among other types of bereavement; and (3) an overview of ancient Near Eastern cultures that viewed maternal grief as paradigmatic of all mourning and used ritual actions performed by mothers in contexts of large-scale catastrophes as mechanisms for dealing with a collective trauma. Against this background, the book discusses Hagar (Gen. 21), Rizpah (2 Sam. 21), the Tekoite (2 Sam. 14), and Rachel (Jer. 31), all of whom perform rites for their dying or dead children and exhibit a form of advocacy for society at large.
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Carter, David. Inception. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325055.001.0001.
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Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010) is a difficult film to categorize. It partakes of various genres, blurring the distinctions between them. It is science fiction, but it does not contain many of the ingredients associated with that genre. It can also be identified as a kind of heist film, and there are shades of film noir as well, not only because of the heist motifs but also due to its character types. It can also be described as a psychological thriller, telling the story of one man's attempt to flee his past and regain access to his family, of his coming to terms with the death of his wife. In addition, it plays with time, questioning the certainty of consciously experienced real time, and revealing that the personal experience of the passing of time is variable. The film also explores the nature of the mind and how dreams are related to the conscious and unconscious mind. This book covers all of these facets of a complex, yet highly successful, film, as well as considering it in the context of the director's other work.
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Abhishek, Abhishek, and Michael Doherty. Investigations of calcium pyrophosphate deposition. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0051.
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Joint aspiration and microscopic examination of the aspirated synovial fluid remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD). If synovial fluid aspiration is not feasible, plain radiography and/or ultrasound scanning may be used to detect chondrocalcinosis (CC) which predominantly occurs due to calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals, and this can be used as a diagnostic surrogate for CPPD as suggested by the EULAR Task Force. Acute CPP crystal arthritis often associates with a brisk acute phase response (elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), plasma viscosity) and neutrophilia. A mildly raised CRP and/or ESR may be present in chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. On the contrary, asymptomatic CC, or CPPD with osteoarthritis does not cause raised acute phase reactants. As CPPD most commonly occurs due to increasing age and osteoarthritis, investigations to screen for underlying metabolic abnormalities should be carried out in those with early-onset CPPD (under 55 years), or in those with florid polyarticular CC. As hyperparathyroidism gets more common with ageing its presence should be specifically sought in all age groups. Tests for other predisposing metabolic conditions should only be carried out in the presence of specific clinical features. Genotyping for mutations, especially in the ANKH gene, may be warranted in those with a family history of premature CPPD and no evidence of inherited metabolic predisposition, but such testing is unavailable to most clinicians.
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Gaskell, Elizabeth. Cousin Phillis and Other Stories. Edited by Heather Glen. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199239498.001.0001.
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‘I see her now – cousin Phillis. The westering sun shone full upon her, and made a slanting stream of light into the room within.’ Elizabeth Gaskell has long been one of the most popular of Victorian novelists, yet in her lifetime her shorter fictions were equally well loved, and they are among the most accomplished examples of the genre. The novella-length Cousin Phillis is a lyrical depiction of a vanishing way of life and a girl’s disappointment in love: deceptively simple, its undercurrent of feeling leaves an indelible impression. The other five stories in this selection were all written during the 1850s for Dickens’s periodical Household Words. They range from a quietly original tale of urban poverty and a fallen woman in ‘Lizzie Leigh’ to an historical tale of a great family in ‘Morton Hall’; echoes of the French Revolution, the bleakness of winter in Westmorland, and a tragic secret are brought vividly to life. Heather Glen reflects on the stories’ original periodical publication and on the nineteenth-century development of the short story in her Introduction to these immensely readable and sophisticated tales.
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Sántiz Sántiz, Guadalupe, José Díaz Hernández, Pascual Díaz Hernández, Bartolomé De la Torre M., Juan López González, Lorenzo Sántiz Hernández, Patricia Maldonado Núñez, et al. Cuentos y relatos indígenas (Vol. 7). Edited by Pablo González Casanova H.. Translated by Antonio Gómez Gómez, Francisco Javier Sánchez Gómez, Domingo Meneses Méndez, Luis Hernández López, and Jaime Díaz Gómez. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones Humanísticas de Mesoamérica y el estado de Chiapas, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cimsur.9683657621p.1998.
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La tradición oral es muy rica en las comunidades indígenas, ya que representa la base fundamental de la preservación de la palabra que ha venido transmitiendo de padres a hijos. Existe un cúmulo de leyendas y narraciones que al parecer son simplemente “cuentos”, que al contarlas divierten a la gente, pero han pasado a formar parte de la historia del pueblo, no escrita conforme a las características latinas, sino permaneciendo en la mente y en la palabra de los pueblos indígenas. Cuando nuestros padres cuentan lo que han recibido de sus padres, es nuestro motivo de reír, llorar, cantar, convivir armónicamente con nuestros hermanos, nuestra familia y nuestra comunidad, ya que son las primeras palabras, los primeros conocimientos y los primeros mandamientos que nos conducen al reencuentro con nuestros antepasados. De ahí parten la enseñanza y la solidaridad de nuestros pueblos.
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Kumar, Victor, and Richmond Campbell. A Better Ape. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197600122.001.0001.
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A Better Ape explores the evolution of the moral mind from our ancestors with chimpanzees, through the origins of our genus and our species, to the development of behaviorally modern humans who underwent revolutions in agriculture, urbanization, and industrial technology. The book begins, in Part I, by explaining the biological evolution of sympathy and loyalty in great apes and trust and respect in the earliest humans. These moral emotions are the first element of the moral mind. Part II explains the gene-culture co-evolution of norms, emotions, and reasoning in Homo sapiens. Moral norms of harm, kinship, reciprocity, autonomy, and fairness are the second element of the moral mind. A social capacity for interactive moral reasoning is the third element. Part III of the book explains the cultural co-evolution of social institutions and morality. Family, religious, military, political, and economic institutions expanded small bands into large tribes and created more intense social hierarchies through new moral norms of authority and purity. Finally, Part IV explains the rational and cultural evolution of moral progress and moral regress as human societies experienced gains and losses in inclusivity and equality. Moral progress against racism, homophobia, speciesism, sexism, classism, and global injustice depends on integration of privileged and oppressed people in physical space, social roles, and democratic decision making. The central idea in the book is that all these major evolutionary transitions, from ancestral apes to modern societies, and now human survival of climate change, depend on co-evolution between morality, knowledge, and complex social structure.
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Horlock, Douglas. The Films of Delmer Daves. University Press of Mississippi, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496838841.001.0001.
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Although Delmer Daves was a prolific director and screenwriter during Hollywood’s ‘Golden Age,’ there has been little serious analysis of his work. Regarded as a director of non-reflective action movies, author and director Bertrand Tavernier concluded that he was the most forgotten of American directors. More recent publications which consider his better known films have initiated more sustained appreciation of Daves as a film-maker, but to date, no scholarly monograph has examined his full body of work. This comprehensive study considers all his films, as well as screenplays written for other directors, and advocates his status as a distinctive, creative and enlightened artist. More specifically, it is proposed that Daves’s vision is consistent with the ideals of American Progressivism, which was a movement that had its roots in the 1890s and which re-emerged at different times in the twentieth century, including when the infamous HUAC hearings exerted severe pressures on Hollywood to conform to particular social and political values. His films are discussed in relation to changing racial attitudes in the 1950s, and it is argued that they question the utility of Hollywood’s conventional approach to issues of gender, including portrayal of women, family, and sexual relationships as well as images of masculine attitudes and behaviour. Irrespective of genre, evidence of a level of consistency in outlook and theme is identified which testifies to the presence of an artist with a clear vision of a more fair and equal America.
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Lynch, Michael E. Edward M. Almond and the US Army. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177984.001.0001.
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This biography examines the long career of Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, who was born to a family of modest means in rural Virginia. His early education at the Virginia Military Institute, steeped him in Confederate lore and nurtured his “can do” attitude, natural aggressiveness, demanding personality and sometimes self-serving nature. These qualities later earned him the sobriquet “Sic’em, Ned,” which stuck with him for the remainder of his career. Almond commanded the African-American 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. The division failed in combat and was re-organized, after which it contained one white, one black, and the Army’s only Japanese-American (Nisei) regiment. The years since that war have seen the glorification of the “Greatest Generation,” with all racist notions and ideas “whitewashed” with a veneer of honor. When war came to Korea, Almond commanded X Corps in the Inchon invasion, liberation of Seoul, race to the Yalu. When the Chinese entered the war and sent the US Army into retreat, Almond mounted one of the largest evacuations in history at Hungnam -- but not before the disaster at Chosin claimed the lives of hundreds of soldiers and marines. This book reveals Almond as a man who stubbornly held onto bigoted attitudes about race, but also exhibited an unfaltering commitment to the military profession. Often viewed as the “Army’s racist,” Almond reflected the attitudes of the Army and society. This book places Almond in a broader context and presents a more complete picture of this flawed man yet gifted officer.
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Greig, Matilda. Dead Men Telling Tales. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896025.001.0001.
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Dead Men Telling Tales is an account of the lasting cultural impact made by the autobiographies of Napoleonic soldiers over the course of the nineteenth century. Focussing on the nearly three hundred military memoirs published by British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese veterans of the Peninsular War (1808–1814), it charts the histories of these books over the course of a hundred years, around Europe and the Atlantic, and from writing to publication to afterlife. Drawing on extensive archival research in multiple languages, the book challenges assumptions made by historians about the reliability of these soldiers’ direct eyewitness accounts, revealing the personal and political motives of the authors and uncovering the large cast of characters, from family members to publishers, editors, and translators, involved in production behind the scenes. By including literature from Spain and Portugal, it also provides a missing link in current studies of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, showing how the genre of military memoirs developed differently in south-western Europe and led to starkly opposing national narratives of the same war. The book’s findings tell the history of a publishing phenomenon which gripped readers of all ages across the world in the nineteenth century, made significant profits for those involved, and was fundamental in defining the modern ‘soldier’s tale’.
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Haymann, Jean-Philippe, and Francois Lionnet. The patient with sickle cell anaemia. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0167.
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In sickle cell anaemia (SCA) a single mutation in the haemoglobin beta-globin gene is responsible for a pleomorphic phenotype leading to acute and chronic life-threatening complications. Healthcare management programmes, patient and family education, infection prophylaxis (especially in childhood), and long-term treatment for some patients (such as hydroxyurea) have significantly improved survival, giving rise to some new long-term issues.Sickle cell-associated nephropathy (SCAN) leads in some cases to chronic renal failure with a significant impact on survival. SCAN is characterized by an increased effective plasma renal flow and glomerular filtration rate, glomerular hypertrophy, and damaged vasa recta system leading to albuminuria and impaired urinary concentration.Early onset of hyperfiltration occurs in 60% of SCA patients often associated with microalbuminuria. SCAN risk factors are still under investigation, but may be related to chronic haemolysis at an early time point. Other lesions in patients with sickle cell anaemia include papillary necrosis, and recurrent acute kidney injury in association with crises or infections.ACEI are recommended if there is proteinuria. There is no current agreement on whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) should be introduced earlier, but systematic screening for microalbuminuria and hypertension, and avoidance of nephrotoxic agents are strongly advised.Patients with sickle cell trait (carriers for sickle cell anaemia) are prone to microscopic haematuria and abnormalities of the vasa recta have been described. A very rare tumour, renal medullary carcinoma, is largely restricted to this group (in whom it is still extremely rare). Increased risk of other renal problems is still largely hypothetical rather than proven.The prevalence of nephropathies in other sickle cell diseases (in particular haemoglobin SC disease) is much lower.
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Kahn, Andrew, Mark Lipovetsky, Irina Reyfman, and Stephanie Sandler. Paradise lost. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663941.003.0008.
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The historical period is framed chronologically by two significant crises: the dynastic crisis at the turn of the century, known as the Time of Troubles, and the religious conflict known as the Schism starting from the 1660s. Literature closely reflects the gradual disintegration of the narrative of Holy Russia from paradise to paradise lost, and responds in a number of ways. Tales and historical narratives treat the Time of Troubles and its aftermath, when famine and the impoverishment of the monasteries swept through Russia. Poetic songs, mostly Christian in content and reflecting the survival of pagan faith, are examined in a case study. The continued production of saints’ lives and vision tales captures uncertainty as personal experience, played out in the literature of the Schism of the 1660s–80s, most notably works of autobiography written by Old Believers: the autobiography of the Archpriest Avvakum is a masterpiece of the genre.
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Rose, David C. Why Culture Matters Most. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199330720.001.0001.
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A society’s culture can lock in beliefs and practices that inevitably produce persistent poverty and tyranny. But a society’s culture can also provide a foundation for maximizing general prosperity and freedom to produce mass flourishing. This book explains why culture—not genes, geography, institutions, or policies—is therefore what ultimately explains the differential success of societies. In short, when certain kinds of moral beliefs are culturally transmitted, a society can overcome the most fundamental obstacle to societal success: rational self-interest undermining the common good. General prosperity requires large-group cooperation, and the most effective large-group cooperation requires having a high-trust society. This book explains why the larger a society is, the more difficult it is to sustain a high-trust society. At the same time, the larger societies become, the more likely rational self-interest and tribalism will undermine crucial but highly trust-dependent institutions like democratic voting and a free press. This book shows how culture uniquely addresses this problem by aligning individual interests with the common good when specific kinds of moral beliefs are strongly held by most people. Culture also matters instrumentally because childhood instruction, a hallmark of culture, helps overcome the irrationality of adult individuals choosing to have moral beliefs that they know will limit their ability to promote their own welfare at the expense of the common good in the future. The analysis has surprising implications for the family, religion, government, and the stability of Western free market democracies.
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McHughen, Alan. DNA Demystified. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190092962.001.0001.
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DNA, once the exclusive domain of scientists in research labs, is now the darling of popular and social media. With personal genetic testing kits in homes and genetically modified organism (GMO) foods in stores, DNA is an increasingly familiar term. Unfortunately, what people know, or think they know, about DNA and genetics is often confused or incorrect. Contrary to popular belief, for instance, genes don’t “skip a generation” and, no, human DNA is not “different” from DNA of other species. With such popular misconceptions proliferating in the news and on the internet, how can anyone sort fact from fiction? DNA Demystified satisfies the public appetite for and curiosity about DNA and genetics. Alan McHughen, an accomplished academic and public science advocate, brings the reader up-to-speed on what we know, what we don’t, and where genetic technologies are taking us. The book begins with the basic groundwork and a brief history of DNA and genetics. Chapters then cover newsworthy topics, including DNA fingerprinting, using DNA in forensic analyses, and identifying cold-case criminals. For readers intrigued by the proliferation of at-home DNA tests, the text includes fascinating explorations of genetic genealogy and family tree construction—crucial for people seeking their biological ancestry. Other chapters describe genetic engineering in medicine and pharmaceuticals, and the use of those same technologies in creating the far more controversial GMOs in food and agriculture. Throughout, the book raises provocative ethical and privacy issues arising from DNA and genetic technologies.