Книги: "Assumption-Based"

1

Dewar, James A. Assumption-based planning for Army 21. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1992.

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2

1960-, Isaacson Jeffrey A., Leed Maren, United States Army, and Arroyo Center, eds. Assumption-based planning and Force XXI. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1997.

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3

Dicke, Ralf. Strategische Unternehmensplanung mit Hilfe eines Assumption-based-truth-maintenance-Systems (ATMS): Formalisierung eines Kontingenzansatzes in Pra dikatenlogik und Anpassungsplanung nach dem Net-change-Prinzip. Wiesbaden: Dt. Univ.-Verl., 2007.

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4

Assumption-Based Planning. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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5

Blokdyk, Gerardus. Assumption Based Planning a Complete Guide - 2020 Edition. Emereo Pty Limited, 2020.

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6

Dewar, James A. Assumption-based Planning: A Tool for Reducing Avoidable Surprises. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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7

Dewar, James A. Assumption-Based Planning: A Tool for Reducing Avoidable Surprises. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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8

Assumption-based planning: A planning tool for very uncertain times. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1993.

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9

Dewar, J. A. Assumption-Based Planning: A Planning Tool for Very Uncertain Times. RAND Corporation, 1993.

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10

Strategische Unternehmensplanung mit Hilfe eines Assumption-based-Truth-Maintenance-Systems (ATMS). Wiesbaden: DUV, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-9389-8.

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11

Dewar, James A. Assumption-Based Planning: A Tool for Reducing Avoidable Surprises (RAND Studies in Policy Analysis). Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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12

Dewar, James A. Assumption-Based Planning: A Tool for Reducing Avoidable Surprises (RAND Studies in Policy Analysis). Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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13

Zelewski, Prof Stephan, and Ralf Dicke. Strategische Unternehmensplanung Mit Hilfe Eines Assumption-Based-Truth-Maintenance-Systems: Formalisierung Eines Kontingenzansatzes in Prädikatenlogik und Anpassungsplanung Nach Dem Net-Change-Prinzip. Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH, 2007.

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14

Kalitzin, Stiliyan, and Fernando Lopes da Silva. EEG-Based Anticipation and Control of Seizures. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0023.

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Early seizure-prediction paradigms were based on detecting electroencephalographic (EEG) features, but recent approaches are based on dynamic systems theory. Methods that attempted to detect predictive features during the preictal period proved difficult to validate in practice. Brain systems can display bistability (both normal and epileptic states can coexist), and the transitions between states may be initiated by external or internal dynamic factors. In the former case prediction is impossible, but in the latter case prediction is conceivable, leading to the hypothesis that as seizure onset approaches, the excitability of the underlying neuronal networks tends to increase. This assumption is being explored using not only the ongoing EEG but also active probes, applying appropriate stimuli to brain areas to estimate the excitability of the neuronal populations. Experimental results support this assumption, suggesting that it may be possible to develop paradigms to estimate the risk of an impending transition to an epileptic state.

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15

Eisenberg, Melvin A. Shared Mistaken Factual Assumptions (“Mutual Mistakes”). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0043.

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Chapter 43 concerns mutual mistakes, or more accurately, shared mistaken factual assumptions. In analyzing this type of case it is useful to begin with shared mistaken factual assumptions that are made explicit in a contract. If a contract is explicitly based on a shared factual assumption that turns out to have been mistaken, normally the mistake should furnish a basis for relief as a matter of interpretation. The general principle that should govern shared mistaken factual assumptions that are not made explicit in a contract is as follows: Where a shared mistaken factual assumption would provide a basis for relief to the adversely affected party if the assumption was made explicit, so too should the assumption provide a basis for relief to the adversely affected party if the assumption is tacit.

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Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Effects of Unexpected Circumstances—Impossibility, Impracticability, and Frustration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0045.

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In unexpected circumstances cases relief normally should be granted to the adversely affected party if the parties shared a tacit incorrect assumption that the nonoccurrence of some circumstance during the life of the contract was certain rather than problematic, and the incorrectness of that assumption would have provided a basis for judicial relief if the assumption had been explicit rather than tacit. Relief should also normally be granted to the adversely affected party if as a result of a dramatic and unexpected general rise in prices, and therefore costs, performance would result in an unbargained-for loss to a promisor. Where judicial relief is based on a shared tacit assumption the promisor should not be liable for expectation damages. Where relief is based on an unbargained-for risk the promisor should be liable for a modified form of expectation damages.

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17

Chase, Sydney. Create My Day Journal and Planner: Golden Brown, Purple Leaves, 3-Month Journal and Planner. Based on Spiritual and Universal Laws, Law of Attraction, Law of Assumption~ Inspired by Neville Goddard. Independently Published, 2022.

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18

Nagamuthu, Chenthila, and Elizabeth Page-Gould. Competition between Female Friends. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.11.

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Many theories of cross-group friendship are based on the assumption that friends are inherently equal in status. This chapter discusses the idea that, even among same-sex friends, this assumption may be premature. It compares evidence for two contrasting arguments concerning competition between female friends: (a) intrasexual competition is highest among friends, and (b) friendship nullifies competition between friends. The chapter argues that equality may not be as normative in close friendships as the field has intuitively assumed. It also discusses how acknowledging and embracing these differences can lead to better predictions for the role of close relationships in interpersonal dominance and cooperation.

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19

Svantesson, Dan Jerker B. The Impact of our Categorisation of Types of Jurisdiction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795674.003.0008.

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This chapter argues that our approach to jurisdiction—including Internet jurisdiction—is based on the misguided assumption that there is a universally held understanding of how the different types of jurisdiction must be categorised, both in private international law and in public international law as traditionally defined. As far as public international law goes, convention suggests that jurisdiction may be neatly divided into three categories; prescriptive jurisdiction, adjudicative jurisdiction, and enforcement jurisdiction. This chapter challenges this assumption and highlights that there is greater diversity in approaches than convention suggests, and also that there are clear examples of problems with this categorisation. Furthermore, it is argued that if these categories should be maintained they ought to be supplemented with a fourth category of ‘investigative jurisdiction’.

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20

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0055.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the concept of mistake. Art 3.2.1 defines mistake as an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded. Based on this general definition of the concept of mistake, Art 3.2.1 does not follow those national legal systems that try to distinguish between different types of error. Instead, it takes a very broad approach to the concept of mistake. Furthermore, even errors in expression or transmission are regarded as mistakes under the PICC. This commentary discusses the purpose of Art 3.2.1, erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law, relevant time, burden of proof, and consequences of a mistake.

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Succi, Sauro. From Kinetic Theory to Navier–Stokes Hydrodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0005.

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This Chapter illustrates the derivation of the macroscopic fluid equations, starting from Boltzmann’s kinetic theory. Two routes are presented, the heuristic derivation based on the enslaving of fast modes to slow ones, and the Hilbert–Chapman–Enskog procedure, based on low-Knudsen number asymptotic expansions. The former is handier but mathematically less rigorous than the latter. Either ways, the assumption of weak departure from local equilibrium proves crucial in recovering hydrodynamics as a large-scale limit of kinetic theory.

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22

Rosa, Frederico Delgado, and Han F. Vermeulen, eds. Ethnographers before Malinowski: Pioneers of Anthropological Fieldwork, 1870-1922. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/9781800735316.

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Focusing on some of the most important ethnographers in early anthropology, this volume explores twelve defining works in the foundational period from 1870 to 1922. It challenges the assumption that intensive fieldwork and monographs based on it emerged only in the twentieth century. What has been regarded as the age of armchair anthropologists was in reality an era of active ethnographic fieldworkers, including women practitioners and Indigenous experts. Their accounts have multiple layers of meaning, style, and content that deserve fresh reading. This reference work is a vital source for rewriting the history of anthropology.

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23

Braidotti, Rosi. Posthuman Feminist Theory. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.35.

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This chapter maps the emergence of a posthuman turn in feminist theory, based on the convergence of posthumanism with postanthropocentrism. The former critiques the universalist posture of the idea of “Man” as the alleged “measure of all things.” The latter criticizes species hierarchy and the assumption of human exceptionalism. Although feminist posthuman theory benefits from multiple genealogical sources and cannot be reduced to a single or linear event, it can be analyzed in terms of its conceptual premises, the methodology and its implications for feminist political subjectivity and for sexual politics, notably in relation to nonhuman agents.

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Olds, David D., and Fredric N. Busch. Psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0017.

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The psychoanalytic psychotherapies, which include brief psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy, transference focused psychotherapy, mentalization based treatment, and panic focused psychodynamic psychotherapy, are based on the underlying theory that symptoms stem from unconscious traumatic memories or conflicts about sexual and aggressive wishes as well as maladaptive or self-destructive behavior patterns that are unconsciously repeated. The cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies, which include cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy, are based on the assumption that symptoms arise from maladaptive patterns of cognition and behavior that are learned via behavioral conditioning. Interpersonal psychotherapy, family therapy, and group therapy can be regarded as multiple-person therapies that view symptoms as arising from problems in relations between and among people. Crisis intervention and other supportive psychotherapies provide patients with advice and education to enhance coping skills and ego functions.

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25

Strawson, Galen. Psychological Connectedness. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161006.003.0011.

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This chapter examines John Locke's notion of psychological connectedness. It suggests that Locke is interested in the (nontransitive) relation of psychological connectedness, and not interested in the (transitive) relation of memory-link-based psychological continuity that has drawn the attention of many of the “neo-Lockeans.” It also suggests the psychological connectedness that matters to Locke is narrower—more fine-grained—than psychological connectedness as ordinarily understood; and this is not simply because consciousness is not the same as memory. The chapter concludes by considering Locke's theory of personal identity as a theory of moral responsibility—given the assumption that the notion of moral responsibility is a coherent one at all.

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Murphy, Mark C. The Ethics of the Anselmian Being II (Respect). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796916.003.0006.

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Prior formulations of the problem of evil, for example, by J. L. Mackie, William Rowe, and Paul Draper, assume that God must have requiring reasons to prevent evils to creatures, and use that assumption as the basis for claiming that the existence (or types, or amount, or distribution) of evils in this world is either incompatible with or gives strong prima facie evidence against the existence of God. But given that God’s reasons with respect to preventing evils are justifying, not requiring, reasons, no such arguments can get off the ground. This account, which is based on a first-order theory of divine ethics, differs from skeptical theism, which is based on moral epistemology. This difference makes the account developed here immune from the most serious criticisms that have made trouble for skeptical theism.

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27

Widen, Sherri C. The Development of Emotion Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0016.

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At all ages, children interpret and respond to the emotions of others. Traditionally, it has been assumed that children’s emotion knowledge was based on an early understanding of facial expressions in terms of specific, discrete emotions. More recent evidence suggests that this assumption is incorrect. As described by the broad-to-differentiated hypothesis, children’s initial emotion concepts are broad and valence based. Gradually, children differentiate within these initial concepts by linking the different components of an emotion together (e.g., the cause to the consequence, etc.) until their concepts resemble adults’ emotion concepts. Contrary to traditional assumptions, facial expressions are neither the starting point for most emotion concepts nor are they the strongest cue to emotions. Instead, just like any other component of an emotion concept, facial expressions must be differentiated from the valence-based concepts and linked to the other components of the specific emotion concept.

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Fulford, K. W. M., Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Introduction. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0054.

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This section concerns the question of how best to understand the scientific status of mental health care in general and psychiatry in particular. On the assumption that psychiatry is based, in part at least, on natural science, what is the nature or the general shape of that science? Some of the chapters aim at shedding light on component parts of a scientific world view: causation, explanation, natural kinds, models of medicine, etc. Others concern potentially fruitful scientific approaches to mental health care, drawing on brain imaging results, phenomenology, enactivism and what can be learnt from debate of the status of psychoanalysis. One overall lesson is that twenty-first-century psychiatry needs twenty-first-century philosophy of science.

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Krzywdzinski, Martin. Theory and State of the Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806486.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the state of the current research on workplace consent in authoritarian states. It reviews the existing empirical studies of factory regimes in Russia and China and existing theories of workplace consent. The core of the chapter focuses on developing the theoretical approach used in the study. This approach centers on three consent-generation mechanisms: socialization, incentives, and participation. Taken together, these mechanisms are referred to as the factory regime. Based on the assumption that participation mechanisms are absent or underdeveloped in authoritarian societies, the chapter develops the thesis that, to generate consent and compensate for the lack of participation, authoritarian societies need to rely on very intensive organizational socialization processes (including social engineering) and material incentives.

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Sugden, Robert. The Liberal Tradition and the Challenge from Behavioural Economics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825142.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 describes the liberal tradition of economics, encapsulated in John Stuart Mill’s account of the market as a ‘community of advantage’ in which individuals cooperate for mutual benefit, pursuing their respective interests, as they perceive them. This favourable view of economic freedom has often been presented in terms of ‘neoclassical’ theories that assume that individuals make rational choices based on stable, context-independent preferences. By calling this assumption into question, recent work in behavioural economics poses a challenge to accepted methods of doing normative analysis in economics and to the liberal tradition more generally. Chapter 1 introduces this challenge and gives a preliminary sketch of how the book will respond to it.

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31

Bianchi, Marcello, Carmine Di Noia, and Matteo Gargantini. The EU Securities Law Framework for SMEs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0014.

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This chapter claims that the current EU securities and financial law falls short of delivering a satisfactory equilibrium between investor protection and limitation of issuer costs and may squeeze too many firms out of the market for both debt and equity capital. Based on the assumption that market participants are sometimes better suited to deciding how best to protect their own interests, the chapter submits a set of proposals largely based on optional rules that, we believe, could improve the quality of EU regulation. In contrast with the current regime, those options would be available irrespective of the trading venue where the relevant SME securities are traded, but they should also be allocated in a way that ensures sufficient standardization exists when needed. Matters covered by our proposal include takeovers, major shareholding disclosure, corporate governance statements, ongoing issuer disclosure duties, and prospectuses.

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32

Crow, Michael M., and William B. Dabars. Interdisciplinarity and the Institutional Context of Knowledge in the American Research University. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.38.

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This chapter assesses the accommodation of interdisciplinarity in the American research university in terms of the reflexive relationship between knowledge production and its institutional context. Although the tacit assumption in academic culture is that institutional frameworks have already been optimally configured to facilitate knowledge production, the process remains defined by the traditional correlation between academic disciplines and departments, and, more broadly, the filiopietism and isomorphism that impede the development of new models for the set of research universities. Entrenchment in discipline-based departments mirrors an academic culture that prizes individualism over teamwork and the discovery of specialized knowledge over problem-based collaboration. An overview of theoretical approaches and relevant models in this context precedes a brief historical survey of the institutional accommodation of interdisciplinarity. The chapter issues a call for mutual intelligibility among academic disciplines, and concludes with a case study.

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Andrzej, Wojcik, and Colin J. Martin. Biological effects of ionizing radiation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0003.

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Biological effects of radiation have been interpreted based on the assumption that DNA is the primary target, but recent research has shown that non-targeted mechanisms may affect cells that are not directly exposed. The most important effect in humans from low doses of radiation is the induction of cancer, but risks of other effects such as cataract and cardiac or circulatory disease are becoming apparent. Epidemiological studies of Japanese survivors of atomic bombs demonstrate a clear linear relationship between solid cancer incidence and organ dose. This is supported by other epidemiological data. This has become the gold standard for prediction of malignancy based on a linear no-threshold ‘LNT’ extrapolation, which links risk directly to radiation dose. However, the risk calculations involve many assumptions and approximations. They are designed to provide guidance on which a workable protection framework can be based. It is important that practitioners are aware of their limitations.

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34

Schütze, Robert. International Law and Market Coordination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803379.003.0002.

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What are the legal instruments regulating international trade? This chapter answers this question in two steps. Section I explores the classic international law model that accommodated the (sovereign) ‘mercantilist’ State. This State was based on the assumption that the national government had the right to regulate all international economic activities in the interest of the national good. Under classic international law, States were thus sovereignly free to become a ‘closed commercial State’. Yet this idea of economic coexistence was gradually replaced by a spirit of economic cooperation in the twentieth century. Section II explores the origins and present structures of the modern international law of economic cooperation. This modern model, while still nominally based on the idea of State sovereignty under international law, nonetheless accepts that national economies mutually benefit from ‘opening up’ by means of a better division of labour and the economies of scale engendered.

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35

Agha, Saleh J. Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr (d. 1979) on the Logical Foundations of Induction. Редактори Khaled El-Rouayheb та Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.013.31.

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Mohammad Baqir as-Sadr’s book on the logical foundations of induction is an attempt to solve “the problem of induction,” with the ultimate aim of establishing that faith in God is based on the same rational principles as science. The book argues against two main attempts to solve that problem—the Aristotelian/rationalist and the empiricist attempts, rejecting both as inadequate. The book argues for a new epistemological theory that distinguishes between an objective and a subjective axis along which knowledge can grow, based on an analysis of knowledge into an objective content and a subjective attitude. Objective growth relies on the theory of probability, while subjective growth is a matter of increasing certainty. Sadr’s solution of the problem of induction operates at the subjective level and fundamentally relies on an inadequate assumption. The project ultimately fails; but its execution is highly instructive and introduces new methods into Islamic philosophy.

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Firnhaber-Baker, Justine. The Jacquerie of 1358. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856412.001.0001.

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Historians of the Jacquerie have been divided in seeing it either as an unplanned explosion of peasant resentment or as an organized undertaking directed by urban rebels in Paris. These opposing conclusions are based on the illusory assumption that the revolt was a homogenous movement with a unitary purpose and fate. In fact, the Jacquerie was a constellation of many events that evolved over time and involved thousands of individuals in hundreds of places, who understood it in different and changing ways. The story of the Jacquerie is about how individuals reacted to a specific set of circumstances, how events both planned and accidental altered their course, and what and how they chose to remember (or to forget) in its aftermath.

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Vanderschraaf, Peter. The Dynamics of Anarchy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199832194.003.0004.

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A computational model of interaction in anarchy is presented and used to predict the outcome of anarchy. Hobbes’ and Locke’s classic a priori analyses of the State of Nature are compared, including the reasons for their divergent conclusions. Several game-theoretic models of anarchy are examined that employ Hobbes’ realistic assumption that typically in anarchy some moderates most desire mutual cooperation, while other dominators most desire to exploit others’ cooperation. A priori type-based game-theoretic models yield inconsistent conclusions and rest upon unrealistic assumptions. A dynamical Variable Anticipation Threshold type-based model is explored, where individuals in anarchy modify their behavior as they learn from repeated interactions. Under quite general conditions, a population converges to Hobbes’ war of all against all even if only a small percentage of its members are dominators. This analysis gives a dynamical vindication of Hobbes’ conclusion that for a sizable population in anarchy, war is indeed inevitable.

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38

Wright, Almeda M. Fragmentation in Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190664732.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 continues addressing the psychological and sociological dimensions of fragmented spirituality among African American youth. African American youth navigate multiple and competing systems structured to pull or push them into “fragmentation.” In a world where basic life skills for young African Americans have come to include “keep your hands where everyone can see them,” the prospect of individuation—based on a notions of autonomous selves and American meritocracy—seem almost fantastical. How does shifting from the assumption of an autonomous self toward an emphasis on relational and communal selves help counter fragmented spirituality? This chapter moves beyond binaries to consider the positive function of fragmentation and developmental characteristics that allow African Americans, and particularly youth, to navigate, interpret, and integrate multiple perspectives without necessitating resolution into a simple “self.”

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39

Epstein, William M. Communities in Schools. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190467067.003.0007.

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Chapter 6 describes, evaluates, and reinterprets the private sector social service program Communities in Schools as a ceremony of social values rather than as a successful response to a social problem. The program claims to be the principle private sector social welfare program aimed at preventing school dropouts. Its claims of success are based on an evaluation that it initiated. The chapter critiques the evaluation as superficial and inadequate, offering no credible evidence that Year Up succeeds at its mission. It fails to demonstrate that it has achieved either its educational or social goals. Communities in Schools realizes only the pervasive assumption that the coordination and redirection of existing services and resources, rather than massive new resources, is at least an important and possibly even a necessary step toward addressing the dropout problem.

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40

Stuart, Heather, Julio Arboleda-Flórez, and Norman Sartorius. Paradigm 4: Science Is the Best Guide for Programmes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797639.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses a key assumption of the current paradigm governing anti-stigma work, which is that scientifically collected data, rather than subjective beliefs or personal wants, will be the yardstick against which funding priorities will be measured and program effectiveness will be judged. The important premise is that evidence-based policy and practice will eliminate potentially discriminatory variations in practice, remove political influence as a determinant of program worth, and ultimately lead to greater fairness and equity in service delivery. It is also predicted that evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of stigma-reduction programs that target local needs and build better practices will boost confidence among funders that such programs are worthy of their financial attention and make it increasingly difficult for policy makers to defend policies that disadvantage people with a mental illness.

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41

Petrova, Svetlana, and Helmut Weiß. OV versus VO in Old High German. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0013.

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This chapter surveys the word order variation in the right periphery of the clause in OHG. The investigation is based on a corpus including all dependent clauses introduced by the complementizer thaz ‘that’ in the minor OHG documents, a collection of up to forty smaller texts of various genres. The analysis shows that the majority of the data can be explained within a standard OV grammar, assuming additional extraposition of heavy XPs to the right. But apart from these cases, there is evidence supporting the assumption of leftward movement of the verb to an intermediate functional projection vP which is optional with basic OV but obligatory with basic VO. In addition, the chapter presents patterns which evidently involve verb movement to a higher functional head, above vP, and discusses the nature of the landing site of the verb in these cases.

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42

Forssell, Anders, and Lars Norén. Primary Healthcare. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815761.003.0004.

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In this chapter, we analyse how former healthcare monopolies run by counties were abolished so that all healthcare centres that meet basic medical requirements are allowed to compete for patients, who are free to choose their provider. We use theories from the field of marketing for analysing this reorganization and demonstrate that it can be seen as the creation of a new consumer market or a reorganization of the counties; it is equally accurate to describe the result as an organized market or a marketized organization. We argue that terms such as ‘quasi-markets’ and ‘quasi-organization’ are misleading, as they are based on the assumption that markets and organizations are pure and distinct opposites. Rather, we argue that almost all markets are more or less organized and that many organizations are more or less marketized.

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43

Bruce, Steve. Does Danger Make People Religious? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786580.003.0010.

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This chapter takes an interesting proposition—that danger makes people particularly receptive to religion—and uses the examples of the supposed piety of miners and fishermen to explore three very different sorts of social explanation. It could indeed be the case that unpredictably dangerous work disposes people to consider their mortality or to find supernatural ways of dampening anxiety. Or it could be that the unusual social structure of fishing villages and mining communities (generally isolated and introverted) insulates religious traditions from secularizing forces. Or it could be that the piety of these communities is a social myth based on the romantic assumption that those who work close to the elements should be more open to the supernatural than is the cosseted urban office worker. As well as addressing the substantive proposition, it considers practical problems of measuring piety.

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44

van den Berg, Gerard J., and Arne Uhlendorff. Economic Job Search and Decision-Making Models. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.021.

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The economic job search theory is based on the assumption that individuals have imperfect information about jobs and wages. It takes time to find an acceptable job and individuals have to make decisions about their job search behavior. The optimal job search behavior is characterized by the reservation wage, that is, the wage above which job offers are accepted, and by the search effort. Both components depend on factors such as the income during job search and the probability of receiving a job offer. Search effort can be described by the amount of resources used for finding a job, which includes time but can also include the type of search channels. We present the basic models of economic job search theory and selected empirical findings, in which we focus on the job search behavior of unemployed individuals.

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45

Trevor C, Hartley. Part II Jurisdiction, 13 Choice-of-Court Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729006.003.0013.

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This chapter considers choice-of-court agreements under Brussels 2012, Lugano 2007, and Hague. The issue is considered based on the assumption that the courts of only one country are involved. Several provisions in all three instruments are relevant. In the case of Brussels 2012, the most important for present purposes is Article 25; in the case of Lugano 2007, it is Article 23; in the case of Hague, the whole Convention could be regarded as relevant, since all of it is concerned with choice-of-court agreements. The discussions cover the nature of choice-of-court agreements, relevant provisions, location of the designated court, the need for an international element, asymmetric choice-of-court agreements, indirect designation, formal validity and consent, substantive validity, severability, disputes covered, parties covered, the obligation to hear the case, and the obligation to decline jurisdiction.

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46

Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. A QALY is a QALY is a QALY—or is it not? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0010.

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This chapter looks at a theoretical framework for diversions from the assumption that all units of health gain have equal social value, and examins different ways in which welfarists and non-welfarists may call for cost per weighted QALY analyses, for efficiency-based reasons, and equity-motivated reasons. A distinction is drawn between the value of health to individuals (which is a matter of preference) and the value of health of different people to society (which is a matter of normative judgement). Another distinction is drawn between weighting QALYs across different people because of who they are and weighting QALYs across different people because of the level of their baseline health. The chapter also presents a brief look at the challenges associated with empirical research in the topic, their findings, and the practicalities of cost per weighted QALYs.

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47

Hydén, Lars-Christer. Stories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391578.003.0004.

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Much of the research on dementia and narrative has been based on the often implicit assumption that written stories can serve as the best examples of what a narrative is. A consequence of taking the written narrative as the norm is that it becomes more likely to regard the stories people with dementia tell as expressions of a life story that can be revised and amended and thus become true. In contrast, stressing the importance of theories around conversational storytelling might help to focus on stories and storytelling as a collaborative activity, negotiating joint meaning and thus shared story worlds—and shared imagination. In this perspective, neither people living with dementia nor other persons have one life story. Instead, they might tell many different stories about their lives in different contexts and in collaboration with different persons.

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48

Das, Chaity. Another Front, Another War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474721.003.0003.

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This chapter marks the gendered division of memoirs and testimonies that have been attempted in this book. This is based on the assumption that women and men experienced the war differently and found themselves in different situations and roles. When they become the author of their own stories, the gendered nature of war itself becomes clear. While memoirs are written by middle class women, testimonials are more diverse. This chapter also studies in detail the work done on victims of wartime rape (birangonas), custodial torture, and sexual violence in Bangladesh. Worls of authors such as Jahanara Imam and Guhathakurta are examined. While certain aspects are problematized, the chapter ends with the testimony of Firdausi Priyobhashini taken and translated by the author herself, pointing towards what is meant when one talks of the unfinished and unquiet commemorations of 1971.

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49

Taylor, Joan E., and Ilaria L. E. Ramelli, eds. Patterns of Women's Leadership in Early Christianity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867067.001.0001.

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This authoritative volume brings together the latest thinking on women’s leadership in early Christianity. Featuring contributors from key scholars in the fields of Christian history, the volume considers the evidence for ways in which women exercised leadership in churches from the first to the ninth centuries CE. This rich and diverse collection breaks new ground in the study of women in early Christianity. This is not about working with one method, based on one type of feminist theory, but overall there is nevertheless a feminist or egalitarian agenda in considering the full equality of women with men in religious spheres a positive goal, with the assumption that this full equality has yet to be attained. The chapters revisit both older studies and offer new and unpublished research, exploring the many ways in which ancient Christian women’s leadership could function.

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50

Orlitzky, Marc. Corporate Social Performance and Financial Performance. Edited by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon, and Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0005.

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The community of Business and Society scholars has been investigating the relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance over thirty years. The typical conclusion, based on narrative reviews of this literature, is that the empirical evidence is too mixed to allow for any firm. In these reviews, poor measures and weak theory construction are often mentioned as causes of this apparent variability in findings. The assumption that this research stream is inconclusive has persisted until after the turn of the millennium. So, what may be required at this point is a critical examination of the evidence that seems to have motivated these conclusions. This article argues that certain types of literature reviews should be treated with caution. It proposes an alternative and uses this more rigorous methodology of literature reviews in order to assess the cumulative evidence on the core constructs.

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