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Статті в журналах з теми "Associative recognition memory"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Horton, David L., and Timothy J. Pavlick. "Recognition failure, associative relatedness, and recognition memory." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 31, no. 5 (May 1993): 478–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334968.

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2

Honey, R. "Associative components of recognition memory." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00069-6.

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3

TAN, Z., and M. K. ALI. "PATTERN RECOGNITION WITH STOCHASTIC RESONANCE IN A GENERIC NEURAL NETWORK." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 08 (December 2000): 1585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183100001413.

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Анотація:

We discuss stochastic resonance in associative memory with a canonical neural network model that describes the generic behavior of a large family of dynamical systems near bifurcation. Our result shows that stochastic resonance helps memory association. The relationship between stochastic resonance, associative memory, storage load, history of memory and initial states are studied. In intelligent systems like neural networks, it is likely that stochastic resonance combined with synaptic information enhances memory recalls.

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4

Hakobyan, Olya, and Sen Cheng. "A multistage retrieval account of associative recognition ROC curves." Learning & Memory 28, no. 11 (October 18, 2021): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.053432.121.

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Despite its name, associative recognition is a paradigm thought to rely on memory recall. However, it remains unclear how associative information may be represented and retrieved from memory and what its relationship to other information, such as item memory, is. Here, we propose a computational model of associative recognition, where relational information is accessed in a generic, multistage retrieval process. The model explains the relative difficulty of associative recognition compared with item recognition, the difference in experimental outcomes when different types of lures are used, as well as the conditions leading to the emergence of associative ROC curves with different shapes.

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5

Paek, Eung Gi, and A. Von Lehmen. "Holographic associative memory for word-break recognition." Optics Letters 14, no. 4 (February 15, 1989): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.14.000205.

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6

den Bok, Henk W., Jan L. Visschers, Adriaan J. Borgers, and Wim Lourens. "Track recognition with an associative pattern memory." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 300, no. 1 (January 1991): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)90713-z.

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7

Zhang, H., B. Zhang, W. Huang, and Q. Tian. "Gabor Wavelet Associative Memory for Face Recognition." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 16, no. 1 (January 2005): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnn.2004.841811.

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8

Pfeifer, Gaby, Jamie Ward, Dennis Chan, and Natasha Sigala. "Representational Account of Memory: Insights from Aging and Synesthesia." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 12 (December 2016): 1987–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01014.

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Анотація:

The representational account of memory envisages perception and memory to be on a continuum rather than in discretely divided brain systems [Bussey, T. J., & Saksida, L. M. Memory, perception, and the ventral visual-perirhinal-hippocampal stream: Thinking outside of the boxes. Hippocampus, 17, 898–908, 2007]. We tested this account using a novel between-group design with young grapheme-color synesthetes, older adults, and young controls. We investigated how the disparate sensory-perceptual abilities between these groups translated into associative memory performance for visual stimuli that do not induce synesthesia. ROI analyses of the entire ventral visual stream showed that associative retrieval (a pair-associate retrieved in the absence of a visual stimulus) yielded enhanced activity in young and older adults' visual regions relative to synesthetes, whereas associative recognition (deciding whether a visual stimulus was the correct pair-associate) was characterized by enhanced activity in synesthetes' visual regions relative to older adults. Whole-brain analyses at associative retrieval revealed an effect of age in early visual cortex, with older adults showing enhanced activity relative to synesthetes and young adults. At associative recognition, the group effect was reversed: Synesthetes showed significantly enhanced activity relative to young and older adults in early visual regions. The inverted group effects observed between retrieval and recognition indicate that reduced sensitivity in visual cortex (as in aging) comes with increased activity during top–down retrieval and decreased activity during bottom–up recognition, whereas enhanced sensitivity (as in synesthesia) shows the opposite pattern. Our results provide novel evidence for the direct contribution of perceptual mechanisms to visual associative memory based on the examples of synesthesia and aging.

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9

Yonelinas, A. P., N. E. A. Kroll, I. G. Dobbins, and M. Soltani. "Recognition memory for faces: When familiarity supports associative recognition judgments." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 6, no. 4 (December 1999): 654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03212975.

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10

Whitt, Emma, Mark Haselgrove, and Jasper Robinson. "Indirect object recognition: Evidence for associative processes in recognition memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 38, no. 1 (2012): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025886.

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11

Rendeiro, Diogo, João Sacramento, and Andreas Wichert. "Taxonomical Associative Memory." Cognitive Computation 6, no. 1 (December 5, 2012): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12559-012-9198-4.

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12

Shimoda, Shota, Takaaki Ozawa, Yukio Ichitani, and Kazuo Yamada. "Long-term associative memory in rats: Effects of familiarization period in object-place-context recognition test." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): e0254570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254570.

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Spontaneous recognition tests, which utilize rodents’ innate tendency to explore novelty, can evaluate not only simple non-associative recognition memory but also more complex associative memory in animals. In the present study, we investigated whether the length of the object familiarization period (sample phase) improved subsequent novelty discrimination in the spontaneous object, place, and object-place-context (OPC) recognition tests in rats. In the OPC recognition test, rats showed a significant novelty preference only when the familiarization period was 30 min but not when it was 5 min or 15 min. In addition, repeated 30-min familiarization periods extended the significant novelty preference to 72 hours. However, the rats exhibited a successful discrimination between the stayed and replaced objects under 15 min and 30 min familiarization period conditions in the place recognition test and between the novel and familiar objects under all conditions of 5, 15 and 30 min in the object recognition test. Our results suggest that the extension of the familiarization period improves performance in the spontaneous recognition paradigms, and a longer familiarization period is necessary for long-term associative recognition memory than for non-associative memory.

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13

Delhaye, Emma, Adrien Folville, Isabelle Simoes Loureiro, Laurent Lefebvre, Eric Salmon, and Christine Bastin. "Do Alzheimer’s Disease Patients Benefit From Prior-Knowledge in Associative Recognition Memory?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 25, no. 04 (January 30, 2019): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617718001212.

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Анотація:

AbstractObjectives: Although the influence of prior knowledge on associative memory in healthy aging has received great attention, it has never been studied in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed at assessing whether AD patients could benefit from prior knowledge in associative memory and whether such benefit would be related to the integrity of their semantic memory. Methods: Twenty-one AD patients and 21 healthy older adults took part in an associative memory task using semantically related and unrelated word pairs and were also submitted to an evaluation of their semantic memory. Results: While participants of both groups benefited from semantic relatedness in associative discrimination, related pairs recognition was significantly predicted by semantic memory integrity in healthy older adults only. Conclusions: We suggest that patients benefitted from semantic knowledge to improve their performance in the associative memory task, but that such performance is not related to semantic knowledge integrity evaluation measures because the two tasks differ in the way semantic information is accessed: in an automatic manner for the associative memory task, with automatic processes thought to be relatively preserved in AD, and in a controlled manner for the semantic knowledge evaluation, with controlled processes thought to be impaired in AD. (JINS, 2019, 25, 443–452)

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14

Clark, Steven E., and Richard M. Shiffrin. "Cuing effects and associative information in recognition memory." Memory & Cognition 20, no. 5 (September 1992): 580–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03199590.

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15

Cleary, Anne M., Tim Curran, and Robert L. Greene. "Memory for detail in item versus associative recognition." Memory & Cognition 29, no. 3 (April 2001): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03196392.

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16

Shapoval, Illya, and Paolo Calafiura. "Quantum Associative Memory in Hep Track Pattern Recognition." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401012.

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Анотація:

We have entered the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Era. A plethora of quantum processor prototypes allow evaluation of potential of the Quantum Computing paradigm in applications to pressing computational problems of the future. Growing data input rates and detector resolution foreseen in High-Energy LHC (2030s) experiments expose the often high time and/or space complexity of classical algorithms. Quantum algorithms can potentially become the lower-complexity alternatives in such cases. In this work we discuss the potential of Quantum Associative Memory (QuAM) in the context of LHC data triggering. We examine the practical limits of storage capacity, as well as store and recall errorless efficiency, from the viewpoints of the state-of-the-art IBM quantum processors and LHC real-time charged track pattern recognition requirements. We present a software prototype implementation of the QuAM protocols and analyze the topological limitations for porting the simplest QuAM instances to the public IBM 5Q and 14Q cloud-based superconducting chips.

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17

Lin, Xin, and Junji Ohtsubo. "Terminal attractor optical associative memory for pattern recognition." Optics & Laser Technology 29, no. 1 (February 1997): xiii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-3992(97)88158-3.

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18

Lin, Xin, Masahiko Mori, Junji Ohtsubo, and Masanobu Watanabe. "Terminal Attractor Optical Associative Memory for Pattern Recognition." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, Part 1, No. 2B (February 28, 2000): 908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.39.908.

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19

De Brigard, Felipe, Stephanie Langella, Mathew L. Stanley, Alan D. Castel, and Kelly S. Giovanello. "Age-related differences in recognition in associative memory." Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 27, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2019.1607820.

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20

Oscar-Strom, Yafit, and Jonathan Guez. "A simulation of older adults’ associative memory deficit using structural process interference in young adults." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): e0258574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258574.

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Анотація:

Associative memory deficit underlies a part of older adults’ deficient episodic memory due to the reduced ability to bind units of information. In this article we further assess the mechanism underlying this deficit, by assessing the degree to which we can model it in young adults under conditions of divided attention. We shall describe two experiments in this paper; these experiments investigate item and associative recognition in young adults under full- or divided-attention conditions. The secondary tasks employed were N-back like (NBL), which serves as a working memory updating task, and parity judgement and visuospatial (VS) tasks, which serve as non-working memory tasks. The results of both experiments show that only the NBL specifically affected associative recognition, while the other tasks affected item and associative memory to the same degree, indicating a general resource competition. These results presented a convergence of evidence for the associative deficit in older adults by modelling it in young adults.

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21

Opitz, Bertram, and Sonia Cornell. "Contribution of Familiarity and Recollection to Associative Recognition Memory: Insights from Event-related Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 9 (September 2006): 1595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1595.

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Анотація:

Within the dual-process perspective of recognition memory, it has been claimed that familiarity is sufficient to support recognition of single items, but recollection is necessary for associative recognition of item pairs. However, there are some reports suggesting that familiarity might support associative recognition judgments when the items form an easy to access bound representation. In contrast, recollection seems to be required for the recognition of bindings that might be flexibly rearranged in novel situations. We investigated whether both forms of binding are mediated by different mechanisms as reflected by a qualitatively different spatiotemporal eventrelated potential (ERP) pattern. In a recognition memory experiment, subjects gave old/new judgments to words learned by focusing either on interitem associations or on size relation of word triplets. Results revealed higher hit rates in the relational condition as compared to the associative condition. In addition, the proportion of triplets from which all three items were remembered was significantly larger in the relational condition suggesting that memory retrieval in this condition relies primarily on bound representations of word triplets. The ERP revealed a late parietal old/new effect for both conditions, with relational processing resulting in a greater effect. In contrast, an early frontal old/new effect was solely present in the associative condition. Taken together, these data provide evidence that familiarity might support associative recognition if the associated components are coherently encoded into a bound representation. Recollection might foster the recognition of relational bindings among items. This indicates that the contribution of familiarity and recollection to associative recognition depends on the kind of binding operations performed on the items rather than on the single versus multiple item distinction.

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22

Achim, Amélie M., and Martin Lepage. "Neural Correlates of Memory for Items and for Associations: An Event-related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 4 (April 2005): 652–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053467578.

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Although results from cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and behavioral neuroscience clearly suggest that item and associative information in memory rely on partly different brain regions, little is known concerning the differences and similarities that exist between these two types of information as a function of memory stage (i.e., encoding and retrieval). We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess neural correlates of item and associative encoding and retrieval of simple images in 18 healthy subjects. During encoding, subjects memorized items and pairs. During retrieval, subjects made item recognition judgments (old vs. new) and associative recognition judgments (intact vs. rearranged). Relative to baseline, item and associative trials activated bilateral medial temporal and prefrontal regions during both encoding and retrieval. Direct contrasts were then performed between item and associative trials for each memory stage. During encoding, greater prefrontal, hippocampal, and parietal activation was observed for associations, but no significant activation was observed for items at the selected threshold. During recognition, greater activation was observed for associative trials in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior parietal lobules bilaterally, whereas item recognition trials showed greater activation of bilateral frontal regions, bilateral anterior medial temporal areas, and the right temporo-parietal junction. Post hoc analyses suggested that the anterior medial temporal activation observed during item recognition was driven mainly by new items, confirming a role for this structure in novelty detection. These results suggest that although some structures such as the medial temporal and prefrontal cortex play a general role in memory, the pattern of activation in these regions can be modulated by the type of information (items or associations) interacting with memory stages.

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23

Verde, Michael F. "Associative interference in recognition memory: A dual-process account." Memory & Cognition 32, no. 8 (December 2004): 1273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206318.

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24

Oscar-Berman, Marlene, and Joan L. Pulaski. "Associative learning and recognition memory in alcoholic Korsakoff patients." Neuropsychology 11, no. 2 (1997): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.11.2.282.

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25

Griffiths, Oren, and Chris J. Mitchell. "Selective attention in human associative learning and recognition memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 137, no. 4 (2008): 626–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013685.

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26

Nikonov, Dmitri E., Gyorgy Csaba, Wolfgang Porod, Tadashi Shibata, Danny Voils, Dan Hammerstrom, Ian A. Young, and George I. Bourianoff. "Coupled-Oscillator Associative Memory Array Operation for Pattern Recognition." IEEE Journal on Exploratory Solid-State Computational Devices and Circuits 1 (December 2015): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jxcdc.2015.2504049.

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27

ZHANG, MING, CHING Y. SUEN, and TIEN D. BUI. "FEATURE EXTRACTION IN CHARACTER RECOGNITION WITH ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY CLASSIFIER." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 10, no. 04 (June 1996): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001496000232.

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Анотація:

A pattern recognition system mainly contains two functional parts, i.e. feature extraction and pattern classification. The success of such a system depends on not only the effectiveness of each of them, but also their operation in concert. The feature extraction process in a traditional recognition system has two major tasks, namely, to extract deformation invariant signals and to reduce data. When a neural network is used as a pattern classifier, however, an alteration in these basic objectives is needed. In particular, the consideration of data reduction will be replaced by that of the suitability of feature vectors to the neural network. In this paper, feature extraction algorithms in character recognition have been designed based on these principles. The improvements made by these algorithms have been demonstrated in a series of experiments which justify such a change in the fundamental objectives of the feature extraction process when an associative memory classifier is used.

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28

Maffezzoni, Paolo, Bichoy Bahr, Zheng Zhang, and Luca Daniel. "Oscillator Array Models for Associative Memory and Pattern Recognition." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 62, no. 6 (June 2015): 1591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2015.2418851.

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29

Wechsler, H., and G. L. Zimmerman. "2-D invariant object recognition using distributed associative memory." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 10, no. 6 (1988): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.9104.

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30

Clark, Steven E., Alden Hori, and Daniel E. Callan. "Forced-choice associative recognition: Implications for global-memory models." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19, no. 4 (July 1993): 871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.871.

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31

Kelley, Robert, and John T. Wixted. "On the nature of associative information in recognition memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 27, no. 3 (2001): 701–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.3.701.

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32

Osth, Adam F., and Simon Dennis. "Sources of interference in item and associative recognition memory." Psychological Review 122, no. 2 (April 2015): 260–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038692.

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33

Stark, C. E. L. "Simple and Associative Recognition Memory in the Hippocampal Region." Learning & Memory 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.40701.

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34

Lepage, Martin, Matthew Menear, Alonso Montoya, and Amélie M. Achim. "Associative interference does not affect recognition memory in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 80, no. 2-3 (December 2005): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.003.

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35

Carpenter, Gail A. "Neural network models for pattern recognition and associative memory." Neural Networks 2, no. 4 (January 1989): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(89)90035-x.

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36

Haken, H. "Nonequilibrium phase transitions in pattern recognition and associative memory." Zeitschrift f�r Physik B Condensed Matter 70, no. 1 (March 1988): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01320547.

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37

Homma, Junichi, Yukio Kosugi, and Takuso Sato. "Evaluation and improvement of associative memory for pattern recognition." Applied Optics 29, no. 11 (April 10, 1990): 1675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.29.001675.

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38

Srivastava, Vivek, and Vinay Kumar Pathak. "Human Recognition in Passive Environment using Bidirectional Associative Memory." International Journal of Computer Applications 1, no. 15 (February 25, 2010): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/328-498.

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39

Kriukova, Olga, Emma Bridger, and Axel Mecklinger. "Semantic relations differentially impact associative recognition memory: Electrophysiological evidence." Brain and Cognition 83, no. 1 (October 2013): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2013.07.006.

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40

Friedrichs, Mark S., Richard A. Goldstein, and Peter G. Wolynes. "Generalized protein tertiary structure recognition using associative memory hamiltonians." Journal of Molecular Biology 222, no. 4 (December 1991): 1013–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(91)90591-s.

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41

Ushida, Hirohide, Toru Yamaguchi, and Tomohiro Takagi. "Human-motion recognition via a fuzzy associative memory system." Systems and Computers in Japan 26, no. 9 (1995): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690260909.

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42

Paz-Alonso, Pedro M., Pamela Gallego, and Simona Ghetti. "Age Differences in Hippocampus-Cortex Connectivity during True and False Memory Retrieval." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 10 (September 23, 2013): 1031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713001069.

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Анотація:

AbstractThe present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated developmental differences in functional connectivity associated with true and false memory retrieval. A sample of 8- to 9-year-olds and adults (N = 31) was assessed with the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, known to induce high levels of false recognition of lures that are semantically associated with studied items. The strength of semantic association among list items was manipulated. Relative to children, adults correctly recognized more studied items and falsely recognized more critical lures. High-association lists resulted in higher recognition of both studied items and critical lures. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that, overall, true recognition was supported by coupling within two hippocampal-temporal and fronto-parietal set of regions; in contrast, coupling among more distributed hippocampal-temporal-parietal-frontal regions was observed during false recognition. Critically, adults, compared to children, exhibited stronger hippocampal/parietal coupling and stronger hippocampal/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) coupling for veridical recognition of high-associative strength items. In contrast, children, compared to adults, exhibited stronger hippocampus/ventrolateral PFC coupling and stronger bilateral middle-temporal gyrus/ventrolateral PFC coupling for high-associative strength critical lures. Our results underscored a role for the anterior hippocampus in true and false recognition, showing different functional patterns as a function of age and association strength. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)

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43

Morales, Rafael, Noé Hernández, Ricardo Cruz, Victor D. Cruz, and Luis A. Pineda. "Entropic associative memory for manuscript symbols." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): e0272386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272386.

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Анотація:

Manuscript symbols can be stored, recognized and retrieved from an entropic digital memory that is associative and distributed but yet declarative; memory retrieval is a constructive operation, memory cues to objects not contained in the memory are rejected directly without search, and memory operations can be performed through parallel computations. Manuscript symbols, both letters and numerals, are represented in Associative Memory Registers that have an associated entropy. The memory recognition operation obeys an entropy trade-off between precision and recall, and the entropy level impacts on the quality of the objects recovered through the memory retrieval operation. The present proposal is contrasted in several dimensions with neural networks models of associative memory. We discuss the operational characteristics of the entropic associative memory for retrieving objects with both complete and incomplete information, such as severe occlusions. The experiments reported in this paper add evidence on the potential of this framework for developing practical applications and computational models of natural memory.

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44

Souza, Aline Cristina, and Marcos Eduardo Valle. "Generalized Exponential Bidirectional Fuzzy Associative Memory with Fuzzy Cardinality-Based Similarity Measures Applied to Face Recognition." TEMA (São Carlos) 19, no. 2 (September 12, 2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/tema.2018.019.02.221.

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Анотація:

Associative memories are biologically inspired models designed for the storage and recall by association. Such models aim to store a finite set of associations, called the fundamental memory set. The generalized exponential bidirectional fuzzy associative memory (GEB-FAM) is a heteroassociative memory model designed for the storage and recall of fuzzy sets. A similarity measure, that is, a function that indicates how much two fuzzy sets are equal, is at the core of a GEB-FAM model. In this paper, we present a detailed study on the use of cardinality-based similarity measures in the definition of a GEB-FAM. Moreover, we evaluate the performance of the GEB-FAMs defined using such measures in a face recognition problem.

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45

Ngo, Chi T., and Marianne E. Lloyd. "Familiarity influences on direct and indirect associative memory for objects in scenes." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1255768.

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Remembering arbitrary associations, such as unrelated word pairs or object–background pairs, appears to depend on recollection. However, for cases in which the components of an association share pre-existing semantic relations, can familiarity support associative recognition? In two experiments with congruent object–background pairings, we found that participants were successful at direct and indirect associative recognition in both 1000 ms time restriction (speeded) and unlimited response time (non-speeded) test conditions. Because dual-process theory postulates that familiarity is less impacted by speeded responses, relative to recollection, these findings suggest that congruent object–background associations may not necessitate recollection when an arbitrary link is not constructed at encoding. Experiment 3 compared direct associative memory for congruent and incongruent object–background pairs in speeded and non-speeded test conditions. We found that participants in the non-speeded condition performed comparably with congruent and incongruent pairs, whereas those in the speeded condition performed significantly worse on the incongruent pairs than on the congruent pairs. Together, these findings suggest a differential role of familiarity and recollection depending on the types of associations. Implications for dual-process recognition memory models and levels of unitization framework are discussed.

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46

Vakil, Eli, Tal Raz, and Daniel A. Levy. "Multifactorial context effects on visual recognition memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 60, no. 7 (July 2007): 916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210701357568.

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While effects of contextual change or constancy on memory are widely found when tested by free and cued recall, there is greater inconsistency in context effects on recognition. This study employed a paradigm maximizing target–context interactivity and specificity to reveal three levels of context effects on successful retrieval, as well as context effects on the generation of false alarms, thereby revealing separable contributions of target–context binding, additive familiarity, and configural constancy. The separability of these factors enables the use of memory context effects as tools for investigating associative memory.

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47

Sayeh, M. R., R. Athinarayanan, and M. R. Zargham. "Operation of an associative memory." Pattern Recognition 27, no. 12 (December 1994): 1815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(94)90095-7.

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48

WOOD, S. J., T. PROFFITT, K. MAHONY, D. J. SMITH, J. A. BUCHANAN, W. BREWER, G. W. STUART, D. VELAKOULIS, P. D. McGORRY, and C. PANTELIS. "Visuospatial memory and learning in first-episode schizophreniform psychosis and established schizophrenia: a functional correlate of hippocampal pathology?" Psychological Medicine 32, no. 3 (April 2002): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702005275.

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Background. Despite a number of studies that have indicated impaired memory function in patients with schizophrenia, there have been few that have used a sensitive measure of right medial temporal lobe pathology. Given the reported findings of reduced hippocampal volume in schizophrenia, we used a theoretically sensitive test of the right medial temporal lobe to determine the nature of the visuospatial memory deficit in the disorder.Methods. Seventy-six patients (37 with a first-episode schizophreniform psychosis, and 39 with established schizophrenia) were compared with 41 comparison subjects on a number of tests of visuospatial memory. These included spatial working memory, spatial and pattern recognition memory and a pattern-location associative learning test.Results. Both patient groups displayed recognition memory deficits when compared to the comparison group. However, only those patients with established schizophrenia (of 9 years duration on average) were impaired on the associative learning test.Conclusions. The results indicate either a progressive decline in visuospatial associative learning ability over the course of the disorder, or that poor visuospatial associative learning is a marker for poor prognosis. In addition, these results have implications for our understanding of the role of the right medial temporal lobe in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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Costanzo, Floriana, Paolo Alfieri, Cristina Caciolo, Paola Bergonzini, Francesca Perrino, Giuseppe Zampino, Chiara Leoni, et al. "Recognition Memory in Noonan Syndrome." Brain Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020169.

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Noonan syndrome (NS) and the clinically related NS with multiple lentiginous (NMLS) are genetic conditions characterized by upregulated RAS mitogen activated protein kinase (RAS–MAPK) signaling, which is known to impact hippocampus-dependent memory formation and consolidation. The aim of the present study was to provide a detailed characterization of the recognition memory of children and adolescents with NS/NMLS. We compared 18 children and adolescents affected by NS and NMLS with 22 typically developing (TD) children, matched for chronological age and non-verbal Intelligence Quotient (IQ), in two different experimental paradigms, to assess familiarity and recollection: a Process Dissociation Procedure (PDP) and a Task Dissociation Procedure (TDP). Differences in verbal skills between groups, as well as chronological age, were considered in the analysis. Participants with NS and NSML showed reduced recollection in the PDP and impaired associative recognition in the TDP, compared to controls. These results indicate poor recollection in the recognition memory of participants with NS and NSML, which cannot be explained by intellectual disability or language deficits. These results provide evidence of the role of mutations impacting RAS–MAPK signaling in the disruption of hippocampal memory formation and consolidation.

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Illman, Nathan A., Steven Kemp, Céline Souchay, Robin G. Morris, and Chris J. A. Moulin. "Assessing a Metacognitive Account of Associative Memory Impairments in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy." Epilepsy Research and Treatment 2016 (September 19, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6746938.

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Previous research has pointed to a deficit in associative recognition in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Associative recognition tasks require discrimination between various combinations of words which have and have not been seen previously (such as old-old or old-new pairs). People with TLE tend to respond to rearranged old-old pairs as if they are “intact” old-old pairs, which has been interpreted as a failure to use a recollection strategy to overcome the familiarity of two recombined words into a new pairing. We examined this specific deficit in the context of metacognition, using postdecision confidence judgements at test. We expected that TLE patients would show inappropriate levels of confidence for associative recognition. Although TLE patients reported lower confidence levels in their responses overall, they were sensitive to the difficulty of varying pair types in their judgements and gave significantly higher confidence ratings for their correct answers. We conclude that a strategic deficit is not at play in the associative recognition of people with TLE, insofar as they are able to monitor the status of their memory system. This adds to a growing body of research suggesting that recollection is impaired in TLE, but not metacognition.

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