Статті в журналах: "Asphalt solar collector"

1

Wu, Shao Peng, Bo Li, Hong Wang, and Jian Qiu. "Numerical Simulation of Temperature Distribution in Conductive Asphalt Solar Collector due to Pavement Material Parameters." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1314.

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Asphalt pavement serving as solar collector has been developed for the heating and cooling of adjacent buildings as well as to keep the pavement ice-free directly. Material parameters such as thermal conductivity and heat capacity are some of the critical parameters related to the efficiency of the asphalt collector. Graphite powders were utilized as thermal conductive fillers to make asphalt collector conductive so as to improve the efficiency of the asphalt collector. The material parameters change with the addition of graphite consequently. In order to access the solar energy absorbability of conductive asphalt collector, it is necessary to predict the temperature distribution within the asphalt layers. A transient, two-dimensional finite element model is developed to predict temperature distributions in conductive asphalt solar collector due to material parameters. The ability of accurately predict asphalt pavement temperature at different depths will greatly help pavement engineers in determining the solar energy potential of conductive asphalt collector. The results from the prediction model show that the surface temperature of pavement decreases slightly with addition of graphite. The differential maximum asphalt temperature variation at a depth of 10cm is significantly more than that at the surface. Higher temperature and lower temperature gradient can also be observed at the depth of 10cm because the heat conduction is accelerated by the addition of graphite.

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2

Basheer Sheeba, Jinshah, and Ajith Krishnan Rohini. "Structural and Thermal Analysis of Asphalt Solar Collector Using Finite Element Method." Journal of Energy 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/602087.

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The collection of solar energy using asphalt pavements has got a wide importance in the present energy scenario. Asphalt pavements subjected to solar radiation can reach temperature up to 70°C because of their excellent heat absorbing property. Many working parameters, such as pipe diameter, pipe spacing, pipe depth, pipe arrangement, and flow rate, influence the performance of asphalt solar collector. Existing literature on thermal energy extraction from asphalt pavements is based on the small scale laboratory samples and numerical simulations. In order to design an efficient asphalt solar collector there should be a payoff between the thermal and structural stability of the pavement, so that maximum heat can be absorbed without structural damage due to external load condition. This paper presents a combined thermal and structural analysis of asphalt solar collector using finite element method. Analysis is carried out in different models so as to obtain optimum pipe spacing, pipe diameter, depth, and pipe arrangement under the specified condition.

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3

Beddu, Salmia, Mushtaq Ahmad, Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal, Daud Mohamad, Zarina Itam, Yee Hooi Min, and Warid Wazien Ahmad Zailani. "A State-of-the-Art Review of Hydronic Asphalt Solar Collector Technology for Solar Energy Harvesting on Road Pavement." MATEC Web of Conferences 400 (2024): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202440003007.

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Nature inspires innovative renewable energy solutions by advancing our road pavements, as the sun is the only infinite and accessible source of clean and green energy on our planet. In addition to the various solar energy production methods, a new paradigm for utilizing asphalt pavement as a solar collector is being developed for self-powered energy harvesting. Due to direct solar radiation, flexible paved surfaces exposed to direct sunlight can heat up to 70°C in the summer. The heat is then dissipated into the environment, causing the urban heat island effect, and accelerating thermal oxidation of asphalt pavement. This can lead to structural failure and reduced pavement performance. This study aims to present a state-of-the-art review of hydronic asphalt solar collectors (HASCs) and propose the best model to enhance the performance of asphalt solar collectors. The findings of the study concluded that asphalt has the potential to absorb solar energy and store heat energy. This can be achieved by assembling and modifying conventional asphalt structures into modern asphalt solar collector designs that consist of pipe arrangements below the paved surface filled with liquid flowing through the pavement surface. The study found that a significant limitation of previous research was that it focused on optimizing the temperature profile at various depths but did not focus on structural improvements to reduce failure and increase the performance of asphalt solar collectors. Therefore, this review study proposed a new technique of using conductive and waste materials to enhance the performance of asphalt solar collectors.

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4

Chen, Ming Yu, Shao Peng Wu, Ji Zhe Zhang, and Pan Pan. "Design and Performance of an Asphalt Pavement Snow Melting System." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 1550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.1550.

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Asphalt pavement can be used in solar energy harnessing, by means of solar collector developed in heating and cooling the adjacent buildings, as well as keeping the pavement ice-free directly. In the light of the actual situation of preparation and formation of a larger asphalt concrete slab, an experimental method and evaluation system for asphalt pavement snow melting was designed and constructed. The feasibility of snow melting using asphalt solar collector was verified, and the effect of the heat exchanger on the temperature distribution was quantitatively tested The results indicated that although the entire snowmelt time is longer than expected, it is acceptable for us to use asphalt solar collector for snow melting, especially, low temperature water about 25°C is used for snow melting. Besides, the melting process of ice and snow generally includes three phases: the starting period, the linear period and the accelerated period. The snow melting system is controlled to maintain the asphalt pavement surface temperature of 3 to 5°C which is sufficient to prevent freezing of the road.

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5

Abbaa, Firas A., and Mohammed H. Alhamdo. "Thermal Performance Enhancement of Asphalt Solar Collector by Using Extended Surfaces." Progress in Solar Energy and Engineering Systems 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/psees.050104.

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The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect occurs when the temperature of the asphalt pavement surface exceeds 70°C during the summer. Rutting is a significant temperature-related problem that occurs when the temperature rises too high on asphalt surfaces. Additionally, this phenomenon increases the amount of energy required to cool buildings adjacent to pavements and degrades air quality. The Asphalt Solar Collector (ASC) was examined in this work by inserting tubes into the pavement's construction and circulating working fluid within it to capture thermal energy generated by asphalt pavement. A low-carbon steel-alloy cheap waste materials have been investigated as an extended surface with HMA. The effect of various extended surfaces attached to the embedded tubes on the thermal performance of ASC has been studied to determine whether it satisfies specified aforementioned demands. The performance of several ASC models with bare, continuous finned, and mesh grid serpentine embedded tubes was investigated with same Conductive Hot Mixture Asphalt (C-HMA) by using a numerical 3-D model developed by COMSOL Multiphysics Software. when the Reynolds Number is increased, it is found that ASC efficiency increases from 66.74% for bare serpentine tubes to approximately 75.488% and 69.4% for continuous finned and mesh grid serpentine embedded tubes, respectively. A maximum value of about 398.53 W can be gained (from a total of 850 W/m2 incident solar radiation) by utilizing an extended surface. Additionally, the surface temperature of HMA decreases significantly from 52.67 to 46.07℃. For all models under investigation, it is clear that the optimum average Reynolds Number is about 600. It is found that the continuous fins model can capture more solar radiation than the mesh grid model by about 8.77%.

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6

Wu, Di, Gangqiang Kong, Hanlong Liu, Xi Zhu, and Hefu Pu. "Performance of a bridge deck as solar collector in a thermal energy storage system." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020507009.

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Solar energy can be stored in subsurface and extracted to melt snow and deice in winter. In summer, the bridge deck heat element in a bridge deicing system could serve as a solar energy collector without additional cost. Numerical models were developed in this study to investigate the performance of a bridge deck solar collector. The effects of radiation intensity and wind speed on the solar energy collection efficiency of a bridge deck solar energy collector were discussed and analyzed. The results show that the temperature of the slab was decreased during the solar collection process, and the solar energy collection efficiency of the bridge deck solar collector was about 26~47%. The collection efficiency of solar energy at a given wind speed was increased with the decreasing of the radiation energy, and this effect was more pronounced when the wind speed was higher. The solar energy collection was beneficial to the durability of the top asphalt layer as well as the structural response of the bridge because the magnitude and gradient of the slab temperature were much lower when the bridge deck served as a solar energy collector.

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7

Pasetto, Marco, Andrea Baliello, Giovanni Giacomello, and Emiliano Pasquini. "Mechanical Feasibility of Asphalt Materials for Pavement Solar Collectors: Small-Scale Laboratory Characterization." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010358.

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Rutting (i.e., depressions along the wheel path) is a distress exhibited by flexible asphalt pavements at high in-service temperatures negatively affecting ride comfort and safety. In this regard, the fine asphalt mortar (i.e., bitumen filler and fine sand) plays a key role in the rutting potential of the asphalt mixtures. Given this background, this manuscript presents a small-scale laboratory experimentation aimed at assessing the rutting-related performance of a plain bitumen combined with natural (limestone) or manufactured (steel slag) fine aggregates (size up to 0.18 mm) through advanced experimental and theoretical approaches. Specific rheological tests through dynamic shear were carried out to achieve this goal. The investigated asphalt blends came from a wider research project focused on the implementation of a pavement solar collector (a road system to harvest the solar energy irradiating the pavement). In particular, the present paper aimed at verifying the mechanical suitability of the produced asphalt mixes with respect to permanent deformation resistance. Such a small-scale investigation mainly showed that the previously selected constituent materials did not imply criticisms in terms of rutting response.

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8

Abbas, Firas A., and Mohammed H. Alhamdo. "Experimental and numerical analysis of an asphalt solar collector with a conductive asphalt mixture." Energy Reports 11 (June 2024): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.11.065.

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9

Pasetto, Marco, Andrea Baliello, Giovanni Giacomello, and Emiliano Pasquini. "Rutting Behavior of Asphalt Surface Layers Designed for Solar Harvesting Systems." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010277.

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Solar harvesting systems applied to asphalt roads consist of pipes or coils installed a few centimeters below the asphalt pavement surface. They work thanks to a circulating fluid able to collect the heat coming from solar irradiation of the pavement surface and convert it into thermal gradients that can be used for electric energy supply. Specific attention must be paid to the design of the asphalt mixtures comprising the system. In this sense, the high in-service temperature rutting potential is one of the main issues to be assessed in such applications since the thermal optimization of asphalt mixes could lead to excessively deformable materials. The present study is a part of a wider research area aimed at developing an efficient asphalt solar collector. Here, a laboratory mixture-scale investigation is proposed to verify the anti-rutting potential of specific asphalt layers that were initially designed based on thermal properties only. Repeated load axial and wheel tracking tests are carried out on limestone- and steel slag-based bituminous mixtures. Overall, the tested layers were not fully able to satisfy the permanent deformation acceptance criteria; in this regard, possible improvements in terms of mix constituents and properties are ultimately addressed.

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10

Tang, N., S. P. Wu, M. Y. Chen, P. Pan, and C. J. Sun. "Effect mechanism of mixing on improving conductivity of asphalt solar collector." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 75 (August 2014): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.04.014.

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11

Alonso-Estébanez, Alejandro, Pablo Pascual-Muñoz, José Luis Sampedro-García, and Daniel Castro-Fresno. "3D numerical modelling and experimental validation of an asphalt solar collector." Applied Thermal Engineering 126 (November 2017): 678–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.127.

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12

Çuhac, Caner, Anne Mäkiranta, Petri Välisuo, Erkki Hiltunen, and Mohammed Elmusrati. "Temperature Measurements on a Solar and Low Enthalpy Geothermal Open-Air Asphalt Surface Platform in a Cold Climate Region." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040979.

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Solar heat, already captured by vast asphalt fields in urban areas, is potentially a huge energy resource. The vertical soil temperature profile, i.e., low enthalpy geothermal energy, reveals how efficiently the irradiation is absorbed or radiated back to the atmosphere. Measured solar irradiation, heat flux on the asphalt surface and temperature distribution over a range of depths describe the thermal energy from an asphalt surface down to 10 m depth. In this study, those variables were studied by long-term measurements in an open-air platform in Finland. To compensate the nighttime heat loss, the accumulated heat on the surface should be harvested during the sunny daytime periods. A cumulative heat flux over one year from asphalt to the ground was 70% of the cumulative solar irradiance measured during the same period. However, due to the nighttime heat losses, the net heat flux during 5 day period was only 18% of the irradiance in spring, and was negative during autumn, when the soil was cooling. These preliminary results indicate that certain adaptive heat transfer and storage mechanisms are needed to minimize the loss and turn the asphalt layer into an efficient solar heat collector connected with a seasonal storage system.

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13

Chen, Mingyu, Shaopeng Wu, Hong Wang, and Jizhe Zhang. "Study of ice and snow melting process on conductive asphalt solar collector." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, no. 12 (December 2011): 3241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.07.013.

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14

Abbas, Firas A., and Mohammed H. Alhamdo. "Numerical modeling and experimental validation of an asphalt solar collector using fins." Solar Energy 273 (May 2024): 112529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112529.

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15

Pan, Pan, Chang Jun Sun, Ning Tang, Ming Yu Chen, and Shao Peng Wu. "Study on Volume Performance of Conductive Asphalt Concrete Based on Freeze-Thaw Cycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 2501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.2501.

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Conductive asphalt concrete, a kind of intelligent materials, can serve as asphalt solar collector, asphalt heater and self monitor. And moisture damage is one of the most common performance degradation of asphalt concrete. This paper investigates the volume properties of conductive asphalt concrete based on Freeze-thaw cycles. Marshall specimen was frozen and thawed repeatedly and a cycle consists 16h at -18oC and 8h at 60oC. The change of air void and weight loss ratio were chosen to evaluate the moisture resistance of conductive asphalt concrete. Three types of asphalt mixture (control, CAC 1 and CAC 2) were used to study the effect of initial void and material composition on moisture resistance. The results show that both the framework structures and the material composition have a great effect on antifreeze-thaw property of asphalt concrete, which provides an efficient guidance for application of this technology in pavement.

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16

Saad, H. E., K. S. Kaddah, A. A. Sliem, A. Rafat, and M. A. Hewhy. "The effect of the environmental parameters on the performance of asphalt solar collector." Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10, no. 4 (December 2019): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2019.04.005.

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17

Masoumi, Amir Pouya, Erfan Tajalli-Ardekani, and Ali Akbar Golneshan. "Investigation on performance of an asphalt solar collector: CFD analysis, experimental validation and neural network modeling." Solar Energy 207 (September 2020): 703–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.06.045.

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18

Li, B., S. P. Wu, Y. Xiao, and P. Pan. "Investigation of heat-collecting properties of asphalt pavement as solar collector by a three-dimensional unsteady model." Materials Research Innovations 19, sup1 (April 2015): S1–172—S1–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891715z.0000000001398.

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19

Shaopeng, Wu, Chen Mingyu, and Zhang Jizhe. "Laboratory investigation into thermal response of asphalt pavements as solar collector by application of small-scale slabs." Applied Thermal Engineering 31, no. 10 (July 2011): 1582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.01.028.

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20

Tahami, Seyed Amid, Mohammadreza Gholikhani, Reza Nasouri, and Samer Dessouky. "Evaluation of a Novel Road Thermoelectric Generator System." MATEC Web of Conferences 271 (2019): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927108002.

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Capturing the unused energy is the challenging aspect in the harvesting process. Since one potentially important component for energy harvesting in the transportation sector is pavement, successful energy harvesting from roadway pavements can lead to sustainable transportation infrastructure systems. Asphalt pavement surface temperature can reach up to 70˚C in summer because of solar radiation. This paper presents a development of novel set of road thermoelectric generator system and describes the operation, design, and performance of the system installed within pavement that captures the heat energy from the temperature differential between the pavement surface and the subgrade soil. Designed prototype encompasses of thermoelectric generator, coolant module, heat collector and conductor. The efficiency and performance of the designed system were evaluated through the experiments and finite element modeling. Based on the results, the generated electrical power from the asphalt pavement could be a key source for providing off-grid power supply for sensors used in smart infrastructure, structural health monitoring, and environment sensing.

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21

Concha, Jose L., and Jose Norambuena-Contreras. "Thermophysical properties and heating performance of self-healing asphalt mixture with fibres and its application as a solar collector." Applied Thermal Engineering 178 (September 2020): 115632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115632.

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22

Najeeb, Muhammad Imran, Zarina Itam, Mohammed Azeez Alrubaye, Shaikh Muhammad Mubin Shaik Ahmad Fadzil, Nazirul Mubin Zahari, Mohd Supian Abu Bakar, Agusril Syamsir, Mohd Hafiz Zawawi, and Norizham Abdul Razak. "Numerical Studies on the Impact of Traffic Loading on Embedded Pipes in Solar Energy Harvesting Concrete Pavement." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2023): 6685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116685.

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The urban heat island (UHI) effect occurs when cities and towns warm up more than the surrounding rural areas because they have more structures and less vegetation and soil. The issue can be lessened by implementing a pavement solar collector (PSC) system, which converts heat from the pavement’s surface into thermal energy. In this work, the authors analyze the effect of pipe depth (85 mm to 50 mm) and spacing (200 mm to 100 mm) on the efficiency of heat extraction from the surface while taking pavement structural performance into account using the ANSYS Fluent program. The modeling approach was validated against the previous studies. According to the findings, a concrete water harvesting system may achieve the maximum outlet temperature with the least impact on traffic loading by using a distance of 100 mm and a depth of 85 mm. The load’s impact is 51% less than that of the model that predicted the highest outlet temperature, and the outside temperature is reduced by 3.9%. The outcomes here demonstrated that concrete might be employed in the PSC system as an alternative to asphalt.

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23

K.Sh., Kaddah,, Hewhy, M. A., Selim, A., Saad, H., and Ramadan, A. M. "STUDY THE EFFECT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A PROTOTYPE FOR ASPHALT SOLAR COLLECTOR USING AIR AS A WORKING FLUID." Journal of Environmental Science 36, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jes.2016.27661.

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24

Beddu, Salmia, Siti Hidayah Abdul Talib, and Zarina Itam. "The Potential of Heat Collection from Solar Radiation in Asphalt Solar Collectors in Malaysia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 32 (March 2016): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/32/1/012045.

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25

Bobes-Jesus, Vanesa, Pablo Pascual-Muñoz, Daniel Castro-Fresno, and Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez. "Asphalt solar collectors: A literature review." Applied Energy 102 (February 2013): 962–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.08.050.

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26

Wu, S. P., B. Li, P. Pan, and F. Guo. "Simulation study of heat energy potential of asphalt solar collectors." Materials Research Innovations 18, sup2 (May 2014): S2–436—S2–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891714z.000000000456.

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27

Dakessian, Lala, Hagop Harfoushian, David Habib, Ghassan R. Chehab, George Saad, and Issam Srour. "Finite Element Approach to Assess the Benefits of Asphalt Solar Collectors." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2575, no. 1 (January 2016): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2575-09.

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28

Jiang, Lei, Shengyue Wang, Xingyu Gu, Norbu Dorjee, and Wu Bo. "Inducing directional heat transfer by enhancing directional thermal conductivity of asphalt mixtures for improving asphalt solar collectors." Construction and Building Materials 267 (January 2021): 121731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121731.

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29

Pascual-Muñoz, P., D. Castro-Fresno, P. Serrano-Bravo, and A. Alonso-Estébanez. "Thermal and hydraulic analysis of multilayered asphalt pavements as active solar collectors." Applied Energy 111 (November 2013): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.013.

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30

Hossain, Md Fahim Tanvir, Samer Dessouky, Ayetullah B. Biten, Arturo Montoya, and Daniel Fernandez. "Harvesting Solar Energy from Asphalt Pavement." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 19, 2021): 12807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212807.

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This study aims at designing and developing a new technique to harvest solar energy from asphalt pavements. The proposed energy harvester system consists of a pavement solar box with a transparent polycarbonate sample and a thin-film solar panel. This device mechanism can store energy in a battery charged over daytime and later convert it into electric power as per demand. A wide range of polycarbonate samples containing different thicknesses, elastic moduli, and light transmission properties were tested to select the most efficient materials for the energy harvester system. Transmittance Spectroscopy was conducted to determine the percent light transmission property of the polycarbonate samples at different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Finite Element Analysis modeling of the pavement–tire load system was conducted to design the optimal energy harvester system under static load. It was followed by the collection of data on the generated power under different weather conditions. The energy harvesters were also subjected to vehicular loads in the field. The results suggest that the proposed pavement solar box can generate an average of 23.7 watts per square meter continuously over 6 h a day under sunny conditions for the weather circumstances encountered in South Texas while providing a slightly smaller power output in other weather circumstances. It is a promising self-powered and low-cost installation technique that can be implemented at pedestrian crossings and intersections to alert distracted drivers at the time of pedestrian crossing, which is likely to improve pedestrian safety.

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31

Li, Zuzhong, Yayun Zhang, Chunguang Fa, Xiaoming Zou, Haiwei Xie, Huaxin Chen, and Rui He. "Investigation on the Temperature Distribution of Asphalt Overlay on the Existing Cement Concrete Pavement in Hot-Humid Climate in Southern China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2984650.

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Temperature is known to be one of the most important factors affecting the design and performance of asphalt concrete pavement. The distresses of asphalt overlay are closely related to its temperature, particularly in Guangxi, a hot-humid-climate region in China. This research is to analyze the impact of meteorological factors on temperature at 2 cm depth in asphalt overlay by ReliefF algorithm and also obtain the temperature prediction model using MATLAB. Two test sites were installed to monitor the temperatures at different pavement depths from 2014 to 2016; meanwhile, the meteorological data (including air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and relative humidity) were collected from the two meteorological stations. It has been found that the temperature at 2 cm depth experiences greater temperature variation, and the maximum and minimum temperatures of asphalt overlay, respectively, occur at 2 cm depth and on the surface. Besides, the results of ReliefF algorithm have also shown that the temperature at 2 cm depth is affected significantly by solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and the relative humidity. Based on these analyses, the prediction model of maximum temperature at 2 cm depth is developed using statistical regression. Moreover, the data collected in 2017 are used to validate the accuracy of the model. Compared with the existing models, the developed model was confirmed to be more effective for temperature prediction in hot-humid region. In addition, the analysis of rutting depth and overlay deformation for the two test sections with different materials is done, and the results have shown that reasonable structure and materials of asphalt overlay are vital to promote the high-temperature antideforming capability of pavement.

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32

Zhang, Naiji, Guoxiong Wu, Bin Chen, and Cong Cao. "Numerical Model for Calculating the Unstable State Temperature in Asphalt Pavement Structure." Coatings 9, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040271.

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In this study, we determined the factors that influence of the temperature on an asphalt pavement by developing a two-dimensional unsteady temperature numerical calculation model using the finite difference method and Matlab. Based on the temperatures obtained by a buried sensor in a construction project, we collected the temperatures at different depths in the pavement structure in real time, and we then compared and analyzed the calculated and measured data. The results showed that the temperature in the asphalt pavement structure was significantly correlated with meteorological factors, such as the air temperature, but it also exhibited obvious hysteresis. Compared with the measured data, the maximum deviation in the numerical model based on the variations in the atmospheric temperature and solar radiation was 3 °C. Thus, it is necessary to effectively optimize the selection of asphalt pavement materials by simulating the temperature conditions in the asphalt pavement structure.

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33

Hassan, H. F., A. S. Al-Nuaimi, R. Taha, and T. M. A. Jafar. "Development of Asphalt Pavement Temperature Models for Oman." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2005): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol2iss1pp32-42.

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Анотація:

Asphalt pavements form an integral part of any transportation system. The structural capacity of the hot mix asphalt concrete layers depends on many factors including its temperature. Moreover, temperature can be a major contributor to several types of distresses. Therefore, temperature is a significant factor that affects the performance and life span of a pavement. The Sultanate of Oman's road network expanded at a phenomenal pace from approximately 10 km of paved roads in 1970 to 9,673 km in 2001. with the recent SHRP and LTTP research findings, it was necessary to investigate the applicability of the models developed from these research studies to Oman's environmental conditions and more generally to the Arabian Gulf climate. This paper presents the research undertaken to develop models to predict high and low asphalt pavement temperatures in Oman. A pavement monitoring station was set-up at the Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) campus to monitor air, pavement temperatures and solar radiation. Data were collected for 445 days. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were recorded. A regression analysis was used to develop the low pavement temperature model. A stepwise regression was used to develop high temperature models using air temperature, solar radiation, and duration of solar radiation as independent variables. The developed models were compared with the SHRP and LTPP models. The SHRP and LTPP models were found to be more conservative than the developed models, which are more suitable for predicting pavement temperatures in Oman, and more generally in the Gulf region.

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Wang, Haoyang, Yu Zhu, Weiguang Zhang, Shihui Shen, Shenghua Wu, Louay N. Mohammad, and Xuhui She. "Effects of Field Aging on Material Properties and Rutting Performance of Asphalt Pavement." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010225.

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This study evaluates field asphalt aging based on material property changes in pavement with time, and investigates if such changes could have an impact on field rutting performance. Four projects from three different climate zones were monitored as part of the NCHRP 9–49A project at two stages: during pavement construction and two to three years after opening it to traffic. Construction information were collected, and field cores were drilled at both stages to evaluate the material properties of recovered asphalt binder and asphalt mixture. Field rut depth was also measured. In addition, pavement structure, climate and base/subgrade modulus information were also obtained. Results indicate that the asphalt mixture stiffening is caused in major part by asphalt aging. However, the effect of asphalt aging on pavement mixture property may not follow a proportional liner trend. The parameters that are most sensitive to field ageing are MSCR R3.2 and dynamic modulus. It is also found that the variables which showed a good ranking trend with the field rut depth are climate condition (relative humidity, high temperature hour, solar radiation), material properties (Hamburg rut depth, rutting resistance index, high temperature performance grade, MSCR, and dynamic modulus, base and subgrade moduli), as well as air voids.

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35

Salem, Hassan Awadat, Djordje Uzelac, Zagorka Lozanov Crvenkovic, and Bojan Matic. "Development of a Model to Predict Pavement Temperature for Brak Region in Libya." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1139.

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Анотація:

Asphalt pavements form an integral part of any transportation system. The structural capacity of the hot mix asphalt concrete layers depends on many factors including its temperature. Moreover, temperature can be a major contributor to several types of distresses. Therefore, temperature is a significant factor that affects the performance and life span of a pavement. The Libyan road network expanded at a phenomenal pace from approximately 1500 km of paved roads in 1970 to morethan 100,000 km in 2008. Brak region is located on the southern east of Libya at latitude (27°31'N) in the desert. With the recent SHRP and LTTP research findings, it was necessary to investigate the applicability of the models developed from these research studies to Brak's environmental conditions and more generally to the rest of Libyan desert reigions. This paper presents the research undertaken to develop models to predict high and low asphalt pavement temperatures in the Brak region . A pavement monitoring station was set-up in Brak to monitor air and pavement temperatures in different depth, wind speed and solar radiation. Data were collected for 365days. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were recorded. A regression analysis was used to develop the minimum and maximum pavement temperature models, using air temperature, wind speed and solar radiation. This paper presents a new model for predicting maximum and minimum surface pavement temperature based on data collected by installed pavement monitoring station set-up at the Brak region.

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Salem, Hassan Awadat, Djordje Uzelac, and Zagorka Lozanov Crvenkovic. "Development of a Model to Predict Pavement Temperature for Ghat Region in Libya." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 1115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.1115.

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Анотація:

Asphalt pavements form an integral part of any transportation system. The structural capacity of the hot mix asphalt concrete layers depends on many factors including its temperature. Moreover, temperature can be a major contributor to several types of distresses. Therefore, temperature is a significant factor that affects the performance and life span of a pavement. The Libyan road network expanded at a phenomenal pace from approximately 1500 km of paved roads in 1970 to morethan 100,000 km in 2008. Ghat region is located on the southern east of Libya at latitude (24 59' N) in the desert. With the recent SHRP and LTTP research findings, it was necessary to investigate the applicability of the models developed from these research studies to Ghat's environmental conditions and more generally to the rest of Libyan desert reigions. This paper presents the research undertaken to develop models to predict high and low asphalt pavement temperatures in the Ghat region . A pavement monitoring station was set-up in Ghat to monitor air and pavement temperatures in different depth, wind speed and solar radiation. Data were collected for 365days. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were recorded. A regression analysis was used to develop the minimum and maximum pavement temperature models, using air temperature, wind speed and solar radiation. This paper presents a new model for predicting maximum and minimum surface pavement temperature based on data collected by installed pavement monitoring station set-up at the Ghat region.

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Adwan, Ibrahim, Abdalrhman Milad, Zubair Ahmed Memon, Iswandaru Widyatmoko, Nuryazmin Ahmat Zanuri, Naeem Aziz Memon, and Nur Izzi Md Yusoff. "Asphalt Pavement Temperature Prediction Models: A Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 3794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093794.

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The performance of bituminous materials is mainly affected by the prevailing maximum and minimum temperatures, and their mechanical properties can vary significantly with the magnitude of the temperature changes. The given effect can be observed from changes occurring in the bitumen or asphalt mixture stiffness and the materials’ serviceable life. Furthermore, when asphalt pavement layer are used, the temperature changes can be credited to climatic factors such as air temperature, solar radiation and wind. Thus in relevance to the discussed issue, the contents of this paper displays a comprehensive review of the collected existing 38 prediction models and broadly classifies them into their corresponding numerical, analytical and statistical models. These models further present different formulas based on the climate, environment, and methods of data collection and analyses. Corresponding to which, most models provide reasonable predictions for both minimum and maximum pavement temperatures. Some models can even predict the temperature of asphalt pavement layers on an hourly or daily basis using the provided statistical method. The analytical models can provide straight-forward solutions, but assumptions on boundary conditions should be simplified. Critical climatic and pavement factors influencing the accuracy of predicting temperature were examined. This paper recommends future studies involving coupled heat transfer model for the pavement and the environment, particularly consider to be made on the impact of surface water and temperature of pavements in urban areas.

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Chiarelli, A., A. Al-Mohammedawi, A. R. Dawson, and A. García. "Construction and configuration of convection-powered asphalt solar collectors for the reduction of urban temperatures." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 112 (February 2017): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2016.10.012.

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39

Vizzari, Domenico, Eric Gennesseaux, Stéphane Lavaud, Stéphane Bouron, and Emmanuel Chailleux. "Pavement energy harvesting technologies: a critical review." RILEM Technical Letters 6 (August 20, 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.131.

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The world energy consumption is constantly increasing and the research point towards novel energy harvesting technologies. In the field of pavement engineering, the exploitable sources are the solar radiation and the vehicle load. At present, these systems are able to convert the sunlight into electricity thanks to some solar cells placed under a semi-transparent layer (photovoltaic roads), or they can harvest thermal heat by means of solar thermal systems. The thermal gradient of the pavement can be exploited by thermoelectric generators, by heat pipes or by heat-transfer fluids (i.e. water) pumped into a medium (asphalt solar collectors, porous layer or air conduits). The traffic load can be exploited by piezoelectric materials, able to convert the vehicle load into an electrical charge. The aim of this paper is to describe the main pavement energy harvesting technologies, pointing out positives and negatives and providing indications for further optimizations. Finally, the systems are compared in terms of initial cost, electrical output, efficiency and technology readiness level.

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40

Tahami, Seyed Amid, Mohammadreza Gholikhani, and Samer Dessouky. "Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting System for Roadway Sustainability." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 2 (February 2020): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120905575.

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Asphalt pavement is continuously exposed to solar radiation, which can heat the asphalt up to 60 to 70°C because of the high absorptivity of its black materials. This potential source of energy has gone unused but has recently attracted attention for its potential to be collected as a renewable and clean energy source. In this paper, a novel thermoelectric roadway energy harvester is introduced that can be inserted into pavement to scavenge electrical energy from thermal energy. The energy harvester system consists of different components, including a thermoelectric generator (TEG), an L-shaped heat conductor plate, a heat sink filled with phase change material, and an insulation box. Finite element analysis and experimental testing in the laboratory were conducted to evaluate the performance of this harvesting system. Different parameters that could affect the power output were investigated, such as asphalt slab temperature (e.g., 45°C, 55°C, 65°C), type of TEG module, number of TEG modules, and TEG configurations. The results indicate that the system is capable of producing sufficient energy to run low-powered electrical equipment used in transportation infrastructure.

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41

Farzan, Hadi, Ehsan Hassan Zaim, and Mehran Ameri. "Study on effect of glazing on performance and heat dynamics of asphalt solar collectors: An experimental study." Solar Energy 202 (May 2020): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.04.003.

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42

Pugsley, Adrian, Aggelos Zacharopoulos, Mervyn Smyth, and Jayanta Mondol. "Performance evaluation of the senergy polycarbonate and asphalt carbon nanotube solar water heating collectors for building integration." Renewable Energy 137 (July 2019): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.082.

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43

Petralli, Martina, Luciano Massetti, David Pearlmutter, Giada Brandani, Alessandro Messeri, and Simone Orlandini. "UTCI field measurements in an urban park in Florence (Italy)." Miscellanea Geographica 24, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0017.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate human thermal comfort in different green area settings in the city of Florence by using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Field measurements of air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed and black globe thermometer were collected during hot summer days in various parts of Cascine Park, the biggest urban park in Florence (Italy). UTCI was evaluated over different surfaces (asphalt, gravel and grass) completely exposed to the sun or shaded by a large lime tree (Tilia × europaea). The results showed strong differences in UTCI values depending on the exposure to tree shade, while no significant difference was found among ground-cover materials when all surfaces were equally exposed to solar radiation. Future studies are needed to investigate the microclimatic effects of different tree species on UTCI.

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44

Chestovich, Paul J., Richard Z. Saroukhanoff, Syed F. Saquib, Joseph T. Carroll, Carmen E. Flores, and Samir F. Moujaes. "598 Temperature profiles of sunlight-exposed surfaces in a desert climate: Determining the risks for pavement burns." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2021): S150—S151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.248.

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Abstract Introduction In the desert climates of the United States, plentiful sunlight and high summer temperatures cause significant burn injuries from hot pavement and other surfaces. Although it is well known that surfaces reach temperatures sufficient to cause full-thickness burns, the peak temperature, time of day, and highest risk materials is not well described. This work measured continuous temperature measurements of six materials in a desert climate over a five-month period. Methods Six different solid materials common in an urban environment were utilized for measurement. Asphalt, brick, concrete, sand, porous rock, and galvanized metal were equipped with thermocouples attached to a data acquisition module. All solid materials except metal were placed in a 2’x2’x3.5” form, and identical samples were placed in both shade and direct sunlight. Ambient temperature was recorded, and sunlight intensity was measured using a pyranometer. Measurement time interval was set at three minutes. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was created using Star CCM+ to validate the data. Contour plots of temperature, solar irradiance, and time of day were created using MiniTab for all surfaces tested. Results 75,000 temperature measurements were obtained from March through August 2020. Maximum recorded temperatures for sunlight-exposed samples of porous rock was 170 F, asphalt 166 F, brick 152 F, concrete 144 F, metal 144 F, and sand 143 F. Peak temperatures were recorded on August 6, 2020 at 2:10 pm, when ambient temperature was 120 F and sunlight intensity 940 W/m2 (Table). Temperatures ranged from 36 F - 56 F higher than identical materials in the shade at the same time. The highest daily temperatures were achieved between 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm due to maximum solar irradiance. Contour plots of surface temperature as function of solar irradiation and time of day were created for all surfaces tested. Nearly identical results obtained from the CFD models to the experimentally collected data, which validated the experimental data. Conclusions Surfaces exposed to direct, continuous sunlight in a desert climate achieve temperatures from 143 F to 170 F in the early afternoon and are high enough to cause significant injury with sufficient exposure. Porous rock reached the highest temperature, followed closely by asphalt. This information is useful to inform the public of the dangers of exposed surfaces in a desert climate.

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Nadiri, Ataallah, Marwa M. Hassan, and Somayeh Asadi. "Supervised Intelligence Committee Machine to Evaluate Field Performance of Photocatalytic Asphalt Pavement for Ambient Air Purification." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2528, no. 1 (January 2015): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2528-11.

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The ability of a titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic nanoparticle to trap and to decompose organic and inorganic air pollutants makes it a promising technology as a pavement coating to mitigate the harmful effects of vehicle emissions. Statistical models and artificial intelligence (AI) models are two applicable methods to quantify photocatalytic efficiency. The objective of this study was to develop a model based on field-collected data to predict the nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction. To achieve this objective, the supervised intelligent committee machine (SICM) method as a combinational black box model was used to predict NOx concentration at the pavement level before and after TiO2 application on the pavement surface. SICM predicts NOx concentration by a nonlinear combination of individual AI models through an artificial intelligent system. Three AI models—Mamdani fuzzy logic, artificial neural network, and neuro-fuzzy—were used to predict NOx concentration in the air as a function of traffic count and climatic conditions, including humidity, temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed before and after the application of TiO2. In addition, an intelligent committee machine model was developed by combining individual AI model output linearly through a set of weights. Results indicated that the SICM model could provide a better prediction of NOx concentration as an air pollutant in the complex and multidimensional air quality data analysis with less residual mean square error than that given by multivariate regression models.

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Stengrim, Matthew, Nicole Obando, Hannah Blackburn, Andrea Vecchiotti, Diego Turo, Joseph Vignola, Jeff Foeller, and Teresa J. Ryan. "Air temperature profiling over different littoral surfaces." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019027.

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There are many factors that must be considered in the study of atmospheric sound propagation over long distances; these include surface characteristics as well as wind speed and air temperature profiles. This work presents measurements of air temperature profiles over various surfaces. Building a catalogue of this type can enable more realistic case assumptions to be made in an atmospheric acoustic transmission loss model. Accurate air temperature profiles are critical because of the potentially significant impact on the transmission loss predictions. Air temperature profile measurements have been collected by solar radiation shielded temperature loggers mounted 1 m apart on a 7 m mast. Long duration measurements were taken to capture the variability in day and nighttime temperature differentials present over surfaces such as: gravel, vegetated shoreline, marsh grass, lawn grass, water, and asphalt. In particular, measurements performed off shore were done by placing the sensor array on the deck of a pontoon boat. The initial results revealed that this configuration captures a very low elevation warming due to re-radiation from the deck of a boat instead of the true over water temperature. This study highlights the influence of wind speed on the development of the near surface temperature inversions.

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Sánchez-Pérez, Juan Francisco, Gloria Motos-Cascales, Manuel Conesa, Francisco Moral-Moreno, Enrique Castro, and Gonzalo García-Ros. "Design of a Thermal Measurement System with Vandal Protection Used for the Characterization of New Asphalt Pavements through Discriminated Dimensionless Analysis." Mathematics 10, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10111924.

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This work focuses on the protection of measurement sensors against accidents, vandalism, or theft and on the improvement of the data collected due to the interference produced by these protections. These sensors are part of a larger study, within the framework of a LIFE Heatland project, carried out in a Spanish city, Murcia, with the fundamental objective of minimizing the urban heat island effect using pavements with lower solar energy storage than traditional ones. The study presented here has been carried out through the implementation of aluminum tubes that protect the sensors installed in the street. Once the problem of sensor protection had been solved, the problem of thermal interference in the measurements due to overheating inside the tubes had to be overcome by means of discriminated dimensionless analysis techniques, focusing on heat transfer by convection of the air flow in the inner part of the tube, by finding the most suitable size and materials to complement the outer aluminum coating. In particular, the search for the critical radius of the tubes was essential since it allowed the insulator size to be optimized. Derived from the study carried out to avoid the overheating of the tube, a small part was covered with a dark material and holes were made to improve air circulation inside the tube, allowing adequate measurement results to be obtained. Finally, the results showed that the designed device was suitable for temperature measurement, since small variations were observed with respect to the control device.

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48

Vyrlas, Panagiotis, Miltiadis Koutras, and Vasileios Liakos. "Surface Temperature Experienced and Irrigation Effects on Artificial Turf." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 20 (May 22, 2024): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2024.20.20.

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Artificial turf has gained widespread use in sporting fields as it is considered a water-saving and maintenance-free alternative to natural turfgrass. However, the high surface temperatures that occur during the day are a potentially important unfavorable feature of artificial turfgrass. The objective of this study was to establish the temperatures experienced on an artificial turf surface and to evaluate the effect of irrigation on artificial turf surface temperature. Data was collected over five surfaces across a sports facility on the campus of the University of Thessaly in Larissa, Greece. Results showed surface temperatures on artificial turf (AT) as significantly higher than running track (RT), asphalt (AS), bare soil (BS), and natural grass (NG), with maximum surface temperatures of 72oC. Solar radiation accounted for most of the variation in surface temperature of the artificial turf (r2=0.92) as opposed to air temperature (r2=0.38), and relative humidity (r2=0.50). To lower surface temperature, four irrigation regimes were used (1x60 min, 1x30 min, 2x15 min, and 3x5 min water application). Irrigation reduced the surface temperature by as much as 30°C compared to the unirrigated surface, but these low temperatures were maintained for 90 to 120 minutes long. The most effective cooling effect occurred when water was applied in a 3-cycle, 5-minute duration, where the irrigated surface temperature remained below the unirrigated surface throughout the time after the first watering.

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Jameel Zaidan, Maitham, and Mohammed H. Alhamdo. "THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT OF ASPHALT SOLAR COLLECTOR: LITERATURE REVIEW." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, July 1, 2023, 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/conf.6.3.19.

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This comprehensive review article presents an in-depth examination of the augmentation of thermal conductivity in asphalt solar collectors, emphasizing the importance of modified asphalt mixtures and their influence on the efficiency and longevity of solar pavements. The manuscript elaborates on the implications of thermal conductivity for the physical, mechanical, and thermal attributes of asphalt, and investigates various methodologies for modifying asphalt mixtures, such as the integration of thermoplastic elastomers, crumb rubber, polymers, poly-phosphoric acid, and nanomaterials. Moreover, the review accentuates techniques for amplifying thermal conductivity, encompassing the incorporation of metallic particles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite, and phase change materials. Subsequently, the article delineates distinct approaches for assessing thermal conductivity in modified asphalt, comprising steady-state and transient methodologies, and underscores the necessity of selecting a suitable technique based on project specifications and limitations.This review shall add to local knowledge an important engaged in the advancement of effective and sustainable asphalt solar collectors.

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Ghalandari, Taher, Alalea Kia, David MG Taborda, and Cedric Vuye. "Thermal and structural response of a pavement solar collector prototype." Symposium on Energy Geotechnics 2023, September 28, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59490/seg.2023.511.

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The last two decades have seen a growing trend toward energy harvesting technologies from asphalt pavements, mainly to discover a suitable replacement for fossil fuels to tackle the high demand for energy due to global population rise, urbanization, and environmental problems. Energy extraction from asphalt pavements, using Pavement Solar Collector (PSC) systems, is one of the most highly promising technologies. This is due to their extensive availability including in roads, cycle lanes, parking lots, airports, in addition to their great potential to absorb solar radiation. PSCs (also called hydronic asphalt pavement) circulate water or other liquid, through the pipe network that is embedded in the asphalt pavement. The primary aim of PSCs is to extract heat from the asphalt pavement in the summertime and use the harvested heat to provide snow/ice-free asphalt surface and prevent black ice formation. The PSC systems could potentially improve road safety, reduce the need for de-icing chemicals, and provide energy-efficient outdoor heating [2]. The heat source for PSCs can be from a central boiler or a renewable energy source such as solar thermal or geothermal. As a result, the system can be designed to be energy-efficient, reducing the overall energy consumption and carbon footprint of the roads. The large-scale research prototype of the Heat Exchanging Asphalt Layer (HEAL) was designed and constructed on a bicycle path at the University of Antwerp’s Groenenborger Campus to investigate the thermal and structural performance of the PSC systems. The total area of HEAL is nearly 65 m2 (14 m x 4.6 m) with four heat exchange sections (8.5 m x 1 m each) and two reference sections of 30 m2 (i.e. without the heat exchange layer). The HEAL system has four main parts: the heat exchanger section, technical unit, borehole thermal energy storage, and control system (see Figure 1). The heat exchanger section was designed and configured into four interconnected sections in order to provide different scenarios, including series, parallel, full power, partially activated, depending on the project settings and purpose (e.g. harsh snow or freezing temperatures) [1]. The energy harvesting efficiency of PSCs has been estimated to be mainly between 20%-30%, reaching to a maximum of 50% [3; 4]. The results of the experimental tests on the HEAL prototype indicated that the series configuration achieved around 20% efficiency, while it was 25% for the parallel configuration, and could theoretically reach a maximum of 34%. With respect to annual energy gain, recent studies reported that the PSC efficiency has a wide range between 0.6 and 1.21 GJ/m2/year [5; 7]. Finally, it was concluded that the energy harvesting capability of large-scale PSCs is not only determined by the geometrical properties and geographical location of the installed systems, but also by the operational conditions such as fluid flow and weather parameters [1]. The required heat energy for snow-melting asphalt surfaces strongly depends on the weather parameters of the cold season. Hence, PSC systems use 100 to 900 W/m2 of collected heat to provide ice/snow-free surfaces. In a recent study, a set of systematic experiments were designed and performed in the HEAL prototype to assess its seasonal energy balance. The output results demonstrated that the maximum hourly heat extraction rate was 91 W/m2, compared to the average hourly power consumption of 15.2 W/m2 to provide ice-/snow free road surface. Although the experiments of the study took place over a limited number of days, a comparison between average heat gain and power consumption showed that applying a low-temperature supply in wintertime could save above 80% of the collected heat in the summertime for the same number of operational days [1]. As a result, the remaining excess low-temperature heat in the storage can be used for various applications, such as providing (preheated) domestic hot water and heating to nearby buildings. In terms of the structural performance, the application of PSCs can reduce the temperature gradient of the asphalt pavement, thus increasing the service life of the pavement. Mallick et al. [6] claimed that the service life of the pavement could be extended between 3-5 years by using PSC systems. Furthermore, controlling the temperature profile of the asphalt pavement could potentially reduce pavement distresses, such as top-down cracking, rutting and fatigue cracking [1]. One of the main challenges in the design of PSC systems is related to the appropriate structural and geometrical designs to ensure that the potential structural damages are in an acceptable range for roads. The pipe depth is a key design parameter to fulfill a balanced trade-off between harvesting maximum heat (pipes closer to the surface) and minimum structural damage (pipes deeper in the asphalt layer). The ongoing and future research on the structural performance of the HEAL system includes: i) comprehensive assessment of the asphalt pavement service life, using field data and multi-layer elastic models ii) evaluation of the asphalt pavement’s rutting and shear failure in the laboratory for samples with and without HEAL.

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