Статті в журналах: "Artificial Rubies"

1

Radoš, Ljubomir, and Dragana Novaković. "Effect of Pollinators on Production of Hybrid Apple Seed." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 15, no. 4 (June 15, 2015): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agrsr1404363r.

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Apple is an open pollinated entomofilic fruit species. For successful fruiting, it is necessary to provide two or more varieties which are good pollinators, in addition to being compatible with the main cultivar. The situation is similar with the artificial pollination of apples with the aim of obtaining hybrid seeds, the only difference is that for this kind of pollination insects do not have to be provided. In order to create new varieties of apples, we selected the varity Ajdared as the recipient of pollen (mother) and Topaz, Rubies and Pink Lady, as pollinators varieties for which we do not have data how they act as pollinators or what kind of impact they have on the production of hybrid seed. Based on the obtained data, we concluded that the varieties pollinators in all combinations have a high impact on the production of hybrid apple seeds

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2

Ma, Li Na, Yu Zeng Zhao, Hong Hua Ge, and Kuai Ying Liu. "Thermal Aging Analysis of Rubber Used for Fabric Expansion Joints." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2718.

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Several kinds of rubbers used for fabric expansion joints were studied by Thermogravimetric analysis under inert atmosphere before and after artificial accelerated thermal aging. The results showed that because of the difference of the chemical structures, the rubber aging is different. And the thermal stability of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was obviously higher than that of other two kinds of rubbers, ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer rubber (EPDM) and fluororubber.

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3

Abrukov, Viktor S., Konstantin V. Efimov, Nikolai A. Tarasov, and Nikolay I. Kol'tsov. "STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF STABILIZERS ON BURNING OF SILICONE RUBBER WITH HELP ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186101.5559.

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Silicone rubbers are used for manufacturing fireproof insulating sheaths for cables and high voltage insulators. Highly oil-resistant silicone rubber of brand IRP 1338 of JSC “Kazan plant of synthetic caoutchouc” production should be singled out among silicone rubbers. This rubber is made from synthetic caoutchouc SKTV and contains Aerosil A-300, titanium oxide, fumed silica U-333 curing agent Perkadox BC-FF and anti-structuring agent ND-8 - α,ω-polydimethyl-siloxanediol. Previously we investigated the kinetics of combustion process of this rubber containing anti-structuring agent ND-8 as well as Ca/Zn-stabilizer Kompanoks (2,6-bis((3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)cyclohexane-1-one) and their combination which are used to enhance the thermal stability of the rubbers on the basis of carbon-chain caoutchoucs. In given paper using artificial neural networks (ANN) the computational multifactor model of combustion of rubber IRP 1338 has been obtained. The influence of selected stabilizers on the combustion rate of silicone rubber IRP 1338 has been studied. The combustion process was investigated by measuring at different points in time the relative height of the unburned portion of the rubber samples in the form of standard rectangular bars with a size of 10x2x2 mm. Combustion occurred under the action of the infrared beam (wavelength 10.6 μm) of laser LG-25 at three temperatures radiation (800, 900, 1000°C). As the main factors influencing the combustion of rubber, the laser radiation temperature was chosen, under which the forced combustion of rubber occurred. The nature of the stabilizers introduced into the rubber and the combustion temperature of the rubber was measured by a thermocouple placed on the surface of combustion rubber. The objective function of ANN-model was the relative height of the unburned portion of the rubber samples. Moreover, it was believed, the greater the relative height of the unburned portion of the rubber samples, the lower the burning rate and the higher the efficiency of the stabilizer. The received ANN-model has allowed to reveal three stages of combustion of rubber and to investigate features of influence of stabilizers on process of combustion. It was established that from the three stabilizers studied, the Ca/Zn stabilizer most effectively slows down the combustion of rubber due to the interaction of calcium oleates and zinc of this stabilizer with caoutchouc molecules. Thus, the possibility of increasing the fire resistance of rubber based on the silicone rubber SKTV by replacing the anti-structuring agent ND-8 on the Ca/Zn stabilizer has been established.Forcitation:Abrukov V.S., Efimov K.V., Tarasov N.A., Koltsov N.I. Study of influence of stabilizers on burning of silicone rubber with help artificial neural networks. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 1. P. 84-88

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4

Trieu, Nguyen Minh, and Nguyen Truong Thinh. "Fabrication of Artificial Skin for Robotic Head Based on Silicone Rubber." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research 13, no. 2 (2024): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.13.2.213-218.

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In this study, artificial skin based on silicone rubber is introduced for a robot head of the same size and shape as an actual person. The artificial skin is described from designing to molding the skin for a robot head, which mimics a young woman’s head. Fabricated skin is different from regular masks because it has to cover the core mechanical systems and move together. Skin movements create emotions on the face and give the appearance of a robot head. The robot has the same expressive and oral capabilities as humans and is integrated with artificial intelligence platforms. The knowledge of head anatomy and the parameters of the operation of the head will be applied in the design and fabrication of core mechanical mechanisms and their covering skin. This study analyses the basic knowledge of skin anatomy as well as the fabricating steps to make artificial skin made of silicone rubber material. The knowledge of skin anatomy is the foundation to study and analyze the general characteristics of human skin such as elasticity, color, elasticity, etc. Manufacturing methods for artificial skin are researched and selected accordingly. Finally, the artificial skin is created to make the robot head’s expression more realistic. Experimental results showed that the robot meets design requirements, has an 89.83% accuracy rate of human identification of robot expressions, and is highly appreciated by users in interactive experiments.

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5

Shimada, Kunio, Hiroshige Kikura, Hideharu Takahashi, and Ryo Ikeda. "Novel Adhesion Technique Using Metallic or Non-Metallic Hydrous Oxide of Metal Complexes Involving Magnetic Compound Fluid Rubber under Electrolytic Polymerization and Magnetic Field for Producing Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030689.

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As per sequential studies on new types of soft rubber for the artificial skin of robots, smart sensors, etc., we have proposed and investigated hybrid skin (H-Skin) and haptic sensors by using magnetic compound fluid (MCF), compounding natural rubber latex (NR-latex), and applying electric and magnetic fields. Through electrolytic polymerization, the MCF rubber is solidified. The MCF rubber has hybrid sensing functions and photovoltaic effects, and electric charge as battery. In case of the production of soft rubber sensors, however, the problem of adhesion between metal electrodes and rubber is very important. In the present study, we propose a novel adhesive technique for bonding the metal electrodes and MCF rubber by using metallic or non-metallic hydrous oxide, which is a metal complex, via electrolytic polymerization. The anionic radical hydrate reacts with the isoprene molecules of NR-latex or chloroprene rubber latex (CR-latex) such that they are cross-linked and the MCF rubber with the hydrate is solidified, which can be represented via a chemical reaction equation. By means of this adhesive technique, we presented five cases of sensors fabricated using metal electrodes and rubbers. This technique is applicable for novel cohesion between rubber and metal.

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6

Кhorova, E. A., N. A. Tretyakova, and N. V. Vakulov. "RESEARCH OF RESISTANCE OF RUBBERS TO THE EXPOSURE OF MOLD FUNGI." Aviation Materials and Technologies, no. 3 (2021): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2713-0193-2021-0-3-128-132.

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The article presents the tests results for the resistance of rubbers of three brands to mold fungi in natural atmospheric conditions and in laboratory conditions when they are artificially infected with spores. These results show that the intensity of development of fungi on the surface of rubbers is from 0 to 2 points with a norm of not more than 3 points. It has been determined that the strength properties of rubbers after exposure to mold fungi in laboratory and natural conditions are at the level of the initial ones. The paper provides the conclusion about the bactericidal properties of the components of rubber mixtures in relation to mold fungi.

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7

Sasaki, Daisuke, Toshiro Noritsugu, and Masahiro Takaiwa. "Development of High Contractile Pneumatic Artificial Rubber Muscle for Power Assist Device." Abstracts of the international conference on advanced mechatronics : toward evolutionary fusion of IT and mechatronics : ICAM 2010.5 (2010): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicam.2010.5.774.

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8

Muralidharan, Manasa, and Veenagayathri Krishnaswamy. "Artificial rubber mineralization by co-cultured bacterial strains." International Journal of Biological Research 4, no. 2 (August 2, 2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6414.

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Objective: This study involves the use Natural Rubber degrading Bacterial co-cultures isolated from rubber plantation soil for the degradation of Artificial Rubber.Methods:Plate assay method and liquid assay method by using Mineral Salt Medium was followed for screening of bacteria for its capacity to mineralize Artificial rubber. Degradation was confirmed by Spectrophotometric and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies. The co-cultures were able to utilize the artificial rubber which was confirmed by Spectrophotometric and FTIR studies.Results: Bacterial cocultures have the capacity to mineralize artificial rubber. Mineralization was observed for 30 days and it was maximum (6.48 x 10-5) on the 20th Day. This was confirmed using SEM and FTIR.Further, these were applied on bioplastics and plastics to study their capacity to degrade them. It was able to degrade them as well which was confirmed using FTIR.Conclusion: From current investigation, it can be concluded that the bacterial cocultures Bacillus cohnii and Brevundimonas naejangsanensis have the capacity to mineralize artificial rubber, plastics and bioplastics. Hence such isolated cocultures can be used in removal of artificial rubber, plastics and bioplastic wastes from the environment.

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9

Kawamura, Takashi, Hisayoshi Kawahara, and Masaru Nakazawa. "Control of Vertebrate Backbone System by Using Artificial Rubber Muscles (Control of Two-Degree-of-Freedom System by Using Three Artificial Rubber Muscles)." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 7, no. 6 (December 20, 1995): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1995.p0483.

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This paper deals with the mechanism and control of a vertebral backbone system which operates on compressed air. This backbone system is composed of layered plates, balls, and artificial rubber muscles driven by pneumatics. The bending angle and direction of the backbone are fixed by displacement of wires that are connected to the artificial rubber muscles. In usual cases, a pair of artificial rubber muscles are used to operate a one-degree-of-freedom joint. This study proposes a mechanism and control method for a two-degreeof-freedom joint driven by three artificial rubber muscles. The structure of the backbone and its analysis in consideration of the characteristics of artificial rubber muscles are described. A control method and experimental results are also shown in this paper.

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10

Kojima, Akihiro, Manabu Okui, and Taro Nakamura. "Development of Soft Pneumatic Actuators Using High-Strain Elastic Materials with Stress Anisotropy of Short Fibers." Proceedings 64, no. 1 (November 22, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecat2020-08526.

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In recent years, soft robots, such as those with high human affinity and those that excellently imitate the movements of natural creatures, have gained considerable attention. In soft robots, structurally flexible soft actuators need to be used, not conventional motors or hydraulic/pneumatic cylinders. Various types of soft actuators have been developed depending on the driving principle. A pneumatic rubber artificial muscle is a kind of soft actuator that acquires power through injection of a working fluid, such as air, into an elastic structure, such as rubber. In this study, the authors developed an actuator, namely, the straight-fiber-type artificial muscle, which exhibits excellent contraction characteristics. This artificial muscle consists of a rubber tube that contains reinforcing fibers arranged in the axial direction. When air pressure is applied to the rubber tube, the artificial muscle expands only in the radial direction and contracts in the axial direction due to the restraining effect of the reinforcing fiber. While this artificial muscle exhibits excellent contraction properties, it has some drawbacks. One is the difficulty in enclosing the reinforced fibers that have accumulated in the rubber tube, making this artificial muscle difficult to manufacture. In this study, we investigated short-fiber-reinforced artificial muscles that can be easily manufactured. First, a short-fiber-reinforced rubber was prepared, and anisotropy was evaluated via a tensile test. Then, the short-fiber-reinforced artificial muscles were prepared, and their contractions rates were evaluated. The results confirmed that a short-fiber-reinforced rubber can be useful for the manufacture of artificial muscles.

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11

Tanaka, Yutaka. "Study of artificial rubber muscle." Mechatronics 3, no. 1 (February 1993): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-4158(93)90038-4.

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12

SOKOLOV, E. V., and E. V. KOSTYRIN. "EXPENSES AND LOSSES OF THE STATE AND RUSSIAN CITIZENS TO FIGHT COVID-19 AND THE NEED TO RETURN TO NORMAL LIFE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 7 (2020): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.07.01.010.

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The article defines the costs and losses of the state and working citizens of Russia to combat the new COVID- 19 coronavirus infection in the treatment of COVID-19 patients at home, inpatient treatment without the use of artificial ventilation, and inpatient treatment if artificial ventilation is necessary. A marketing research of prices for the COVID-19 test in Moscow was carried out. Gross domestic product (GDP) losses by differ industry branches from the forced downtime caused by the fight against the spread of the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection are calculated, which amounted to 5117,2 billion rubles. The daily losses of GDP in the amount of 83,9 billion rubles, the Federal budget in the amount of 15,5 billion rubles and wages of employees, equal to 39,2 billion rubles. The necessity of returning to normal life of citizens and enterprises of Russia is proved.

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13

Noritsugu, Toshiro, Masahiro Takaiwa, and Daisuke Sasaki. "Development of Power Assist Wear Using Pneumatic Rubber Artificial Muscles." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 21, no. 5 (October 20, 2009): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2009.p0607.

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In the future, when the average age of the members of society becomes advanced, an innovative technology to assist the activities of daily living of elderly and disabled people and to assist in the heavy work in nursing will be desired. To develop such a technology, an actuator that is safe and user-friendly is required. It should be small, lightweight, and sufficiently soft. Such an actuator is available in artificial muscle made of pneumatic rubber. We have developed some types of pneumatic rubber artificial muscles and applied them to wearable power assist devices. A wearable power assist device is fitted to the human body to assist the power of muscles that support the activities of daily living, rehabilitation, training, and so on. In this paper, some types of pneumatic rubber artificial muscles developed and manufactured in our laboratory are presented. Furthermore, two kinds of wearable power assist devices driven by the rubber artificial muscles are described. Finally, some evaluations clarify the effectiveness of pneumatic rubber artificial muscle for innovative human assistance technologies.

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14

IWASAKI, KAZUSHI. "Familiar rubber products. Part 17.Artificial lawn and rubber." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 70, no. 9 (1997): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.70.499.

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15

Sandu, Arun Kumar. "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Optimizing Rubber Manufacturing Processes." Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 10, no. 1 (January 27, 2023): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v10i1.747.

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This review article examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to optimize rubber production processes. The main goals are to list rubber manufacturers' difficulties, investigate AI applications, highlight significant discoveries, and discuss the policy ramifications for effective AI integration. Using a secondary data-based methodology, the study gathers information about AI applications unique to the rubber manufacturing business by reviewing a large body of literature from conferences, peer-reviewed journals, and industry reports. The results show that artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in rubber manufacturing facilitate improved process optimization, predictive maintenance, quality control, and adaptive process control. Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered technologies enhance compounded formulations, automate shaping procedures, forecast equipment breakdowns, and maximize resource efficiency. The policy consequences encompass resolving data privacy issues, allocating resources toward workforce training, instituting moral AI governance structures, and offering monetary incentives to encourage the deployment of AI. In summary, artificial intelligence has revolutionary prospects for rubber producers to improve productivity, excellence, and environmental friendliness. Rubber manufacturing processes can be made more innovative and continuously enhanced by embracing AI-driven solutions and strategic plans.

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16

Krysanov, I. S., V. S. Krysanova, and V. Yu Ermakova. "Comparative pharmacoeconomic analysis of follitropin delta application for superovulation induction during artificial insemination." FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology 16, no. 2 (July 19, 2023): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2023.178.

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Objective: to conduct a comparative pharmacoeconomic analysis of using follitropin delta for controlled ovarian stimulation in adult women to induce the growth of multiple follicles during cycles of assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs – in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).Material and methods. The available literature was searched for data on clinical effectiveness and safety of follitropin delta and follitropin alfa. Two large studies were found – ESTHER-1 and ESTHER-2 as well as their combined analysis, based on which a decision tree model was built. Considering the presence of a significant difference between safety profile of analyzed follitropins (the frequency of preventive medical interventions in relation to the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)), the cost-effectiveness analysis was used. The cost analysis included only direct medical costs: drugs (treated separately), ART program cycle, relief of complications. As part of the budget impact analysis (BIA), several options for managing patients with infertility were considered: current practice (in 100% of cases, the use of follitropin alfa), simulated practice (transfer of 50% of patients to follitropin delta). Time horizon was IVF/ICSI cycle 1 within ART program for cost-effectiveness analysis, and 1 year for BIA. Results. Despite the fact that the use of follitropin delta is associated with a higher level of drug costs compared to follitropin alfa, the costs of IVF/ICSI cycles within ART programs and the relief of complications are lower with the use of follitropin delta. The total costs for the Cycle 1 amounted to 132,123.99 rubles with the use of follitropin delta, and 133,392.19 rubles with the use of follitropin alfa. The total costs for three cycles were 200,952.17 rubles with the use of follitropin delta, and 204,296.62 rubles with the use of follitropin alfa (2% difference). The costs per 1 case of no medical interventions due to OHSS for follitropin delta amounted to 135,234.38 rubles, which is 3.2% less compared to the same indicator for follitropin alfa (139,677.69 rubles). BIA demonstrated that the use of follitropin delta will reduce the economic burden on the healthcare system by 49.5 million rubles within 1 year.Conclusion. According to the results of the study, the use of follitropin delta individual dosing regimen for controlled ovarian stimulation in adult patients as part of IVF/ICSI cycles within ART programs is effective and economically justified approach to organizing medical care for adult patients with infertility in Russia.

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17

Helps, Tim, Majid Taghavi, Sihan Wang, and Jonathan Rossiter. "Twisted Rubber Variable-Stiffness Artificial Muscles." Soft Robotics 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/soro.2018.0129.

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18

Noritsugu, Toshiro, Fuminori Ando, and Tomoyuki Yoshikawa. "Control Performance of Rubber Artificial Muscle." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 60, no. 570 (1994): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.60.557.

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19

Dorsey, Michael J., Elizabeth Anderson, Oliva Ardo, Max Chou, Edward Farrow, Ethan L. Glassman, Margaret Manley, et al. "Mutagenic Potential of Artificial Athletic Field Crumb Rubber at Increased Temperatures." Ohio Journal of Science 115, no. 2 (August 4, 2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v115i2.4857.

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Rubber tires contain several compounds that are known or suspected carcinogens. Many carcinogens are mutagens, and fluctuation assays based on the Ames test can be used as an initial screen for mutagenic potential. Granulated crumb rubber from recycled tires is commonly used in the creation of artificial athletic fields, and the surface temperature of these fields can reach levels far above the ambient temperature. In this study, crumb rubber samples taken directly from four separate artificial athletic field surfaces were used to make leachates using water at different temperatures. For each of these fields, leachates obtained in water at 70 ºC showed significant mutagenic potential (p ≤ .001) in Salmonella typhimurium fluctuation assays. Leachates obtained in water at 40 ºC showed no mutagenic potential for any of the fields tested. For one field, crumb rubber heated in water at temperatures as low as 50 ºC resulted in significant mutagenic potential (p ≤ 0.001). Water used in an experiment designed to mimic the irrigation of an artificial athletic field also showed mutagenic potential (p ≤ 0.001) in a fluctuation assay. These results suggest that at the higher temperatures that can exist on artificial athletic field surfaces, the crumb rubber infill on these artificial athletic fields can become the source of a water soluble agent with mutagenic potential in bacteria.

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20

Nunome, Hiroyuki, Koichiro Inoue, Kevin Ball, Shinya Sano, and Yasuo Ikegami. "High Load Stress-Strain Property of Natural Turf for Professional Use, Various Types of Natural, Hybrid and Artificial Turfs in Football." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049142.

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High load quasi stress-strain (qSS) properties of professionally maintained natural turf (N-pro) was compared with eight natural, hybrid or artificial turfs: one professionally maintained natural turf in a sub field and one grown in a test field without maintenance, two hybrid turfs (one in the sub field and one grown in the test field without maintenance), three new artificial turfs (sand, rubber and sand/rubber infill) and one aged artificial turf (eight years old with sand/rubber infill). N-pro was characterized with a distinctive magnitude of plastic deformation and hysteresis profile, indicating its more energy absorbable properties compared to the artificial turfs. Apparent differences exist between N-pro and other natural turfs, suggesting factors such as daily maintenance work and sod compositions are very influential. Clear differences were also observed when the hybrid turf was professionally maintained. The aged artificial turf becomes substantially stiffer indicating usage over years affects the stiffness.

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Muhamad, Siti Nor Nadrah, Shafeina Hatieqa Sofean, Balkiah Moktar, and Wan Nurshazelin Wan Shahidan. "Fuzzy Time Series and Artificial Neural Network: Forecasting Exportation of Natural Rubber in Malaysia." Journal of Computing Research and Innovation 6, no. 1 (March 14, 2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jcrinn.v6i1.170.

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Natural rubber is one of the most important crops in Malaysia alongside palm oil, cocoa, paddy, and pineapple. Being a tropical country, Malaysia is one of the top five exporters and producers of rubber in the world. The purpose of this study is to find the forecasted value of the actual data of the number of exportations of natural rubber by using Fuzzy Time Series and Artificial Neural Network. This study is also conducted to determine the best model by making comparison between Fuzzy Time Series and Artificial Neural Network. Fuzzy Time Series has allowed to overcome a downside where the classical time series method cannot deal with forecasting problem in which values of time series are linguistic terms represented by fuzzy sets. Artificial Neural Network was introduced as one of the systematic tools of modelling which has been forecasting for about 20 years ago. The error measure that was used in this study to make comparisons were Mean Square Error, Root Mean Square Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error. The results of this study showed that the fuzzy time series method has the smallest error value compared to artificial neural network which means it was more accurate compared to artificial neural network in forecasting exportation of natural rubber in Malaysia.

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S.Pd., M.Kom., Rahmad Fauzi. "IMPLEMENTASI JARINGAN SARAF TIRUAN DENGAN METODE BACKPROPAGATION TERHADAP BIBIT TANAMAN KARET." JURNAL EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT 1, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37081/ed.v1i1.104.

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Availability of seeds is one of the critical success factors of increasing the productivity of rubber plantations, the empirical use of seeds as one component technology has made a great contribution in increasing the productivity of rubber plantations. To obtain plant materials of good quality, it is worth noting the procurement process as well as the quality standards of seeds produced, if all quality standards at every election seedlings to be planted, it is certain that the results will be planted in accordance with what had been planned as long as it is balanced with proper maintenance based technical. Artificial Neural Networks can be used to obtain information about the quality of rubber seedlings by using Backpropagation, observations and measurements of rubber seed 51 seeds were used as a sample, of 50 rubber seed of the 35 samples used as training data and 16 samples as test data, observations done by looking at the characteristics of rubber seed color, reflectivity, results marinade, long beans, broad beans and thick seeds. From the results of the training conducted by Artificial Neural Networks as many as 35 sample data by using architecture patterns 6 15 1 obtained accuracy rate of 94.29%, which means that the artificial neural network has been able to identify the quality of the rubber plant seeds, to prove the results of the training testing using a sample of 16 pieces of new data that has not been trained before, the test results showed the accuracy rate of 100%, of the test results can be concluded that the application of Artificial Neural Networks to identify quality rubber seedlings with architectural 6 15 1 more accurate compared to other architectures

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23

Yu, Zhen Zhu, and Lian Xiang Ma. "The Model Reconstruction of Carbon Black/Rubber Composites’ Heat Generation Ratio Based on Levenberg-Marquardt BP Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 87-88 (December 2009): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.369.

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Different temperature, different frequency, different recipe, then heat generation ratio of carbon black/rubber composites will be different. An artificial neural network model has been developed based on the analysis of the relation between carbon black/rubber composites‘ heat generation ratio and temperature,frequency.The neural network model is compared with the quadratic fitting formulae and relative errors is analyzed. The simulation results indicated the neural network model’s precision is greater than the quadratic fitting formulae’s, and artificial neural network theory can be used in the research field of carbon black/rubber composites’ thermophysical properties.

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24

Chettouh, M., S. Boudoua, M. Belhocine, and M. Hamerlain. "Chatter Attenuation for Pneumatic Artificial Rubber Muscles." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 13 (2009): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090819-3-pl-3002.00107.

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25

Griffiths, Sarah. "Rubber algae make artificial reefs off Italy." New Scientist 234, no. 3130 (June 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(17)31141-7.

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26

Nunome, Hiroyuki, Koichiro Inoue, Kevin Ball, Shinya Sano, and Yasuo Ikegami. "Comparison of high-impact load-absorbing property of natural turf for professional use with various types of natural and artificial turfs in football." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 233, no. 4 (July 23, 2019): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337119864235.

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The present study aimed to illustrate load stress-strain properties of various types of natural and artificial turfs. A modified high-loading test rig was used to measure shock absorbency and concurrent deformation of these surfaces in situ to calculate quasi stress-strain curves. A natural turf professionally maintained for top professional league soccer matches (N-stadium) was used as the reference surface. Other surfaces included two natural turfs without professional maintenance (one with and one without polyethylene pile reinforcement), four new artificial turfs (sand infill only, rubber infill only, both sand and rubber, and thermoplastic elastomer infill), and one aged artificial turf (8 years old with sand/rubber infill). All artificial turfs failed to mimic two properties of N-stadium, plastic deformation, and hysteresis profile, suggesting N-stadium has more energy absorbable properties than those of artificial turfs. The aged artificial turf with conventional infill was substantially stiffer than the new artificial turf with the same infill, indicating age affects the stiffness of these surfaces. Also, distinctive differences were detected between N-stadium and other natural turfs, suggesting factors such as daily maintenance work are very influential on their quasi stress-strain properties. Interestingly, no difference in the quasi stress-strain curve existed between the natural turf with and without polyethylene pile reinforcement. While artificial surfaces are improving, there is still a difference in properties between these surfaces and natural turf pitches.

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Olaniran, Samuel Oluyinka, Cabane Etienne, Tobias Keplinger, Babatola Olufemi, and Markus Rüggeberg. "Mechanical behaviour of acetylated rubber wood subjected to artificial weathering." Holzforschung 73, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 1005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0274.

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Анотація:

Abstract Rubber wood utilization in Nigeria has become a viable alternative because of over-exploitation of more durable species. The use of rubber wood in its native form has some disadvantages including dimensional instability, low durability and susceptibility to weathering in outdoor uses. However, it may be improved through chemical modification such as acetylation. In this study, we revealed the effectiveness of acetylation on the protection of rubber wood against weathering in terms of weight loss (WL), colour change, lignin degradation, and mechanical properties. Acetylation was carried out using two different reaction times to achieve weight percent gains (WPG) of around 7% and 10%. Understanding of the effect of acetylation and subsequent weathering on mechanical properties was enabled by analysing wood chemistry with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The mechanical tests of weathered unmodified and acetylated rubber wood revealed a decrease of tensile stiffness of the unmodified samples as a function of weathering time, while stiffness was retained for the acetylated samples. Weathered unmodified samples showed a bi-phasic stress-strain pattern with a high strain at breakage indicating a slippage of fibres under stress due to degradation of the middle lamella. This was hardly visible for acetylated samples. Thus, acetylation was shown to be effective for protecting rubber wood used in outdoor conditions.

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Khalaj, Omid, Reza Zakeri, Seyed Naser Moghaddas Tafreshi, Bohuslav Mašek, and Ctibor Štadler. "The Effect of a Rubber Sheet on the Dynamic Response of a Machine Foundation Located over a Small Thickness of Soil Layer." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012044.

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Abstract Placing a machine footing over a small thickness of soil layer, which is located over a bedrock, could encounter many challenges due to the bed’s notable stiffness in comparison to the soil. The advantages of using rubbers to protect facilities (structures, machine foundations, nearby footings and equipment, etc.) from vibration and control its consequences are well known nowadays. In this study, the benefits of employing a small thickness of rubber sheet (2 mm) on the dynamic response of a machine foundation which is located over four thicknesses of soil (210, 420, 630, and 840 mm) has been investigated. The soil layer is located over an artificial bedrock that is consisted of a thick concrete layer. The tests have been conducted in a vast test pit of size 2500×2500 mm and a depth of 840 mm by using a semi large-scale machine foundation model with a square concrete foundation of width 400×400×100 mm. It was observed that, by increasing the soil layer thickness, the resonant frequency and amplitude of the vibrating system decreases. Moreover, by employing a rubber sheet beneath the machine footing, the resonant frequency of the vibrating system significantly decreases especially for a small thickness of the soil layer. Although, using a rubber sheet could slightly increase the resonant amplitude, but the benefit of the resonant frequency-changing capability of the rubber sheet is too impressive by taking the resonant frequency of the system far enough from the unchangeable working frequency of the machine and preventing the resonant phenomenon to happen.

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Danendra, Ida Bagus Indra, I. Gusti Bagus Sila Dharma, and Elok Faiqoh. "Komposisi Jenis dan Keanekaragaman Ikan Karang pada 3 Jenis Bahan Terumbu Karang Buatan (Artificial reef) yang Berbeda (Beton, Ban Bekas, dan Besi) di Teluk Jemeluk Amed, Karangasem, Bali." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2021.v07.i02.p05.

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Artificial reef at Jemeluk Bay, Karangasem, Bali is one of the area’s fisheries potential. Artificial reef is an underwater structure that is made for fishes’ protection and feeding ground. The purpose of this research is to know and understand types of reef fishes that surround the artificial reef, as well as the artificial reef’s affect onto the fish’s abundance at Jemeluk Bay. The method used for reef fish monitoring by visual census at artificial reef made from concrete, rubber tire and steel. This research is done towards six coral reef structures to get the reef fishes composition, which is made out of 7 fish families, 17 species, with an abundance total of 708 individuals. The highest fish abundance was founded at the 2nd rubber tire artificial reef with 6,4 individuals/m2, and the lowest fish abundance was found at the 1st concrete artificial reef with 3,28 individuals/m2. From the calculation at six of the artificial reef structures, the diversity index varies between 1,2 – 1,57, which is categorized as low diversity. The diversity value shows that steel artificial reef have the highest fish species diversity, however is still categorized as low.

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Ama Ismail, Faridatul, Nina Korlina Madzhi, Noor Ezan Abdullah, and Hadzli Hashim. "Classification of RRIM clone series using artificial neural network." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v9.i2.pp297-303.

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This paper presents comparative investigation on the classification of rubber latex clone series using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on optical sensing technique. Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM) introduced the rubber breeding program known as RRIM clone series in order to increase the yield of latex production and the rubber wood to meet the requirement for export and import in upstream sector. Due to the large numbers of clones launched with different characteristics and properties, this bring difficulty such as lack of information regarding to the identification on cloning. Therefore, this work developed an optical based sensing system for classification of the selected RRIM 2000 and 3000 clone series based. Near Infrared Sensors was used as sensing element in order to measure the latex from the top surface and photodiode which received the reflected light from the sensor via reflectance index in term of voltage. The raw obtained data was then used as input parameter for ANN tool which supervised by scaled gradient back propagation and the performance was optimized at 25 neurons with 74.4% accuracy. By using ANN the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for each clones are measured. RRIM 3001 shows the highest sensitivity, 94.1% while RRIM 2002 shows the highest specificity of 99.1% accuracy, 93.1%. As a result, the system could differentiate RRIM 2002 more compare to other clones.

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Sasaki, Daisuke, Toshiro Noritsugu, and Masahiro Takaiwa. "Development of High Contractile Pneumatic Artificial Rubber Muscle for Power Assist Device." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 24, no. 1 (February 20, 2012): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2012.p0150.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a pneumatic artificial rubber muscle that has a high contraction rate in order to realize the required performance for a power assist device. In addition, a bilateral type pneumatic wearable master-slave training device is developed as an application of this muscle. The developed rubber muscle is constructed with two nylon bands and an expansion unit, which is put between the nylon bands. The generated force from the expansion unit is converted to a contraction force by the nylon band. This rubber muscle can realize the high contraction rate. The high contractile rubber is used in the form of actuators in the developed knee device because of the above feature. In this paper, the structure and characteristics of the developed rubber muscle are described and then the structure of the developed master-slave device is described. Finally, the validity of the proposed device is evaluated from an experiment that assumes rehabilitation.

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Zhou, Kun, Cheng Zhang Wang, and Bin Hu. "The Storage Length Evaluation of Rubber Sealing Components with Accelerated Thermal Ageing Tests." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.619.

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Rubber sealing components are significant proportion in evaluation of the storage length for production using it. It is necessary to determine and prolong the storage life of production that evaluated the storage length of rubber sealing components accurately. Based on artificial accelerated thermal ageing tests at five levels of temperature, conclude that the storage length of silicon rubber 3S-60 sealing components would be 11.6 years at 25°C and the confidence level of 95%. Validated this conclusion with nature weathering tests results at Jiangjin exposure field in two years, artificial accelerated thermal ageing tests presented here were available. It was illuminated that the storage length evaluation of rubber sealing components should be testified by nature weathering tests results effectually.

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Anderson-Wile, Amelia M., Bradley M. Wile, Qiang Wen, and Hui Shen. "Corrosion at the Polymer-Metal Interface in Artificial Seawater Solutions." International Journal of Corrosion 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/496960.

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Polymer components for liquid sealing applications are employed in a variety of potentially corrosive environments, such as seawater. Frequently, corrosion of the metal is found at or adjacent to the rubber-metal interface rather than at a noncontact area. The corrosion of different metal alloys (titanium, bronze, nickel, aluminum, 316 stainless steel, and 4130 steel) in combination with rubber O-rings (Buna-N and EPDM) of varying internal diameters and cross-sectional shapes in seawater over a period of four years is described herein. The corrosion of some metals (i.e., 4130 stainless steel) was found to be accelerated through interaction with Buna-N rubber O-rings. Theories to account for corrosion at the polymer-metal interface, especially with respect to polymer composition and O-ring size and shape, are discussed.

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Phuong, Vo Ngoc Yen, and V. C. Trinh. "Hysteresis Dynamic Behavior of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle." Engineering Science Letter 3, no. 01 (April 3, 2024): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56741/esl.v3i01.551.

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The purpose of this work paper is to analyze the effects of friction on the hysteresis dynamic behavior of pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM). Due to the structure of the PAM, the dynamic response is not only affected by the compressed air but also the friction phenomenon. Indeed, the pipe of the PAM called the bellow is made from rubber simultaneously reinforced by metal fibers that are wrapped around the bellow. Hence, the effect of the friction between fibers, between fiber and rubber will be considered in the nonlinear dynamic of the PAM. From dynamic analysis, the complex stiffness model will be attained and analyzed. Comparison between the analysis model and experimental results is realized subjected to harmonic displacement excitation. The results proved the effectiveness of the analysis model. The studied model is a suitable tool in the field of systems vibration analysis using PAM as an elastic element, actuator.

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Pogrebnyak, A. V. "Artificial Intelligence Can Bring Tens of Trillions of Rubles to the Pharmaceutical Industry." Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy 11, no. 4 (October 20, 2023): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2023-11-4-367-371.

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The computational methods presently united by the concept of artificial intelligence began to form almost at the time of the emergence of mathematics. In recent decades, artificial intelligence has gained tremendous momentum and has become actively used in various fields, including pharmacy.The use of artificial intelligence in the life cycle of a medicinal product is the topic of this interview with Andrey V. POGREBNYAK, Doctor of Chemistry and Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Head of the Information Technology Department and Professor of the Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry of the Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute (Branch of the Volgograd State Medical University).

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VS, Abrukov, Konnova KA, Egorov EN, Anufrieva DA, and Koltsov NI. "Neural Network Calculator of Rubber Characteristics with Improved Properties." Annals of Advances in Chemistry 7, no. 1 (August 29, 2023): 064–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.aac.1001045.

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A new technique for the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for the generalization and visual presentation of the results of experimental studies is proposed. The possibility of using ANN for cases for which their use was previously considered impossible is shown. ANN calculators have been created that summarize the results of experimental studies on the effect of trans-polynorbornene and basalt fiber on the characteristics of a rubber compound based on general-purpose rubbers (isoprene SKI-3, butadiene-methylstyrene SKMS-30ARK and butadiene SKD), which also contained vulcanizing agents (N, N′-dithiodimorpholine, thiuram D), vulcanization accelerators (sulfenamide C, 2-mercapto-benzothiazole), vulcanization activators (zinc white, stearic acid), emollients (industrial oil I-12A, rosin) and antioxidants (acetonanil H, diaphene FP). The rubber mixture was prepared on laboratory rollers LB 320 160/160. Subsequently, the rubber mixture was vulcanized in a P-V-100-3RT-2-PCD press. For the resulting vulcanizates, the physical and mechanical properties and their changes were determined after daily exposure to air and in a standard SZhR-1 hydrocarbon liquid at a temperature of 100 °C. We also studied the change in the mass of vulcanizates after exposure to industrial oil I-20A and water. The dynamic parameters (modulus of elasticity and mechanical loss tangent) of vulcanizates, which characterize their noise and vibration-absorbing properties, were studied on a Metravib VHF 104 dynamic mechanical analyzer. The created ANN calculators allow solving a direct problem - interpolating the dependences of all rubber characteristics on the content of basalt fiber, as well as solving inverse problems - to determine the required content of basalt fiber to create rubber with the required performance properties. The autonomous executable modules of the calculators developed by ANN were made and can be passed to everyone.

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37

Huang, Xiao-Yu, Ke-Yang Wu, Shuai Wang, Tong Lu, Ying-Fa Lu, Wei-Chao Deng, and Hou-Min Li. "Compressive Strength Prediction of Rubber Concrete Based on Artificial Neural Network Model with Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 3934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113934.

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Conventional neural networks tend to fall into local extremum on large datasets, while the research on the strength of rubber concrete using intelligent algorithms to optimize artificial neural networks is limited. Therefore, to improve the prediction accuracy of rubber concrete strength, an artificial neural network model with hybrid algorithm optimization was developed in this study. The main strategy is to mix the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, using the SA algorithm to compensate for the weak global search capability of the PSO algorithm at a later stage while changing the inertia factor of the PSO algorithm to an adaptive state. For this purpose, data were first collected from the published literature to create a database. Next, ANN and PSO-ANN models are also built for comparison while four evaluation metrics, MSE, RMSE, MAE, and R2, were used to assess the model performance. Finally, compared with empirical formulations and other neural network models, the result shows that the proposed optimized artificial neural network model successfully improves the accuracy of predicting the strength of rubber concrete. This provides a new option for predicting the strength of rubber concrete.

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Yenigun, Burak, Elli Gkouti, Gabriele Barbaraci, and Aleksander Czekanski. "Identification of Hyperelastic Material Parameters of Elastomers by Reverse Engineering Approach." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 8810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248810.

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Simulating the mechanical behavior of rubbers is widely performed with hyperelastic material models by determining their parameters. Traditionally, several loading modes, namely uniaxial tensile, planar equibiaxial, and volumetric, are considered to identify hyperelastic material models. This procedure is mainly used to determine hyperelastic material parameters accurately. On the contrary, using reverse engineering approaches, iterative finite element analyses, artificial neural networks, and virtual field methods to identify hyperelastic material parameters can provide accurate results that require no coupon material testing. In the current study, hyperelastic material parameters of selected rubbers (neoprene, silicone, and natural rubbers) were determined using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. Finite element analyses of O-ring tension and O-ring compression were simulated to create a data set to train the ANN model. Then, the ANN model was employed to identify the hyperelastic material parameters of the selected rubbers. Our study demonstrated that hyperelastic material parameters of any rubbers could be obtained directly from component experimental data without performing coupon tests.

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Shimada, Kunio, Ryo Ikeda, Hiroshige Kikura, and Hideharu Takahashi. "Morphological Fabrication of Rubber Cutaneous Receptors Embedded in a Stretchable Skin-Mimicking Human Tissue by the Utilization of Hybrid Fluid." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206834.

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Sensors are essential in the haptic technology of soft robotics, which includes the technology of humanoids. Haptic sensors can be simulated by the mimetic organ of perceptual cells in the human body. However, there has been little research on the morphological fabrication of cutaneous receptors embedded in a human skin tissue utilizing artificial materials. In the present study, we fabricated artificial, cell-like cutaneous receptors embedded in skin tissue mimicking human skin structure by utilizing rubber. We addressed the fabrication of five cutaneous receptors (free nerve endings, Krause and bulbs, Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings). In addition, we investigated the effectiveness of the fabricated tissue for mechanical and thermal sensing. At first, in the production of integrated artificial skin tissue, we proposed a novel magnetic, responsive, intelligent, hybrid fluid (HF), which is suitable for developing the hybrid rubber skin. Secondly, we presented the fabrication by utilizing not only the HF rubber but our previously proposed rubber vulcanization and adhesion techniques with electrolytic polymerization. Thirdly, we conducted a mechanical and thermal sensing touch experiment with the finger. As a result, it demonstrated that intelligence as a mechanoreceptor or thermoreceptor depends on its fabric: the HF rubber sensor mimicked Krause and bulbs has the thermal and pressing sensibility, and the one mimicked Ruffini endings the shearing sensibility.

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Yang, Jianbo, Jianchu Xu, and De-Li Zhai. "Integrating Phenological and Geographical Information with Artificial Intelligence Algorithm to Map Rubber Plantations in Xishuangbanna." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 2793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142793.

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Most natural rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are grown on plantations, making rubber an important industrial crop. Rubber plantations are also an important source of household income for over 20 million people. The accurate mapping of rubber plantations is important for both local governments and the global market. Remote sensing has been a widely used approach for mapping rubber plantations, typically using optical remote sensing data obtained at the regional scale. Improving the efficiency and accuracy of rubber plantation maps has become a research hotspot in rubber-related literature. To improve the classification efficiency, researchers have combined the phenology, geography, and texture of rubber trees with spectral information. Among these, there are three main classifiers: maximum likelihood, QUEST decision tree, and random forest methods. However, until now, no comparative studies have been conducted for the above three classifiers. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the mapping accuracy based on these three classifiers, using four kinds of data input: Landsat spectral information, phenology–Landsat spectral information, topography–Landsat spectral information, and phenology–topography–Landsat spectral information. We found that the random forest method had the highest mapping accuracy when compared with the maximum likelihood and QUEST decision tree methods. We also found that adding either phenology or topography could improve the mapping accuracy for rubber plantations. When either phenology or topography were added as parameters within the random forest method, the kappa coefficient increased by 5.5% and 6.2%, respectively, compared to the kappa coefficient for the baseline Landsat spectral band data input. The highest accuracy was obtained from the addition of both phenology–topography–Landsat spectral bands to the random forest method, achieving a kappa coefficient of 97%. We therefore mapped rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna using the random forest method, with the addition of phenology and topography information from 1990–2020. Our results demonstrated the usefulness of integrating phenology and topography for mapping rubber plantations. The machine learning approach showed great potential for accurate regional mapping, particularly by incorporating plant habitat and ecological information. We found that during 1990–2020, the total area of rubber plantations had expanded to over three times their former area, while natural forests had lost 17.2% of their former area.

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NORITSUGU, Toshiro, and Tsutomu WADA. "Applications of Artificial Rubber Muscle to Robot Control." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 9, no. 4 (1991): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.9.502.

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TANAKA, Yutaka, and Toshikazu OKADA. "Fundamental Study of Artificial Muscle Made of Rubber." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 58, no. 545 (1992): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.58.217.

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43

Engel, J. M., J. Chen, C. Liu, and D. Bullen. "Polyurethane Rubber All-Polymer Artificial Hair Cell Sensor." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 15, no. 4 (August 2006): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2006.879373.

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Noritsugu, T., M. Takaiwa, and T. Nomura. "Power Assist Device Using Pneumatic Rubber Artificial Muscle." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2003 (2003): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2003.84_5.

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Lubura, Jelena, Predrag Kojic, Jelena Pavlicevic, Bojana Ikonic, Radovan Omorjan, and Oskar Bera. "Prediction of rubber vulcanization using an artificial neural network." Chemical Industry 75, no. 5 (2021): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind210511026l.

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Анотація:

Determination of rubber rheological properties is indispensable in order to conduct efficient vulcanization process in rubber industry. The main goal of this study was development of an advanced artificial neural network (ANN) for quick and accurate vulcanization data prediction of commercially available rubber gum for tire production. The ANN was developed by using the platform for large-scale machine learning TensorFlow with the Sequential Keras-Dense layer model, in a Python framework. The ANN was trained and validated on previously determined experimental data of torque on time at five different temperatures, in the range from 140 to 180 oC, with a step of 10 oC. The activation functions, ReLU, Sigmoid and Softplus, were used to minimize error, where the ANN model with Softplus showed the most accurate predictions. Numbers of neurons and layers were varied, where the ANN with two layers and 20 neurons in each layer showed the most valid results. The proposed ANN was trained at temperatures of 140, 160 and 180 oC and used to predict the torque dependence on time for two test temperatures (150 and 170 oC). The obtained solutions were confirmed as accurate predictions, showing the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean squared error (MSE) values were less than 1.99 % and 0.032 dN2 m2, respectively.

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Villacañas, Víctor, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jorge García-Unanue, Jorge López, and Leonor Gallardo. "The influence of various types of artificial turfs on football fields and their effects on the thermal profile of surfaces." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337115624819.

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Surfaces of artificial turf have been continuously improved to resemble the characteristics and properties of natural grass. Nevertheless, these improvements are still unable to prevent the turf from reaching higher temperatures than natural grass. This situation results in customer dissatisfaction, decreased performance and the possibility of causing heat-related injuries. The aim of this study was to check how various structural components such as the type of fibre, the type of infill, the age of the turf and the hours of use influence the temperature (°C) of artificial turf football fields. In situ tests were performed using an infrared thermographic camera according to the standard ISO 18434-1:2005 and the normative standard of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association for the certification of artificial turf football fields. The results show higher temperatures in artificial turf fields built with styrene–butadiene rubber and fibrillated fibres. This shows that the type of infill and fibre affects the temperature of third-generation artificial turf fields, the thermoplastic rubber and the monofilament fibres being the components that contribute significantly to the reduction of the temperature.

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Takashima, Kazuto, Yuta Okamura, Daiki Iwamoto, Toshiro Noritsugu, and Toshiharu Mukai. "Development of Pneumatic Artificial Rubber Muscle Using Segmented Shape-Memory Polymer Sheets." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 35, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2023.p0113.

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We have developed a pneumatic artificial rubber muscle using two shape-memory polymer (SMP) sheets. We attached the SMP sheets to a linear pneumatic artificial rubber muscle. Utilizing the large difference in the elastic modulus below and above the glass transition temperature, the shape fixity and shape recovery of SMPs, the bending direction and the initial shape can be changed. In this study, in order to increase the bending motion range, we developed a segmented SMP sheet with embedded electrical heating wires, and evaluated its mechanical properties using bending and tensile tests. Moreover, we attached such sheets to an artificial muscle and evaluated the bending motion. Bending tests showed that segmenting the SMP sheets greatly reduced their bending stiffness. In tensile tests at temperatures below the glass transition temperature, it was found that the artificial muscle with the attached sheet withstood high elongating loads without failure. Attachment of such segmented SMP sheets to an artificial muscle resulted in an increased bending angle. Through isotonic and isometric tests, we showed that the prototype actuator could bend in two directions.

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Su, Xin, Philip G. Jessop, and Michael F. Cunningham. "Preparing artificial latexes using a switchable hydrophilicity solvent." Green Chemistry 19, no. 8 (2017): 1889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc00329c.

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Artificial latexes of poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), natural rubber, and other polymers were separately prepared from the bulk polymer using the CO₂-responsive switchable hydrophilicity solvent N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine (Cy₂NMe) with the help of CO₂.

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Sun, Jianjie, Xi Chen, Zhengwu Fu, and Giuseppe Lacidogna. "Damage Pattern Recognition and Crack Propagation Prediction for Crumb Rubber Concrete Based on Acoustic Emission Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 11476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311476.

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In this study, the clustering method of the concrete matrix rupture and rubber fracture damages as well as the prediction of the ultimate load of crumb rubber concrete using the acoustic emission (AE) technique were investigated. The loading environment of the specimens was a four-point bending load. Six clustering methods including k-means, fuzzy c-means (FCM), self-organizing mapping (SOM), Gaussian mixture model (GMM), hierarchical model, and density peak clustering method were analyzed; the results illustrated that the density peak clustering has the best performance. Next, the optimal clustering algorithm was used to cluster AE signals so as to study the evolution behavior of different damage modes, and the ultimate load of crumb rubber concrete was predicted by an artificial neural network. The results indicated that the combination of AE techniques and appropriate clustering methods such as the density peak clustering method and the artificial neural network could be used as a practical tool for structural health monitoring of crumb rubber concrete.

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Kosaki, Takahiro, Yuta Kawahara, and Shigang Li. "A Sliding Mode Controller Using an LS-SVM Model for a Water-Hydraulic Artificial Rubber Muscle." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 5 (October 20, 2020): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0903.

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Анотація:

We describe a sliding mode controller design for an artificial rubber muscle driven by tap-water pressure. The hysteretic characteristics of this water-hydraulic artificial rubber muscle (WARM) often deteriorate its control accuracy. To cope with this complicated hysteresis, a modeling approach based on the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) with nonlinear kernel functions is first applied to a WARM. By employing this LS-SVM-based WARM model, a sliding mode controller is then derived for the WARM drive system. We verify the control performance of the proposed controller and compare its tracking accuracy with our previously developed controller through experiments.

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