Дисертації з теми "Art as propaganda"

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Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
Through an interdisciplinary analysis between art and publicity, this study seeks to establish the relationship amid the propaganda spread in the post-war period in the United States and the Pop Art Movement. Focusing the changes that have occurred in the season with these two issues will prove that what happened with the Movement Pop and advertising, may be established as a homogenous relationship, in which symbols, icons and popular myths were portrayed in ways similar to works by artists and advertising of the period studied. This uniformity will be revealed through a semiotic analysis of advertisements and works of the movement, to develop critical values that might widen the scope of professional actuation of communication, and allow the knowledge and approach the subject, in reflection of their creations committed to the social and economic juncture of the season.
Por meio de uma análise interdisciplinar entre arte e publicidade, o presente estudo busca estabelecer a relação em meio à propaganda veiculada no período do pós-guerra nos Estados Unidos e o Movimento Pop Art. Evidenciar as transformações ocorridas na época com essas duas temáticas irá comprovar que o ocorrido com o Movimento Pop e a publicidade, pode ser estabelecido como uma relação homogênea, na qual símbolos, mitos e ícones populares eram retratados de maneiras similares em trabalhos de artistas e publicitários do período estudado. Esta homogeneidade será revelada por meio de uma análise semiótica entre anúncios publicitários e obras do movimento, no sentido de desenvolver criticamente valores que possam ampliar as possibilidades de atuação dos profissionais da comunicação, assim como permitir o conhecimento e a abordagem do tema, na reflexão de suas criações comprometidas com a conjuntura social e econômica da época.

The French government under Philippe Petain, based at Vichy, simultaneously collaborated with the Germans and promoted French patriotism. French artists and designers produced an abundance of posters, paintings, sculptures and other objets d'art, examples of which are included here, to promote the values of the "new order." Although Christian symbols were common, fascist symbols among the mass-produced images support the idea that the Vichy regime was not merely authoritarian, but parafascist.
The fine arts were purged of "foreign" influences, yet the German Arno Breker was invited to exhibit his sculptures in Paris. In the spirit of national redressement, traditional French art was promoted; however, Modern art, which Hitler condemned as cultural Bolshevism, continued to be produced. With reference to the words of Petain, Hitler, French artists and art critics, and a variety of artworks, this thesis shows how art was used to propagate the ideology of the Vichy regime.

Darbe nagrinėjama propagandos samprata, animacijos bruožai, animacijos, kaip propagandos įrankio, naudojimo priežastis. Darbo tikslas - išnagrinėti animacijos, kaip propagandos įrankio, naudojimą. Siekiant šio tikslo nagrinėjama bendra propagandos sąvoka, remiantis amerikiečių psichologo Knight Duplan teorija bei nacionalsocialistų partijos naudota propaganda Antrojo pasaulinio karo laikotarpiu, aptariami animacijos, kaip vizualinės kūrybos formos, bruožai, remiantis animatoriumi Tomu Mitkumi, remiantis Gintautu Mažeikiu aptariama propaganda šiuolaikiniame kontekste, nagrinėjami propagandinės animacijos kūriniai (Education for Death: The Making of the Nazi(1943), Der Fuehrer's Face (1942), Ending Overfishing (2012)). Kūrybiniame darbe, remiantis gautomis teorinėmis žiniomis, pateikiama propagandos interpretacija. Galutinis kūrybinio darbo rezultatas – animacinis video kūrinys „Cary Care“.
This work analyzes the concept of propaganda, the main aspects of animation and the reasons of the use of animation as a tool of propaganda. The aim of this work is to analyze the use of animation as a tool of propaganda. The purpose of this work is being attained by describing the definition of propaganda and its main principles according to American psychologist Knight Duplan and discussing the national socialist party’s use of propaganda during the period of World War II, describing the main aspects of animation according to animator Tomas Mitkus, discussing the use of propaganda in modern times, according to Gintautas Mažeikis, and analyzing the examples of propaganda animation(Education for Death: The Making of the Nazi(1943), Der Fuehrer's Face (1942), Ending Overfishing (2012)). The attained theoretical knowledge is applied in the creative project. The creative projects gives the author‘s interpretation of propaganda. The final result of creative project is an animated video work „Cary Care“.

This paper will explore the intersections of gender, sexuality and revolution in contemporary Chinese art through the lens of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. As an integral part in the process of narrative reconstruction, the propaganda imagery from the Cultural Revolution provides important insights into societal expectations for the masses. This paper will also analyze how contemporary artists seek to appropriate and respond to the events of the Cultural Revolution through their artwork, and describe the processes by which the I interpreted this information in order to create my own artwork.

This thesis examines how artists working for the War Artists' Advisory Committee (WAAC) represented aerial warfare. In contrast to the scholarly attention lavished on wartime films and posters, official war art remains a much neglected aspect of the propaganda war. The few studies that do exist, most notably by Brian Foss, survey the collection as a whole and consider it from an art history perspective. By focusing on the single theme of aviation, a central and defining experience of the Second World War, I embed the WAAC within the economic, social, military and cultural histories of the period and locate it within a longer time frame. Through bringing these usually disparate fields of study into dialogue, I am able to use the art to enrich broader understandings of the period, in particular, the ways in which aerial warfare was represented, how this image evolved during the war and how these cultural products related to economic, military and social factors. This thesis highlights the different roles the WAAC was expected to fulfil. Housed within the Ministry of Information, the WAAC was expected to perform a propagandist function. The committee distanced itself from propaganda and insisted that its primary function was to record for posterity the experience of living through the war. I assess exactly what kind of record the WAAC bequeathed by looking thematically at the key aspects of aerial warfare: aircraft production; the Battle of Britain; the Blitz and the bombing of Germany. I argue that whilst there was broad correlation between war art and propaganda, these images registered aspects of experience that were incongruent with and therefore absent from wartime propaganda, such as the fear of aerial bombardment and the true nature of the bombing of Germany. Moreover, propagandist constructions were not entirely separate to lived experience, rather they both reflected experience and shaped the way that individuals understood and made sense of the world around them. Therefore, in producing images that accorded with propagandist portrayals, the WAAC artists were recording a fundamental part of the experience of living through the war.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University
This dissertation analyzes American World War II propaganda generated by the Office of War Information (OWI), the nation's primary propaganda agency from 1942 to 1945. The visual rhetoric of printed OWI propaganda, including posters, brochures, newspaper graphics, and magazine illustrations, demonstrated affinities with advertising and modern art and exhibited an increasingly conservative tone as the war progressed. While politically progressive bureaucrats initially molded the OWI's graphic agenda, research reveals how politicians suppressed graphics that displayed the war's violence, racial integration, and progressive gender roles in favor of images resembling commercial advertisements. To articulate the manner in which issues of American self-representation evolved during the war, this study examines the graphic work of artists and designers such as Charles Alston, Thomas Hart Benton, Charles Coiner, Ben Shahn, and Norman Rockwell. The investigation unfolds across four chapters. The first chapter examines the institutional origins of American World War II propaganda by exploring the shifting content of New Deal promotional efforts during the 1930s and early 1940s. This analysis is critical, as government agencies used propaganda not only to support economic recovery during the Great Depression, but also to prepare Americans for war before the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. The second chapter analyzes the ways OWI increasingly suppressed depictions of violence as the war progressed. While the agency distributed traumatic images of Axis hostility early in the war, such work was later deemed "too aggressive" by former advertising executives turned federal bureaucrats who preferred more friendly, appealing graphics. The third chapter focuses on propaganda intended for African Americans, whose support for the war was divided due to racist Jim Crow legislation. This section analyzes OWI efforts to address the nation's largest racial minority through posters, brochures, and newspaper graphics. The fourth chapter examines the OWI's efforts to influence middle-class white women, a demographic of consumers whose influence grew as the war progressed. This includes an examination of the OWI's role in modifying the "Rosie the Riveter" mythology in contemporary advertising to encourage women to pursue jobs outside of factory work.

This thesis demonstrates key imperial virtues communicated on Roman Imperial triumphal monuments. A closer examination of monuments located in Rome reveals the presentation of personality traits such as military valor, piety, and mercy through symbolism, nature scenes, and personifications of abstract qualities. Each monument is dedicated to an emperor and exemplifies his virtues. The representation of imperial virtues conveys an emperor's worth to the public by communicating his better qualities. Architecture and coin evidence served as media to convey an emperor's qualities to the public and fostered general acceptance of his rule among the public. Valor (virtus), piety (pietas), and mercy (clementia) are each examined to demonstrate their importance, their multiple types of representations in architecture, and their presentation and reach on coins. Chapters 2 through 4 look at the symbolism and representation of military courage and honor. As a military virtue, valor is easiest to represent and point out through battle scenes, military symbols, and gods who assisted the emperor in war. Honor (honos), as a close association to valor is also a promotable trait. Chapters 5 through 7 look at the multiple representations of an emperor's piety. Piety, being the Roman empire's oldest virtue, can be seen through sacrificial scenes, mythological scenes, and symbols associated with these same gods and sacrifices. Chapter 8 looks at personifications of abstract qualities and natural phenomena and their role in Roman cosmology. Chapter 9 looks at the last virtue, mercy, which is demonstrated as the most valuable but also rare because it demands special skills and balance within a ruler. Mercy's rarity makes its symbolism and representational scenery smaller in comparison to the first two but still evident in architecture and coins. Possession of each trait awarded the possessor honor and divinity heaped on him, as discussed in Chapter 10. The Romans saw divinity as an honor which the senate awarded upon display of these superior virtues. Several arguments are considered and add different viewpoints to how divinity was acquired whether for the possession of these qualities or the actions that resulted from them. This analysis of symbolism and relevant divine scenes associated with imperial virtues demonstrate the emperor's superiority through possession of these virtues and show their subtle inclusion in imperial architecture.

Il progetto di tesi dottorale qui presentato intende proporsi come il proseguimento e l’approfondimento del progetto di ricerca - svoltosi tra il e il 2006 e il 2008 grazie alla collaborazione tra l’Università di Bologna, la Cineteca del Comune e dalla Fondazione Istituto Gramsci Emilia-Romagna - dal titolo Analisi e catalogazione dell’Archivio audiovisivo del PCI dell’Emilia-Romagna di proprietà dell’Istituto Gramsci. La ricerca ha indagato la menzionata collezione che costituiva, in un arco temporale che va dagli anni Cinquanta agli anni Ottanta, una sorta di cineteca interna alla Federazione del Partito Comunista Italiano di Bologna, gestita da un gruppo di volontari denominato “Gruppo Audiovisivi della Federazione del PCI”. Il fondo, entrato in possesso dell’Istituto Gramsci nel 1993, è composto, oltre che da documenti cartacei, anche e sopratutto da un nutrito numero di film e documentari in grado di raccontare sia la storia dell’associazione (in particolare, delle sue relazioni con le sezioni e i circoli della regione) sia, in una prospettiva più ampia, di ricostruire il particolare rapporto che la sede centrale del partito intratteneva con una delle sue cellule regionali più importanti e rappresentative. Il lavoro svolto sul fondo Gramsci ha suscitato una serie di riflessioni che hanno costituito la base per il progetto della ricerca presentata in queste pagine: prima fra tutte, l’idea di realizzare un censimento, da effettuarsi su base regionale, per verificare quali e quanti audiovisivi di propaganda comunista fossero ancora conservati sul territorio. La ricerca, i cui esiti sono consultabili nell’appendice di questo scritto, si è concentrata prevalentemente sugli archivi e sui principali istituti di ricerca dell’Emilia-Romagna: sono questi i luoghi in cui, di fatto, le federazioni e le sezioni del PCI depositarono (o alle quali donarono) le proprie realizzazioni o le proprie collezioni audiovisive al momento della loro chiusura. Il risultato dell’indagine è un nutrito gruppo di film e documentari, registrati sui supporti più diversi e dalle provenienze più disparate: produzioni locali, regionali, nazionali (inviati dalla sede centrale del partito e dalle istituzioni addette alla propaganda), si mescolano a pellicole provenienti dall’estero - testimoni della rete di contatti, in particolare con i paesi comunisti, che il PCI aveva intessuto nel tempo - e a documenti realizzati all’interno dell’articolato contesto associazionistico italiano, composto sia da organizzazioni nazionali ben strutturate sul territorio 8 sia da entità più sporadiche, nate sull’onda di particolari avvenimenti di natura politica e sociale (per esempio i movimenti giovanili e studenteschi sorti durante il ’68). L’incontro con questa tipologia di documenti - così ricchi di informazioni differenti e capaci, per loro stessa natura, di offrire stimoli e spunti di ricerca assolutamente variegati - ha fatto sorgere una serie di domande di diversa natura, che fanno riferimento non solo all’audiovisivo in quanto tale (inteso in termini di contenuti, modalità espressive e narrative, contesto di produzione) ma anche e soprattutto alla natura e alle potenzialità dell’oggetto indagato, concepito in questo caso come una fonte. In altri termini, la raccolta e la catalogazione del materiale, insieme alle ricerche volte a ricostruirne le modalità produttive, gli argomenti, i tratti ricorrenti nell’ambito della comunicazione propagandistica, ha dato adito a una riflessione di carattere più generale, che guarda al rapporto tra mezzo cinematografico e storiografia e, più in dettaglio, all’utilizzo dell’immagine filmica come fonte per la ricerca. Il tutto inserito nel contesto della nostra epoca e, più in particolare, delle possibilità offerte dai mezzi di comunicazione contemporanei. Di fatti, il percorso di riflessione compiuto in queste pagine intende concludersi con una disamina del rapporto tra cinema e storia alla luce delle novità introdotte dalla tecnologia moderna, basata sui concetti chiave di riuso e di intermedialità. Processi di integrazione e rielaborazione mediale capaci di fornire nuove potenzialità anche ai documenti audiovisivi oggetto dei questa analisi: sia per ciò che riguarda il loro utilizzo come fonte storica, sia per quanto concerne un loro impiego nella didattica e nell’insegnamento - nel rispetto della necessaria interdisciplinarietà richiesta nell’utilizzo di questi documenti - all’interno di una più generale rivoluzione mediale che mette in discussione anche il classico concetto di “archivio”, di “fonte” e di “documento”. Nel tentativo di bilanciare i differenti aspetti che questa ricerca intende prendere in esame, la struttura del volume è stata pensata, in termini generali, come ad un percorso suddiviso in tre tappe: la prima, che guarda al passato, quando gli audiovisivi oggetto della ricerca vennero prodotti e distribuiti; una seconda sezione, che fa riferimento all’oggi, momento della riflessione e dell’analisi; per concludere in una terza area, dedicata alla disamina delle potenzialità di questi documenti alla luce delle nuove tecnologie multimediali. Un viaggio che è anche il percorso “ideale” condotto dal ricercatore: dalla scoperta all’analisi, fino alla rimessa in circolo (anche sotto un’altra forma) degli oggetti indagati, all’interno di un altrettanto ideale universo culturale capace di valorizzare qualsiasi tipo di fonte e documento. All’interno di questa struttura generale, la ricerca è stata compiuta cercando di conciliare diversi piani d’analisi, necessari per un adeguato studio dei documenti rintracciati i quali, come si è detto, si presentano estremamente articolati e sfaccettati. 9 Dal punto di vista dei contenuti, infatti, il corpus documentale presenta praticamente tutta la storia italiana del tentennio considerato: non solo storia del Partito Comunista e delle sue campagne di propaganda, ma anche storia sociale, culturale ed economica, in un percorso di crescita e di evoluzione che, dagli anni Cinquanta, portò la nazione ad assumere lo status di paese moderno. In secondo luogo, questi documenti audiovisivi sono prodotti di propaganda realizzati da un partito politico con il preciso scopo di convincere e coinvolgere le masse (degli iscritti e non). Osservarne le modalità produttive, il contesto di realizzazione e le dinamiche culturali interne alla compagine oggetto della ricerca assume un valore centrale per comprendere al meglio la natura dei documenti stessi. I quali, in ultima istanza, sono anche e soprattutto dei film, realizzati in un preciso contesto storico, che è anche storia della settima arte: più in particolare, di quella cinematografia che si propone come “alternativa” al circuito commerciale, strettamente collegata a quella “cultura di sinistra” sulla quale il PCI (almeno fino alla fine degli anni Sessanta) poté godere di un dominio incontrastato. Nel tentativo di condurre una ricerca che tenesse conto di questi differenti aspetti, il lavoro è stato suddiviso in tre sezioni distinte. La prima (che comprende i capitoli 1 e 2) sarà interamente dedicata alla ricostruzione del panorama storico all’interno del quale questi audiovisivi nacquero e vennero distribuiti. Una ricostruzione che intende osservare, in parallelo, i principali eventi della storia nazionale (siano essi di natura politica, sociale ed economica), la storia interna del Partito Comunista e, non da ultimo, la storia della cinematografia nazionale (interna ed esterna al partito). Questo non solo per fornire il contesto adeguato all’interno del quale inserire i documenti osservati, ma anche per spiegarne i contenuti: questi audiovisivi, infatti, non solo sono testimoni degli eventi salienti della storia politica nazionale, ma raccontano anche delle crisi e dei “boom” economici; della vita quotidiana della popolazione e dei suoi problemi, dell’emigrazione, della sanità e della speculazione edilizia; delle rivendicazioni sociali, del movimento delle donne, delle lotte dei giovani sessantottini. C’è, all’interno di questi materiali, tutta la storia del paese, che è contesto di produzione ma anche soggetto del racconto. Un racconto che, una volta spiegato nei contenuti, va indagato nella forma. In questo senso, il terzo capitolo di questo scritto si concentrerà sul concetto di “propaganda” e nella sua verifica pratica attraverso l’analisi dei documenti reperiti. Si cercherà quindi di realizzare una mappatura dei temi portanti della comunicazione politica comunista osservata nel suo evolversi e, in secondo luogo, di analizzare come questi stessi temi-chiave vengano di volta in volta declinati e 10 rappresentati tramite le immagini in movimento. L’alterità positiva del partito - concetto cardine che rappresenta il nucleo ideologico fondante la struttura stessa del Partito Comunista Italiano - verrà quindi osservato nelle sue variegate forme di rappresentazione, nel suo incarnare, di volta in volta, a seconda dei temi e degli argomenti rilevanti, la possibilità della pace; il buongoverno; la verità (contro la menzogna democristiana); la libertà (contro il bigottismo cattolico); la possibilità di un generale cambiamento. La realizzazione di alcuni percorsi d’analisi tra le pellicole reperite presso gli archivi della regione viene proposto, in questa sede, come l’ideale conclusione di un excursus storico che, all’interno dei capitoli precedenti, ha preso in considerazione la storia della cinematografia nazionale (in particolare del contesto produttivo alternativo a quello commerciale) e, in parallelo, l’analisi della produzione audiovisiva interna al PCI, dove si sono voluti osservare non solo gli enti e le istituzioni che internamente al partito si occupavano della cultura e della propaganda - in una distinzione terminologica non solo formale - ma anche le reti di relazioni e i contatti con il contesto cinematografico di cui si è detto. L’intenzione è duplice: da un lato, per inserire la storia del PCI e dei suoi prodotti di propaganda in un contesto socio-culturale reale, senza considerare queste produzioni - così come la vita stessa del partito - come avulsa da una realtà con la quale necessariamente entrava in contatto; in secondo luogo, per portare avanti un altro tipo di discorso, di carattere più speculativo, esplicitato all’interno del quarto capitolo. Ciò che si è voluto indagare, di fatto, non è solo la natura e i contenti di questi documenti audiovisivi, ma anche il loro ruolo nel sistema di comunicazione e di propaganda di partito, dove quest’ultima è identificata come il punto di contatto tra l’intellighenzia comunista (la cultura alta, legittima) e la cultura popolare (in termini gramsciani, subalterna). Il PCI, in questi termini, viene osservato come un microcosmo in grado di ripropone su scala ridotta le dinamiche e le problematiche tipiche della società moderna. L’analisi della storia della sua relazione con la società (cfr. capitolo 2) viene qui letta alla luce di alcune delle principali teorie della storia del consumi e delle interpretazioni circa l’avvento della società di massa. Lo scopo ultimo è quello di verificare se, con l’affermazione dell’industria culturale moderna si sia effettivamente verificata la rottura delle tradizionali divisioni di classe, della classica distinzione tra cultura alta e bassa, se esiste realmente una zona intermedia - nel caso del partito, identificata nella propaganda - in cui si attui concretamente questo rimescolamento, in cui si realizzi realmente la nascita di una “terza cultura” effettivamente nuova e dal carattere comunitario. Il quinto e ultimo capitolo di questo scritto fa invece riferimento a un altro ordine di problemi e argomenti, di cui in parte si è già detto. La ricerca, in questo caso, si è indirizzata verso una 11 riflessione circa l’oggetto stesso dello studio: l’audiovisivo come fonte. La rassegna delle diverse problematiche scaturite dal rapporto tra cinema e storia è corredata dall’analisi delle principali teorie che hanno permesso l’evoluzione di questa relazione, evidenziando di volta in volta le diverse potenzialità che essa può esprimere le sue possibilità d’impiego all’interno di ambiti di ricerca differenti. Il capitolo si completa con una panoramica circa le attuali possibilità di impiego e di riuso di queste fonti: la rassegna e l’analisi dei portali on-line aperti dai principali archivi storici nazionali (e la relativa messa a disposizione dei documenti); il progetto per la creazione di un “museo multimediale del lavoro” e, a seguire, il progetto didattico dei Learning Objects intendono fornire degli spunti per un futuro, possibile utilizzo di questi documenti audiovisivi, di cui questo scritto ha voluto porre in rilievo il valore e le numerose potenzialità.

Sullo sfondo del passaggio dal cinema dai primordi alla codificazione del dispositivo cinematografico, la presente ricerca si propone di indagare una pratica marginale: la cinematografia di istruzione e propaganda rurale, nel suo sviluppo in Italia tra il 1912 ed il 1937. Attraverso casi di studio inerenti l'Istituto Nazionale Minerva, L'Istituto Italiano Proiezioni Luminose, la cinemateca agricola dell'Istituto Luce e in maniera più tangenziale l'Opera delle proiezioni Luminose e l'Istituto Cerere, approderemo alla ricostruzione di un corpus specifico di materiali, dispositivi e prassi e all'individuazione di un percorso evolutivo di questo circuito minore. Lo studio di pratiche culturali "invisibili" e scarsamente affrontate dagli studiosi illumina le teorie sull'istituzionalizzazione svelando un paesaggio più articolato e meno scontato. Il circuito rurale incarna contemporaneamente la forza di un nuovo medium e l'instabilità delle istituzioni che lo utilizzano nella difficile transizione al regime, proponendosi come strumento rivelatore di aspettative e urgenze, e del reciproco ricollocarsi delle istanze educative e del pubblico di massa.
Against the background of the (now familiar) transition from early to classical cinema my work explores a marginal filed of research: the educational and rural propaganda cinema and its institutional practices produced ad developed in Italy between 1912 and 1937. Taking the Istituto Nazionale Minerva, Istituto Italiano Proiezioni Luminose, Istituto Luce's agricultural cinemateca and the Opera delle Proiezioni Luminose and the Istituto Cerere as case studies, I outline the films, visual devices, and practices used in what I call a rural circuit of films . My project is therefore focused upon an invisible cultural practice which has been traditionally disregarded by scholars. It introduces an otherwise absent corpus of works into institutionalizations's theories, revealing a complex and less obvious film history. At the same time, the rural circuit of films embodies the strength of a new medium and the movement towards dictatorship in Italy. Film offers itself as an instrument which traces the expectations and needs of pedagogical institutions and their changing relationship to the masses.

The Spanish Civil War is typically presented as a military narrative of the ideological battle between socialism and fascism, foreshadowing World War II. Yet the Spanish war continued trends begun during World War I, notably the use of propaganda posters and the movement of women into visible roles within the public sphere. Employing cultural studies methods to read propaganda poster art from the Spanish war as texts, this thesis analyzes the ways in which this persuasive medium represented extremes of gender discourse within the context of letters, memoirs, and other experiential accounts. This thesis analyzes symbols present in propaganda art and considers how their meanings interacted with the changing gendered identities of Republic and nation. Even within the relatively egalitarian Republic, political factions constructed conflicting representations of femininity in propaganda art, and women’s accounts indicate that despite ideological differences, both sides still shared a patriarchal worldview.

« Les philosophes analytiques de l'art et les artistes conceptuels ont en commun de refuser la théorisation et la recherche du beau comme idée ou norme, pour poser à la place une définition de l'art comme fonction symbolique toujours à décrypter à partir d'elle-même et de son langage propre, sans lui appliquer une essence a priori » explique Dominique Chateau (esthéticien français, né en 1948). En d’autres termes, il s’agit de l'esthétique issue de l'empirisme logique et du pragmatisme. La référence à une partie de l'introduction du premier numéro de la Revue francophone d'esthétique, sous la direction de Frédéric Wecker, écrite par Jean-Pierre Cometti, Jacques Morizot, Roger Pouivet, permet de clarifier l'objectif de cette théorie esthétique ; « […] Les problèmes esthétiques se seraient-ils dissous dans la médiatisation généralisée ? Sont-ils condamnés à nourrir un essayisme brillant mais sans portée théorique ? Doit-on laisser la parole aux historiens, aux spécialistes des sciences humaines ou aux professionnels du monde de l'art ? Telle n'est pas notre conviction. Nous voulons faire le pari d'une approche esthétique ouverte sur toutes les manifestations de l'art et qui revendique un parti pris d'analyse conceptuelle et d'argumentation critique. Il ne suffit en effet ni d'en appeler à une dimension anthropologique fondamentale, ni de s'en tenir à la menue monnaie de l'actualité et des événements. Comme toute discipline de quelque ambition, l'esthétique doit être en mesure de construire ses propres objets et de réviser ses résultats et ses procédures : là est sa seule garantie d'échapper au délire d'interprétation » En ce qui concerne cette réflexion, l'esthétique analytique est un dialogue constant avec les œuvres d'art d'avant-garde de l'art moderne et contemporain, notamment celles de Duchamp et de Warhol, mettant l’accent sur un ensemble de théories esthétiques quelquefois hétérogènes ; loin des théories traditionnelles, toutes ces théories refusent le beau en tant que principe essentiel de ce qui est devenu connu de l'art, c'est-à-dire l'œuvre d'art. [...]
"The analytical philosophers of art and the conceptual artists have in common to refuse the theorization and the search for the beautiful as idea or norm, to pose instead a definition of art as a symbolic function always to decrypt from itself and its own language, without applying to it an essence a priori "explains Dominique Chateau (French esthetician, born in 1948). In other words, it is the aesthetics of logical empiricism and pragmatism. The reference to a part of the introduction to the first issue of the Revue francophone d'esthétique, under the direction of Frédéric Wecker, written by Jean-Pierre Cometti, Jacques Morizot and Roger Pouivet, clarifies the objective of this aesthetic theory. ; "[...] Would aesthetic problems have dissolved in the generalized media? Are they doomed to nourish a brilliant essayism but without theoretical significance? Should we give the floor to historians, social scientists or professionals in the art world? That is not our conviction. We want to bet on an aesthetic approach open to all the manifestations of art and that claims a bias of conceptual analysis and critical argumentation. In fact, it is not enough to appeal to a fundamental anthropological dimension, nor to stick to the petty currency of events and events. Like any discipline of any ambition, aesthetics must be able to construct its own objects and revise its results and procedures: this is its only guarantee of escaping the frenzy of interpretation. "Regarding this reflection the analytical aesthetic is a constant dialogue with the avant-garde works of art of modern and contemporary art, notably those of Duchamp and Warhol, emphasizing a set of sometimes heterogeneous aesthetic theories; far from traditional theories, all these theories reject the beautiful as an essential principle of what has become known to art, that is to say the work of art. [...]

The Spanish artist Josep Renau (1907-1982) published the propaganda periodical Nueva cultura from 1935 to 1937. Although richly illustrated with cuttingedge graphic design and photomontage, it made use of popular culture with more frequency than might be expected in a left-wing, vanguard publication. This is seen most notably in the March 1937 special edition, published to coincide with a local, popular festival. In the special edition, Renau primarily utilized popular forms of illustration in the layout. Further, by publishing it in the regional language rather than Castilian Spanish, he attested to the importance of addressing people in their own language, both linguistically and formally. This thesis examines the periodical in relation to philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin’s writings on folk culture and James V. Wertsch’s research on collective remembering.

In the sixteenth century, Martin Luther s Protestant Reformation generated multiple reform movements and political transformations in Europe. Within this general period of reform, political and cultural changes from the Tudor era (1485-1603) created a separate English Reformation. The English Reformation evolved from the different agendas of the early Tudor monarchs and occurred in two distinct waves: an initial, more moderate Henrician Reformation and a later, more complete Edwardian Reformation. Henry VIII and Edward VI s attempts to redefine monarchy through a new State and Church identity drove English church reform during this period, giving these religious shifts distinct political roots. Cultural artifacts were prominent indicators of these differing political goals, and Henry VIII and Edward VI adjusted and removed images and texts according to their propaganda methods. These royal manipulations of culture are well-documented, but historians have overlooked important components in the communication process. Lay responses to imagery changes ranging from compliance to rebellion demonstrate the complex relationship of images, monarchy, and reform. Examining images function as propaganda with questions of intent, reception, and comprehension in royal communication is imperative for assessing the impact of royal messages on Tudor culture. Analyzing Tudor art as a form of political communication that disseminated idealized political representation reveals a strong visual discourse between the King and the English people. Images held key powers within royal discourse to create and disseminate propaganda of a kingship.
M.A.
Department of History
Arts and Humanities
History MA

The aim of this essay is to examine how Stockholm has been portrayed in paintings and postcards during the last 500 years. In this essay my research material is collected mostly from literature about the subject matter. The pictures of paintings and postcards are analyzed with a semiotic picture analysis method to discover similarities and differences in how they have been depicted. The goal of the study is to find both common and divergent elements in the images that can place them in a historical context and mediate something about the century they were made in. The study has concluded that there are several similarities and differences in how images of Stockholm has been depicted during the centuries that I have been studying. In both paintings and postcards there has been recurrent elements such as the water surrounding Stockholm, and the way the mediums have been beautifying the city to highlight some characteristics. A striking difference during the centuries is the usage of people in the images.

Este trabalho apresenta releituras de imagens consagradas na história da arte e da arquitetura, constantes em materiais publicitários e em veículos de comunicação, assim como em fachadas arquitetônicas, visualizadas na cidade de São Paulo, no período que compreende a virada do século XX para o XXI. As releituras publicitárias focam as imagens que se tornaram famosas no mundo contemporâneo e privilegiam as que fazem referências ao mundo de tradição clássica, embora seja possível encontrar outros momentos da história, também evidenciados nas propagandas. Nas imagens arquitetônicas, enfocou-se principalmente nos aspectos de fachada que apresentam referências advindas do mundo clássico. Observou-se, a partir das duas leituras, que as referências são utilizadas pelo aspecto simbólico que elas assumem ao longo da história.
This thesis shows reinterpretation of consecrated images Art History and Architecture that are constantly found in advertising pieces and the media as well as in architectonic faces of buildings in São Paulo from the XX to XXI centurys transition. The reinterpretation of the advertising pieces focus on images that became famous in the contemporary world and highlight the ones that refer to the world of classical tradition, even though, it is possible to find other historical moments also highlighted in the advertisements. It was noticed from the two reinterpretations that those references are used because of the symbolic aspect they take throughout history.

Uppsatsen behandlar propagandabilder under det trettioåriga kriget föreställandes Gustav II Adolf. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur bilden av Gustav II Adolf konstrueras under det trettioåriga kriget från 1630 till 1633 och hur propagandabilderna fungerar som identitetsskapande medel. Uppsatsen behandlar bilderna utifrån ett sociologiskt perspektiv.  Bilden av Gustav II Adolf konstrueras delvis för att fungera som en central protestantisk enande gestalt under hans levnad, en martyr efter hans död och en legitimering för fortsatt svensk närvaro i det trettioåriga kriget. Genom att definiera vilka attribut och egenskaper fienden hade kunde man skapa en motbild till Gustav II Adolf som hjälper till att konstruera bilden av den svenska kungen.

This thesis examines how the concept of evil was understood by opposing German perspectives during the era of National Socialist rule (1933-1945). The rise of Nazism in Germany marked a period of massive political upheaval wherein the National Socialist government encouraged the masses to view the world in terms of a great struggle between forces of good and evil. This was the central theme of their propaganda, which zealously encouraged racialist beliefs in the popular consciousness, and was based on assumptions of German superiority and Jewish evil. Despite Hitler's apparent success in creating an obedient nation, a significant number of Germans opposed his rule, amongst whom a small group of writers expressed their discontent through creative fiction. Through a comparison of the worldviews communicated through political propaganda and anti-Nazi literature, it is revealed that the crux of the divide between their opposing perspectives hinged on the meaning of evil. Since evil is a concept with many meanings, this thesis approaches the subject thematically. The comparison begins by focusing on the perception of evil as an all-corrupting force that had taken hold of Germany, followed by an exploration of how power and brutality were understood, ending with a comparison of views on how the struggle between good and evil took place on both a social and individual level. In addition to demonstrating the subjectivity of moral perspective during a tumultuous period of the recent past, this research reveals how the struggle against Nazism existed as a conflict of ideas. Moreover, the comparison of cultural sources (including Nazi art, visual propaganda, written texts such as Mein Kampf, and anti-Nazi creative fiction) demonstrates the value of art as a tool for conducting historical enquiry. Since the legacy of the Third Reich continues to directly influence modern perceptions of evil, exploring how evil was understood according to contemporary Germans – from both pro and anti-Nazi perspectives – is of particular historical interest.

Orientador: Laércio Fidelis Dias
Banca: Rafael Salatini
Banca: Gabriel Cunha Salum
Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo geral desdobrar como deu-se a consolidação da imagem das pin-ups estadunidenses como produto nacional de alcance mundial e a maneira como alcançaram a representatividade das mulheres ao encará-las como um ideal a se seguir. Ao interrogarmos como essas mulheres se fizeram tão presentes no imaginário dos anos de 1930 a 1950 trataremos de sua entrada nos meios de comunicação - que não se restringiriam as revistas - e acabariam por tomar o mercado e os meios de comunicação de modo geral a partir das ilustrações de Gillete Elvgren, George Petty e Alberto Vargas. Assim através do estudo de teóricos, tais como Maria Elena Buszek, se buscará compreender como uma massificação da imagem das garotas pin-ups, cada vez mais padronizada foi inserida na indústria de consumo e amparada também pela indústria em época de guerra, sobretudo com a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Elas conduziriam o que se viria a se esperar das mulheres em meio à guerra: se tornarem fortes e serem autênticas nacionalistas, construindo assim um valor patriótico a partir da imagem feminina inserida e unificada como símbolo do patriotismo e da liberdade do povo estadunidense. Somando-se a este objetivo, será mapeada a atuação destas mulheres na implantação de uma cultura nacional estadunidense e no processo de transformação da intimidade e percepção com o corpo, que se deu principalmente durante o ápice dos Anos Dourados, que abarca os anos de 1940 e 1950, período que marcou tamb... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This master's thesis has as general objective to unfold as the consolidation of the image of the US pin-ups as a national product of world-wide reach and the way in which the representativeness of the women was given when facing them like an ideal to be followed . When we questioned how these women became so present in the imagery of the 1930s and 1950s, we will consider their entry into the media - which would not be restricted to magazines - and would eventually take the market and the media in general from the Gillete Elvgren, George Petty and Alberto Vargas. So through the study of theorists, such as Maria Elena Buszek, will seek to understand how a massification of the image of pin-ups girls, increasingly standardized. Inserted in the consumer industry and also supported by wartime industry, especially with World War II, they would lead what was to be expected of women in the midst of the war: to become strong and to be authentic nationalists, thus building a value patriotic from the feminine image inserted and unified as a symbol of the patriotism and freedom of the American people. In addition to this objective, the role of these women in the implantation of an American national culture and in the process of transformation of intimacy and perception with the body will be mapped, mainly during the peak of the Golden Years, which covers the years 1940 and 1950, a period that also marked the transition from old advertising techniques to a new reality fostered by cultural ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Le monde aéronautique a connu un essor significatif durant les premières décennies du XXe siècle. Propulsé par des avancées technologiques sans précédents, l’aéronautique fut rapidement omniprésente dans tous les secteurs de la vie et de la culture européennes. De la figure du pilote d’aéroplane émergea subtilement, puis avec force, l’image d’un homme robuste et valeureux qui personnifiait son pays. Trouvant un réceptacle favorable dans les héros nés de la Grande Guerre, les gouvernements totalitaires qui émergèrent façonnèrent le pilote comme l’avatar d’un homme idéal. L’imaginaire européen du premier tiers du XXe siècle vit alors naitre « l’homme volant », une facette de « l’homme nouveau », incarnant la grandeur de sa nation
Aeronautics underwent a significant development during the first decades of the 20th century. Helped by new technological advancements aeronautics quickly became omnipresent in all sectors of the European life and culture. From the figure of the airplane’s pilot emerged subtly, then with strength, the image of a strong and brave man personifying his country. Finding a favorable receptacle in the Great War’s heroes, the totalitarian governments shaped the pilot as the avatar of an ideal man. The European imagination of the first third of the 20th century gave birth to the "flying man", a facet of the “new man”, embodying the greatness of its nation

L’expression plastique des victoires navales opère tel un prisme à travers lequel s’observent les rites de célébration, les modes de commémoration et les desseins politiques de ses commanditaires. Il s’agit de s’intéresser à la naissance de cette image en remontant aux traditions grecques et romaines relatives au retour de guerre des soldats et à la célébration du succès. Ces coutumes à caractère cathartique ont inspiré les imagiers pour créer l’iconographie de la victoire navale. L’apparition des images et monuments pérennes exprimant la victoire, pourtant interdits dans la Grèce classique et réglementés à Rome par les valeurs républicaines, repose sur la prise de conscience du pouvoir politique de la revendication d’exploits militaires et sur des influences de pratiques orientales et macédoniennes qui accordaient la royauté à ses généraux pour des succès décisifs. L’expression de la victoire navale engendre une production artistique riche prenant des formes diverses, de la sculpture monumentale à la monnaie, en passant par la décoration privée, dans un but de diffusion massive. La confrontation des témoignages de la célébration et de la commémoration de la victoire sur mer, issus des deux mondes, sur tous les supports, permet de réunir l’ensemble des thèmes iconographiques qui appartient aussi bien aux domaines militaire, mythologique et religieux. L’examen des fonctions politiques de cet art démontre que ces manifestations ont été utilisées comme les supports de diffusion des idéologies. C’est ce détournement des succès militaires navals en propagande, devenu central dans la politique qui explique l’originalité et la subtilité des thèmes de la victoire navale
The plastic expression of naval victories operates as a window through which can be observed the celebration rituals, commemoration modes and the political intentions of its bakers. The main purpose is to focus on the birth of this images dating back from the Greek and Roman traditions based on the returning soldiers and the celebration of success. These cathartic traditions were the artistic inspiration to create the iconography of the naval victories. Initially forbidden in the classic Greek era and regulated by Rome’s republican values and the influence based on the Eastern and Macedonian practices that gave kingship to his generals for decisive success, the appearance of images and monuments displaying victory started to show up as they realize the political power it implies to claim military achievements. Naval victory representations generated a rich artistic production in various and multiple forms, from sculptures to coins and even private home decoration; the goal was to be massively present. The Analogy between Roman’s and Hellenic’s celebration and commemoration of naval victories in all types of support allows a compilation of iconographic themes that belongs to the mythology, military and religious domains. The study of the political purpose of this art demonstrates that the representations were use as a broadcast support for ideologies. It’s the diversion of the naval military success into propaganda that became mainstream in politics and explains the originality and subtlety of naval victory themes

En 1955, Edward Steichen organise l'exposition monumentale «The Family of Man» au Museum of Modem Art (MoMA) à New York, qui a été ensuite exposée dans le monde entier sous les auspices de l’United States Information Agency. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de retracer les arcanes de cette exposition afin de créer un document de référence dévoilant sa nature concrète. Cette démystification de l'exposition a été conçue à partir de témoignages directs de photographes participants recueillis par l'auteur, complétée par un travail d'analyse de documents d'archives inédits. La première partie s'interroge sur les programmes du Musée lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui ont préparé le terrain pour «The Family of Man», sur le personnage de Steichen et sur son rôle de directeur du département de la photographie du MoMA. La deuxième partie remonte aux prémices du projet, afin d'éclaircir les diverses collaborations de Steichen, comme de nombreuses correspondances, des réunions collectives, et un voyage déterminant en Europe. La troisième partie met en lumière les méthodes et les résultats du travail de Steichen, à la fois comme photographe et comme éditeur. A l'appui d'une discussion des sources, notamment journalistiques, les contours du monde de la photographie de presse à l'époque sont esquissés, suivis d'une synthèse de l'exposition et de sa diffusion à l'étranger en plusieurs versions. Ce travail révèle que «The Family of Man», à la fois véritable prouesse de la photographie et arme de propagande, témoigne de toute une chaîne de contacts et de connaissances au sein du monde de la photographie et de la politique, et des croisements entre ces deux mondes
In 1955, Edward Steichen organized the historic exhibition "The Family of Man" at the Museum of Modem Art (MoMA) in New York. Under the auspices of United States Information Agency, it was exhibited throughout the world and gained a mythic status. This dissertation looks beyond that myth, in order to present a reference document with background information not previously examined. It is based on the author's research involving personal interviews with photographers who contributed to the exhibition as well as the analysis of unpublished archival documents. Part 1 explores the MoMA's World War II programs that paved the way for "The Family of Man", Steichen's career and his role as director of the museum's photography department. Part II traces the origins of the project, showing Steichen's various collaborations through a thorough examination of his correspondence, his individual and group meetings with photographers, and, in particular, his decisive trip across Europe. Part III examines the methods and results of Steichen's work, as both photographer and editor. A discussion of the sources of "The Family of Man", mainly photojournalistic, illustrates the contours of press photography at the time followed by a synopsis of the exhibition and its international circulation, in several versions. This dissertation demonstrates how "The Family of Man" was a tour de force in the history of photography because of Steichen's ability to combine his innovative photographic and editing skills that exploited the medium to communicate a political agenda that is a reflection of a complex network of colleagues, friends and acquaintances from the world of photography and of politics

Durant la premiere moitie du xxe siecle, l'affrontement entre les regimes communistes et fascistes ne se limita pas aux plans ideologiques et militaires mais concerna aussi le milieu culturel. En effet l'urss de staline, l'allemagne d'hitler et l'italie de mussolini ont cree une esthetique commune malgre leur opposition politique. Ces etats totalitaires ont ainsi mis les arts au service de leur propagande. Si l'art est un agent actif de communication entre les hommes, c'est parce qu'il est egalement un moyen d'expression de l'ideologie. Des lors, de quelle maniere l'art participa-t-il a l'embrigadement des individus ? l'architecture offrait l'apparat et le luxe ; son gigantisme exprimait l'autorite suscitant a la fois crainte et admiration. Quant aux arts plastiques, ils deifierent le chef supreme et annoncerent la venue de l'homme nouveau. Les arts donnaient donc forme a l'utopie totalitaire qui avait pour finalite de changer la nature meme de l'homme : annihiler toute forme d'individualisme, imaginer l'homme comme le simple rouage d'une immense machine, celle de l'etat tout puissant. Au bout du compte il s'agissait de persuader le peuple de sa superiorite pour l'amener a accepter tous les sacrifices dans une union spirituelle avec l'etat et son chef. L'art n'etait non pas le reflet de la societe mais le reflet de l'idee que se faisait le pouvoir de son peuple
In the first part of the twentieth century, the antagonism between communism and facism was not limited only to ideological and military levels but was also present at cultural levels. Indeed mussolini's italy, hitler's germany and staline's ussr created a common aesthetic in spite of political opposition. Thus, these totalitarian states exploited art for the purpose of propaganda. If art is an active agent of communication between men, then art can also be the manner for ideological expression. How then did art change, orientate and modify an individual's perception of the world in general? architecture reflected pomp and luxury while its large scale works expressed authority crousing fear and admiration at the same time. As for support of the "plastic arts", they allowed, deification of the supreme chief and permitted the announcement of the new man. Art was giving rise form to the totalitarian utopia which existed to transform human nature. Art was not simply the society's reflection but the reflection of the idea the power made of its people. Its allowed the people to believe in spiritual union with the state and its chief

La France et la Belgique organisent plusieurs expositions coloniales internationales et universelles de la fin du XIXe siècle à 1958. Ces deux puissances coloniales y développent une propagande multiforme pour justifier leurs « missions civilisatrices ». Les missionnaires catholiques et protestants participent à ces grandes fêtes. La consultation d’archives des congrégations religieuses (Spiritains, Jésuites…), de l’œuvre de la Propagation de la Foi, de fonds publics français, belges, suédois et du Saint-Siège permet de comprendre comment s’organisent les missionnaires pour participer à ces expositions en France et en Belgique. De l’exposition de 1897 (Tervuren) à celles de 1935 et 1958 (Bruxelles), en passant par Paris 1900, 1931 et 1937, les missionnaires s’exposent dans des pavillons qui s’agrandissent pour devenir de véritables complexes architecturaux. Les vecteurs de la mise en scène changent et s’adaptent : les objets « indigènes » sont délaissés au profit de dioramas, de statistiques stylisées et de cartes lumineuses. L’architecture du pavillon est en elle-même un discours comme le prouve le pavillon des missions catholiques de 1931. A travers ces évolutions de la mise en scène, ce sont des changements dans les représentations missionnaires du monde qui s’observent : les colonisés et leurs cultures sont de plus en plus valorisés et le lien avec la colonisation moins affirmé
France and Belgium organised several international and colonial exhibitions, as well as universal exhibitions or World Fairs, from the end of the 20th century to 1958. Through these world exhibitions, these two great colonial powers developed various forms of propaganda to account for their “civilizing missions”. Protestant and catholic missionaries took part in those great celebrations. By reading and working on archives of religious congregations such as the congregation of the Holy Spirit, The Jesuit, and the oeuvre de la Propagation de la Foi, but also the French, Belgian and Swedish national archives and the Holy Sea archives, I was able to understand how the missionaries organized themselves to take part in those exhibitions in France and Belgium. The missionaries organised exhibitions in ever growing pavilions which would become huge architectural complexes, from the 1897 exhibition (taking place in Tervuren) to the 1935 and 1958 exhibitions (taking place in Brussels), not forgetting the 1900, 1931 and 1937 Paris exhibitions. The way missionaries staged their work changed and evolved. Indeed, “indigenous” artifacts were gradually less displayed and missionaries used dioramas, stylish statistics and lit-up maps instead. The architecture of the pavilion was in itself telling, a good example of this being the 1931 pavilion of the Catholic missions. The way missionaries staged their exhibitions reflected the changes in their worldview. The colonized populations and their cultures were more and more emphasized, while the link with the colonization was less and less asserted and straightforward

The artist discusses his Master of Fine Arts thesis exhibition “the emotional plague” held at the Reese Museum in Johnson City, Tennessee from March 2nd through March 27th, 2020 in which he examines a number of literary and invented narrative subjects influenced by science fiction, Surrealism and the current political climate in an attempt to reconcile the social and the personal through the creative act. Largely improvisational in their conception, the paintings and drawings in this exhibition reflect ideas derived from writers, thinkers and artists including Wilhelm Reich, J.G. Ballard, W.S. Burroughs and Goya, all distilled through the uncertain territory of Raynolds’ personal, internal landscape. He utilizes an amalgam of characters, tropes, and stories as metaphorical expressions of social psychosis and decay.

This thesis examines the relationship between the three artists' workshops Røde Mor (Red Mother), Folkets Ateljé (The People's Studio) and GRAS, who worked between 1968 and 1975 in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Røde Mor was from the outset an articulated Communist graphic workshop loosely organised around collective exhibitions. It developed into a highly productive and professionalised group of artists that made posters by commission for political and social movements. Its artists developed a familiar and popular artistic language characterised by imaginative realism and socialist imagery. Folkets Ateljé, which has never been studied before, was a close knit underground group which created quick and immediate responses to concurrent political issues. This group was founded on the example of Atelier Populaire in France and is strongly related to its practices. Within this comparative study it is the group that comes closest to collective practises around 1968 outside Scandinavia, namely the democratic assembly. The silkscreen workshop GRAS stemmed from the idea of economic and artistic freedom, although socially motivated and politically involved, the group never implemented any doctrine for participation. The aim of this transnational study is to reveal common denominators to the three groups' poster art as it was produced in connection with a Scandinavian experience of 1968. By ‘1968' it is meant the period from the late 1960s till the end of the 1970s. It examines the socio-political conditions under which the groups flourished and shows how these groups operated in conjunction with the political environment of 1968. The thesis explores the relationship between political movements and the collective art making process as it appeared in Scandinavia. To present a comprehensible picture of the impact of 1968 on these groups, their artworks, manifestos, and activities outside of the collective space have been discussed. The argument has presented itself that even though these groups had very similar ideological stances, their posters and techniques differ. This has impacted the artists involved to different degrees, yet made it possible to express the same political goals. It is suggested to be linked with the Scandinavian social democracies and common experience of the radicalisation that took place mostly in the aftermath of 1968 proper. By comparing these three groups' it has been uncovered that even with the same socio-political circumstances and ideological stance divergent styles did develop to embrace these issue.

This thesis spotlights eleven formative moments or ‘events' in the history of twentieth-century art music in Greece. They date from 1908 to 1979 and are ordered by two master narratives, the ‘Great Idea' and the ‘European Idea', concepts with multifarious implications for the making of contemporary Greece. The nature of the musical works presented during these events, the particular kind of reception they received, the debates they generated, and the role their composers hoped they would play in the construction of a contemporary Greek musical identity are some of the indicative issues that will be discussed, and always in relation to the prevailing political and social context. More specifically, I will try to show by way of these events how politics and culture were inextricably tied together. In some cases the events directly mirrored the political divisions and social tensions of their time, while in others they formed an easy (‘innocent') prey to political agendas – indigenous and foreign – that were at some remove from matters aesthetic. The discussion of these historical moments in the concert life of Greece is partly based on secondary sources, but it is also supported by extensive archival research. It is hoped that both the general approach and the new findings will enrich and update the existing literature in English, and that they may even serve to stimulate further research in the music history of other countries located in the so-called margins of Europe.

Jean-Baptiste Isabey (1767-1855) connaît une carrière exceptionnellement longue qui s’étend de la Révolution au Second Empire. Après avoir exposé ses premières œuvres au Salon de 1791, cet élève de Jacques-Louis David s’impose sur la scène artistique du Directoire comme le premier dessinateur et miniaturiste de son temps. En s'inscrivant dans un contexte favorable à la diffusion de portraits de moindre coût et de moindre format, sa réussite peu commune rend compte de l'évolution des critères de la reconnaissance artistique à la fin du XVIIIe. Elle témoigne également de la promotion du statut social de l'artiste autour de 1800. Lié aux proches du clan Bonaparte sous la Consulat, Isabey est un des portraitistes de la période les mieux introduits auprès des élites. Son habileté à exploiter des sujets qui répondent aux goûts de ses contemporains permets de mesurer l'importance des relations mondaines dans la naissance et la diffusion des réputations artistiques au tournant du XIXe siècle. Entre 1800 et 1805, Isabey est l'auteur de plusieurs grands dessins de propagande qui scandent les principales étapes de la consolidation du nouveau pouvoir. Familier de la noblesse impériale, l'artiste accumule honneurs et commandes officielles au lendemain du Sacre. Sa réputation est associée aux portraits miniatures de l’Empereur destinés à la caisse des présents diplomatiques et à quelques-unes des plus célèbres représentations officielles de Marie-Louise et du roi de Rome. Ses responsabilités sont extrêmement variées et sa production considérable : il est à la fois peintre des relations extérieures, dessinateur du cabinet et des cérémonies et décorateur en chef de l'Opéra. L'étude de ce parcours pluridisciplinaire offre un champ d'étude remarquable, qui nous fournit bien des clefs pour comprendre la carrière et le statut des artistes de cour sous l'Empire. Après Waterloo, Isabey est mis à l’écart du pouvoir en raison de ses engagements bonapartistes. L'artiste exécute alors plusieurs caricatures et portraits qui le montrent prompt à critiquer la monarchie restaurée. L'analyse des effets de la résistance au régime royaliste dans le monde des arts entre 1815 et 1820 aide à saisir le sens de son engagement dans l'opposition. La période qui s’ouvre au lendemain des Cent-Jours est également fondamentale pour comprendre le parcours artistique d'Isabey et pour apprécier la place que lui assignèrent ses contemporains dans l’art de la première partie du XIXe siècle. Son abondante production, qui se décline en miniatures sur vélin, dessins, lithographies, aquarelles et peintures à l’huile le montre soucieux de l'évolution du goût. Elle met aussi en lumière la difficulté qu'il éprouve à conserver sa réputation de portraitiste après 1820. Cette thèse fournit pour la première fois un catalogue de l’œuvre d'Isabey
Jean-Baptiste Isabey (1767-1855) had an exceptionally long career that spanned from the French Revolution until the Second French Empire. After his early works' exhibition at the Salon of 1791, this student of Jacques-Louis David rapidly became, on the art scene of the French Directory, the finest artist and miniaturist of his time. In a context that made the dissemination of low-cost and small-sized portraits easier, his unusual success reflects the change of artistic recognition criteria in the late eighteenth century. It also reflects the improvement of the social status of artists around 1800. Linked to people that were close to Bonaparte under the French Consulate, Isabey is one of the period's best introduced portraitists. His cleverness in using themes that meet his contemporaries' tastes clearly shows how important social relationships can be in the making and spreading of artistic reputations at the turn of the nineteenth century. Between 1800 and 1805, Isabey is the author of several large propaganda drawings that punctuate the main steps of the new power's consolidation. Familiar with the imperial nobility, the artist collects honours and official commissions in the wake of the Coronation. His reputation is associated with miniature portraits of the Emperor made for the fund of diplomatic presents and with some of the most famous official representations of Marie-Louise and of the King of Rome. His responsibilities are manifold and he produces a lot: he is the official painter for external relations, designer of the Cabinet, designer of Ceremonies and chief decorator of the Opera. The study of this multidisciplinary career gives many keys to a better understanding of the career and status of court artists under the Empire. After Waterloo, Isabey is sidelined because of his bonapartist commitments. At this time the artist performs several caricatures and portraits where he clearly criticizes the freshly restored monarchy. Analysing the effects of this resistance to the royalist regime in the world of arts between 1815 and 1820 helps in understanding his commitment to the opposition. The period opening in the aftermath of the Hundred Days is also fundamental to understanding Isabey's artistic career and to appreciate the place he was assigned by his contemporaries in the art of the first part of the nineteenth century. His prolific output, which comes in miniature on vellum, drawings, lithographs, watercolours and oil paintings shows his constant concern about changing tastes. It also highlights the difficulty he has to maintain his reputation as a portraitist after 1820.This thesis provides for the first time a catalogue of Isabey's works

Etude de la gravure produite pendant le revolution francaise (1789-1799), ses liens avec les evenements politiques, son utilisation a des fins de propagande pro- ou contre-revolutionnaire: corpus de 6 000 gravures exemplifie par 250 gravures exposees et commentees dans le catalogue de l'exposition l'image de la revolution francaise (edition en anglais sous le titre images of the french revolution), musee du quebec, 1989. Le statut artistique, social et legal des gravures et leur lutte seculaire pour defendre leur statut d'artiste, obtenir la reconnaissance legale de leurs droits et se premunir contre le vol de leur propriete intellectuelle aussi bien que contre la censure. Etude du contenu historique et politique de la gravure, de ses aspects materiels et de sa diffusion. Remise en question de l'authenticite de l'engagement politique des graveurs et mise en situation de leur patriotisme dans un contexte de contrainte politique. L'intervention du gouvernement dans les arts, ramenee au plan des discours, et decrite d'apres les documents officiels (principalement les actes du comite de salut public) a ete compromise en pratique par la realite revolutionnaire
Prints produced during the french revolution (1789-1799), their relation to political events, their utilization as means ofpropaganda for or against the revolution: a corpus of 6 000 prints, illustrated by 250 prints reproduced and commented in the catalogue of the exhibition images of the french revolution (french edition images de la revolution francaise), musee du quebec, 1989. The artistic, social and legal status of printmakers and their century old struggle to defend their artistic status, to obtain the legal recognition of copyright as well as against censorhip. Study of the content - historical and political - of the prints, of their material aspects and their diffusion. Calling into question the authenticity of the political commitment of printmakers and situating their patriotism in a context of political constraint. The intervention of the government in the arts, restricted to public speeches and described in the official documents (mainly in the acts of the committee of public safety) has been compromised in actual practive by the reality of the revolution

Notre thèse traite de la propagande soviétique de 1917 à 1991 au travers des affiches de propagande politique. Nous démontrons qu'en dépit de leur nature fallacieuse, les affiches cultivent le paradoxe d'être le miroir de l’Histoire et le reflet des mentalités. Par une analyse croisée des affiches de propagande, des archives soviétiques, des témoignages et des récits couvrant toute la période, nous obtenons une relecture particulière de l'histoire événementielle, politique et sociale de l’URSS, plus intimiste, car psychologique. Nous observons en particulier le décalage entre un discours immuable et des changements de forme, la construction et la déconstruction des mythes, l'instrumentalisation tant des hommes que des idées et l'évolution d'une société. Nous parvenons à reconstituer la formation, puis la structure, l'armement et le fonctionnement du système propagandiste soviétique et nous mettons en évidence la consubstantialité de l'Art avec '’idéologie qui fait la spécificité des affiches de propagande soviétique. Cette étude porte sur l'analyse de près de 3943 affiches, provenant pour la majorité d'entre elles du fonds du Musée central des forces armées russes

This thesis examines the ways in which the Magna Mater became an integral part of Augustan ideology and the visual language of the early principate. Traditionally, our picture of the Augustan Magna Mater has been shaped by evidence from literary sources. Here, however, the monuments of the goddess' cult are considered in their religio-political context. Works that link Augustus himself to the Magna Mater are shown to reveal that the goddess played a significant and hitherto unappreciated role in official propaganda. Part I examines the nature of the Augustan reconstruction of the Palatine Temple of the Magna Mater and challenges persistent claims that the princeps was disinterested in the metroac cult. Augustus' use of inexpensive building materials is shown to be, not a display of parsimony, but an attempt to retain the traditional appearance of a venerable structure. A reinterpretation of the temple's pedimental and acroterial sculpture, using the Valle-Medici reliefs, demonstrates that Augustus promoted the Magna Mater as an allegory of Rome's Trojan heritage and as a symbol of a new Golden Age. Part II investigates the topography of the Augustan precinct on the Palatine, and argues that the geographic linkage of the metroön and the House of Augustus became a topos in imperial imagery. It then demonstrates that several well-known works of art echo this connection between the princeps and the goddess. These works range from statues in the Circus Maximus designed to be viewed by thousands, to the Gemma Augustea, a luxury item intended for the elite. They are also found both inside and outside Rome. A reassessment of the Vicus Sandaliarius altar and the Sorrento base illustrates popular recognition of Augustus' reinvention of the Magna Mater as a national deity of Rome and the tutelary goddess of the Julio-Claudii.

This thesis film is an overview of Nazi Germany, primarily told through the use of their own propaganda images, and structured in such a way as to make the viewer question what they think they know about the past, present, and future. This paper is a discussion of the process that went into making the film and some of the ideas connected to it that could not be brought out in the documentary.

In order to reach a young generation diagnosed with \"nature deficit disorder\" and flooded with mass media messages from a myriad of channels, non governmental organizations (NGOs) and environmental educators need to embrace musical videos as a tool for conservation education. Rare Conservation is one NGO that utilizes music videos as an innovative technique to reach a younger audience in order to foster a sense of pride and concern for the environment in which they live. In 1992, RARE Conservation produced a music video for the song \"Quincy Rap\" by Tony (The Obeah Man) McKay. The \"Quincy Rap\" music video was one environmental tool in the overall campaign to save the endangered and endemic Bahamian Parrot. By analyzing the \"Quincy Rap\" music video, a guideline for creating persuasive music videos can be constructed. In order to analyze a music video, like \"Quincy Rap,\" it is best to take a multi-perspective approach, first dissecting the visual elements of the video then looking at the audio elements and then concluding with how the visual and audio elements intersect. By juxtaposing music video techniques with those found in other forms of video production, certain persuasive elements of music video production can be highlighted. This unique rhetoric of music videos can be utilized as persuasive environmental education.