Дисертації з теми "Arôme du vin"
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Dombre, Clara. "Étude des propriétés barrières aux composés organiques volatils d'emballages en PET et influence sur la qualité aromatique du vin." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20003.
Повний текст джерелаInnovation in wine packaging prompts industrials to offer more convenient and environment friendly packages. An eco-designed bottle, made of partially recycled polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) (containing a part of recycled) was specifically developed to package a Cinsault rosé wine. Wine is a product very sensitive to oxygen, and despite the good barrier properties of PET, storing wine for an extended period of time, may reduce its organoleptic qualities. To protect the wine, an oxygen scavenger was embedded in the PET. Alterations of aromatic profile of the wine can be related to oxygen ingress and loss of aroma compound caused by their transfers through the bottle. Furthermore, these transfers are potentially magnified by the presence of recycled PET and oxygen scavengers. To accurately understand those phenomena, the thesis presented here covers the following subjects:-The study of thermal structural properties and barrier properties to gas and volatile organic compounds (aroma and ethanol) of the involved materials-The study of oxidation of a sensitive aroma compound (methionol) and preservation using oxygen scavengers-The study of wine aromatic profile and aroma sorption through the bottle and the stopper evolutionduring 12 months of packaging in PET bottles and relationship with the barrier properties of materialsThis work shows that during storage of wine, numerous changes in aromatic profile take place and that oxidation and ageing reactions are favoured using PET bottle. However the use of PET allows the storage of rosé wine for a short duration (6 months). Recycling of PET slightly reduces the thermal properties and the aroma barrier properties. However, despite its structural differences, the quality of the wine is not deeply affect. The addition of a suitable amount of oxygen scavenger (3%) in PET bottles provides a longer duration of storage for wine (up to 12 months) with results equivalent to a glass bottle. Whatever the packages, the aroma transfer phenomena (sorption and permeation) only account for a negligible part of aroma compounds losses. Even if the presence of oxygen scavengers slightly alters the thermal and aroma barrier properties of the PET, not consequences are evidenced on aroma transfer during the storage of wine
Gammacurta, Marine. "Approches sensorielle et analytique de l'arôme fruité des vins rouges : infuence relative des levures et des bactéries lactiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0353/document.
Повний текст джерелаAlcoholic (AF) and malolactic (MLF) fermentations are important steps in red winemaking for the revelation of wine fruity aroma. To investigate the relative importance of fermentative microorganisms, we studied the influence of six yeasts/lactic acid bacteria (LAB) combination - three yeast strains, two LAB - on Bordeaux red wines fruity notes modulation. A first analytical approach showed the predominant influence of yeast strain on the concentration of more than 70 potential fruity note markers. Special study of esters showed a yeast strain effect since the end of FA that persists over time, despite MLF and changes caused by wine aging. Sensory studies also highlighted the major influence of yeasts on red wines fruity aroma modulations at different aging steps. Nevertheless, results suggested the role of other aromatic compounds in fruity note modulation, not quantified in the first part of this study. The study of fractions made by HPLC with wine organic extracts enables the identification of an interested fraction involved in aromatic variations related to the yeast strain. Analysis of this fraction by gas chromatography has not allowed identifying compounds involved in these organoleptic variations. However, we highlighted a thiophenone that could act as a mask of fruity aroma and a hydroxylated ester that could be an interesting marker of bacterial activity. Its role as enhancer of fruity esters aroma is also considered
Stamatopoulos, Panagiotis. "caracterisation des composes impliques par des phenomenes d’interactions perceptives dans les nuances fruitees de l’arome des vins liquoreux." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22132/document.
Повний текст джерелаRecent studies have demonstrated the existence of a typical sensory concept for Bordeaux dessert wines. Volatile compounds from several chemical families were identified and correlated with aromatic typicality in these wines. However, the compounds responsible for “key” aromas, particularly those recalling “overripe” fruits, had not previously been interpreted. Classical analysis of wine extracts by GC-MS was not successful in identifing the compounds responsible for these ripe fruity notes. An alternative strategy was developed in this research combining both analytical and sensory studies of wine fractions extracts obtained by semi-preparative HPLC. Omission tests were conducted using preparative GC with cryotrapping in order to evidence the fraction presenting overripe fruit nuances focusing on orange notes. These tests demonstrated the impact of this fraction on the wine aroma, as the overripe fruity note disappeared when this section was not trapped. Multidimensional CPG allowed the identification of a new lactone, 2-nonen-4-olide, typical to dessert wines. Reconstitution and omission tests carried out from wine HPLC fractions or in a model wine medium, highlighted the importance of specific compounds - lactones, eugenol and 3-sulfanylhexanol - with 2-nonen-4-olide, on the overripe fruit aromas expression and particularly on orange notes via perceptual blending. Furthermore, the correlations between the level of typicality of Bordeaux sweet wines and the levels of these compounds were studied. Finally, the evolution of 2-nonen-4-olide was evaluated during the botrytisation of Semillon grapes as well as in wines during aging in barrels
Lytra, Georgia. "Importance des interactions perceptives dans l’expression de l’arôme fruité typique des vins rouges." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21986/document.
Повний текст джерелаMost of volatiles involved in red wines’ fruity expression are present at levels below or close to their individual perception thresholds. Given the existence of perceptive interactions between them, it is very difficult to determine their real impact on wine aroma. Rather than assessing the olfactive behavior of mixtures prepared from pure products, the main goal of this work was to highlight and study the impact of perceptive interactions on wine fruity aroma expression using various aromatic reconstitutions prepared from wine fractions. Sensory profile analyses identified significant differences among aromatic reconstitutions for the intensity of some descriptors, as particular "additive" or "masking" effects. The composition of the involved fractions was then studied by instrumental methods. The final target was to investigate the impact of fraction components on fruity aroma by preparing aromatic reconstitutions and using sensory reconstitution tests, to assess the role of these compounds on the perceptive interactions previously observed. Further analysis revealed that ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate, eluted in fraction which had an "additive" effect on the black-berry and fresh fruity aroma, does not play a direct role as a key compound in red wine aroma. In contrast, our findings highlighted its indirect contribution to wine aroma, showing that this ester contributed to a synergistic effect, enhancing the perception of fruity character. Finally, it was clearly demonstrated that this compound acts as a natural enhancer for black-berry and fresh fruit notes in red wine. It was also established that diacetyl, acetoin, acetic acid and γ-butyrolactone together played the same hypo-additive role as fractions of which they were eluted, presenting a "masking" effect on fresh fruity aroma. The impact of the last three compounds was demonstrated conclusively, even at subthreshold concentrations. These findings highlighted the existence of new remarkable perceptual interactions impacting overall and fresh-fruit aroma perception. The particular behavior, in a fruity mixture, of ethyl-propanoate, ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate, butyl acetate and 2-methylpropyl acetate, present at subthreshold concentrations, was demonstrated. The presence of ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate and 2-methylpropyl acetate in mixture led to a significant decrease of the olfactory threshold of fruity pool confirming their synergistic effect in the overall increase intensity. These compounds with close chemical structures, participate, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in the modulation of red wines’ fruity aromas acting as natural enhancers of black-berry and fresh-fruit aromas
Geffroy, Olivier. "Arômes poivrés des vins et rotundone : aspect sensoriel, appréciation par le consommateur, impact des facteurs environnementaux, viticoles, et des techniques de vinification." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0001.
Повний текст джерелаRotundone is the main compound responsible for peppery aroma in red wines. Researches carried out in the frame of this PhD thesis have contributed to advance the knowledge on this molecule from a sensory point of view, on its consumer acceptance and on the environmental, viticultural and enological factors affecting its concentration in wines. A significant correlation between the intensity of peppery notes at tasting, and the rotundone concentration in wines within a panel composed of 21 samples, was established. The consumption profile of those who prefer peppery wines was also identified. Consumers who appreciate wines with a peppery sensory profile are generally wine connoisseurs who are willing to pay more for a bottle of wine than the average consumer. No consumer rejection threshold was determined, and in most cases, the positive character of the molecule was demonstrated. Researches carried on rotundone ecophysiology suggest that rotundone production occurs in grape berries and can be affected by abiotic (amount of water, quantity of light) and biotic (infection by Erysiphe necator and Botrytis cinerea) factors. The date of harvest, the clone and some viticultural practices were identified as possible leverages to enhance rotundone accumulation in wines. None of the studied winemaking techniques and fermentation variables resulted in enhanced rotundone concentrations in comparison with a control treatment vinified traditionally. This means that efforts to maximize rotundone in wines must be undertaken in vineyards
Trujillo, Marine. "Rôle des caractères génétiques de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae et de la composition de la vendange sur la production d’esters lors de la fermentation alcoolique : Effet des gènes codants pour les estérases et du niveau de maturité des raisins sur les caractéristiques chimiques et sensorielles des vins rouges." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0454.
Повний текст джерелаA lot of studies highlighted the perceptual role of esters in fruity aromatic expression of red wines, demonstrating that at least partially it was due to perceptive interactions. The synthesis of these esters can be affected by the yeast making the alcoholic fermentation but also by other parameters, more technological, such as the level of maturity of the harvest. In addition, few studies have been conducted to validate the physiological role of esters for yeast.In order to more precisely highlight the role of these factors in the synthesis of esters, deleted yeast strains of the major esterases have been constructed, and tested in fermentation in an oenological environment, in merlot and tempranillo musts harvested at two different maturities. Thus, the concentration of each linear and substituted ester could be determined in each vinification modality.The study of the different deletion mutants allowed, for the first time, to validate the role of the main esterases in the synthesis of linear esters in yeast but also the demonstration of two genes, not yet studied in oenological conditions, on the synthesis of substituted esters. The analysis of the genetic expression of the esterase deletion in yeast has also validated that these genes allow a true physiological stability of the yeast under stressful conditions.The impact of the degree of maturity of the harvest has been studied both in wines fermented with a standard commercial yeast but also fermented with a yeast deleted from the 4 main esterases. Advanced maturity, merlot grapes only, results in a 50% drop in linear ester content with standard yeast, which is no longer observed with the mutant yeast. This decrease in the concentration of linear esters in these mature Merlot wines is well correlated with a decrease in their fruity perception.In addition, aromatic reconstitutions made in these matrices made it possible to validate the total involvement of esters in the perception of the fruity aroma of red wines made with matrices of normal maturity. On the other hand, for mature merlot wines, there are other compounds besides esters that could explain the sensory differences observed in these wines.Finally, a transcriptomic approach is implemented to try to shed light on the factors that cause ester production changes as a function of the maturity level of merlot grapes. It has emerged that the maturity effect does not exist alone but is well combined with the progress of alcoholic fermentation. The overall effect of the matrix that can explain the differences observed between merlot wines
De, Longhi Emilio. "Sensory and chemical characterization of the aroma of riesling wines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0124.
Повний текст джерелаRiesling wines are appreciated for their diverse and distinctive aromas, resulting from complex interactions of their numerous volatile components with human olfactory system. However, the volatile composition associated with the aroma properties of Riesling wines has not been fully understood. The aim of this thesis was to advance the characterization of Riesling wine volatile composition, through analytical and sensory approaches. Focusing on thiol component of Riesling wine, sensory-guided screening by heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry/olfactometry (H/C MDGC–MS/O) of Riesling wine thiol selective extracts, obtained by Ag+ solid-phase extraction (Ag+ SPE), followed by Riesling wine thiol analysis by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), enabled the identification of twelve volatile odorant thiol candidates in Riesling wine, specifically 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, 3-sulfanylheptan-1-ol, 3-sulfanylhexyl acetate, 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one, ethyl 3-sulfanylpropionate, ethyl 2-sulfanylpropionate, trans-2-methyl-3-tetrahydrofuranthiol, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, benzenemethanethiol, o-toluenethiol, m-toluenethiol, and 2-furfurylthiol. LC–MS analysis empowered to quantify the twelve thiols in a set of Riesling wines (n = 33), highlighting their occurrence at concentrations reaching sensory detection threshold values. Additionally, it allowed the detection of two new monoterpenoid thiols 1-p-menthene-8-thiol and trans-p-menthane-3-one-8-thiol in wine for the first time, two compounds possessing respectively grapefruit and blackcurrant aroma nuances. The odor thresholds of these thiols in model wine were determined at 0.076 ng/L and 22.9 ng/L, respectively. The employed LC–MS analytical method was newly developed for the quantitation of ultra-trace volatile thiols in wine. The proposed procedure, consisting of thiol derivatization by 4,4'-dithiodipyridine (DTDP), followed by thiol-DTDP derivatives isolation by liquid-liquid extraction, allowed rapid sample preparation. Instrument analysis performed using UHPLC quadrupole Orbitrap HRMS offered ultra-selectivity and sensitivity for 19 selected thiols. The analytical performances of the novel method were observed in most cases greater than those of previously developed methods. A comprehensive investigation of the links between volatile composition and sensory properties of Riesling wine was then conducted, combining sensory descriptive analysis with quantitative chemical data from a selection of Riesling wines from Germany and France (n = 27). The results from the quantitative chemical analysis of 77 volatile compounds and 14 basic wine parameters were merged with the sensory scores obtained from the descriptive analysis of the collected wine samples by a German-based experienced panel (n = 18) through partial least squares regression (PLS) regression. The analyzed volatiles spanned from different molecular families known for their relevance for Riesling wine aroma and included monoterpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, higher alcohols, acetate esters, fatty acid ethyl esters, lactones, light volatile sulfur compounds, and polyfunctional thiols. Selected compounds with higher regression coefficients in relation to Riesling odorant typicality scoring were supplemented in Riesling wine, up to concentration levels reached by the most typical ranked wines, and were found to be associated with a significant increase of Riesling olfactory typicality perceived by experienced sensory judges (n = 15). Overall, this work has advanced the knowledge about molecular drivers of aroma perception of Riesling wines, pointing out the role of novel potent polyfunctional thiols, in association to other major aroma components of Riesling wines. These findings offer promising prospects for the winemaking industry and for future advancements in Riesling wine aroma research
Cameleyre, Margaux. "Contribution à l’étude de l’expression aromatique fruitée des vins rouges : Importance du niveau pré-sensoriel dans les interactions perceptives." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0947/document.
Повний текст джерелаA lot of studies highlighted the perceptual role of esters in fruity aromatic expression of red wines, demonstrating that at least partially it was due to perceptive interactions. Indeed, a lot of synergistic and masking effects have been brought to light in the past. However, the origin of these interactions remains unknown, although some authors suggested several levels where they can take place. In this goal, an analytical tool was developed to study the possible occurrence of esters volatility modifications. The application of this tool allowed determining partition coefficients of 9 esters in dilute alcohol solution and in dearomatized red wine. Thanks to perceptive interactions previously demonstrated by various authors, the application of this analytical tool highlighted modifications of esters volatility when compounds were mixed together in the solution. These modifications support the observations made with sensory analysis, indicating the existence of pre-sensorial effects. The use of a new tool consisting in a tasting glass with 2 compartments, reveals that these volatility changes may led to true sensorial modifications. Masking effect of fruity aroma due to 5 higher alcohols but also 15 wood by-products was highlighted using various aromatic reconstitutions. Esters partition coefficients calculation showed volatility modifications from the matrix to the gas phase. These data may be correlated with sensorial analysis results. Thus, it is possible to explain, at least partially, fruity aroma masking effect highlighted through detection threshold and sensory profile thanks to decrease in esters presence in headspace, and so a decline of taster’s olfactory stimulation. To conclude, our work showed that the mixture of volatile compounds in solution may result in modification of molecules volatility, and furthermore highlighted that these pre-sensorial interactions may impact fruity aromatic expression related to esters
Garbay, Justine. "Etude de l’arôme fruité des vins rouges via les interactions perceptives entre composés volatils d’intérêt dans le contexte de changement climatique pour le vignoble bordelais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0078.
Повний текст джерелаThe fruity aroma of red wines is described by a wide range of descriptors, ranging from fresh fruits to ripe and jammy fruits, to candied fruits and prunes notes. The fruity quality of a red wine is characterized by notes of fresh and jammy red- and black-berry fruits. Although many sensory attributes are mentioned in the literature, knowledge regarding the qualitative fruity aroma of red wines in relation to their chemical composition still requires further investigation. However, at least one component of this fruity expression reflects perceptual interactions primarily involving esters, as well as other families of aromatic molecules. In recent years, changes in the fruity expression of Bordeaux red wines, characterized by the emergence of notes of cooked and dried fruits, have been reported and correlated with climate change. Thus, technicians in the wine industry and scientists emphasize the need to take precautions to preserve the fresh fruity aroma of Bordeaux red wines. One adaptation strategy involves introducing late-ripening grape varieties selected for their potentially suitable vegetative cycle under future climatic conditions into Bordeaux vineyard. This thesis proposes a better understanding of the fruity aroma of red wines derived from Bordeaux grape varieties, as well as those cultivated around the Mediterranean basin, simulating the future climatic conditions in Bordeaux. Through sensory approaches, it has been demonstrated that Bordeaux red wines exhibit similarities with red wines derived from grape varieties grown around the Mediterranean in terms of their fruity character. A detailed characterization of the contribution of volatile compounds of interest in the perception of fruity notes has been conducted. Perceptual interactions between compounds from the monoterpene and C13 norisoprenoid families, mixed with esters, have revealed the importance of these compounds in the perception of fruity notes. Finally, the addition of these volatile compounds to a red wine shows a decrease in cooked fruit notes and an increase in fresh black-berry fruits notes. This research opens up new perspectives in oenology, such as controlling the levels of these compounds of interest through various practices, as well as the potential introduction of "new" grape varieties into Bordeaux wine blends
Allamy, Lucile. "Recherches sur les marqueurs moléculaires de l’arôme de « fruits cuits » des raisins et des vins rouges issus des cépages Merlot et Cabernet-Sauvignon : Approches sensorielle, analytique et agronomique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0362/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the 2000s, aromas of dried fruits, referring to prune, fig or cooked peach are found more and more often in Bordeaux red wines. The markers responsible for these aromas related to the grape maturity are unknown. Firstly, we show that these shades, which were rarely encountered in wines from an appellation named A in this study, are now part of the distinctive aromas of these wines. However, the tasters that assimilate these characteristics to the distinctive aromas and the type of the appellation tend to get mistaken between the cooked fruit aromas from young wines and the ones from the oxidized character of prematurely aged wines. The GC-O, GC-MS and GC-GC-MS analysis of musts and wines, that had shades of cooked fruits aromas, allowed to confirm the realness of a scented area reminding of the scent of the samples. The analysis by GC-MS of number of must and wine samples show that the furaneol (caramel), the γ-nonalactone (coconut, cooked peach), the (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one (geranium) take part in this aroma. We also reveal the presence of a lactone type compound having a cooked fruit aroma, but not identified so far. The influence of the (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one has been identified for the first time in musts. The influence of the harvest date of Merlot and Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes on the aromas and fine composition of musts and wines is also specified. Winemaking processing of grapes that have been late harvested, even with a withered appearance produces wines with shades of cooked fruits aromas and high content of furaneol and γ-nonalactone
Jaffré, Julien. "Arômes du vin : de la physico-chimie des composés clés à la perception et aux représentations." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS073.
Повний текст джерелаMoumeni, Lynda. "Arômes fermentaires : paramètres et cinétiques de production en conditions oenologiques." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT039G.
Повний текст джерелаCutzach-Billard, Isabelle. "Etude sur l'arôme des vins doux naturels non muscatés au cours de leur élevage et de leur vieillissement." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28645.
Повний текст джерелаBlanchard, Louis. "Recherche sur la contribution de certains thiols volatils à l'arôme des vins rouges : étude de leur genèse et de leur stabilité." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR20773.
Повний текст джерелаAggoun, Salima. "Etude du comportement du béton coffre non arme vis a vis de la fissuration." Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0029.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of an unreinforced formed concrete lining presently appears as the best technical and economic solution to ensure the good stability and proper operation of rock excavated tunnels. However, this type of structure shows a systematic crack formation. In the absence of any outer load, cracking in this type of lining is closely connected to the physico-chemical characteristics of the material and to the environment in witch this materiel is ageing. This phenomenon is worsened by conditions peculiar to tunnels, i. E. : - on the one part, the strains hindered by the surrounding ground,and on the other part the pre-cast invert the presence of geometric over breaks which - lead to variations in the lining thickness. The importance of thermal et hydric gradients resulting from the above phenomena are demonstrated by field tests. Numerical simulations based on laboratory tests allow to assess the resulting stresses which lead to - a crossing and practically unavoidable crack formation resulting from thermal effects. The opening width in this type of cracks and their intensity especially depend on the presence of over breaks and cement proportioning. - a superficial skin cracking resulting from the hydric effects. Checking the investigated tunnels allows to find the cracks planned from our computations
Laboyrie, Justine. "Composition et origine du bouquet de vieillissement des vins rouges de Bordeaux. Influences du terroir dans l'expression aromatique des vins vieux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0228.
Повний текст джерелаAmong wines, those which impart the most pleasure and magic to amateurs are very often aged wines. These are bottles preserved for many years in the hope of a great tasting. Upon opening, the taster will expect to discover the complexity and elegance of the wine's aging bouquet. This olfactory concept, in which aromas produced during bottle aging blend harmoniously with those of the wine's youth, is the gift offered by great wines to epicureans. The expression of the bouquet is purported to be very closely linked to the terroir and the vintage, both revealed during the course of aging. This thesis work is essentially devoted to demonstrating and detailing this empirical knowledge.Firstly, quantitative analysis was carried out on several molecules linking the composition of grape berries to fermentation activities and to aging. Eighty wines of different vintages from several Bordeaux vineyards “Châteaux” were studied. Analysis of the results showed that the wines each have their own molecular identity despite variability due to vintage and age. The presence of terpene compounds, derived from plant metabolism, is fundamental in the construction of this identity. This differentiation of the wines at a molecular level shows the importance of grape composition and the expression of terroir on the identity of old wines.Secondly, the parameters of the terroir (water status, nitrogen status, and grape variety, for example) were compared to the concentrations of the aromas studied, which were measured using gas chromatography techniques. This work required the development of analytical tools as well as the designing of several experiments on various scales (from laboratory to wine production units). Finally, with the aim of obtaining tools that could help predict the aging potential and the emergence of the bouquet, an additional study focusing on the precursors of bouquet aromas was initiated. Among the compounds that influence the expression of the bouquet, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) has multiple organoleptic characteristics, contributing to the “fresh fruit” and “truffle” characters of old wines. The influence of wine-growing parameters on the levels of DMS precursors (pDMS) was studied. The modulation of its levels was also explored. DMS levels, determined through the measurement of its potential, are largely influenced by the conditions of the vintage and by the stage of ripeness of the grape. However, fermentation conditions constitute a real issue for its preservation during winemaking and therefore its management at bottling. The release of DMS during aging depends on the matrix since interactions with grape tannins take place. In that context, the behavior of the DMS during tasting was clarified. The DMS could therefore be a good marker both of the terroir and the management of fermentation, as well as the way of serving old wine. This thesis presents many questions on the molecular origins of other compounds of interest, and the influence of fermentation and wine aging conditions on the aging potential and aromatic character of old wines
Poitou, Xavier. "Contribution à la connaissance aromatique des vins rouges : Approche sensorielle et moléculaire des nuances « végétales, vertes » en lien avec leur origine." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0407/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe green aromas family includes in red wines a large diversity of nuances. First, this study revealed that these nuances are not directly related to known compounds (e.g. 2-méthoxy-3-alkylpyrazines, C6 alcohols). After a sensory definition, the molecular determinants of these aroma nuances were investigated based on fractionation strategies including HPLC and vacuum distillation then MDGC-O-MS. A first source of nuances associated with grapes ripeness was developed. The presence of 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) with a varietal origin was evidenced in Cabernet Sauvignon wines. The ability of a grape variety to produce significant amounts (Fer Servadou) and an exogenous origin associated with the presence of Artemisia species in vineyards (Artemisia verlotiorum) were also highlighted. Another origin, related to the pressing of grape marc was then considered. This study shown the connection between the aromatic category of press wines and the green aromas. Furthermore, it revealed the presence of odoriferous molecules including (Z)-4-heptenol, with a sensory contribution, associated to the increase of pressure in the press tank, but not for the majority of C6 alcohols. It also suggested the involvement of several carbonyl compounds in the characteristic odor of press wines. The influence of technological parameters (without oxygen, pressure, SO2, malolactic fermentation) was also specified. Finally, this study revealed the presence of methyl salicylate as a plant defense marker against several fungal diseases (downy mildew, black rot, esca) and as a contributor to fresh green aromas of certain red wines
Le, Menn Nicolas. "Études chimique et sensorielle du vieillissement des vins de réserve de Champagne.Développement d’outils de sélection des vins de la Maison Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS041.
Повний текст джерелаThe study of the conceptual sensory definition of Champagne reserve wines revealed the characterisation of the aromatic notes developed during the qualitative aging of these wines. The aromatic intensity of undergrowth, truffle, fresh fruits, jummy fruits, tobacco, toasted, roasted , smoked, spicy, pastries, honey, butter / milk, nuts and petrol notes was evaluated in 51 single-varietal reserve wines of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Miller aged from 1 to 28 years. A sensory convergence was highlighted, suggesting common molecular determinants of aging.A molecular study, targeting specific classes of aromatic compounds, demonstrated that levels of dimethyl sulphide, tabanone, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, butyl acetate, 5-methylfurfural, 2-acetylfuran, 2-acetylthophene, 2-methylpyrazine, 2-acetyl-3-methylpyrazine, 2-ethylthiazole and thiazole increase during aging.The conceptual analysis of the aging potential of reserve wines has been decrypted in order to develop a new illustrated sensory analysis method allowing its evaluation. The free amino acids and the potential in DMS may also be indicators of the aging potential of wines.The fractionation method of 31 Champagne reserve wines extract resulted, from a sensory point of view, in an aromatic notes decomposition, typical of these wines. The composition of the involved fractions was then studied by instrumental methods revealing the identification of two molecular markers; cyclotene and isophorone. The sensory analysis of the fractions opened up new perspectives, suggesting the existence of other compounds involved to qualitative aging of these wines
Morakul, Sumallika. "Etude et modélisation de la composition du gaz fermentaire en conditions œnologiques : intéret pour le controle de la fermentation." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0005/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe gas-liquid partitioning during winemaking fermentations was studied, with a focus on the main aroma compounds: isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate. The partition coefficients (ki) of these molecules were quantified, using the PRV (Phase Ratio Variation) method. The influence of the must composition and temperature was assessed. The absence of any effect of CO2 production on gaz-liquid ratio compared to ki value was established by running specific fermentations in which the rate of CO2 production was kept constant by perfusion with assimilable nitrogen. A model was then elaborated to calculate gaz-liquid ratio of these molecules (excepted ethyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol) at any fermentation progress and at any temperature, including anisothermal fermentations. The model based on the equilibrium between the gas and liquid phases predicted ki with less than 10% error. Using this model, balances were c alculated, with a differentiation between (i) the total production, representative of the yeast potential (microbiological interest), (ii) the amount remaining in the fermenting must (organoleptic interest) and (iii) the amount lost in the exhaust CO2 (technological interest). High losses of esters were observed. For example, at 20°C, they represented 44% and 25 % for ethyl hexanoate and isoamyl acetate, respectively. Using an on line monitoring with a high frequency of measurements (one per hour), rates and specific rates of production were calculated. These new data are useful both for studies on metabolism (dynamics of metabolic fluxes) and for improving fermentation control, in particular temperature profile. The impact of temperature was assessed in more detail by comparing balances of production during fermentations run with the same yeast strain and must. These experiments demonstrated that the effect of temperature on the yeast metabolism was highly overestimated whe n only considering the concentrations in the liquid, i.e. usually the only available information
Kotseridis, Yorgos. "Etude de l'arôme des vins de merlot et de cabernet sauvignon de la région bordelaise." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR20652.
Повний текст джерелаAntalick, Guillaume. "Bilan biochimique et sensoriel des modifications de la note fruitée des vins rouges lors de la fermentation malolactique : rôle particulier des esters." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21792/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to study the role of malolactic fermentation (MLF) on the fruity aroma of red wines. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) modify wine composition but there is no consensus concerning this aromatic group specifically. In opposition to empirical ideas on MLF, this work has demonstrated the absence, in short-term, of a “lactic-mask” although this kind of olfactory interaction may still occur in a later stage of wine development. Nevertheless, the existence of a smoked/toasted reduction-like mask note was proved. Its characterization has not been done in this work. The survey of the main fruity markers of wine (70 compounds) was made possible by the development of several gas chromatography coupled with solid-phase microextraction analytical methods (esters, C13-norisoprenoids, lactones, thiols). In particular, the creation of an “ester database” (32 compounds) has improved the detection of variations during LAB development in terms of analysis robustness. In fact, changes on esters contents are proved to be responsible for a major part of fruity notes evolution during MLF. Initially, this fermentation allows both synthesis and hydrolysis of esters as a consequence of esterase activity. Moreover, it promotes late-production of ethylic esters through the catabolism of certain aminoacids. Esterases specificity towards nature and size of the esters carbon chain is pointed out along with substrates availability, partially related to yeast activity.The study of the influence of both LAB strains and yeast/bacteria co-inoculation has confirmed microorganisms interactions and wine matrix composition to be of the great importance
Silva, Maria Adélaide. "Effet de l’obturateur sur l’évolution de la qualité sensorielle du vin." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21902/document.
Повний текст джерелаWine post-bottling evolution is a slow and complex process where the closures play a fundamental role as a consequence of their permeability to oxygen and of physicochemical interactions with the constituents of wine.Initially we studied the effect of conservation in bottle of Sauvignon Blanc wines after 24 months of bottling. In this study, the combination of the bottling conditions and rates of oxygen transfer through closures have had a significant effect on the development of Sauvignon after bottling. Wine stored in an airtight bottle or under closures allowing very low oxygen transfer, such as screw caps, had the highest concentrations of sulfur dioxide, ascorbic acid, and varietal thiols; these wines also had the highest levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with dominant reduced off-flavours masking their fruity character. The highest concentrations of 3-sulfanyl-hexanol (3SH) were found in wines contained in the airtight bottles followed by those sealed with screw caps saran and agglomerated corks. The lowest levels were found in bottles sealed with synthetic corks (Nomacorc classic). The development of wine after two months seems to be related to the permeability properties of the different plugs used.Secondly, we studied the impact of seven types of closures (natural cork, colmated cork, microagglomerated cork, natural cork with wax, synthetic, screw caps: saran and saranex) on oxidation and reduction chemical markers, on oxygen contents, as well as phenolic and aromatic composition of wines from five grape varieties (Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling). We observed that the oxygen concentration in the headspace after bottling varies with the type of closure, being up to three times higher in the case of screw caps. The oxygen introduced during bottling may be responsible for the lack of overall discrimination between chemical parameters of the different modalities of closures after 24 months of storage. We have demonstrated a change in the composition of wines, with a significant decrease in concentrations of certain compounds (anthocyanins like malvidin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were reduced by 60%, flavanol monomers and dimers decreased about 20%) for red grape varieties and an increase of other compounds such as H2S or 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione (MND), with an increase of 10% or 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN), in the case of Riesling. The evolution of the latter appears to be dependent on the type of closure, while rates of other compounds such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS) remain unaffected.The interactions between different closures and sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, responsible for the “reduction” off-flavours in wine were studied. We see for the first time the existence of a sorption/scalping, by cork stoppers, of 75% of H2S or DMS in solution, after 25 days of maceration. We show that some of the closures studied can sorb/scalp these molecules in wine-like media. This may have an impact on the composition, the development and sensory perception of wine, opening the door to future experiments regarding closures as active packaging constituents
Bastard, Alexandre. "Interactions micro-organismes - bois et impact sur les propriétés physico-chimiques du vin : fermentation malolactique par le biofilm de Oenococcus oeni." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS069/document.
Повний текст джерелаMalolactic fermentation improves wine quality, mainly by decreasing acidity. It is carried out by lactic acid bacteria, mainly Oenococcus oeni. This species is favored for its efficiency and its organoleptic outcome. O. oeni ability to withstand wine stress and to keep its fermentation activity is a subject of major interest.Samples of oak showed that O. oeni adheres to wood and is able to persist for several months in wine. However, in the majority of natural habitats, microorganisms grow attached to a surface, within a structured ecosystem called biofilm. In this form of life, cells benefit from an increased stress resistance.These two properties, adherence to a surface and stress resistance, were studied for O. oeni. Observations by scanning electron microscopy have highlighted biofilm formation by O. oeni. Then, we evaluated the wine stress resilience of O. oeni biofilm. Biofilm is a growing interest in food and biotechnology industries, due to the conservation of its metabolic activity in stressful environment. Therefore, malolactic fermentation with an O. oeni biofilm was monitored in wine. Finally, the influence of O. oeni biofilm on transfers of aromatic compounds between wood and wine was studied.This study is the first characterization of O. oeni biofilm, its wine stress resistance and its fermentation potential
Silva, Valdir Celestino da. "Análise do revestimento em aço inoxidável duplex AF 2209 depositado via aspersão térmica chama arame com e sem substrato pré-aquecido." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/45108.
Повний текст джерелаTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais - PIPE. Defesa: Curitiba, 08/07/2016
Inclui referências : f. 117-120
Resumo: Os processos de aspersão térmica são utilizados na obtenção de revestimentos com objetivos diversos, dentre estes a redução ao desgaste, prevenção à corrosão do ambiente de serviço ou reparo de superfícies. A deposição do revestimento pode ser realizada por diferentes processos de aspersão, como chama arame, arco elétrico, chama oxi acetilênica de alta velocidade, plasma de arco não transferido, entre outros, onde para cada processo sempre se procuram os parâmetros ideais de deposição em função das variáveis disponíveis do processo, do material a ser aplicado e do objetivo proposto para a camada. O substrato também se apresenta como um importante parâmetro a ser considerado, no qual variáveis como grau de limpeza da superfície, a rugosidade média ou máxima e principalmente a temperatura da superfície do substrato no momento da deposição das partículas aspergidas influenciam a forma como a colisão, o molhamento e o empilhamento contínuo ocorrem durante a formação do revestimento, de modo a proporcionar alguma modificação no espalhamento da lamela formada, na quantidade de detritos formados e incorporados e na quantidade final de poros e/ou "vazios entre panquecas". Este trabalho realiza a aplicação de um aço inoxidável duplex AF2209 pelo processo de aspersão chama arame com objetivo de compreender como a temperatura do substrato pode interferir ou não na formação do revestimento e sua amplitude, estudando de forma analítica (qualitativa e quantitativa) a variação da porosidade, "vazios entre panquecas", a alteração na relação Creq. / Nieq. devido a diversas reações dos elementos alfagêneos e gamagêneos inerentes ao processo de aspersão mas também passível de ser influenciado pela temperatura do substrato, a quantidade e tamanho formada das fases ferrita e austenita que são "sensíveis" à elevada taxa de resfriamento do processo e a formação ou não de fases precipitadas de cromo ou molibdênio no revestimento, entre outras avaliações. O processo de aspersão utilizado possui em relação a outros processos de aspersão, menor intensidade de energia térmica e cinética fornecidos à partícula aspergida e a aplicação é obtida em condições constantes dos parâmetros da tocha chama arame, de modo que as modificações obtidas no revestimento em aço inoxidável foram estudadas em função somente da variação da temperatura do substrato no momento da aplicação da camada para 150 °C, 300 °C, 450 °C até 650 °C, e comparadas à condição ambiente T.A. ( 25 °C). Os resultados obtidos indicam que a temperatura do substrato influi de modo direto na quantidade e composição final dos óxidos formados após a colisão das partículas e indiretamente na composição química das panquecas depositadas, o que modifica a relação Creq. / Nieq.. A taxa de resfriamento diminui em função da temperatura do substrato e modifica as frações finais formadas das fases ferrita e austenita com dimensão nanométrica, reduzindo quantidade da fase ferrita para uma menor taxa de resfriamento. Conclui-se que para a aspersão térmica de revestimento metálico em atmosfera ativa, a temperatura do substrato é capaz de alterar de forma significativa a composição e microestrutura final desejada. Palavras-chave: Aspersão Térmica. Aço Inoxidável Duplex. Pré-aquecimento do substrato.
Abstract: The thermal spray processes are used to obtain coatings with several goals, among them to reduce wear, prevent corrosion on the service environment or surfaces repair. The coating deposition may be performed by different spray processes such as combustion wire, electric arc, high velocity oxy acetylene, not transferred plasma arc, among others, where in each case always seek optimal deposition parameters due the available variables of the process, the material to be applied and the objective proposed for the coating. The substrate also appears as an important parameter to be considered, in which variables such as degree of surface cleaning, the average or maximum roughness and particularly the temperature of the substrate upon deposition of the sprayed particles influence how the collision, wetting and the continuous stacking occur during formation of the coating, to provide a modification of the spreading lamellae, the amount of formed and entrained debris and the final amount of pores and / or "voids between pancakes". This work done applying a duplex stainless steel AF2209 the spraying combustion wire process in order to understand how the substrate temperature may interfere or not the formation of the coating and its amplitude studied analytically (qualitative and quantitative) variation of porosity, "voids between pancakes," the change in Creq. / Nieq. relationship due to various reactions of alfagêneos and gamagêneos elements inherent in the spraying process but also likely to be influenced by the substrate temperature, the amount and size formed of ferrite and austenite phases are "sensitive" to the high cooling rate applied and training or not precipitated phases of chromium or molybdenum in the coating, among other assessments. The spray process used has in relation to other processes lesser degree of thermal and kinetic energy supplied to the sprayed particle and the application is obtained under constant conditions of Torch parameters draws wire so that changes obtained from the stainless steel coating will be studied depending only upon the temperature variation at the time of the application layer to 150 ° C, 300 ° C, 450 ° C to 650 ° C, and compared to the ambient condition TA ( 25 ° C). The results indicate that the substrate temperature influences the amount and final composition of oxides formed after the collision of the particles in a direct mode and indirectly the chemical composition of the deposited pancakes, which modifies the Creq. / Nieq. relationship. The cooling rate decreases as a function of the substrate temperature and modifies the final formed fractions of ferrite and austenite nanometric phases, where we can conclude that for the thermal spray coating metallic in a active atmosphere, the substrate temperature can alter significantly the composition and desired final microstructure. Keywords: Thermal Spraying. Duplex Stainless Steel. Preheating of the substrate.
Thibaud, Fannie. "Contribution à la caractérisation des notes aromatiques associées au vieillissement des eaux-de-vie de Cognac : Impact de la distillation avec lies." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0281.
Повний текст джерелаCognac is a complex and evolving matrix due to its production process. The objective of this research was to progress in the knowledge of the volatile compounds involved in Cognac eaux-de-vie aged in oak casks, focusing in particular on the specificities of eaux-de-vie whose wines were distilled with their lees.After the evaluation of the sensory impact of the distillation with lees in eaux-de-vie of several vintages, the molecular determinants associated to the odor zones of interest were investigated using various fractionation techniques (vacuum distillation, HPLC, mono and bidimensional gas chromatography) coupled to sensory and analytical methods of characterization (olfactometry, mass spectrometry). The coupling of these approaches has brought to highlight odorous zones reminiscent of aging notes such as fresh fruit, cooked fruit, exotic wood, balsamic and spicy. Thus, Cognac aging impact and modality of wine distillation with lees have been studied for multiple chemical families such as fermentative aromas, diethyl acetals and terpenes as well as many other compounds such as 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione. The olfactory detection thresholds of each compound we determined in order to evaluate their direct sensory impacts within the matrix. In addition, original perceptual interactions phenomenon involving volatile compounds belonging to different chemical families have been highlighted in this work
Svanberg, Kerstin. "Les sensations sensorielles qu’évoquent les vins - pénibles à exprimer et encore plus à traduire ? : À propos de la richesse des couleurs et des arômes du roi bordelais et de ses confrères." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89214.
Повний текст джерелаDib, Pascale El. "La politique étrangère des États-Unis vis-à-vis de l’Irak (1989-2005)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023MON30048.
Повний текст джерелаAmerican foreign policy towards Iraq from 1990 to 2003 has been developed subsequently to the fall of the Soviet bloc and the change of world governance system in 1990.This policy towards Iraq from 1990 to 2003 was different than that practiced during the Cold War, even though it continued to oscillate between unilateralism and multilateralism, prioritizing American interests. This change then necessitated a review of the US-Iraqi relations, especially after the conflict between Iran and Iraq and considering the Iraqi regional ambitions. But the new US approach towards Iraq was implemented only after the invasion of Kuwait, via the UN sanctions and the ‘Desert Storm’ operation. Motivated by the unconditional requirement for Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, it also had an undeclared objective which aimed to weaken Saddam Hussein. The same policy continued with President Clinton, through the double containment applied to both Iraq and Iran. However, this policy does not take long to change to the objective of overthrowing the Baath regime which appeared in American officials but without being applied. In 1998, the Iraq Liberation Act adopted this change. Encouraged by the neoconservatives, this change was motivated by the attacks of September 11, 2001, which lead to a new American foreign policy without mercy to fight against terrorism. This policy ended up bringing about the overthrow in 2003 of the political regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq. After this period, the relations between both countries move to a new step. In addition, the Middle East and Iraq in particular knew a rise in political and radical Islam and Iranian influence as well. Twenty years later, these events and the American foreign policy carried out in Iraq from 1990 to 2003 still have serious consequences on Iraq and on the whole Middle East Region as well
Ilc, Tina. "Role of cytochromes P450 in wine aroma." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ083/document.
Повний текст джерелаA thorough annotation of the P450 superfamily in grapevine, revealed its genomic organization, phylogeny and expression. Specifically, we identified genes showing an activated expression in the ripe grape berry, the stage during which the biosynthesis of many aroma compounds takes place. Among the known oxygenated monoterpenols in grapevine, wine lactone has the lowest odor detection threshold and therefore the largest potential impact on wine aroma. We demonstrated that wine lactone is formed during wine ageing via a slow non-enzymatic reaction from the precursor (E)-8-carboxylinalool. We showed that the accumulation of this precursor in grape berries parallels the expression of several cytochrome P450 genes, among which CYP76F14 has the highest expression. While three of them catalyzed some of the oxidative steps from linalool to (E)-8-carboxylinalool, only CYP76F14 efficiently catalyzed the whole pathway. Taken together, CYP76F14 catalytic activity and expression pattern indicate that it is a prime candidate for the formation of the wine lactone precursor in grape berries
Helwi, Pierre. "Effet du statut azoté de la vigne sur le potentiel aromatique de la baie de raisin et l'arôme du vin : Approches agronomique, analytique et transcriptomique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0246/document.
Повний текст джерелаSoil is a major component of the viticultural terroir. Its mineral composition influences vine physiology, berry quality potential and wine quality. Among the elements that vines pick up from the soil, nitrogen (N) has the strongest impact on vine physiology, berry composition and the synthesis of compounds that have an important sensory impact. This study has investigated a possible direct effect of N on the synthesis of volatile thiols i.e. 3SH (3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol) responsible for grapefruit aroma and its S-conjugates precursors (Glut-3SH and Cys-3SH), as well as IBMP (3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine) responsible for green pepper aroma, without interference with water status and vigor variations. Vines were grown under variable N status in controlled conditions and in field trials. Water status was controlled during the season and vine vigor was similar among treatments. N supply increased Glut-3SH level in berries and in must and 3SH content in wines. In contrast, no effect of N was perceived on Cys-3SH concentration and on the expression of VviGST3, VviGST4 and VviGGT genes, which play a major role in its biosynthetic pathway. This observation indicates that, in response to N supply, 3SH could be synthetized from Glut-3SH, independently from Cys-3SH and the three mentioned genes. New candidate genes from the 3SH precursors pathway were also identified by whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing. There was no significant effect of vine N status on IBMP levels in berries, musts and wines, neither on the expression of VviOMT3 and VviOMT4, which are key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of IBMP. This result indicates that when an effect of N on IBMP was found in previous studies, it was likely mediated through the modification of bunch-zone microclimate, induced by the increased vigor of high N-status vines
Ali, Osama. "FIABILITE DANS LE TEMPS DE POUTRES EN BETON ARME RENFORCEES PAR DES PRF ET SOUMISES AUX EFFETS COUPLES DE LA CORROSION ET DE CHARGEMENTS EVOLUTIFS." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022301.
Повний текст джерелаFiches-Cescutti, Guillaume. "Etude de l’effet des constituants de la matrice des cognacs sur les dynamiques de libération et de perception des composés d’arôme." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0041.
Повний текст джерелаConsumer’s choices and preferences for foods are widely influenced by their sensory properties, and especially by aromatic perceptions in the case of alcoholic beverages. One of the challenges of wine and spirit industries for controlling and developing product sales is to gain insights on the determinants of the sensory quality of their products. The work carried out during this PhD project concerns cognacs and aim to apprehend the links between product composition, the stages in their elaboration process, including maturation, and their final sensory properties. An important objective is to understand the impact of cognac matrix components on aroma compounds release and perception. To fulfill this objective, a strategy based on the use of physicochemical and sensory approaches was set up. Sensory evaluation enabled to highlight the absence of impact of non-volatile components and to reaffirm the essential effect of aroma compounds for the perception of sensory differences between cognacs. The monitoring of the release of aroma compounds by PTR-MS during cognac consumption has been possible by the setting up of operating conditions allowing the analysis of high ethanol-containing beverages. These works have shown that key aroma compounds for cognac perception were released in higher amounts in the oldest cognacs. However, no difference was observed concerning their temporality of release. The development of statistical approaches finally showed that it was possible to predict the sensory properties of cognacs from their physicochemical characteristics. Correlations between physicochemical and sensory variables could be qualitatively explained in reference to the knowledge on the elaboration process of cognac in the literature and held by experts
Garcia, Francis. "La carrière des intendants militaires de 1870 à 1914." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30034/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe intendants establish an officers’s particular body who deal with the support of the common life of the soldier. They are create in 1815 and replace captains of the wars and inspectors in reviews. Their study includes two parts. The first one intended to present their general social and military characteristics. It includes the following domains : - the geographical origine, - the age and the rank in the marriage, - the profession of the fathers and the fathers in law, - the composition and the amount of dowries, - files of wedding authorization request, - applications for a scholarship for military academies, - place of the private life in the appreciations given by their supériors, - the origin of the recruitment (graduests of St. Cyr, graduests of Polytechnique prestige engineering school, soldiers), - the causes of ends of carreer, - big events of the career (entered the body of control of the administration, interruptions of service, tranfers). - the questioning of the military estate management after the defeat of 1870, in particular its place face to face of the command ; - the place of the officers of administration et of the military medical officers, - the image of the bursars among the others officers. The second parts explains the progesses of careers, il contains the following domains : - the results of the schooling in military academies and their influence in the appreciations given by their superiors, and of the promotion ; - the careers in the element of the army of origin (influence of the appreciations, the congratulations and the punishments) ; - the conditions of the passage in the estate management (the competition, the administrative training), - the careers in the estate management (the influence of the career in the weapon origin, the roles of the origin and of the appreciations in the access of the various ranks, the progressions of the careers according to the passage in the second rank)
Thach, Thida. "La représentation de la violence faite aux femmes dans 'Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali' de Gil Courtemanche et 'Je m’appelle Bosnia' de Madeleine Gagnon." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31460.
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