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Статті в журналах з теми "Army of the Pyrenees"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 23 вересня 2022

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1

Ritaine, Eleanor Cashin. "Harmonising European Private International Law: A Replay of Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps?" International Journal of Legal Information 34, no. 2 (2006): 419–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500001542.

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In 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal (247-182) achieved a most extraordinary feat: he crossed both the Pyrenees Mountains and the Alps with an army of about 38.000 soldiers, 8.000 Cavalry and 37 elephants, aiming to win the Second Punic War by a bold invasion of Italy before the Romans were prepared. Even if his attempts to defeat the Roman legions failed in the end, common lore stills tells the story of the elephants crossing the Col du Mont Genevre in deep snow, setting thus an example of a near impossible achievement for generations to come.

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2

Kosykh, Tatiana. "Africa Begins at the Pyrenees? The Experience of Cross-Cultural Contact of British Soldiers in Andalusia 1810—1812." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015315-5.

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In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, there was a presentation which was dominated in Britain about romantic Andalusia, which has hidden Islamic heritage of past centuries, and only the most courageous traveler can decide to take in a journey to it. With the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars and the Pyrenean campaign of the French army, everything had changed, and British soldiers became “travelers in red uniforms”. Some of them visited occupied by the French troops Andalusia in 1810—1812. This article attempts to view Andalusia as a “frontier” between Europe and Africa and to reconstruct the image of southwestern Spain in the narratives of British participants of military operations on the Iberian Peninsula. The author analyzes the peculiarities of the relationship of British officers with local inhabitants, as well as with soldiers of the enemy army, the French and the Poles, and reveals the specificity of the British perception of allies and enemies in Andalusia the context of the Spanish War of Independence.

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3

Gordienko, Dmitry O. "«The Peninsular War»: The Anglo-French confrontation in the Pyrenees during the Second Hundred Years’ War (1689–1815)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 21, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-1-60-66.

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The article shows the Anglo-French confrontation on the Iberian Peninsula as an important stage of the Second Hundred years’ War. The example of remote action of the British expeditionary force demonstrates the «English style» of war: the operation of army troops with the active support of the Royal Navy. The author comes to the conclusion that the Pyrenean wars of the beginning of the XIX century have a certain significance in the system of Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.

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4

Krzyżostaniak, Magdalena. "Rozmówki polsko-hiszpańskie. Problemy językowe i próby ich przezwyciężenia podejmowane przez polskich uczestników hiszpańskiej wojny o niepodległość w świetle materiałów wspomnieniowych." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 21 (December 23, 2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20811853.21.4.

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The article presents selected mechanisms of communication between the Polish participants of the Napoleonic campaign in 1808–1812 and the local population behind the Pyrenees. The sources of information were the memoirs of Polish soldiers fighting on the Iberian Peninsula in the Grande Armée. Even though a significant part of the memoirs focuses on the military aspects of the participation of Poles in the Peninsular War, several do provide a whole spectrum of information about the daily lives of soldiers on foreign ground and many observations regarding the customs of their brothers in arms – mainly the French – as well as the local population. Among the fragments devoted to the non-military aspects of their stay on the Iberian Peninsula, the remarks on the attempts at communication – both verbal and non-verbal – between Poles and Spaniards seem to be particularly interesting. The purpose of this article is to explain why, in many situations, efficient communication could not take place in an intermediary language (French) and how the Polish soldiers dealt with lexical and grammatical structures in the previously unknown Spanish language. It is worth pointing out that language transfer is clearly noticeable – both from the native language of the soldiers (Polish) and from French, which most of Napoleonic soldiers learnt as their first Romance language.

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5

Riggs, Ann R. "Rahner beyond the Pyrenees." Philosophy and Theology 25, no. 2 (2013): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtheol201325217.

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6

Newberry, Jacob. "December In The Pyrenees." Iowa Review 41, no. 3 (December 2011): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.7068.

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7

McGRADY, D. "L'AFRIQUE COMMENCE AUX PYRENEES." Notes and Queries 36, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/36.4.485-a.

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8

MCMILLAN, A. A. "Geology in the Pyrenees." Geology Today 1, no. 6 (November 1985): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1985.tb00335.x.

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9

Lemus-Canovas, Marc, Joan Albert Lopez-Bustins, Javier Martín-Vide, Amar Halifa-Marin, Damián Insua-Costa, Joan Martinez-Artigas, Laura Trapero, Roberto Serrano-Notivoli, and José María Cuadrat. "Characterisation of Extreme Precipitation Events in the Pyrenees: From the Local to the Synoptic Scale." Atmosphere 12, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060665.

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Mountain systems within the Mediterranean region, e.g., the Pyrenees, are very sensitive to climate change. In the present study, we quantified the magnitude of extreme precipitation events and the number of days with torrential precipitation (daily precipitation ≥ 100 mm) in all the rain gauges available in the Pyrenees for the 1981–2015 period, analyzing the contribution of the synoptic scale in this type of event. The easternmost (under Mediterranean influence) and north-westernmost (under Atlantic influence) areas of the Pyrenees registered the highest number of torrential events. The heaviest events are expected in the eastern part, i.e., 400 mm day−1 for a return period of 200 years. Northerly advections over the Iberian Peninsula, which present a low zonal index, i.e., implying a stronger meridional component, give rise to torrential events over the western Pyrenees; and easterly advections favour extreme precipitation over the eastern Pyrenees. The air mass travels a long way, from the east coast of North America, bringing heavy rainfall to the western Pyrenees. In the case of the torrential events over the eastern Pyrenees, the trajectory of the air mass causing the events in these areas is very short and originates in the Mediterranean Basin. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index has no influence upon the occurrence of torrential events in the Pyrenees, but these events are closely related to certain Mediterranean teleconnections such as the Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO).

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10

Marie-Claude, Bal, Vannière Boris, Galop Didier, and Rendu Christine. "Fire and human activities on the Pyrenees mountain (Western Pyrenees and Eastern Pyrenees), inferred from pedoanthracological, palynological, micro-charcoal and archaeological data." Forest Ecology and Management 234 (November 2006): S14—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.030.

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11

Choukroune, P. "Tectonic Evolution of the Pyrenees." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 20, no. 1 (May 1992): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.20.050192.001043.

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12

Paul Dana, Leo. "Sheep‐farm in the Pyrenees." British Food Journal 101, no. 5/6 (June 1999): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070709910278398.

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13

Cauwet-Marc, A. M. "Le GenreBupleurumL. Dans Les Pyrenees." Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques 133, sup1 (January 1986): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01811789.1986.10826831.

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14

Vissers, R. L. M. "Variscan extension in the Pyrenees." Tectonics 11, no. 6 (December 1992): 1369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92tc00823.

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15

Vinçon, G., and C. Ravizza. "Leuctridae (Plecoptera) of the Pyrenees." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 37, no. 4 (December 2001): 293–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2001026.

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16

Serrano, E., C. Agudo, and E. Martinez De Pisón. "Rock glaciers in the Pyrenees." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 10, no. 1 (January 1999): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1530(199901/03)10:1<101::aid-ppp308>3.0.co;2-u.

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17

DÉGARDIN, J. M. "The Silurian of the Pyrenees." Journal of the Geological Society 147, no. 4 (July 1990): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.147.4.0687.

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18

McCaig, Andrew M. "Deep geology of the Pyrenees." Nature 331, no. 6156 (February 1988): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331480a0.

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19

Editorial, Article. "Railway in the French Pyrenees." World of Transport and Transportation 18, no. 6 (July 30, 2021): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2020-18-6-304-312.

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The topic considered in the preceding article is continued by two publications first published in the journal 110 years ago. Both articles (they had been in turn reproduced and translated from French editions) are dedicated to engineering solutions that allowed construction of a railway in mountain region and that were unique for that time.To the maximum extent possible the vocabulary of the period of publication has been kept intact.

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20

Simpkins, Graham. "Ice loss in the Pyrenees." Nature Climate Change 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01179-3.

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21

Gómez-Gras, D., M. Roigé, V. Fondevilla, O. Oms, S. Boya, and E. Remacha. "Provenance constraints on the Tremp Formation paleogeography (southern Pyrenees): Ebro Massif VS Pyrenees sources." Cretaceous Research 57 (January 2016): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.010.

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22

Corriol, G. "Checklist of Pyrenean alpine-stage macrofungi." Sommerfeltia 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 29–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10208-011-0004-6.

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Checklist of Pyrenean alpine-stage macrofungiMacrofungi from the alpine stage of the Pyrenees are poorly known. In this paper we first describe the alpine habitats of this mountain chain, then provide an overview with bibliography for all known taxa, with information on distribution and habitat. In addition to the 214 taxa of macrofungi previously known from the Pyrenees, 83 new taxa are reported from the French side of the Pyrenees. The total number of taxa reported for the alpine stage of the Pyrenees is now 297, of which 19 are Ascomycetideae, 260 Agaricomycetideae, 11 Gasteromycetideae and 7 Aphyllophoromycetideae. The genera richest in species are: Inocybe (53 taxa), Entoloma (41 taxa), Cortinarius (36 taxa), Hygrocybe ss. lato (20 taxa) and Melanoleuca (12 taxa). Of the 297 taxa reported, 103 are true arctic-alpine fungi.

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23

Scibiorski, J. P., M. Micenko, and D. Lockhart. "RECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE PYRENEES MEMBER, EXMOUTH SUB-BASIN: A NEW OIL PLAY FAIRWAY." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04021.

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Recent drilling by BHP Billiton Pty Ltd in WA-155-P(1) and WA-12-R, on behalf of its partners Apache Energy Ltd and INPEX ALPHA LTD, has resulted in the discovery of four oil fields in the southern Exmouth Sub-basin, namely Ravensworth, Crosby, Stickle and Harrison. These discoveries, together with the earlier discoveries made by West Muiron–5 and Pyrenees–2, define the Early Cretaceous Pyrenees Member play fairway.The Pyrenees Trend play was first conceived in 1999 following appraisal of the Macedon gas field (Keall, 1999), but the concept remained dormant until the integration of geological information with high quality 3D seismic data led to the recognition of hydrocarbon related seismic attributes in the postulated play fairway.Ravensworth–1 intersected a 37 m gross oil column below a 7 m gas cap in high quality Pyrenees Member sandstones beneath the regionally significant Intra- Hauterivian Unconformity. Ravensworth, located on a northeast–southwest trending fault terrace, is a complex structural-stratigraphic trap that relies on separate top, base and cross-fault seals. High quality 3D seismic data coupled with recent interpretation techniques were integral to its discovery. In particular, the quantitative interpretation of seismic amplitude populations was a key factor in decreasing exploration risk.The Ravensworth discovery was followed by successful exploration wells on the adjacent Crosby, Stickle and Harrison fault terraces. Four appraisal wells have since been drilled at the northern ends of the main discoveries.The oil in the Pyrenees Member discoveries is biodegraded, moderately viscous (8–11 cp) and heavy (18–19° API gravity). Methane-dominated gas caps were intersected in Ravensworth–1, West Muiron–5 and Pyrenees–2.The recent drilling and coring campaigns by BHP Billiton and others in the Exmouth Sub-basin have significantly advanced knowledge of the stratigraphy and depositional environments of the late Tithonian to early Berriasian Macedon, Muiron and Pyrenees Members of the lower Barrow Group. The lower Barrow Group is a third order sequence deposited rapidly in marine to fluviodeltaic environments in response to the breakup of Gondwana and the onset of active rifting along the West Australian margin.BHP Billiton and its joint venture partners are assessing the commercial viability of the Pyrenees Trend discoveries.

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24

Benito-Calvo, Alfonso, Lee J. Arnold, Rafael Mora, Jorge Martínez-Moreno, and Martina Demuro. "Reconstructing Mousterian landscapes in the southeastern Pyrenees (Roca dels Bous site, Pre-Pyrenees ranges, Spain)." Quaternary Research 97 (May 7, 2020): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.29.

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AbstractLandscape evolution studies enable us to understand site formation processes affecting past hunter-gatherer settlements. This work presents a landscape reconstruction of Roca dels Bous site (RB), which is a reference site for the Late Mousterian occupation of the incised valleys of the southeastern Pyrenees. For this purpose, we combined geomorphological studies, stratigraphic descriptions, new single-grain optically stimulated luminescence datasets, statistical methods, and geophysical surveys. RB formed by gravitational processes induced by fluvial undermining of the Segre River during changing late Pleistocene climatic conditions. Geomorphological and chronological data combined with fluvial age-incision models suggest that, during Late Mousterian occupation, RB was located very near the Segre floodplain level and closer to water and raw material natural resources than at present. The accumulation of gravitational deposits associated with the archaeological levels occurred at rates of 0.16–0.44 m ka-1, between 55 and 47 ka, coinciding with Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3). More detailed comparison with available climatic curves suggests that the dated RB layers were potentially deposited during cold phases within MIS3. This work provides new landscape-based evidence to examine the paleoenvironmental context of Neanderthal presence in the southeastern Pre-Pyrenees, an important region in the debate regarding Neanderthal demise in Western Europe around 40 ka.

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25

Gragson, Ted L., Michael R. Coughlan, and David S. Leigh. "Contingency and Agency in the Mountain Landscapes of the Western Pyrenees: A Place-Based Approach to the Long Anthropocene." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 3882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093882.

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Regional- and biome-scale paleoecological analyses and archaeological syntheses in the mountain landscapes of the western Pyrenees suggest that the Long Anthropocene began with agropastoral land use at the onset of the Neolithic. Historical and geographic analyses emphasize the marginality of the western Pyrenees and the role of enforced social norms exacted by intense solidarities of kin and neighbors in agropastoral production. Both are satisfying and simple narratives, yet neither offers a realistic framework for understanding complex processes or the contingency and behavioral variability of human agents in transforming a landscape. The Long Anthropocene in the western Pyrenees was a spatially and temporally heterogeneous and asynchronous process, and the evidence frequently departs from conventional narratives about human landscape degradation in this agropastoral situation. A complementary place-based strategy that draws on geoarchaeological, biophysical, and socio-ecological factors is used to examine human causality and environmental resilience and demonstrate their relationship with the sustainability of mountain landscapes of the western Pyrenees over medium to long time intervals.

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26

Guardiola Bufí, Moisès. "Herniaria alpina (Caryophyllaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula." Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 76, no. 2 (November 15, 2019): 086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2526.

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Herniaria alpina Chaix is a southern European orophyte distributed in the Alps, Apennines and the Pyrenees. In the Pyrenees it is considered a rare species because it is only known from few locations of the northern side (France) and there are no citations in the southern side (Spain). In summer 2018, a population was found in the Catalan Pyrenees (northeastern Iberian Peninsula). A complete description is presented and an identification key is included as an amendment for its taxonomic treatment in Flora iberica. Its current Pyrenean distribution, habitat and phenology are also reported. The conservation status is evaluated under the IUCN regional and national levels.

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27

Ibáñez, Susana. "The New Di-Gold Metallotweezer Based on an Alkynylpyridine System." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 3699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123699.

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We developed a simple method to prepare one gold-based metallotweezer with two planar Au-pyrene-NHC arms bound by a 2,6-bis(3-ethynyl-5-tert-butylphenyl)pyridine unit. This metallotweezer is able to bind a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through the π-stacking interactions between the polyaromatic guests and the pyrene moieties of the NHC ligands. The metallotweezer was also used as a host for the encapsulation of planar metal complexes, such as the Au(III) complex [Au(C^N^C)(C≡CC6H4-OCH3-p)], for which there is a large binding constant of 946 M−1.

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28

Muntán, E., C. García, P. Oller, G. Martí, A. García, and E. Gutiérrez. "Reconstructing snow avalanches in the Southeastern Pyrenees." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 5 (September 28, 2009): 1599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1599-2009.

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Abstract. A regional study of snow avalanche processes was undertaken in the SE Pyrenees. Dendrogeomorphology was used to date and reconstruct large-scale snow avalanche events that occurred in the last four decades. Dendrochronological analyses yielded the dates of nine winters when avalanches occurred in the recent past in six studied avalanche paths. Some of these avalanches were already known, but others had not been documented. In one case, the existing avalanche path map was improved with the dendrogeomorphological information of a larger past event. As a result of the dendrogeomorphological analyses, evidence for three regional-scale major avalanche years was identified in the SE Pyrenees from 1971 to 2004: 1971–1972, 1995–1996 and 2002–2003. The specific synoptic atmospheric situations and the most likely nivometeorological and snowpack conditions that released these major avalanches were determined using weather data for the seasons of major avalanche releases. In 1971–1972 the snow avalanche episode was characterized by a deep trough crossing the Pyrenees. In 1995–1996 a variety of meteorological situations produced several episodes of major avalanches. In 2002–2003 the more significant of two episodes was attributed to a north advection pumping an arctic air mass over the Pyrenees. The 1995–1996 avalanche season proved to be the most notable in the four past decades in the Pyrenees.

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29

Souriau, Annie, Matthieu Sylvander, Alexis Rigo, Jean-Francois Fels, Jean-Michel Douchain, and Christian Ponsolles. "Sismotectonique des Pyrenees; principales contraintes sismologiques." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.1.25.

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Abstract This paper presents a critical review of the main seismological data which constrain the Pyrenean tectonics, mostly the spatial distribution of the hypocenters and the fault plane solutions. A new seismicity map is computed for the period 1989-99, and a compilation of the published focal solutions is presented and discussed. The Pyrenean range results from the convergence of the Iberian and Eurasian plates for about 65 Ma. This convergence followed a period of extension (-115 to -80 Ma), which is related to the opening of the Bay of Biscay. The boundary between the two plates, the North Pyrenean Fault (NPF), is recognized as a major tectonic feature running E-W to the north of the range. The eastern part of the range has been later affected by the Mediterranean tectonics (about 30 Ma ago), which generated some faults with NE-SW and NW-SE orientations in Catalonia. The Pyrenean structure is rather well known thanks to systematic studies carried out during the last two decades: crustal exploration from refraction and reflection seismic experiments, gravimetric studies, and tomographic imaging of the lithosphere using either seismological methods or magnetotelluric methods. The most important results are the detection of a 10-15 km Moho jump at the NPF with a thicker crust at the Iberian side, the evidence for a subduction of the Iberian lower crust beneath the North Pyrenean Zone along the eastern and central parts of the range, and the imaging, in the central and western Pyrenees, of two large blocks of lower crust material uplifted through the upper crust. Since 1989, several seismic networks set up by various institutions in the different parts of the range have allowed to produce a rather accurate seismicity map. Since 1997, the seismic network on the French side has been significantly upgraded, and the geographic distribution of the stations has been made more even. This network consists now in fifteen three-component, short period stations with telephonic transmissions, and five one-component stations with Meteosat satellite transmissions, which ensure an access to the data in case of damaging earthquake. Four stations of the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) are running in addition on the French side. 22 stations are set up on the Spanish side, with a higher density in Catalonia. With all these stations together, about 450 earthquakes with magnitudes > or =1.0 can be located each year in the Pyrenees, with a mean accuracy of + or -1.5 km for the horizontal coordinates, + or -3 km for depth, i.e. a factor of two better than with the previous networks. The new seismicity map reveals some new features which were not apparent in the previous map. In particular, the NPF is not a single linear feature, but it includes a multiplicity of segments which are not necessarily E-W oriented. The Adour Fault (also called "Bigorre Fault" in some previous articles), a NW-SE oriented fault in central Pyrenees, appears as a complex zone which possibly includes several segments parallel to each others. The seismicity beneath the Maladeta, which is the largest unit of the Paleozoic Axial Zone, appears more linearly distributed than in the previous map. Most of the events are located inside the upper crust (depth less than 12-15 km). Deeper events are mostly located in the western part of the range.

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30

Andersen, K. S., and M. J. Howe. "BICOLORED TRUMPET DAFFODILS OF THE PYRENEES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 413 (December 1995): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.413.20.

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31

Nichols, G. J. "Syntectonic alluvial fan sedimentation, southern Pyrenees." Geological Magazine 124, no. 2 (March 1987): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800015934.

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AbstractThe Aguero fanglomerate body developed in late Oligocene to early Miocene time at the northern margin of the Ebro Basin where the emergent southern Pyrenean thrust front created a topographic high. Tectonic activity in the thrust belt strongly influenced the sequences and structures within the fan deposits. The fan deposits display an initial coarsening-up sequence. Intraformational unconformities subdivide the proximal sediments into a series of wedges. These result from a continued uplift along the thrust front during the initial stages of fan development. A major intraformational unconformity marks the top of this sequence and the start of a fining-up sequence. Further tectonic activity in the thrust front is indicated by a syn-depositional synclinal fold which decreases in amplitude up sequence. Rejuvenation of fan sedimentation to form a second coarsening-up sequence reflects renewed activity in the thrust front. This second sedimentation event resulted in a plus 200 m thickness of massive conglomerates. The geographical limits of fan sedimentation can be determined because the fan deposits are lithologically distinct from the other Ebro Basin molasse in the area. The area of the drainage basin of the fan can also be estimated by consideration of the clast types present in the fan deposits. The fan and drainage basin areas are estimated to be 6 km2 and 10 km2 respectively.

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32

HERAIL, G. "Quaternary glaciation in the French Pyrenees." Quaternary Science Reviews 5 (1986): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(86)80031-2.

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33

Kidd, William. "From the Moselle to the Pyrenees." Journal of European Studies 35, no. 1 (March 2005): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244105051152.

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34

Grahn, Philibert, Cullen, Houston, Semple, and Schmutz. "Multifocal retinopathy of Great Pyrenees dogs." Veterinary Ophthalmology 1, no. 4 (January 1998): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.1998.00041.x.

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35

Backhouse, James. "IV.-Observations in the Eastern Pyrenees." Ibis 29, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1887.tb06312.x.

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36

Zwart, H. J. "The variscan geology of the Pyrenees." Tectonophysics 129, no. 1-4 (October 1986): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90243-x.

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37

Swarup, Bob. "Spain opens laboratory beneath the Pyrenees." Physics World 19, no. 1 (January 2006): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/19/1/13.

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38

Duncan, Guy, James Cai, Kon Kostas, Tom Perrett, Mauricio Florez, James Stewart, and Stas Kuzmin. "4D Seismic over the Pyrenees Fields." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2015, no. 1 (December 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2015ab150.

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39

Hérail, G., J. Hubschman, and G. Jalut. "Quaternary glaciation in the French Pyrenees." Quaternary Science Reviews 5 (January 1986): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(86)90203-9.

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40

Nabokikh, L., L. Pavlova, and S. Popov. "ARMY 2018: not for army alone." LastMile, no. 6 (2018): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22184/2070-8963.2018.75.6.14.23.

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41

Lewandowska, Amelia, Krystyna Boratyńska, Katarzyna Marcysiak, Daniel Gómez, Angel Romo, Marek Malicki, Grzegorz Iszkuło, and Adam Boratyński. "Phenotypic differentiation of Rhododendron ferrugineum populations in European mountains." Dendrobiology 87 (February 17, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/denbio.087.001.

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Rhododendron ferrugineum occurs in the mountains of the Central Europe with large disjunction in geographic range between Pyrenees and Alps and between Alps and Sudetes. We expect that these discontinuities in the species occurrence should involved their phenotypic differentiation, similar as described on the studies of molecular markers. The aim of the study was verification of phenotypic differences between the species populations from the Pyrenees, Alps and Sudetes. We examined characters of leaves and capsules from 13 populations, each represented by 25–30 individuals, using ANOVA, discrimination analysis, principal components analysis and agglomeration on the closest Euclidean distances. Every from examined characters of leaves and capsules except of apex angle of a capsule valve and capsule valve shape differentiated between populations at P≤0.001. Despite, range of character variation differentiating even at the highest level overlapped between populations. The analysis of discrimination, principal component analysis and agglomeration gave similar results indicating differences between populations from Pyrenees, Alps and Sudetes. However, the differences between individuals did not allow distinguish regions. The morphological characteristics of the leaves and capsules allowed to distinguish among populations of R. ferrugineum from the Pyrenees, Alps and Sudetes, and the pattern of their phenotypic differentiation was similar to that described based on genetic markers. The relict population from the Sudetes is phenotypically more similar to the populations from the Pyrenees and the Western Alps than to the spatially closest populations from the Eastern Alps.

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42

Tomkins, Matt D., Jason M. Dortch, Philip D. Hughes, Jonny J. Huck, Andrew G. Stimson, Magali Delmas, Marc Calvet, and Raimon Pallàs. "Rapid age assessment of glacial landforms in the Pyrenees using Schmidt hammer exposure dating (SHED)." Quaternary Research 90, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.12.

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AbstractSchmidt hammer (SH) sampling of 54 10Be-dated granite surfaces from the Pyrenees reveals a clear relationship between exposure and weathering through time (n=52, R2=0.96, P<0.01) and permits the use of the SH as a numerical dating tool. To test this 10Be-SH calibration curve, 100 surfaces were sampled from five ice-front positions in the Têt catchment, eastern Pyrenees, with results verified against independent 10Be and 14C ages. Gaussian modelling differentiates Holocene (9.4±0.6 ka), Younger Dryas (12.6±0.9 ka), Oldest Dryas (16.1±0.5 ka), last glacial maximum (LGM; 24.8±0.9 ka) and Würmian maximum ice extent stages (MIE; 40.9±1.1 ka). These data confirm comparable glacier lengths during the LGM and MIE (~300 m difference), in contrast to evidence from the western Pyrenees (≥15 km), reflecting the relative influence of Atlantic and Mediterranean climates. Moreover, Pyrenean glaciers advanced significantly during the LGM, with a local maximum at ~25 ka, driven by growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, southward advection of the polar front, and a solar radiation minimum in the Northern Hemisphere. This calibration curve is available online (http://shed.earth) to enable wider application of this method throughout the Pyrenees.

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43

Attié, J. L., A. Druilhet, P. Durand, and B. Bénech. "Two-dimensional structure of mountain wave observed by aircraft during the PYREX experiment." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 6 (June 30, 1997): 823–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0823-6.

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Abstract. This study presents an experimental analysis from aircraft measurements above the Pyrenees chain during the PYREX experiment. The Pyrenees chain, roughly WE oriented, is a major barrier for northerly and southerly airflows. We present a case of southerly flow (15 October 1990) and three successive cases of northerly flows above the Pyrenees (14, 15 and 16 November 1990) documented by two aircraft. The aircraft have described a vertical cross section perpendicular to the Pyrenean ridge. This area is described via the thermodynamical and dynamical fields which have a horizontal resolution of 10 km. Three methods for computing the vertical velocity of the air are presented. The horizontal advection terms which play a role in the budget equations are also evaluated. The altitude turbulence zone of 15 October are shown via turbulent fluxes, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), dissipation rate of TKE and inertial length-scale. A comparison of results obtained by eddy-correlation and inertial-dissipation method is presented. The experimental results show a warm and dry downdraft for the southerly flow with large values for advection terms. All the mountain wave cases are also shown to present an important dynamical perturbation just above the Pyrenees at upper altitudes.

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44

Genoud, David, and Pierre Rasmont. "Nouvelles données biogéographiques sur Bombus jonellus (Kirby 1802) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) dans les Pyrénées." Osmia 3 (2009): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47446/osmia3.5.

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New biogeographical data on Bombus jonellus (Kirby 1802) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Pyrenees. - Bombus jonellus is very rare in the Pyrenees. So far, it is known only in the western part of these mountain range. We here provide several new locations and give indications about the habitat preferences and foraging plants of this bumblebee species. Some suggestions to promote the conservation of these isolated populations are made.

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45

Stone, Richard. "Run by the Army for the Army?" Science 336, no. 6089 (June 28, 2012): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.336.6089.1634.

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46

Stiehm, Judith Hicks. "Army opinions about women in the army." Gender Issues 16, no. 3 (June 1998): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12147-998-0023-z.

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47

Nguyen, Hai Ninh, Philippe Vernant, Stephane Mazzotti, Giorgi Khazaradze, and Eva Asensio. "3-D GPS velocity field and its implications on the present-day post-orogenic deformation of the Western Alps and Pyrenees." Solid Earth 7, no. 5 (September 21, 2016): 1349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1349-2016.

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Abstract. We present a new 3-D GPS velocity solution for 182 sites for the region encompassing the Western Alps, Pyrenees, and southern France. The velocity field is based on a Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solution, to which we apply a common-mode filter, defined by the 26 longest time series, in order to correct for network-wide biases (reference frame, unmodeled large-scale processes, etc.). We show that processing parameters, such as troposphere delay modeling, can lead to systematic velocity variations of 0.1–0.5 mm yr−1 affecting both accuracy and precision, especially for short (< 5 years) time series. A velocity convergence analysis shows that minimum time-series lengths of ∼ 3 and ∼ 5.5 years are required to reach a velocity stability of 0.5 mm yr−1 in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. On average, horizontal residual velocities show a stability of ∼ 0.2 mm yr−1 in the Western Alps, Pyrenees, and southern France. The only significant horizontal strain rate signal is in the western Pyrenees with up to 4 × 10−9 yr−1 NNE–SSW extension, whereas no significant strain rates are detected in the Western Alps (< 1 × 10−9 yr−1). In contrast, we identify significant uplift rates up to 2 mm yr−1 in the Western Alps but not in the Pyrenees (0.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1). A correlation between site elevations and fast uplift rates in the northern part of the Western Alps, in the region of the Würmian ice cap, suggests that part of this uplift is induced by postglacial rebound. The very slow uplift rates in the southern Western Alps and in the Pyrenees could be accounted for by erosion-induced rebound.

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48

Gassiot-Ballbè, Ermengol, Niccolò Mazzucco, Sara Díaz-Bonilla, Laura Obea-Gómez, Javier Rey-Lanaspa, Marcos Barba-Pérez, David Garcia-Casas, et al. "Mountains, Herds and Crops: Notes on New Evidence from the Early Neolithic in the Southern Central Pyrenees." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1015–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0193.

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Abstract After years of intense fieldwork, our knowledge about the Neolithisation of the Pyrenees has considerably increased. In the southern central Pyrenees, some previously unknown Neolithic sites have been discovered at subalpine and alpine altitudes (1,000–1,500 m a.s.l.). One of them is Cueva Lóbrica, 1,170 m a.s.l., which has an occupation phase with impressed pottery dated ca. 5400 cal BCE. Another is Coro Trasito, 1,558 m a.s.l., a large rock shelter that preserves evidence of continuous occupations in the Early Neolithic, 5300–4600 cal BCE. Evidence of human occupation at higher altitudes has also been documented. In the Axial Pyrenees, at the Obagues de Ratera rock shelter, 2,345 m a.s.l., an occupation has been dated to around 5730–5600 cal BCE. At Cova del Sardo, in the Sant Nicolau Valley, at 1,780 m a.s.l., a series of occupations have been excavated, dated to ca. 5600–4500 cal BCE. These sites allow us to discuss patterns of occupation of the mountainous areas between the Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic. Recent data suggest that the last hunter–gatherer occupied all altitudinal stages of the Pyrenees, both in the outer and inner ranges. A change in the settlement pattern seems to have occurred in the Early Neolithic, which consisted of a concentration of occupations in the valley bottom and mid-slopes, in biotopes favourable to both herding and agriculture.

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49

Garcia-Ruiz, Jose M., and Teodoro Lasanta-Martinez. "Land-Use Changes in the Spanish Pyrenees." Mountain Research and Development 10, no. 3 (August 1990): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673606.

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50

Voigt, Sebastian, and Hartmut Haubold. "Permian tetrapod footprints from the Spanish Pyrenees." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 417 (January 2015): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.10.038.

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