Дисертації з теми "Argent monnayé"
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Parisot-Sillon, Charles. "Neruus Belli. Argent monnayé, guerre et intégration en Occident nord-méditerranéen (c. 200-c. 40 a.C.)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE3166.
Повний текст джерелаThis research deals with the characterization of the military functions and uses of silver coinages in the Northwestern Mediterranean during the 2nd-1st centuries BC. It aims to assess the monetary and financial aspects of the wars fought by the Roman people in Gaul and Northern Iberia, as well as the political, economic and cultural relations between the conqueror and local communities. By doing so, we wish to identify the defining features of monetary integration as it has been experienced within the Western possessions of the Roman Republic, through the part played by each allied community in the conquest.It is the result of a pluridisciplinary approach which combines historical, archaeological and archaeometrical studies. A sample of 945 Roman, Greek, Celtic and Iberian silver coins has been measured with LA-ICP-MS in the IRAMAT-Centre Ernest-Babelon in Orléans. The results enable us to shed a new light on the metrological relations between these coinages, as well as on the mints’ silver supplying strategies and the whole view about the circulation of silver coins and bullion in the Northwestern Mediterranean
Pic, Emmanuel. "Contribution d'un système bancaire hiérarchisé au financement de la production en système capitaliste : essai sur la monnaie, l'argent et la banque." Grenoble 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE21025.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the xixth century the french banking system underwent considerable changes. Two of these changes should in particular be pointed out. Firstly, banks grew in number and importance getting involved in more and more numerous sectors. Secondly, banks gradually became part of a coherent system organised around the banque de france. The banque de france thus emerged as the pivoting point of the banking system with the responsibility of seeing to the stability of the entire system as well as the capacity of the system to cater to the needs in financing of the economy. These mutations, which occurred just when the capitalist system of production became dominant within the country, has led to an analysis of the exact role played by the banking system in a capitalist economy. The traditional explanations in line with the works of gurley and shaw, which are based merely on the function of financial intermediary, remain unsatisfactory. In this thesis a different function of the banking system is put forward, a function in which banks intervene before the phase of production and play a role in anticipating the product to come. Involved in the anticipation phase, banks accept to advance in favor of the capitalists the money needed to pay wages, thereby making it possible to carry out the planned production. The function of advancing money appears to be essential in the capitalist system. The integration of money as such occurs when production begins. Currency, money (which are here considered as different : the first being a means of counting, the second the materialisation of the rights held on a social product) together with production become an indissociable entity
Feuvrier-Prevotat, Claire. "Pecunia : l'argent sous la République, représentations sociales et idéologiques." Besançon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BESA1001.
Повний текст джерелаThis study is the analysis of social and ideological representations of money during the republic. The term pecunia, which, in the law of the twelve tables, may refer to money, or to any other means of exchange, is dominant in the Latin vocabulary and signifies money and wealth, to the detriment of argentum which is frequently used by Plautus. The study of the occurrences of argentum and pecunia in Plautus and Cicero reveals the interest of the romans for money and their preoccupation with it. Moreover, the ties between money and power are acknowledged and legitimized. Many writers, however, frequently express the theme of the danger of money, such as lucrece and Sallust
Nadjo, Léon. "L'argent et les affaires à Rome des origines au IIe siècle avant J.-C. : étude d'un vocabulaire technique /." Louvain : Paris : Peeters ; Société pour l'information grammaticale, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376653192.
Повний текст джерелаBibliogr. p. 480-507. Index.
Gardaz, Michel. "Argent et symbolique : essai sur l'argent signe des échanges et l'argent signifiant pour l'inconscient." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05H125.
Повний текст джерелаConsidered in its economic function, as a sign of exchange among people, money tends to become an increasingly abstract concept. Since the 18th century the functions of currency have been changing; what was formerly a reserve of capital and purchasing power has evolved a mere unit of account. This is why currency can be said to "repress" money. On the other hand, as regards collective experience and knowledge things have not changed : everyone knows that money is one of the driving forces in life and is related to sexual desire. This latter aspect of money - ignored in economic discourse - particularly interests the author who attempts to incorporate it into a more comprehensive study of the theme of money. In the first part of his work the author studies Marx's singular relationship with money. He investigates the part the assimilation of his father may have played on Marx's wish for social revolution, his wish to eliminate money and capitalist society so as to replace the exchange of paper currency with the award of certificates of work. To this end the author analyses Marx's correspondence with his parents and with Engels, as well as a number of theoretical writings among which on the jewish question, manuscripts of 1844 and kapital. In the second part the author analyses and comments upon the works of writers from the first half of the 20th century who, before any others, treated money as "un fait social total". He devotes particular attention to Mauss, Hocart, Keynes and Laum. He furthers their analyses of the question and complements them by studying what Freud said about money in his clinical words and more particularly in the psychopathology of everyday life and in the "dora case" and "the rat man". The above plan enables its author to redefine the symbolic fonction of money and demonstrate that ignorance of it can bring ruin upon any society
Urbain, Caroline. "L'attitude à l'égard de l'argent dans le contexte du prix : concept, mesures et effets." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10201.
Повний текст джерелаBuying implies to exchange a value - product - with an other value - money -. The realisation of this act consists in paying the price. The general goal of our research is to point attitude towards money as a psychological antecedent of buyer's attitude towards price. That is why two conceptual and empirical prerequisites were needed. Firstly we took into account litératures in human sciences in order to identify attitude towards money with antecedents, components and effects ; we suggested a measurement scale of this multidimensional construct and tested the psychometric properties with two empirical studies ( two samples : 387 and 465 persons). Secondly the analysis of the marketing works about consumer's behaviour towards price leaded to identify attitude towards price as a muldimensional construct consisted of price consciousness, value consciousness, price-quality schema, prestige sensitivy and deal proneness ; we specified these constructs, tested the measurement scales published in the marketing literatures on the second empirical study and proposed completed measures. These two steps allowed in a third time to set hypothesis about effects of the different dimensions of the attitude towards money on each construct standing for attitude towards price ; we verified thes hypothesis on the second empirical study. The results have come to the conclusion that attitude towards money can be considered as a significant psychological antecedent of attitude towards price. Finally the conceptual and empirical limits of our research were stressed and future research issues and recommendations to managers were pointed out
Cusin, François. "Les comportements monétaires et financiers : évolution et facteurs de différenciation : contribution à une sociologie de l'argent, des pratiques et des représentations économiques." Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040251.
Повний текст джерелаTerrier, Cyrille. "Étude ethnométhodologique de pratiques autour de l'argent à l'occasion d'un changement de monnaie. Cas de la préparation au passage à l'euro." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA070041.
Повний текст джерелаThe changeover to the euro, replacing the French franc, was an exceptional opportunity for observing social practices emerging with the new currency. The subject of the present thesis is to study, from an ethnomethodological standpoint, what the change in coins and bills involved, in its preparatory phase, for populations with special representations or usages. More specificaIly, the populations studied here include visually dfficient people, deaf people, theolder generations, children and members of the Asian community in the thÎlieenth district of Paris. These are people who have perceptive or cultural particularities, and a very diverse approach to the euro. For aIl of these populations, the development of new needs and the evolution thereof, the development of new practices, as weIl as innovation appropriation phenomena, were observed and analyzed. We were looking, in doing this, not so much for a general principle, but to observe, on a local scale, the cultural inventions that individuals or hum an groups develop in order to adapt to a changing environment ; in other words, how does a common universe develop, and most of aIl, how do individuals negotiate or construct an access to the world. The work begins with a clarification of the theoretical and methodological elements used here, particularly ethnomethodology, the object of which is to study actions as they unfold. Further to this, different case studies are developed, each within its own rationale. This will highlight the way in which local practices diverge while facing the same challenge. Lastly, the observations are put in perspective with respect to the working theories and hypotheses
Gallo, Lassere Davide. "Argent et capitalisme : de Marx aux monnaies du commun." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100130.
Повний текст джерелаThe analyses developed in my doctoral dissertation intend to stress the eminently political function played by money. Unlike neoclassic economic theory, I argue that currency is not neutral in economic and political terms. It materializes the power relationships that influence society, producing effects of different nature. The research consists of three parts: “Money and capitalism”, “Money and neocapitalism”, “Money and postcapitalism”. They are introduced by a preface in which I present my epistemological approach and by an ontological introduction, in which I focus on the social projects of the subjectivities who struggle to reinvent money adapting it to their needs. The first part of the dissertation, through a reading of the works of Marx, Simmel and Keynes, focuses on the main features of capitalist money: a tool for domination, a mobiliser of passions and a vector of social transformation. The second part explores some key elements of the crisis of neocapitalism: the global redeployment of the regime of accumulation, financialization of everyday life and the institution of euro. The third part, after an evaluation of the conditions of postcapitalistic transition, examines two practices capable to trigger original processes of political subjectivation: claims for a guaranteed social income and experimenting complementary monetary circuits. Finally, in the socio-political conclusions I delineate some paths in order to articulate a general theory of the common’s coins
Dombray, Thomas. "Catalyse par les métaux de la monnaie : applications à la synthèse de molécules d'intérêt biologique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF060.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the last decade, gold catalysis has experienced significant growth in organic synthesis. Gold–catalyzed reactions can generate highly functionalized, complex molecules from simple substrates efficiently and under mild conditions. The properties of this element, arising from relativistic effects, provide to gold complexes both carbophilic and oxophilic character. This duality has been largely exploited in the laboratory in the rearrangements of alcynyloxiranes to furan or divinylcétones.By expanding this work, a new method for the synthesis of 6 and 3,6-disubstituted alpha-pyrones from beta-alcynylpropiolactones catalyzed by gold has been developed. This alpha-pyrone motif is particularly interesting as it can be found in many natural products, some of which have shown interesting biological activity. Still exploiting the duality of gold complexes, we attempted to generate motifs observed in natural substances, namely spironolactones or spirannic acetals, by modifying the substrate and internal nucleophiles. Despite several failures, we hope to develop a gold catalyzed reaction for the preparation of spironolactones. During this work, we have found a novel method for the p-methoxybenzyl ether cleavage, a protecting group of alcohol commonly used in organic synthesis. The reaction conditions using a catalytic amount of silver, compatible with many functional groups has thus been developed
Gorin, Martin. "Argents-contes et comptes : essai d'interprétation psycho-sociale des fonctions de la monnaie." Paris, EHESS, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985EHES0003.
Повний текст джерелаBuschmeier, Manfred. "Die Gesellschaft und das Geld : Untersuchungen zum Geld in englischen Romanen und Komödien der "sentimal era /." Trier : WVT, Wissenschaftlicher Verl. Trier, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35556172j.
Повний текст джерелаCapra, Françoise. "Le monnayage d’argent d’Élis : images monétaires et organisation de la production : du VIème siècle au IIème siècle avant J.-C." Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040023.
Повний текст джерелаElis is a peloponnesian city, located near the great festival center of Olympia. Elis mint produced, probable from the very end of the 6th century, a silver coinage conspiscuous for its artistic quality, its large denominations and the large variety of types used for obverse and reverse as well. These types are related to the cults of Zeus and Hera or related to the olympic games. Most of the produced coins bear the initials or name of the Eleans. This study analyses all the differents methods used by the mint to differentiate successives issues : they could use different positions for the type’s elements or differents designs for the type itself. They could also add elements such as symbols, letters or monograms Today, we can observe much more coins that C. T. Seltman was able to in the the first quarter of the 20th century. This great number of new coins and the new links between dies leads to a chronology some what different from Seltman’s chronology. This coinage also appears as the Elis city’s coinage and it is difficult to think about a religious or agonistic coinage
Boulard, Claude. "Argent et liberté : une lecture logique de la philosophie du droit de Hegel." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010694.
Повний текст джерелаMoney as the forme of wealth structures the self-motion of liberty in the philosophy of law. From the "abstract law" onwards, property is mediated by value (wert) and this "negative unity" structures the immediate syllogism of the contract, then to become the fondation of penal law. This universal internalizes itself in the formal negativity of moral value (gelten) and this opposition is overcome. The "living good" effectuates itself as ethical wealth. Family love as the prime concrete value becomes mediated through patrimony. Thus wealth in its very fondation is acknowledgment, something which the "phenomenal world of ethics", that is "the system of needs" tends to make manifest, but first through a tearing confrontation of opposites. Wealth is immediateness mediated, an "essential being" reaching up to concept status. The logical determination of money as form and its external necessity spell the dynamic quality of substantial effectualness. It is necessary, however, that it should eventually manifest itself as what it is, namely as organized social bonds, concept, or state, as prefigured by the institutional solidarities inherent in its contingent seeming. It is only after it has been conceptualized that money can function as an instrument of equity through taxation. Thus through a syllogism of necessity one moves from the original value to the ideality of wealth, the ultimate stage of the "objective spirit", a moment in universal history
Dalinval, Stéphanie. "L'argent dans les Métamorphoses d'Apulée. Un fluide révélateur du monde ?" Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL080.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis "Money in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses" is the result of an accumulation of research. Apuleius appeared to us immediately as an author representing more than one enigma between his life and his works. Instead of taking stock of the only subjects present in the work, we chose to focus on objects. Money has appeared to us as a recurring object in many forms. We have made a record as complete as possible. It seemed essential to us to seek the etymological origin of each one. The idea was to bring out the meaning of the word itself and its use in context. What vision of money and society could we draw from it? To use a term is to make a choice that a Roman of the time of Apuleius could understand. It was referring to concepts, positions, reflections that made sense at the time of the work. Then arose the question of the time and society of Apuleius. To what extent the economic and social world of the 2nd century AD J. - C. depicts fictitiously in the Metamorphoses it joined the reality of this time? However, there was one area that was difficult to manipulate: that of religion. The religious domain does not appear only in the book XI. Between the references to the magic, the local cults, the recourse to magic practices, the religions of Rome and Greece, the Eastern religions ... To what extent does this theme have any relationship with money? Finally, money seems to participate in the construction of different interpretations. It is one of the symbols that allow renewed readings of the Metamorphoses
Reiss-Schimmel, Ilana. "Freud, la psychanalyse et l'argent." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H034.
Повний текст джерелаFreud discussed the problematic of money from both the perspective of its unconscious symbolic value and from that of the function of payment in the treatment. The question, in order to be properly appreciated, must be seen in the light of the whole of freudian theory, especially the second topic ; once it is linked to the theory of the development of the ego, a synthesis of the two different perspectives examined by freud becomes possible. This approach implies an investigation of the quality of the work of representation and the various modes of symbol formation which result from it. Looked at in this way, money appears as a support onto which different categories of unconscious representation may be projected. Its symbolic value varies along a continuum ranging from the primary object to the genital partial object. It is nonetheless the representations of the genital partial object formed via the castration complex, differences in generation and the complementarity of the sexes which underlies money's function as a medium of exchange. The psychoanalytic clinic allows us to substantiate the hypotheses put forward in our paper. It shows that - money presents an empty semantic space which allows it to become the
Delord, Charles. "Psychanalyses économiques : l'argent, un Nom du Père mort en échange." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE2033.
Повний текст джерелаTo question money beyond its purpose of economic exchange invites us to think of money in a mythical, historic and psychoanalytical way between Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. Money, as a useful object of power, will be considered at the heart of the Freudian myth of the father of the pack, in order to explain its place and its use, at the heart of the pysychic economy of the subject, in relations between men and in a post-modern situation.Several figures of authority, such as God, the king, the state, the capital, will in their turn take the place of the all-powerful father and will be at the origin of the constitution of a paternal metaphor. In this way of thinking, the death of the chief will appear to us to be the origin of the object's spreading. The object, obtaining a name, a name of the father, will be able to enter into the three 'borromenian' dimensions described by Lacan and offer a new sense in the effects in the clinical practicality for a clinical psychologist
Lemaitre, Freddy. "La monnaie comme objet de sûretés." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020044.
Повний текст джерелаAs the law stands, security rights in money are likely to be subject to different legal treatment, depending on whether money is regarded as a tangible asset or as an intangible asset, and depending on whether sums of money as a guarantee are assimilated with the secured creditor’s property or not. Taking this observation as its starting point, the present essay suggests adopting a unified approach of legal nature of money, that is likely to justify that money should be subject to a simplified security regime. Without ignoring that it is bound to be dual, depending on whether sums of money as a guarantee are separated from the secured creditor’s property or not, this security regime would be called upon to replace the present fungible assets, bank account and receivables pledge agreements, and also security trust on receivables and money, with a single money pledge agreement.The rules of the lodging of this money pledge agreement will be designed to eliminate the never-ending debates as to whether the “cash collateral” vests ownership of the encumbered money in the secured creditor, or not. Indeed, the assimilation of the encumbered sums of money with the secured creditor’s property will involve a sui generis division of the ownership rights that will be like an irregular usufruct by way of collateral, and that will grant the creditor neither mere preferential rights, nor ownership rights, nor any right similar to the right of a security trustee, but the right to dispose of money provisionally. This right of disposal will encumber temporarily the ownership rights that will remain in the hands of the grantor of the security.The rules of its lodging being therefore clarified, the rights granted by the money pledge agreement will be enforced more quickly and more effectively since the divided ownership of money will be reconstructed in the hands of the grantor of the security or in the hands of the secured creditor, depending on whether the secured debt will be paid or not, and without there being a need to wonder if the rights granted by the pledge have to be enforced either through judicial or contractual award of the right of ownership, or through legal, judicial or contractual compensation
Olivier, Mathilde. "L' engagement dans la relation de couple chez les 25-35 ans : Une analyse par l’argent." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN1006.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis’ goal is to understand the making of couples aged between 25 and 35 in the beginning of this 21st century. While marriage used to indicate the outset in the relationship and to guarantee its durability, nowadays we notice multiple ways to "make a couple". The subject of this research is commitment to the relationship, which definition is the following one : "Process emanating from two people's shared wish to create a connection between them and to make it endure in a joint future. The commitment is all the more strong that its reversible nature is low". The supported theory is that new forms of conjugal commitment exist : it is gradual and safe. Pecunary interpretation brings a double perspective. First, it enables to understand several commiting actions such as living together, signing the PACS agreement, getting married and having a child. Mostly, money management within the couple highlights the fact that contemporary unions both reconcile a desire of a passionate couple (marked by a common management) and a wish to preserve a share of independence and autonomy. This work leans on three different survey techniques : an online questionnaire (623 answers), half-guiding interviews (48) and a secondary data analysis (module "Decisions within the couples" in the survey "Schedule" 2009-2010 by INSEE)
Kaboudi, Raouf. "L'argent dans les romans de Daniel Defoe : 1719-1924." Paris 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA030139.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis aims at tackling the money theme in the six major novels of Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) written between 1719 and 1724: Robinson Crusoe (1719), Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720), Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack (1722) and Roxana (1724). The study starts from the financial revolution that Great Britain witnessed in the eighteenth century and which is reflected in the Bank of England, credit and the Bill that facilitates the circulation of money. Luxury, extravagance, bankruptcy and commercial morality are strongly linked with the excessive accumulation of money. The buying of titles, names and even the access to the status of gentleman are, in the century of Defoe, the aspects of the strength of money that dominates the human relationships that are themselves linked with the pocket and its content. Torn between luxury and necessity, Defoe’s protagonists, like the members of his society, fall in prostitution and crime
Traimond, Bernard. "Ethnologie historique des pratiques monétaires dans les Landes de Gascogne." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA01A001.
Повний текст джерелаThe most various sources,mythical narrations, judicial archives, interviews enable one to identify strange monetary practices in the Landes of Gascony. The study of behaviours in everyday life at different times, the study of conversations among protogonists bring to the forefront a contempt for money which expressed itself in gambling, counterfeit coinage or the valorization of a woman, killer and forger. Thus, each social group had its own monetary metal at disposal and ruled over-classes came to use a specific currency. Concurrently, dealings upon production such as share-cropping did without money arrangements whereas relations between neighbours created systems of giving and back-giving. In the nineteenth century, the irruption of money due to the sudden rise of the price of resin made possible the appropriation of the common land and widely increased the number of craftsmen. However, the spread of wageearning in the twentieth century gave rise, with the exacerbation of the existence of associations, to the massive use of free work to the benefit of each community, through sports days and others teasts, all which allows to maintain the fiction of a social life rid of monetary exchanges
Lee, Jin-Yong. "Rousseau et l'argent : une quête perpétuelle de la véritable valeur." Nancy 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN21013.
Повний текст джерелаMoney is an important element not only in the current life of Rousseau, but also in his social and moral ideas which are issued from the personal experience of the writer. As a matter of fact, during his eventful life, Rousseau tried to understand the main cause exhorting man's true spiritual value as a remedy. First, the philosopher presents the essential problems caused by the ascendance of money which always separates and opposes men in a material society. This is what he expressed in his various writings, whether economical, political or social, yet without any truly optimistic conviction. Finally, according to him, man's original nature as to be rediscovered and restored. Thus, Rousseau is interested in man from which morality and spirituality dominated his own religious and even biblical world. If Rousseau showed assiduously an antipathy against money as a symbol of material value, it is not solely because he recognizes his corrupting role, but also because he could be nourished by sounder and constanter values more propitious to human nature. This is a perpetual quest of man's true value which finds an end, only death, the beginning of spiritual and eternal life
Massei, Marie-Laure. "L'argent dans les romans de Jane Austen." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040156.
Повний текст джерелаMoney is a central theme in Jane Austen's novels and letters, through its links to the recurring questions of consumption, marriage and inheritance. At a time when women were denied financial power in the gentry, money was both a subject of anxiety and fascination. Handicapped on the marriage market by her position as a relatively poor member of the urban gentry, Austen uses the money motif as a means of exploration in her novels, in which it generates a complex circulation. Money enables her to represent the social mobility characteristic of a period of transformations, as fortunes of different origins competed for power. The novelist's conservatism stands out in her depiction of the management of the estate, since the assertion of moral values helps her confront the increasing pecuniary deviances at the beginning of the 19th century. However, Jane Austen also denounces the sheer violence of patriarchal practices, such as the entailing of estates, and their effects on the female psyche. A deeper level of analysis reveals that money is at the core of a subversive strategy of unveiling, since its metaphorical and symbolical potential leads to a daring exploration of the taboo of sexuality
Vatanpour, Sina. "L'argent, signe et symbole du rêve américain et de l'identité nationale, raciale et sexuelle, vu à travers la littérature et le cinéma." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081592.
Повний текст джерелаSarah, Guillaume. "Caractérisation de la composition et de la structure des alliages argent-cuivre par ICP-MS avec prélèvement par ablation laser : application au monnayage carolingien." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00391932.
Повний текст джерелаLes monnaies d'argent des premiers souverains carolingiens sont les premières à avoir bénéficié des avancées analytiques permises par l'application de la méthode LA-ICP-MS aux échantillons de ce type. L'évolution du titre d'argent de pièces frappées entre 751 et 864 a été étudiée, et corrélée aux données numismatiques et historiques. Des spécificités régionales ou locales du point de vue de la pureté des alliages monétaires ont été observées. L'examen des teneurs en éléments mineurs et traces caractéristiques, susceptibles de témoigner de mélanges ou de mouvements de stocks de métaux précieux, a mis en évidence des particularités de l'argent frappé par certains ateliers monétaires, en particulier celui de Venise.
Saiag, Hadrien. "Le Trueque argentin au prisme de la dette : une socioéconomie des pratiques monétaires et financières." Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/8199.
Повний текст джерелаThis work questions the nature of money through the analysis of a complex set of local monetary systems located in Argentina (trueque). It is based on both the reconstitution of the history of the main national trueque networks (meso-level) and the observation of the monetary and financial practices of their participants, carried out through an ethnographic fieldwork (micro-level). These data suggest that money must be understood as a system of evaluation and settlement of debts. Such approach allows first to distinguish financial from monetary practices and to clarify their interdependences. Second, it puts the emphasis on the wide diversity of monetary practices (i. E. The material media of the means of settlement and evaluation of debts) and modalities of issuing the means of settlement. Therefore, money can participate to the reproduction of special organizations more or less centralized and to widely contrasted social relations (either violent or emancipating). Finally, to conceive money from debt begs the question of the access to the means of settlement of those who have been excluded from the fordist wage-labor nexus through the expansion of the so-called “informal economy
Aboulaarab, Abdennabi. "L'effet de l'attitude à l'égard de l'argent sur la perception de la valeur par le consommateur." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE0016.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, on the effect of attitude towards money on the perceived value by the consumer, theprimary issue was to develop the concept of money. For this, a wide literature review wasconducted to understand its different dimensions and meanings. Moreover, it was also necessary todevelop the concept of value in connection with the money, according to an integrative approach,beyond traditional theoretical divisions around this concept. This integrator theoretical frameworkhas enabled the development of a conceptual model of research, explaining the predictive effect ofattitude towards money on the perceived value by the consumer. Such a model has beenimplemented around the concept of the retail chain as a special area of monetary expense andresearch of value to the consumer. The completion of the study in the Moroccan cultural contextneeds to uncover a new scale for measuring attitude toward money. The results have validated allthe assumptions of the research. This allows us to accept the principle of the general assumption ofthe determining effect of attitude towards money on the perceived value by the consumer. Theseresults have allowed this thesis beyond its present limits, to identify obvious contributions toresearch, at theoretical, methodological and managerial level. They also allow defining new ways ofresearch
Scaccianoce, Luc. "Essai sur les thèmes iconographiques au XIXe siècle et leur évolution." Paris 8, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA080724.
Повний текст джерелаPainting in the 19th century can't be limited to a period. Although every styles have been used, history and genre painting were more prestigious than the other kind. The form is more important than the substance and painting is functionalist. Its function which is to illustrate becomes vile. In france, the necessary representation of the authority has imposed a new iconographic era in the symbolic field. From now on, all that eyes can see or read is considered as the truth and the absolute reference to reality. Being as speech again, picture seems to have put an end to the previous centuries, which had tried to release the picture from the sacred word. This social persistence that wants to catch human reality has a peculiar goal which is to catch its own image. It has unavoidably come to a deadlock. Indeed, deprived of a fundamental spirit the profane painting has to find its function. These both factors, which are the secularization of the painting and its appropriation by the masters are the essence of the 19th painting. The appeal to the norm avoids the fear caused by the incertitude of the proof against reality
Ranoelison, Rivo Andriamparany. "Des rapports passionnels aux biens matériels et symboliques chez Maupassant." Paris 8, 2008. http://octaviana.fr/document/140600191#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objective of this work, which is subdivided into three parts, is to provide some explanations and clarifications about the spread of avaricious and/or covetous people in Maupassant work. The first two parts are dedicated to the socio-critical analysis of these novels of Maupassant which addresses two distinct aspects: whether the story is taking place in the rural or urban area. The analysis showed that there is a hidden part behind the miserliness and cupidity of the characters; it is the existence of some social tensions that appeared after each social disruption caused by the successive revolutions that the society faced. In fact, the economic success of the bourgeoisie enabled it to become a model and reference class for many other classes (aristocrats, employees, country people…) and lead it to oppose the supremacy of nobility which was putting huge efforts to preserve its hegemony. Ideological conflicts are behind the tendency to abusively retain or criminally accumulate money. But each of these two classes has something to envy to the other. The bourgeoisie envies the aristocrat birth of nobility. The latter, which are penniless and ruined, lust after the fortune and wealth of the other. In the third and last part, the objective is to attribute a psychoanalytic dimension to these tendencies of miserliness and cupidity in order to discover what the unconscious motives behind the social transformations are
Zou, Yuanyuan. "Personnages féminins et argent dans "L'argent" d'Émile Zola et "Les drames de l'argent" de Raoul de Navery." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20132.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we concentrate on two works: Émile Zola’s "L'argent" and Raoul de Navery's "Les drames de l'argent". The analytical study of female characters and money according to ethical criticism consists in the fact that it reflects in a way the values of society, authors and works during a specific historical period. Thus we seek to reflect on family ethics through the female characters of these two chosen novels as well as how it is influenced by the question of money
Santilli, Virginia. "Mises en crise et (re)mises en ordre des circuits de financement du logement social en France et en Italie : les conceptions du social de 1947 à 2018." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0144.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis traces the history of two social housing association in France and Italy since the post-war period. Drawing on the two case studies this research examines the transformation in the financial circuits of social housing and the conceptions of the social that underlie French and Italian public housing policies. The historical narrative brings the analysis of flows of money within organizations to the forefront. Inspired by the research of Zelizer, this thesis is based on the hypothesis that money is not neutral but « earmarked » by the actors. Different modes of collection, distribution and use of money reflect social relations, produce distinctions, embody the representations and the moral values of the actors, and materialize relations of domination. Following the money of social housing policies, this thesis constructs the history of the two organisms by identifying changes in the money flows. I analyze (1) changes in the money flow, from subsidies for housing construction, rents, loans, financial markets, or tenants allowances, to (2) the activities that the money flows make possible such as construction, sale, renovation, rental management, and (3) how actors justify these changes, for instance by the housing of workers, reducing unemployment, boosting the real estate sector or urban planning, etc. This thesis shows how a particular circuit of social housing funding is « pushed into crisis ». The money flow and their justifications can be the subject of intense criticism, leading to the reduction or even elimination of funding. At the same time, new flows can take shape and make it possible to « put in order », to build, a new circuit of social housing funding. Therefore, this doctoral thesis contributes to an history of social housing policies, studied from the bottom up and over the long term. Finally, I show how the funding circuits of the two organizations rely on different conceptions of the social. The diachronic comparison of funding circuits reveals four successive conceptions of the social, the inserted, the dissociated, self-financed and the valued. In consecutive periods, they shape similarly the social housing policies in two contrasting institutional contexts. The study is based on a four-month immersion in both organizations in the form of an internship. Participatory observation also allowed for the collection of business reports and financial accounts, which are fundamental to the study of financial flows. The analysis of internal documents has been supplemented by researching the links of the two organizations in the archives of public administrations and the analysis of grey literature published by social housing stakeholders (n=253). In addition, I conducted interviews with managers and employees of the two social housing organisms, as well as with public actors, associations representing social housing associations and other social housing associations (n=79)
Bigot, Sylvie. "L'escorting : approche sociologique d'une forme de prostitution." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN1518.
Повний текст джерелаRamahandrisoa, Robert. "Les statuts romanesques de l'argent chez Stendhal ("Armance" et "Le Rouge et le Noir")." Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30002.
Повний текст джерелаThe status of the money in the novels of Stendhal are the expression of the novels aesthetic which is based upon the theme of the money becoming the only measurement of social worth. This theme contains two leading threads : the first thread is connected with Stendhal's upbringing in Grenoble given by his both families, which puts him in the deadline of two social classes having got two opposite views of the money (aristocratic for Gagnon and middle-class for Chérubin Beyle). That explains his profound ambiguity about money. The second thread is connected with his own intellectual education becoming from ideologists and eighteenth century philosophers who treat economics, beyond their analysis. This training would make Stendhal have a positive and passionless vision upon money whose mechanisms could be learnt and subdued in theorie. But, he experienced a tension between his private relations with money(relations always complicated and impassioned because of his father) and the theories of the ideologists, his masters. This strain bursts out and becomes a contradiction, a moment of crisis inwhich he tries to define, against the ideology without breaking out with it, some major experiences that can also serve as a measurement of social worth(outside the monopoly of the money). They are written in De l'Amour, Racine et Shakespeare, and D'un nouveau complot contre les industriels. The novels are the scene inwhere this tension is solved. Money is expressed under two forms: first as an origin of the novels, and then, as an element conveying the real
Blic, Damien de. "Le scandale financier : naissance et déclin d'une forme politique de Panama au Crédit Lyonnais." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0058.
Повний текст джерелаThis work aims to study the protests against financial scandals in France for a century. The author shows that these scandals have been until the seventies associated with wide mobilizations, generally supported by the disclosure of an anomic world and calling the restoration of a political order. Two periods are more specially analyzed : the end of the nineteenth century when the financial scandal is constituted as a typical form of event. The 1990’s when a decline of this form can be observed. The case of the “Credit lyonnais scandal”, that hasn’t produce the expected social mobilizations, is detailed as an example of this decline and related to the fading of the traditional moral condemnation of the money
Hobeika, Janine. "Les bénéfices relationnels attendus expliqués par le stéréotype du personnel en contact, l'attitude du client, ses valeurs et les incidents critiques : une application à la gestion de patrimoine et à la banque de réseau." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED041/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe success of relationship marketing depends on individual preferences, knowing that clients are not all equally receptive to relational approaches. It appears necessary for this purpose to improve knowledge about client’s expected relational benefits. Within a sequential mixed design, non-directive interviews conducted with wealth management clients, then with retail bank clients, show and confirm the existence of three distinct types of relational profiles : transactional, psychological relational and socio-valuable relational. A matrix combining the money attitude and the banker stereotype reveals desirable vs undesirable hybrid profiles. The quantitative study creates a scale to measure the banker stereotype, enriches the money attitude scale with the taboo dimension, and produces a scale for the expected relational benefits. The test of hypotheses in a structural equations model shows the role of the banker stereotype, the money attitude, the cultural values and critical incidents, in the formation of expected relational benefits
Lazarus, Jeanne. "L'épreuve de l'argent : une sociologie de la banque et de ses clients." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0073.
Повний текст джерелаThe penetration of banking services throughout French society -what historians have called bancarisation -is a relatively recent phenomenon. Broadly speaking bancarisation refers to the fact that the bank account became a necessity for domestic money management. This had the overall effect of incorporating ail social classes into the retail banking system. I am interested in the normative consequences that bancarisation and banking modernisation have for the management of money: how do banks evaluate their customers and what are the broader social consequences those evaluations ? This is particularly interesting when it comes to the question of credit where an evaluation of the worth of the customer translates into precise monetary amounts. Research shows that the moral diffused by banks is contradictory and quite inarticulate. Banks regularly transmit conflicting moral injunctions according to the way they treat their customers and the products they sell. They sometimes seem 10 promote thrift and austerity whereas other times they accept overdraft and large spending. In fact there is a high degree of variability in bank rules depending on which customer is being dealt with. Bankers sometimes embody merchant role, sometimes they act as advisors and sometimes as censors. Moral issues are still alive in banking and it is especially visible in French banking. They refer to different order of worth: industrial, commercial but also civic and domestic. I try to analyze those complex situations and show what is in play in face to face relationship between bankers and customers
Bauer, Michel. "L’Eglise et l’argent dans les lettres de François de Sales et de Jeanne Frémyot de Chantal." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20106/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the the survey of 4960 surviving letters (after voluntary or involuntary destructions), I only deal with materialia avoiding spiritualia. First, I find the fund raising necessary for the (re)conquest and the management of a part of a diocese, and then, the quest for money and real estate in order to launch and then develop a monastic order, Visitation.Political and social restrictions frame the fund raising and the optimization of the investments, taking in account the circumstances (wars, plagues, famines). Consequently we study their implementation of the financial virtues (poverty, charity, labour). Their financial aims can only be obtained with the help of non-ecclesiastical and ecclesiastical networks, mainly in the upper society. The competition is harsh inside the roman church (prelates, monastic orders, Rome) as well as in the world (princes, nobility, local councils); thus they engage in many lawsuits, in contradiction with their other own writings. The complexity of their enterprises prompts them to build a resources management (finance, real estate, human resources), foreshadowing the one of contemporary organizations.The follow-up of details, as well in the fields of investment rate, as for producing pieces of furniture or books, as for selecting buildings or managers, all this detailed behaviour fits with the one of a modern top-manager, who shall finance his many activities. Finally, the Roman Catholic Church could be considered as a root of modern capitalism, in an other dimension than the one developed by Max Weber for Protestantism.On the other hand, those ceaseless limitations could lead them to forget their ultimate goals
Clavijo, Muñoz Irene. "Essays on Households’ Long-term Trajectories in Welfare and Human Capital." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0189.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation comprises the research I conducted over the course of my doctoral studies at the Paris School of Economics. The underlying common theme between the chapters is the microeconomic study of poor rural households over the course of time. I focus on changes in these households’ welfare level (intragenerational mobility) and the development of their human capital (intergenerational transmission). The first essay examines whether the timing of a cash transfer program could have an impact on the household’s long-term welfare trajectory. The results suggest that a short time differential in exposure to the program had an impact on the household’s likelihood of remaining stuck in poverty in the long run. The second essay investigates the intergenerational relationship between parental non-cognitive skills and subsequent child outcomes, finding an association that is still detectable after several years. The third essay investigates the risk factors (near birth) associated to children’s developmental trajectories into youth, with a focus on maternal mental health. The results show the development gaps, between poor and stable mental health mothers, widen with time, suggesting the importance of maternal mental health as a risk factor in the early stages of a child’s development. Overall, the ensemble of studies highlights the research insight which may be gained from following households’ or individuals’ trajectories over the longer term with a focus on specific periods identified as critical for development
Vari-Lavoisier, Ilka. "La circulation des significations sociales de l'argent : Transferts économiques, sociaux et politiques entre le Sénégal et la France." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0015.
Повний текст джерелаHow do monetary flows and flows of ideas interrelate as they circulate between new York, Dakar, and Paris ? This thesis shows how economic sociology can encompass and further conclusions relevant to the migration-development nexus. An economic sociological approach reveals that migrants' financial remittances perform a transnational relational work (Zelizer 2005) crtical to the maintenance of reciprocal exchanges across continents. Bringing together studies of economic and social remittances, this project shed light on the mechanisms through which migrants' transfers occur and affect political institutions in home countries. I combine two transnational datasets collected in France, Senegal, and the United States (in 2011-2012) to propose a structural model an inclusive epistemological framework to account for the channels through which the mobility of real and ideational assets affects sending societies
Wilkis, Ariel. "Capital moral et pratiques économiques dans la vie sociale des classes populaires de la banlieue de Buenos Aires." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0015.
Повний текст джерелаThe sociological literature on working class' s neighbourhoods, distinguish them as places of collective action, political sociability, local solidarity, social identity, but rarely are mentioned or analysed monetary practices. The main objective of this thesis is to understand the social uses of the judgments and evaluations in relation to monetary circulations between and to the poor. The stages of field work (develops between 2006 y 2010) have been developed in the poor districts of the municipality of La Matanza, located in the western suburbs of Buenos Aires. Our hypothesis is : the circulation of currency values is a unit of observation of the moral values of the poor (and its relations with other classes). Each chapter presents itself as a singular exploration to demonstrate this hypothesis
Morii, Ryo. "André Gide, une oeuvre à l'épreuve de l'économie." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC001.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation consists in synthesizing the theme of the economy in Gide. By taking as main corpus the works of the end of the 19th century, from Paludes (1895) to L'Immoraliste (1902) we try to show that the interest of the author for the economy is not only noticeable in his last period, that Les Faux-monnayeurs (1926) represent, but also at the beginning of his career. During the period under consideration, the writer has access to several questions concerning the economy of expenditure, as certain contemporary and modem ideologists (Nietzsche, Mauss, Bataille, Derrida, etc. ) take them seriously, and one can confirm here the attitude of the author who tries to reconcile capitalism with the counter-economy. Besides, Gide reacts, in his own way, to the politico-economic tendencies under the Third Republic during the 1890s, notably to the solidarism which Charles Gide, uncle economist of Gide, promotes and to the crisis of the gold currency which the uncle questions since the same period. Gide's reaction presupposes his interest for the social and monetary economy that the republicans of the period adopt. Moreover, beyond the "economy of the ego" which constitutes the foundation of the gidien economy, Gide presents the theme of the libidinal economy and the mintage of the body, the theme that allows us to consider the affinity with the thought of Pierre Klossowski. By replacing the "economic" texts of Gide in the historic and intellectual context of the time and by considering them possibly from the modern point of view, we point out the peculiarity and the topicality of the thought of the author as well as the impact of diverse questions which this thought implies
Mohamad, Suzanne. "L'impact de l'attitude à l'égard de l'argent sur l'image perçue de la banque : une application au contexte syrien." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR1002.
Повний текст джерелаThis research examines the effect of the customer money attitude on the perceived image of the bank. The effect of socio-Demographic characteristics of a bank client (Gender, Income, Age) is then examined. Finally, this research develops a typology of customers' according to their attitude towards money. To achieve the objectives of this study, a quantitative approach is used. Three principal results can be noticed. First, a relationship between attitude towards money dimensions and bank image composites has been identified. Second, we have found a moderator role of socio demographic variables. Finally our cluster analysis has reveled three customer profiles considering their attitude towards money: "materialist"," Frugal", "indifferent"
Leclerc, Normand. "La monnaie en droit : nature d'une abstraction outre fondée : essai dialectique et logique sur la dualité dans la catégoricité juridique et sur l'abstraction d'hérédité monétaire." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2371.
Повний текст джерелаThis series of essays analyses the concept of money in the law, seeking to isolate its unique and highly abstract nature. Traditionallaw teaching characterizes money both as a fact and as a right premised as it is on the idea that common nouns like 'money' must have substantive meaning; it is thereby unable to accept that money, by virtue of its unique place amongst the categories of private law, is the mechanism supposing the indeterminate future by embedding the present into it. The difficulty with money is that, as a category, it is not included amongst the usual categories ofprivate law. Its abstract character prevents it from being included amongst objects that have extension. Rather money is defined by negation with respect to the usuallegal categories. It is thereby uniquely recognizable. In the subject-object relationship, paid money is obviously not a subject. In its strict meaning, money refers today to paper-money. It is true that the latter does exist physically because it is tangible. But paradoxicalIy, as an object, money is neither a sum owed, nor an obligation in kind, nor a good, nor representing a debt, nor a measurement, nor consumable, nor fungible in the relevant sense ofthose terms. How does one capture the substance of a notion that defies the usual categories of legal discourse? That is the fundamental difficulty of the thesis. The entirely unique way of defining money bears repeating: Cash money is not identical to a sum owed but extinguishes one as it is being paid; conversely, a sum owed is not identical with money received, since when money is paid without obligation, the sum can be recovered as undue (the undue becomes due). The definition ofmoney proceeds by 'corecurrence': it defines something indeterminate, in that one definition refers to the other and vice versa. Its nature stems from its function in the structure of prestations. But the legal scholarship treats it principally as a sum owed, without further distinguishing this type of debt from other prestations. Now, as the performance of an obligation, a sum ofmoney not only as much pays off any amount, due at one time or another, but, because those are paired to obligations in kind as the price owed in consideration ofparticular performances to be accomplished; the cashing of sums of money still conducts the movement of goods among persons. Whence a paradox: A sum of money is destined to circulate precise1y to extinguish sums (due). Legal scholarship generally teaches the thesis of unity of performance of obligations (payment in its broad civillaw meaning): AlI acts accomplished in the performance of obligations in kind and all payments of sums of money are put in the same bag. Now, they are first owed, then received. These operations are said to form a single set. This bag is time itself. 1t is an interpretation of the universe of prestations, more precise1y an interpretation of the notion of universe where the homogeneous actuality of a set excludes to give place to the possibility of future values by contrast to past values. To close the notion of a universe to that of an actual vi set, the trick is to close the duality 'set/member' by replacing the member by the set: one of the objects included in the set must be at once an existing element of the set and be the collection of aIl its elements, constituting thereby the substantive junction underlying this duality. This foundational object is usually called the zero of the set. In the set of performances of obligations (prestations) with which we are dealing here, there must similarly be an element in the nature of both a promise and a fact. That element is money. So money has a dual nature, both concept and referent of the concept. The sum owed is performed in money and, conversely, money is the sum transferred as payment: substituting one definition in the other, the performance of the sum owed is the sum transferred, a formula leading to infinite regression. Who then is the debtor of this sum transferred for as long as money did and will circulate? The conceptual difficulty with money is to understand this metamorphosis, where the performance of a fact in satisfaction of an obligation reveals itselfto be a promise. Why then bother to distinguish a promise from the performance of it? Money cumulates the categorical nature of a physical thing being delivered - in olden days gold, today paper-money - and the nature of a sum owed; this way of thinking would tend to reify debts, to confer them physical existence. Yet to owe money is fundamentally the duration of the term of a relationship between two persons. And to pay money is to put an end to this term. So paradoxically, to express it in a categorical duality, money has duration and at the same time it has none. Such a union of the polar opposites of a duality is not unprecedented. To help the reader realise this, l document how the theme of migration ofpecuniary value ofthings by means ofmoney being given in payment of amounts owed is reminiscent of metempsychosis (migration of the soul) used to conceptualise the foundation of the medieval Crown, the gift ofGod that consecrated the continuity of successive reigns of an hereditary line of regents. At that time, the historical continuity of the people was conceptualised by the King's two bodies: both that of an individual and that of the set of individuals subject to his reign. Unique amongst aIl, one foundational individual was considered to constitute a set of one. This platonic attitude was believed necessary in public law to resolve the conceptual difficulty of the historical continuity of a community despite the temporal nature of its individuals; it was put to similar use in private law with respect to money. The thesis of unity of performance of obligations - where, like in economics, the capacity to exchange goods is considered an ordinary good itself - appears to rely on the same conception of a necessary dual nature. In the universe of prestations, according to traditionallegal scholarship, an infinite set of successive values taking shape over an indefinite period of time is viewed as founded on a transcendental object which cumulates the opposite faces ofa duality: both sum (of money) and thing, both right and act accomplished in the performance of an obligation, both fact and future value. This traditional paradigm disregard the duality of prestations: pecuniary and non-pecuniary. It does so by giving a substantive value to the non vi-a existence of a sumo The explanation proposed here is one of structure. The universe of prestations is rather a dichotomy of two distinct dualities: 10 a categorieal duality, that of the performance of specifie prestations - where to have done something and not to have done it are characterised action and abstention, and 20 a modal (circular) duality: to owe an amount in currency or (exclusively) not to owe it, to have paid it or not. The obligation to deliver a particular performance to someone is paired to the sum of money owed by him in consideration of it; we altemate from nonpecuniary obligation to promises to pay an amount of money without one being able to have his cake and eat it too at any time. But still, one amount owed follow another thru money, money always being the tuming over of the sum owed. We are not obliged to state that money exists, or that it does not; it suffiees to say that it extinguishes the sum owed. Not only is the sum owed extinguished upon money being tumed (paid) in, but by virtue of nominalism it still can extinguish anew a further sum of same amount; it is sufficient that a creditor accept to be owed a sum ofmoney rather than to revert to the barter ofphysical things. This new reading of the payment of obligations draw apart two types of reasoning. The categorieal proof of a past specifie performance is different from the modality where the legal consequence of the extinction of a sum due is tumed over into the a priori possibility to still reiterate that same consequence against a sum that now may not yet be determined. The possibility of an historieal continuity does not have the finite nature of a fact. Money as an object transcends the concept of an ordinary object because it is circular: 'money' is "the end of a sum (owed) and (is still) money". In the hereditary line of sums, created to be extinguished or extinguished to be created, money is neither the predecessor nor a particular successor; it is the function of continuously opening up the possibility of further successors. Money is an abstraction and its unique character is confirmed in Canada since 1967. Once the convertibility of paper-money is dropped, money is no longer a promissory note: no longer does the central bank undertakes to exchange a bank note for gold or Dominion bonds. Paper-money is now trivially replaced only by paper-money. Finally, the abstract character ofmoney gives the central bank an most unusual status as a legal person. If the Crown is creditor of sorne persons and debtor to others, then by contrast the central bank - who is not a bank - is neither creditor, nor debtor ofpaper-money. The problem of fitting money within the traditional categories of the law does have an unexpected ending. Money presents itself as the complement of the concepts oflegal discourse. The cashing in of a sum triggers the end of its term, but still it calls one anew, eventually. So money is the bath of renewal of sums. In being characterised as neither... nor... it hops between the two terms by altematively negating them.
"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit (LL.D.)"