Статті в журналах з теми "Archéologie du sel"

Using the perspective of intersection between literature and archaeology, this study addresses the assessment of the ancient authors’ credibility as a source document for archaeologists. The example of Pausanias, and more particularly of his discourse on statues, is demonstrative of an assessment method which differs from a confrontation of his descriptions with the actual ruins : does Periegetes effectively carry out some of the scientific procedures and operations which are used by modem archaeologists ? Through pointing out systematically all of these operations, which extend from the justification of geographical and chronological limits to attribution, and also by passing through dating or reconstitution, we can see that, if Pausanias never actually carried out excavations, he tended nonetheless to think with the mind of an archaeologist. Through this assessment method, which is not based on the authenticity of the statues mentioned by Periegetes but on the validity of his reasoning, we can see that Pausanias carried out several scientific operations which could well be compared to those made by modem archaeologists.

Principalement connue pour ses exportations de sel et de produits de l’agriculture et de l’élevage, la Sardaigne fut aussi, dans une moindre mesure, productrice de matières précieuses depuis l’Antiquité. Si l’on connaît assez bien l’exploitation de l’argent qui, par les Pisans d’abord et par les Aragonais ensuite, a alimenté les frappes monétaires, il est plus difficile d’apprécier la production de matières précieuses marines – corail, pourpre, byssus – ou terrestres – marbres, porphyres et alun. Dans ces domaines, une enquête archéologique à venir devrait pouvoir pallier la rareté des mentions textuelles qui ne nous font qu’entrevoir le rôle de l’île dans le commerce méditerranéen médiéval de ces produits rares et recherchés.

AbstractFriedrich Max Mueller thought that the "absurdity" of Aryan myths could be explained by a "disease of language," that is a shift implying that metaphor was taken for reality. Thus, cosmic and meteorological phenomena came to be considered as human beings living human adventures. He found the etiology of this disease in language, and specially in the polysemy and ambiguity of Vedic Sanskrit which he opposed to the limpidity of Hebrew. While the difference between the two languages does exist, the explanation has long been acknowledged to be false. Actually, the opposition becomes understandable if we consider that Indo-Europeans and Semites belong to much wider cultural basins. Indeed, characteristics attributed by Max Mueller to the Aryans also belong to the Altaic cultures, while those assigned to the Semites are shared not only by Hebrews, but also by many other Semitic and by non-Semitic cultures of the Near East. Hence, we can define two large cultural sets north and south of the Black Sea and the Caucasus. In the northern one, Indo-European and Altaic cultures share many traits: organization of space and time, society and knowledge, unreliability of the visible world, conception of the human body, rejection of figuration, for instance. In the southern one, we find radically different conceptions shared by the indigenous Near Eastern cultures. Considering that linguistic communication and ways of thinking are only aspects of these two cultural sets, elaborated separately since the Neolithic and adapted to different conditions of life, we may expect mythologies to reflect these differences and understand that the opposition of Vedic Sanskrit and Hebrew is only a small facet of a global phenomenon.

The figures of deer, of kantharos (cantharus), and the four rivers of Paradise are all part of a rich catalog of early Christian iconography in Tunisia. We often find this iconography in the mosaics of baptisteries, as well as mosaics in the basilicas. The presence of such iconographic figures in all Tunisia, whether in prominent basilicas or in small rural churches reflects the unity of the Christian faith throughout the territory, as well as the firmness of the Christian traditions that came from the East. In this article, we will first explain the spiritual and Christian signification of these iconographic figures and afterwards we will present the models in mosaics found in Tunisia within their archeological context. Las figuras de los ciervos, del cántaro y de los cuatro ríos del Paraíso son parte del rico repertorio de la iconografía paleocristiana en Túnez. Estas imágenes plasmadas especialmente en mosaicos, las encontramos frecuentemente en contexto bautismal como decoración de pavimento, y en contexto eucarístico decorando el suelo de las basílicas cristianas. La presencia de estas imágenes iconográficas en Túnez, ya sea en las grandes basílicas como en las pequeñas iglesias rurales, muestra la unidad de la fe católica en todo el territorio como también la solidez de las tradiciones cristianas heredadas de Oriente. Este artículo explicaremos primero el significado espiritual de estas figuras y luego presentaremos los ejemplares que la arqueología ha encontrado en las distintas regiones de Túnez. Les représentations de cerfs, de kantharos (cantharus) et des quatre fleuves du Paradis font partie d’un riche répertoire dans l’iconographie ancienne tunisienne. Souvent, ces représentations iconographiques se retrouvent dans les mosaïques des baptistères ainsi que dans les celles des basiliques. La présence de ces types d’images dans toute la Tunisie, que ce soit dans de grandes basiliques ou dans de petites églises rurales, reflète l’unité de la foi chrétienne sur tout le territoire, ainsi que la force des traditions chrétiennes venues d’Orient. Dans cet article, nous expliquerons d’abord la signification spirituelle et chrétienne de ce style de décoration,que nous appuierons à travers des modèles dans les mosaïques trouvés en Tunisie dans leur contexte archéologique

In examining Michel Foucault’s philosophical vision I have used Gilles Deleuze’s definition: “A seer is someone who sees something not seen.” Being situated on the border between the discursive and the non-discursive, images offer an opportunity to get out of the discursivity; this rupture enables one to see and say something new. The images carry in themselves “an uncertainty essential for creativity”. This property relates images to Foucault’s philosophical vision, aimed at destroying the evidence characteristic of a historical formation in the sphere of what is seen and what is said.In addition, one can notice three different directions in Foucault’s understanding of art, which correspond to different periods in his thinking. In his first work Folie et déraison. Histoire de la folie à l’âge classique (1961) there is a vertical view. Influenced by Martin Heidegger’s ontological conception of art, Foucalt sees images as “growing out of the Earth”, as a specific truth which he valued highly during this period.”Archéologie du savoir (1969) reveals a different vision of art. In this work, Foucault stressed that, at least in one of its dimensions, art is a discursive practice “at the most superficial (discursive) level”. In this “superficial” phase, his account of art may be compared to George Dickie’s institutional theory of art. I call the gaze moving along the surface the horizontal.However, as early as the 1970s, Foucault’s understanding of art becomes spherical: art lacks an ontological dimension; instead, images emerge in a historical fabric, within a network of power, as a result of complex interaction between various forces. Foucault participates in this “fight” mainly at the discursive level, but he does not suffocate images with text; instead, he revitalizes them, making them visible again in a novel way.Eventually the question arises whether the direction of the view has an effect on the interpretation of art.Firstly, there is the problem of value. In a broader wider perspective, the vertical is inherently tied to this. It touches on hierarchy, on looking up from below and the awe this invokes. A connotation is assigned to divine structures and the symbolic significance of such things. Growing from the artist’s hand via forces unknown, self-made artworks thus evoke a different kind of reverence than those produced merely on a flat surface. Foucault’s earlier works in his vertical period reference visual art notably more than his later works. Pictures made in the vertical seem to offer him more inspiration. It is only during this period that pictures speak to him, later it would be reversed – he would speak of the image.Admittedly he never finished his horizontal interpretation, producing only a barebones sketch. Such an approach does not demand viewing or listening to the art itself, but rather offers a possible way to hold a discussion on it. Maybe Foucault just did not have the time to write on the horizontal or maybe it simply did not engage him enough.The horizontal approach, specifically the version put forth by Dickie is a consumer-centric vision. Art would mean a market that is based purely on supply and demand. With this approach, artworks tend to contract the one time use and disposability of commodities.Secondly, there is the issue of visual art’s material or virtual nature. Words like verticality and Earth remind us that art has been material (until now) and thus literally originates from the ground. One can easily argue that works come from the Earth and emerge with the help of the artist, as Heidegger claimed. If we say that artworks have been material until now, we draw attention to the evolution of art as a configuration of shining pixels on a computer screen. The screen may be material but how and in what way is the light emitted from the tiny points of light material? However one approaches it, the virtual image is material in a different way than traditional works of art. Might it be that Foucault’s spherical view is a good fit for analyzing such virtual art?

The article discusses a number of episodes from the biography of the outstanding Russian researcher of antiquity Mikhail Koutorga (1809—1886), which give an idea of his personal characteristics, scientific routes, contacts and sympathies. His development as a scientist is considered in the system of European scientific coordinates, among which there were many countries and cities, but so far there was no England and London. The European educational path of Mikhail Koutorga began at the Professorial Institute of the University of Dorpat and continued in Berlin, largely predetermining his formation as a scientist. Even in Dorpat, there was an acquaintance with the peculiarities of the educational space of Europe, because Koutorga got acquainted with the advanced works on the history of Greece and Rome at that time and the critical method of European historical science. The works of the French historian François Guizot had the greatest influence on Koutorga. Having adopted his ideas, Mikhail Koutorga further developed the concept of class struggle in relation to Athens. After graduating from the Professorial Institute, Koutorga was attached to the Berlin professor F. Kranichfeld, and a new stage in his development as a scientist began. Illness prevented Koutorga from visiting Italy, but probably allowed him to work in the libraries of Vienna, Berlin and Munich. The scarce information about this scientific trip suggests that Koutorga from his youth sought to expand the horizons of his educational travels, and over the years did not lose this desire. Despite the fact that Koutorga was critical of the teaching of German professors, he attended lectures by prominent researchers of that time (L. von Ranke, F. Raumer, and others). Taking into account his subsequent interest in archaeological and topographic research, the course of lectures on archeology of one of the founders of the archeology of Rome, E. Gerhard, should have seemed important to Koutorga. The knowledge gained at these lectures was probably useful to Mikhail Koutorga during his travels in Greece in 1860—1861. One of the main merits of M. Koutorga in the Western scientific community is still considered a detailed description of the ancient city of Halae in central Greece that meets high scientific standards, which he published in the French edition of the Revue Archéologique for 1860. Before traveling to Greece, he visited France and England in 1859. A visit to England is still one of the blank spots in his scientific and educational travels, where in addition to the obvious ones, there were also hidden routes. The materials stored in the Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of Russia allow us to state that Kutorga managed to enter into correspondence and establish contacts with English antiquities, especially with the outstanding topographer of Greece, Colonel William Martin Leake (1777—1860). The authors of the article transcribed, analyzed and for the first time offered for publication in the original language and translated into Russian five letters stored in the Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library (F. 410. Items 45, 46, 211). A comparative analysis of the letters made it possible to broaden our understanding of not only the peculiarities of Koutorga's interaction with Western colleagues and to see how carefully he planned his scientific work in England. The letters make it possible to outline the circle of outstanding scientists of that time, to whom Leake addresses about Koutorga. That is, they make it possible to trace the scientific contacts of Colonel Leake in Cambridge, Oxford and the British Museum, as well as point out those of them that can be called personal connections rather than official appeals. The content of the correspondence, which lasts from August 8 to 12, 1859, as well as the information present on the two surviving envelopes, not only proves Koutorga's visit to England, but also allows us to establish the exact address of his residence and the purpose of his stay.

Außerhalb der archäologischen Forschung ist das Thema Kind schon seit längerem in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses gerückt, was in dem eigenen interdisziplinär ausgerichteten Forschungszweig Kindheitsforschung gipfelte. Innerhalb der Archäologie ist das Kind lange Zeit kaum behandelt worden mit dem Argument, das prähistorische Kind sei durch die vorhandenen Quellen nicht greifbar. In den letzten Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise geändert und es wird versucht zu skizzieren, welches Potenzial das Thema für die Forschung bietet. Der Beitrag hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, möglichst nah am fassbaren Quellenmaterial das Thema Kind zu vertiefen. Gerade weil für die Späte Bronzezeit kaum Aussagen zum Kind gemacht werden, bilden die urnenfelderzeitlichen Leichenbrände des Gräberfeldes von Zuchering-Ost (Stadt Ingolstadt), die im Rahmen einer Dissertation eingehend thematisiert wurden, den Ausgangspunkt. Auch andere Gräberfelder kommen zur Sprache. Zum Zwecke eines Abgleiches wird versucht, sich dem Kind der Urnenfelderzeit anhand von Siedlungsmaterial zu nähern. Ein Blick in die Hallstattzeit soll Kontinuität und Veränderung in der Behandlung von Kindern sichtbar machen.En dehors de la recherche archéologique, l’intérêt porté depuis quelques temps déjà au thème de l’enfant a débouché sur la création d’un secteur de la recherche interdisciplinaire sur l’enfance. En archéologie, on ne s’est guère intéressé à ce thème pendant longtemps sous prétexte que les sources disponibles ne permettaient pas de saisir l’enfant préhistorique. Cette attitude a évolué ces dernières années et l’on s’efforce d’évaluer le potentiel que pourrait représenter ce thème pour la recherche. Cette contribution veut approfondir le thème de l’enfant en collant le plus possible aux sources identifiables. Et c’est précisément parce que le Bronze tardif n’a guère livré d’informations sur les enfants que cette étude part des crémations de la nécropole de Zuchering-Ost, datées des Champs d’Urnes et traitées de manière approfondie dans le cadre d’une dissertation. D’autres nécropoles sont également abordées. Pour ajuster les résultats, on tente d’approcher l’enfant des Champs d’Urnes à travers le matériel des habitats. Un aperçu du Hallstatt vise à mettre en évidence la continuité et les changements qu’a connu le traitement des enfants.Beyond archaeological research, the subject child has attracted a lot of attention for some time. This culminated in the interdisciplinary research area of ‘children and childhood studies’. Within archaeology the subject child was not discussed for a long time arguing that the prehistoric child is intangible with aid of existent sources. During the last years this perspective has changed, and the potential of this topic for the archaeological research has been identified. This paper enlarges upon the subject child by staying as closely as possible on source material. Precisely, as for the late Bronze Age there are almost no statements about children, the starting point is the cremation remains of the cemetery Zuchering-Ost (city of Ingolstadt), which are addressed in a doctoral thesis. Other cemeteries with known child burials are also discussed. For purposes of comparison, this paper approaches the child of the late Bronze Age (urnfield period) also by settlement material. In addition, the continuity and change in the treatment of children in the Hallstatt period is shortly discussed.

Prehistory and Protohistory ; Sarah C. Murray, The Collapse of the Mycenaean Economy. Imports, Trade and Institutions 1300–700 BCE / Chrysanthi Gallou, Death in Mycenaean Laconia. A Silent Place /James C. Wright and Mary K. Dabney (with contributions by Phoebe Acheson, Susan F. Allen, Kathleen M. Forster, Paul Halstead, S.M.A. Hoffman, Anna Karabatsoli, Konstantina Kaza-Papageorgiou, Bartłomiej Lis, Rebecca Mersereau, Hans Mommsen, Jeremy B. Rutter, Tatiana Theodoropoulou, and Jonathan E. Tomlinson), The Mycenaean Settlement on Tsoungiza Hill (Nemea Valley Archaeological Project III) – Oliver Dickinson ; Gioulika-Olga Christakopoulou, To Die in Style! The Residential Lifestyle of Feasting and Dying in Iron Age Stamna, Greece – John Bintliff ; Archaic to Hellenistic ; Oliver Hülden, Das griechische Befestigungswesen der archaïschen Zeit. Entwicklungen – Formen – Funktionen – Hans Lohmann ; Peter van Alfen and Ute Wartenberg (eds) (with Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert, Haim Gitler, Koray Konuk, and Catharine C. Lorber), White Gold: Studies in Early Electrum Coinage – Keith Rutter ; Marta González González, Funerary Epigrams of Ancient Greece: Reflections on Literature, Society and Religion – Fabienne Marchand ; Robert S. Wagman, The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus. Studies on a Thessalian Country Shrine – Maria Mili ; Natascha Sojc (ed.), Akragas. Current Issues in the Archaeology of a Sicilian Polis – Johannes Bergemann ; Roman to Late Roman ; Laura Pfuntner, Urbanism and Empire in Roman Sicily. – Michalis Karambinis ; Walter Scheidel, Escape from Rome. The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity – Bryan Ward-Perkins ; Rinse Willet, The Geography of Urbanism in Roman Asia Minor – Mark P.C. Jackson ; Medieval to Postmedieval ; Charalambos Bouras, Byzantine Athens, 10th-12th Centuries / Nickephoros I. Tsougarakis and Peter Lock (eds), A Companion to Latin Greece / Joanita Vroom (ed.), Medieval and Post-Medieval Ceramics in the Eastern Mediterranean - Fact and Fiction. / Joanita Vroom, Yona Waksman and Roos van Oosten (eds), Medieval Masterchef. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Eastern Cuisine and Western Foodways – John Bintliff ; Multiperiod ; María-Paz de Hoz, Juan Luis García Alonso and Luis Arturo Guichard Romero (eds), Greek paideia and local tradition in the Graeco-Roman east – Dorothea Stavrou ; John Ellis Jones and Ourania Kouka, Elis 1969. The Peneios Valley Rescue Excavation Project: British School at Athens Survey 1967 and Rescue Excavations at Kostoureika and Keramidia 1969 / Effie Photos-Jones and Alan J Hall, Eros, mercator and the cultural landscape of Melos in antiquity: The archaeology of the minerals industry of Melos – John Bintliff ; Bleda S. Düring and Claudia Glatz (eds), Kinetic Landscapes, the Cide Archaeological Project: Surveying the Turkish Western Black Sea Coast – James Crow ; J. Rasmus Brandt, Erika Hagelberg, Gro Bjørnstad and Sven Ahrens (eds), Life and Death in Asia Minor in Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Times: Studies in Archaeology and Bioarchaeology – Willem M. Jongman ; Caroline Arnould-Béhar and Véronique Vassal (eds), Art et archéologie du Proche-Orient hellénistique et romain. Les circulations artistiques entre Orient et Occident Vol.1 / Caroline Arnould-Béhar and Véronique Vassal (eds), Art et archéologie du Proche-Orient hellénistique et romain. Les circulations artistiques entre Orient et Occident Vol. 2 – Andrew Erskine ; Historiography and Theory ; John Boardman, A Classical Archaeologist’s Life: The Story So Far. An Autobiography – Robin Osborne

Abstract The mountain range formed by Jebels Matmata, Demmer and Nefoussa which links the two countries, Tunisia and Libya, is strewn with archaeological remains that are little known today, due in part to the rugged terrain which makes it difficult to see them. This issue has been helped by the use of new technologies, in this case remote sensing and QGIS software. Archaeological evidence has been uncovered and more than 3,900 sites and monuments have been detected on the sides of these mountains. In addition to the inventory of unknown archaeological sites, the main aim of the work was to draw up a management and conservation plan to provide, with an order of priority, a strategy for the safeguard and conservation of the mountain heritage. This management plan was only possible through a correlation of three data: assessment of values, identification of threats, and study of the state of conservation. These components were studied using an indirect evaluation based on satellite imagery and direct evaluation through field visits.

Grubengräber mit spezifischen Bestattungssitten, die in Grabhügeln im Balkan- und Karpatengebiet ausgegraben wurden, werden seit langem der Jamnaja-Kultur zugeschrieben. Die Gräber der Jamnaja-Kultur sind zwischen 3100 und 2500 v. Chr. (kalibriert) vor allem in der osteuropäischen Steppenzone zwischen den Ostkarpaten und dem südlichen Uralvorland verbreitet. Das Auftreten von vergleichbaren Grabanlagen westlich dieser Hauptverbreitungszone wurde immer wieder mit Migrationen aus der Steppe erklärt, deren Verlauf sehr unterschiedlich gedeutet wurde.Seit der umfassenden Studie von I. Panajotov ist die Zahl an archäologisch untersuchten Grabhügeln im heutigen Bulgarien angewachsen, so dass die darin freigelegten Grubengräber neu bewertet werden können. Insgesamt 162 Gräber weisen charakteristische Kennzeichen auf, die es erlauben, sie der Jamnaja-Kultur zuzuordnen. Sie lassen sich in drei regionale Gruppen im Nordwesten, Nordosten und im Süden des heutigen Bulgariens unterteilen.Eine Serie von 14C-Daten zeigt, dass die Gräber in den drei Regionen zwischen 3100 und 2500 cal BC angelegt wurden, was für eine Zuwanderung über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg spricht. Insbesondere in Thrakien belegt die Beigabe von Gefäßen aus dem lokalen Kulturmilieu in den Bestattungen der Jamnaja-Kultur einen intensiven Kontakt der Zuwanderer mit der Bevölkerung, die dort in den Tellsiedlungen lebte.Die Steinstelen und die Ausstattung der Verstorbenen in den westpontischen Grabkomplexen mit Spiralringen sind Attribute, wie sie aus Bestattungen der Jamnaja-Kultur im nordwestlichen Schwarzmeerraum überliefert sind. Daher wird diese als Herkunftsregion der vermutlich eher kleineren Populationsgruppen diskutiert, die über mehrere Jahrhunderte hinweg in das heutige Bulgarien einwanderten. Soweit die immer noch nur auf Gräbern beruhende Quellenlage überhaupt verlässliche Rückschlüsse zulässt, ergibt sich ein Bild kommunikativer Prozesse, die zwischen der lokalen und der zugewanderten Bevölkerung stattfanden. Die in der Forschung wiederholt beschworene Überlegenheit seitens der Steppenbewohner ist in den Befunden nirgends zu erkennen.Les tombes à fosses avec rites funéraires spécifiques fouillées dans les Balkans et la région des Carpates ont depuis longtemps été attribuées à la culture Yamna. Ces sépultures, qui datent entre environ 3100 et 2500 cal BC, sont réparties avant tout dans la zone des steppes d’Europe orientale, entre les Carpates et les régions limitrophes de l’Oural du sud. La présence de tombes semblables à l’ouest de cette zone a été considérée à maintes reprises comme preuve d’une immigration de populations venant des steppes, bien que les modalités de cette immigration aient été interprétées de manières diverses.Depuis la parution des travaux exhaustifs d’I. Panajatov, le nombre de tumuli fouillés sur le territoire de la Bulgarie moderne s’est accru, ce qui nous permet de réévaluer les tombes à fosses qu’ils contenaient. En tout 162 tombes exhibent des traits caractéristiques de la culture Yamna. Elles peuvent être classées en trois groupes répartis sur le nord-ouest, le nord-est et le sud de la Bulgarie actuelle.Une série de dates radiocarbone indique que les tombes à fosses de ces trois régions ont été établies entre 3100 et 2500 cal BC, ce qui laisse penser à une migration sur une durée prolongée. Le fait que des vases de production locale appartenant à une culture indigène aient été inclus dans le mobilier des sépultures Yamna en Thrace suggère que des contacts étroits existaient entre les immigrants et la population autochtone qui à cette époque habitaient des tells.Les stèles en pierre et la présence d’anneaux en spirale dans le mobilier des ensembles funéraires à l’ouest du Pont-Euxin sont des traits qui surviennent dans les sépultures de la culture Yamna du nord-ouest de la Mer Noire. Cette constatation forme le point de départ d’une discussion qui cherche à déterminer la zone d’origine de groupes (vraisemblablement plus petits) qui auraient émigré en Bulgarie actuelle au cours de plusieurs siècles. Les données à notre disposition – uniquement funéraires – suggèrent que nous avons affaire à des processus de communication entre les populations indigènes et immigrantes. Il n’existe aucune preuve archéologique étayant la thèse si souvent réitérée d’une domination des peuplades venant des steppes.Pit graves with evidence of specific burial rites excavated in the Balkans and the Carpathians have long been attributed to the Yamnaya culture. These burials, dated to between 3100 and 2500 cal BC, are mainly distributed in the eastern European steppe zone between the eastern Carpathians and the area bordering the southern Urals. The presence of similar burials west of this zone has repeatedly been taken to be evidence of migration out of the steppes, although its course has been interpreted in a number of ways.Since I. Panayotov’s comprehensive study of these burials, the number of burial mounds excavated in present-day Bulgaria has grown, which makes it possible to re-examine the pit burials within them. A total of 162 graves possess characteristic traits of the Yamnaya culture. They can be divided into three regional groups, in the northwest, north-east and south of present-day Bulgaria.A series of 14C determinations dates the establishment of the pit graves in all three regions to between 3100 and 2600 cal BC, which suggests that migrations took place over an extended period. In particular the custom of including vessels belonging to an indigenous culture among the grave goods of the Yamnaya burials in Thrace suggests that there were close contacts between the immigrants and the local population that lived in tell settlements.Stone stelae and the inclusion of spiral rings among the grave goods of the western Pontic burial complexes are traits that have been recorded in the burials of the Yamnaya Culture in the north-western Black Sea zone. This forms the starting point of a discussion examining the area of origin of presumably smaller population groups that migrated to present-day Bulgaria over several centuries. As far as the evidence – which still relies on burials only – allows, it appears that we are dealing with processes of communication between the local and the immigrant population. There is no archaeological evidence for the dominance of the steppe people repeatedly cited in the literature.

The year 2019 is the 150th anniversary of John Wesley Powell’s epic exploration of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon and the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Grand Canyon National Park. This is an excellent moment to look back 150 years to think about where we have come from as a science and society, and look forward 100 years towards the accelerated change we expect in the future. For historians, archaeologists, geologists and astronomers, of course, this century-long time scale is short compared to other perspectives. They might choose also to celebrate the 479th anniversary of the first sighting of Grand Canyon by Europeans in 1540, the 1000th anniversary of Ancestral Puebloan farmers in Grand Canyon, the 12,000th anniversary of the arrival of humans migrating south from the Bering Land Bridge, the 5 millionth anniversary of the integration of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon to the Gulf of California, the 4.6 billionth anniversary of the formation of Earth, or the 13.75 billionth anniversary of the Big Bang and the formation of our Universe. Geology is all about time, and knowing some geology helps with the difficult endeavour of placing human timeframes into perspectives of deep time. This guide is for geology students of all levels and types visiting the South Rim of Grand Canyon. It is designed as a 3-day field trip and introduction to the rocks and landscapes. The term ‘students’ in our view also includes visitors who want to know about the basics of Grand Canyon geology while taking scenic hikes to see the geology first-hand. It is organized as if you enter the Park at its East entrance, near Cameron, and exit the Park at the South entrance, towards Flagstaff, but the three activities can be done in any order. As an introduction, we present a brief summary of the history of geologic maps and stratigraphic columns, and the geologists who made them. The maps and depictions of Grand Canyon geology over the past 160 years record a visual progression of how geoscience knowledge in general has developed and matured. The first sixty years, before the Park was founded, may have been the greatest in terms of the rapid growth that merged geology, art and public outreach. The second fifty years (to about 1969) saw important advances in stratigraphy and paleontology and solid efforts by the Park to apply and interpret Grand Canyon geology for the public. The most recent 50 years have seen major advances in regional geological mapping, dating of rocks, plate tectonics, and improved geoscience interpretation. The next 100 years will hopefully see additional innovative efforts to use the iconic field laboratory of Grand Canyon rocks and landscapes to resolve global geoscience debates, inform resource sustainability imperatives and contribute to science literacy for an international public. The three activities described are as follows: Activity 1 (an hour or two) is an overview from Lipan Point. This is a vehicle pull-out on the East Rim drive and serves as an introduction for those entering the Park, or a recap for those who are leaving. Activity 2 (most of a day) is a day hike on the South Rim with visits to Yavapai Geology Museum and the Trail of Time Exhibit. The Trail of Time is a geology timeline trail laid out at a scale of one metre = 1 million years along the Rim Trail. It is a great family hike, fully accessible, with magnificent views of Grand Canyon. The rocks were collected along the river and have been placed at their ‘birthdays’ along the Trail for you to see and touch and sketch. If you walk the entire 4.56 km (2.8 mile) Trail of Time, a long way, you get a visceral feeling for the age of the Earth and you also go through historic Grand Canyon Village for lunch and shops. Activity 3 (all day) is a hike to Plateau Point along the Bright Angel Trail. One has not really seen and appreciated Grand Canyon geology until you delve its depths. You can go any distance down, but if you do the entire 19 km (12 mile) hike, you descend through a 1 km (3300 foot) thick set of Paleozoic rock layers to a spectacular vista where you feel like you can touch the Colorado River as well as the Grand Canyon Supergroup and Vishnu basement rocks of the inner Granite Gorge. The Plateau Point Trail takes off at Indian Gardens, or alternatively, this guide describes some good geology stops a short way down Garden Creek. The Bright Angel Trail continues to the Colorado River and to Phantom Ranch at the bottom of the canyon, but this is generally done as an overnight endeavour. You can get campground reservations (https://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/campsite-information.htm) or reservations at Phantom Ranch well in advance through a lottery (https://www.grandcanyonlodges.com/lodging/lottery/). RÉSUMÉL’année 2019 marque le 150e anniversaire de l’exploration épique du fleuve Colorado par John Wesley Powell à travers le Grand Canyon ainsi que le 100e anniversaire de la création du parc national du Grand Canyon. C’est un excellent moment pour regarder 150 ans en arrière et se rappeler le chemin parcouru par la science et la société, et envisager le changement accéléré auquel nous nous attendons pour les 100 prochaines années. Pour les historiens, les archéologues, les géologues et les astronomes, bien sûr, cette échelle d'un siècle est courte par rapport à d'autres perspectives. Ils pourraient également choisir de célébrer le 479e anniversaire de la première observation du Grand Canyon par les Européens en 1540, le 1000e anniversaire des agriculteurs Pueblo ancestraux dans le Grand Canyon, le 12 000e anniversaire de l'arrivée d'humains migrant depuis l'isthme de Béring vers le sud, le 5 millionième anniversaire de l'intégration du fleuve Colorado à travers le Grand Canyon jusqu'au golfe de Californie, le 4,6 milliardième anniversaire de la formation de la Terre ou le 13,75 milliardième anniversaire du Big Bang et de la formation de notre univers. La géologie est une question de temps, et connaître un peu de géologie facilite la tâche difficile qui consiste à placer l’échelle de temps humaine dans le contexte du « temps profond ». Ce guide est destiné aux étudiants en géologie de tous niveaux et de tous types qui visitent le South Rim du Grand Canyon. Il est conçu comme une excursion de trois jours et une initiation aux roches et aux paysages. Selon nous, le terme « étudiants » inclut également les visiteurs qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur la géologie de base du Grand Canyon tout en faisant des randonnées panoramiques pour observer la géologie. Il est organisé comme si vous entrez dans le parc par son entrée est, près de Cameron, et quittez le parc par l’entrée sud, en direction de Flagstaff, mais les trois activités peuvent être effectuées dans n’importe quel ordre. En guise d'introduction, nous présentons un bref résumé de l'histoire des cartes géologiques et des colonnes stratigraphiques, ainsi que les géologues qui les ont réalisées. Les cartes et les représentations de la géologie du Grand Canyon au cours des 160 dernières années montrent une progression visuelle de l'évolution et de la maturation des connaissances géoscientifiques en général. Les soixante premières années, avant la création du parc, ont peut-être été les meilleures en termes de croissance rapide résultant de la fusion de la géologie, de l’art et de la vulgarisation. Les cinquante années suivantes (jusqu’en 1969 environ) ont été marquées par d’importants progrès en stratigraphie et paléontologie et par les efforts soutenus du parc pour permettre au public d'accéder à l’application et l’interprétation de la géologie du Grand Canyon. Au cours des 50 dernières années, la cartographie géologique régionale, la datation des roches, la tectonique des plaques et l'amélioration de l'interprétation géoscientifique ont considérablement progressé. Espérons que les 100 prochaines années verront des efforts novateurs supplémentaires visant à utiliser l’emblématique laboratoire des roches et du paysages du Grand Canyon pour résoudre les débats géoscientifiques mondiaux, informer sur les impératifs de durabilité des ressources et contribuer à la culture scientifique d’un public international. Les trois activités décrites sont les suivantes. L’activité 1 (une heure ou deux) est une vue d’ensemble de Lipan Point. Il s’agit d’une sortie en véhicule sur East Rim Drive et sert d’introduction pour ceux qui entrent dans le parc ou de récapitulation pour ceux qui en partent. L'activité 2 (presque une journée) est une randonnée d'une journée sur le South Rim avec la visite du musée de géologie de Yavapai et de l'exposition « Trail of Time ». Le « Trail of Time » est un sentier chronologique géologique tracé à une échelle d'un mètre pour un million d'années le long de Rim Trail. C'est une excellente randonnée en famille, entièrement accessible, avec des vues magnifiques sur le Grand Canyon. Les roches ont été collectées le long de la rivière et ont été placées à leurs « anniversaires » le long du sentier pour que le public puisse les voir, les toucher et les dessiner. Le parcours entier du « Trail of Time » sur 4,56 km (2,8 miles) offre une représentation intuitive de l'âge de la Terre et permet de passer également par le village historique du Grand Canyon pour déjeuner et faire les boutiques. L'activité 3 (toute la journée) consiste en une randonnée vers Plateau Point, le long de Bright Angel Trail. On n'a pas vraiment vu et apprécié la géologie du Grand Canyon tant qu’on n’en a pas exploré les profondeurs. N'importe quelle distance peut être parcourue, mais en arpentant les 19 km (12 milles) de la randonnée entière, on descend à travers un ensemble de couches de roches paléozoïques épaisses de 1 km (3 300 pieds) jusqu'à une vue spectaculaire où on a l’impression de pouvoir toucher le fleuve Colorado ainsi que le super-groupe du Grand Canyon et les roches du socle de Vishnu de la gorge granitique intérieure. Le Plateau Point Trail commence à Indian Gardens mais ce guide propose d’autres points de départ avec une géologie intéressante non loin de Garden Creek. Le Bright Angel Trail continue vers le fleuve Colorado et le Phantom Ranch au fond du canyon, mais cela se fait généralement de manière nocturne. Des emplacements aux terrains de camping peuvent être réservés (https://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/campsite-information.htm) ou des réservations au Phantom Ranch peuvent être obtenues bien à l’avance par le biais d’une loterie (https://www.grandcanyonlodges.com/lodging/lottery/).