Дисертації з теми "Arbres forestiers"
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Dupuy, Lionel. "Modélisation de l'ancrage racinaire des arbres forestiers." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12788.
Повний текст джерелаKaushal, Parvinder. "Analyse écophysiologique des effets de stress liés aux transplantations des arbres forestiers." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10299.
Повний текст джерелаKaushal, Parvinder. "Analyse écophysiologique des effets de stress liés aux transplantations des arbres forestiers." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37606535v.
Повний текст джерелаBertheau, Coralie. "Mécanismes d'adaptation des insectes forestiers à de nouveaux arbres hôtes : une approche intégrative." Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE2018/document.
Повний текст джерелаWith the intensification of forestry and global trade (insect introductions or plantations of exotic trees), forest trees have increasingly to face attacks by novel phytophagous insects. Understanding the adaptation mechanisms of these insects to their novel hosts, represents a crucial scientific issue involving many factors and complex biological processes. In this general topic, we focused on the role of two factors: (1) the taxonomic proximity between natural and novel hosts of the insects; (2) the host specificity of the insect. Four complementary approaches (meta-analysis, field inventory, behavioral tests and genetic analyses) at different taxonomic and geographical scales have been developed, the last three approaches focusing on the adaptation of indigenous bark beetles to exotic conifers. The objectives were, firstly to improve knowledge on the ability of forest insects to extend their natural host range, and secondly to provide useful information to forest managers, in order they can assess ecological and economic risks arising from these adaptations. Results from the four approaches agree to demonstrate the importance of both tested factors in the insect-tree relationships in general and conifer-bark beetle in particular. Forest insects with a broad natural host range appear to be better colonizers of novel hosts than insects with a narrow host range. The presence of novel tree species taxonomically related to native hosts seems to favor insect host shift. This work has also contributed to improve knowledge on the evolution of the host range of phytophagous forest insects in presence of novel host trees species, and consequently on the sensitivity of these hosts relatively to native ones
Bertheau, Coralie Lieutier François. "Mécanismes d'adaptation des insectes forestiers à de nouveaux arbres hôtes une approche intégrative /." S. l. : S. n, 2009. ftp://ftp.univ-orleans.fr/theses/coralie.bertheau_1654.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMachon, Nathalie. "Etude de la variabilité génétique des arbres forestiers. Exemples du chataîgnier et de l'orme." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112309.
Повний текст джерелаMoukoumi, Judicaël. "Effet des essences forestières sur la biodégradation des matières organiques : impact sur la dynamique et le cycle du carbone, de l'azote et des éléments minéraux." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10133.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study was to determine the relevant indicators of the dynamic of organic matter (OM) and some steps of the cycle of carbon, nitrogen and mineral nutrients in relation with the nature of tree species. The experimental site of Breuil-Chenue (Morvan), which allows on similar conditions, to follow the tree species effect, was used as work support. Field and laboratory experimental approaches show that 30 years after the plantation, the expression of the native forest (a coppice with standards dominated by beech, 150 year-old) disappeared, under the effect of young tree species. Marked differences were observed in litter decomposition, carbon and nitrogen mineralization, and dynamics of major elements, even in soil aggregate fractions. Groups of tree species stands were distinguished: the first one having a good potential of decomposition, concerns Douglas fir and beech, whose OM in the A1 horizon, was not abundant but relatively recalcitrant. Nitrate production was higher and implicated on Ca, Mn and Mg mobility. The second group was characterized by a low potential of decomposition. It includes native forest, and spruce plantation whose needles richest in lignin, Fe and Al accumulate on topsoil. Soil OM from these both stands presented a weak nitrate production, but release much more soluble organic compounds with a great potential of carbon mineralization in lab. Fe and Al were more mobilized. The oak plantation, with leaf litter low in lignin and richer in Ca, Mg, Mn and K, occupied an intermediate position. Plant materials were decomposed rapidly. However, strong production of litter and its high proportion of wood result in it accumulation on topsoil
Cordier, Tristan. "Structure des assemblages fongiques de la phyllosphère des arbres forestiers et effet potentiel du changement climatique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14511/document.
Повний текст джерелаPhyllosphere is the habitat provided by the leaves of living plants. Many microbial species -pathogens, saprophytes or mutualists of plants - inhabit this environment. These microbes therefore influence the dynamics and structure of plant communities. The main objective was to study the potential effects of climate change on the structure of phyllosphere fungal assemblages, and on the ecological niche of pathogenic fungal species of forest trees. We used two approaches, i) the study of altitudinal gradients and ii) the construction of bioclimatic niche models. Since phyllosphere fungal assemblages of forest trees are still poorly known, we first described their diversity and quantified their spatial variability at the scale of a forest stand.Our results show that the phyllosphere of a forest tree houses hundreds of fungal species, with few dominant species and many rare species. Factors structuring these assemblages include both abiotic and biotic factors: the temperature appears as the most explanatory variable along an elevation algradient. At the scale of a forest stand, the genetic proximity between trees is more important than the geographic distance. Analysis of the bioclimatic niche models of pathogenic fungi forest at the French scale highlights some climatic limitations, and the summer rainfall is an important explanatory variable. However, many introduced species already occupy the distribution of their host, without apparent climatic limitation. The effects of climate change on most pathogens will be exercised indirectly by very important depressive effects on the abundance of their host trees. Only pathogens adapted to the Mediterranean biotope would increase their impact
Parmain, Guilhem. "Contribution de différents éléments forestiers et non-forestiers de la trame de très vieux bois à la diversité des coléoptères saproxyliques." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2017/document.
Повний текст джерелаHabitat loss and fragmentation are considered as major threats to biodiversity in forests, one of the species-richest terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. The structural simplification and the loss of key habitat elements resulting from forest harvesting threaten forest biodiversity. Through the analysis of datasets shared between laboratories and two original datasets created during this thesis, I intended to evaluate the role for associated beetle diversity of several components of the saproxylic habitat network at local and landscape scales. The effect of local environmental variables has been evaluated and the biodiversity associated with ageing stands, forest reserves and isolated non-forest trees were explored. In parallel, we have analyzed the main technique used to sample our study group. We highlighted (i) strong effects of spatial or temporal replication of sampling on data, but (ii) negligible effects of data simplification by excluding a time-expensive family on results. We demonstrated significant effects of forest setting aside on the restoration, mainly of dead wood and tree microhabitats, but also on associated saproxylic beetle assemblages. Extended rotations in ageing stands did not provide such positive effects. Besides, we evidenced that a high density of forest reserves in the landscape (over 20%) seems necessary to efficiently favor the saproxylic fauna. In addition, we observed that a significant proportion of saproxylic species prefer non-forest solitary tree habitats. The whole saproxylic fauna is therefore not hosted by forests. These non-forest saproxylic structures have to be included in conservation strategies dedicated saproxylic biodiversity
Calvaruso, Christophe Ranger Jacques. "Quantification de l'effet des racines d'arbres et des microorganismes associés sur l'altération des minéraux de sols forestiers observations en forêt et expérimentations /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0129_CALVARUSO.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMontaigne, William. "Diversité génétique et adaptation au milieu chez les arbres forestiers tropicaux : étude chez le genre Virola (Myristicaceae)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0480/document.
Повний текст джерелаGenetic diversity is an essential component of biodiversity. The maintenance of sufficient genetic resources is needed to ensure the adaptive potential and the viability of natural populations. In the current context of global changes, the study of adaptation in living organisms is a key task, particularly for tropical forest trees that are dominant components (in terms of biomass and as ecological drivers) of some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize genetic diversity and genetic variability to understand the evolutionary processes that act on them. This ecological-genetic study was carried out at the interspecific and intraspecific level in the Virola genus.If overall high levels of genetic diversity are a guarantee of prosperity for the future of the species, it seems essential to perform studies on the impact of environmental disturbance on genetic diversity. In the first section, the genetic consequences of regeneration dynamics were studied in an exhaustive sample of V. michelii in a low-intensity logging plot and in a control plot at the Paracou experimental site. A greater genetic diversity, measured from AFLP markers (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, N = 229), was found in perturbed areas. Because studying genetic diversity within species may be useful for understanding species adaptation to environmental changes, in the second section. I studied local adaptation in a population of V. michelii on the Paracou experimental site. A genome scan approach with AFLPs (N = 229) was conducted on 77 adult individuals and 401 juveniles to identify genetic differences between populations associated to contrasting conditions for an array of environmental variables. Some loci (N = 2) were found to be subject to divergent selection, indicating adaptation to contrasting habitats.In the third section, the study of levels of genetic divergence in three Virola species of the Guiana Shield (V. michelii, V. surinamensis and V. kwatae) was investigated for nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers. V. surinamensis and V. kwatae showed strong genetic similarities despite their contrasting habitats preferences. Coalescent analyses have revealed, on one hand, a recent divergence between these two species suggesting an ecological speciation, and one the other hand that interspecific gene flow occurs between these sister-species.This work focuses on understanding evolutionary processes shaping genetic diversity and provides a useful contribution for biodiversity conservation programs
Grivet, Delphine. "Phylogéographie et évolution moléculaire comparée d'arbres forestiers à l'aide des marqueurs chloroplastiques." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10002.
Повний текст джерелаUrli, Morgane. "Réponse des rabres forestiers aux changements globaux : approches biogéographique et écophysiologique." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821979.
Повний текст джерелаLatreille, Anne. "Diversité et adaptation des arbres forestiers : analyse de gradients altitudinaux et de transplantations croisées chez le sapin pectiné." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0012/document.
Повний текст джерелаNatural populations respond to environmental variations firstly by plastic behavior, and, in the longer term, by genetic adaptation. Currently, the rapid and widespread climate change is challenging this ability to evolve. We studied 15 provenances of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) distributed along three altitudinal gradients (~900 to 1600 m). We evaluated their phenotypic and genetic characteristics and their acclimation and adaptation potential, using dendroecological and quantitative genetic approaches. The radial growth of 129 adult trees distributed along the gradients were analyzed. Six adaptive traits related to growth, phenology and survival were measured on 57 maternal families collected from these provenances and planted following a reciprocal transplant experimental design in nine common gardens distributed along the gradients. The results show that (i) the phenotypic diversity of populations is mainly due to the environment (i.e. phenotypic plasticity), (ii) all the traits measured on seedlings are under genetic control, (iii) the studied populations do not appear to have been subjected to differentiated selections, (iv) silver fir is very sensitive to summer drought, especially when it is repeated over years. All these results suggest that studied populations have great adaptive capacities but that in the short term, silver fir is threatened by extinction on the southern or low elevation margins of its range
Muranty, Hélène. "Valorisation de plans de croisements pour la recherche de qtl chez les arbres forestiers ; exemple d'un diallele merisier." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112108.
Повний текст джерелаJourné, Valentin. "Influence du climat lors de l'investissement des ressources dans la reproduction chez les arbres forestiers : une approche par modélisation mécaniste." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200217_JOURNE_229kn950dq423kitgvy940umn_TH.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGlobal changes affect species distribution and ecosystems functioning due to long term climatic trends and extreme climatic events. Forests are notably subject to massive growth decline and even mortality. One of the major processes of forest dynamics is sexual reproduction, but there are still many uncertainties about the effect of climate on trees reproduction, especially on when and how resources are allocated to pollen and seeds. Reproduction also allows species to persist over generations, through adaptation and migration. The main objective of this thesis is to develop an approach based on resource and phenology modelling, in order to understand and predict climate effects on forest trees reproduction. First, I used statistical model to investigate temporal and spatial variation of fruit production. Second, I quantified the allocation of resources between vegetative versus reproductive functions, with a hierarchical Bayesian model and observation of growth, male and female reproduction over several years. Results allowed us to identify trade-off during floral initiation, and highlighted the importance of resources levels to ensure reproduction. Lastly, I developped a process-based model of reproduction and included it in an existing model of forest functioning (CASTANEA). The reproduction model, which runs from flower initiation to seed maturation, simulates spatial and temporal patterns of seed production. The model was calibrated and validated on silver fir on Mont-Ventoux and used to investigate how climate change will impact fruit production
Calvaruso, Christophe. "Quantification de l'effet des racines d'arbres et des microorganismes associés sur l'altération des minéraux de sols forestiers : observations en forêt et expérimentations." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0129_CALVARUSO.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe impact of the mineral weathering process on tree nutrition in acidic forest soils is well known. However, the quantitative effect of different biological factors on this process remains to be clarified. In this context, the aim of the present work was to quantify the impact of the rhizosphere of forest trees (roots and associated microorganisms) on the weathering of soil minerals. In forest, we observed an increase of the weathering of minerals (dissolution and transformation) in the rhizosphere of trees, suggesting an important impact of the tree rhizosphere on the dynamics of minerals as well as on soil evolution. We characterized in vitro the weathering potential of microorganisms which were isolated in forest from bulk soil and ectomycorrhizas. We showed that the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis significantly structures the functional diversity of culturable bacterial communities and selects strains potentially beneficial to tree nutrition. We developed a column experiment to quantify the respective impact of plant, bacteria and fungi on the weathering process. We demonstrated that tree roots and bacteria significantly increase Mg, K, Fe, Cs, Ni mobilisation via the weathering of a reference mineral. This process is altered in the presence of toxic elements such as uranium. Considering the whole of our results, we can propose the following hypothesis: in forest soils, the nutrient bioavailability determines the mineral weathering due to its impact on the root and microorganism activity. This suggests an important plasticity of forest ecosystems towards nutrition, which could partly explain the sustainability of these ecosystems
Tallieu, Clara. "État sanitaire et croissance radiale des arbres : Analyse spatiale et temporelle des données du réseau systématique de suivi des dommages forestiers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0185.
Повний текст джерелаFor the past 30 years, annual visual assessments of crown condition, on the French part of the transnational monitoring network (ICP Forests, level 1), was essential for monitoring forest health. However, the use of crown condition as an indicator of tree health is regularly questioned for methodological reasons but also because of the lack of knowledge on the determinism of crown condition and its functional impact on the tree. In this context, and through the records of 9 tree species’ crown condition (deciduous and coniferous) spread over more than 300 plots in France, we have 1) described and interpreted the spatial and inter-annual variations of leaf loss, in addition to 2) discussing the use of crown condition as an indicator of tree health status based on the joint analysis of inter-annual variations of leaf loss and radial growth. The analysis of spatial variations in crown condition between plots showed multiple relationships with edaphic and climatic factors, but with relatively moderate explanatory power. The study of inter-annual variations in crown condition confirmed that the climatic factors of the previous year control crown condition of the current year. However, compared to radial growth, crown condition presents a less dynamic and inconsistent response to climate between trees in the same plot. The joint analysis of the two signals showed the existence of a weak link between growth and crown condition. We only observed a decrease in tree growth in the case of important leaf loss during years of extreme climatic hazards (dry or cold). However, the introduction of leaf loss as a predictor of radial growth had little or no significant effect for beech and fir. Finally, the evidence of the major influence of age on leaf loss precludes the interpretation of raw crown condition as an indicator of tree health
Miquel, Jean-Charles. "Modélisation des effets de la compétition interspécifique et des pratiques sylvicoles sur la croissance de jeunes plants forestiers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AGPT0003.
Повний текст джерелаPlanting is an interesting tool for implementing forest management strategies and is also a critical step in the forest management cycle. During this period, site preparation is very often used to ensure the success of the plantation by alleviating constraints such as competition from accompanying vegetation.Growth models have been widely used for many years and are effective tools for simulating the impact of silvicultural operations and competition. However, there is currently no tree growth model in France to assess or compare silvicultural operations carried out during young stages, even for commonly cultivated commercial species. Most of them are phenomenological models describing the dendrometric variables as a function of the technical characteristics of the silvicultural operations carried out. These models generally produce robust predictions that are difficult to extrapolate outside of their application conditions. Other models, said to be functional, are based on ecophysiological processes in order to estimate the growth of the seedlings but however require a number of parameters which can be difficult to obtain and, in addition, produce tree growth forecasts which are not always accurate. Hybrid models that combine measurement methods and ecophysiological methods are a promising approach that allows the use of functional relationships expressing tree growth while obtaining a robust prediction of growth.The eagle fern (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) is one of the problematic species for the success of young plantions. It reacts quickly to the opening of the canopy and is very competitive for the resources of the environment (especially water and light), thus being able to delay the development of young trees for several years
Robert, Audrey. "Modélisation de l'effet de la topographie sur la dynamique et la structure de peuplements forestiers hétérogènes." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10199.
Повний текст джерелаBonnesoeur, Vivien. "Acclimatation des arbres forestiers au vent : de la perception du vent à ses conséquences sur la croissance et le dimensionnement des tiges." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AGPT0023.
Повний текст джерелаStorms are by far the major hazard damaging the trees. However, trees do not just behave passively in the wind. They sense their own strains under the influence of an external force such as wind andrespond by modifying their growth and the mechanical properties of their tissues. But this process, called thigmomorphogenesis, has mainly been studied in very young trees in controlled conditions. This thesis aims to expand for the first time such studies at the scale of a forest stand in order to understand how adult trees acclimate to the wind in natural conditions by adapting their growth. It relies on an experimental set up in a regular stand of beech (Fagus sylvatica) which have never be thinned. The wind speed, the longitudinal strains and the radial growth of fifteen pairs of trees with contrasted sizes and wind exposures (split into two social status, dominant and suppressed trees) were monitored for one year. By controlling the strain intensity experienced by the trees, either by guying or by additional bendings, we show that the trees respond only to mechanical stimulation caused by rather strong winds with a return period higher than a week. This response leads however to a very strong increase in radial growth. And it follows a law of mecano-sensing uniform among the trees, regardless of their sizes. We then studied the effects of the strain regulation on the mechanical design of the trees and the potential risk of stem breakage. Despite the contrasted sizes and wind exposures, the strain regime remained uniform within the beech stand, in agreement with the hypothesis of an optimal mechanical design often inferred but never validated in its mechanism. Finally, the constitutive equations of a possible growth model dependent on wind are proposed and discussed
Chaubert, Florence. "Combinaisons markoviennes et semi-markoviennes de modèles de régression : application à la croissance d'arbres forestiers." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20117.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focuses on Markov and semi-Markov switching regression models, i. E. Finite mixtures of regression models with (semi-)Markovian dependencies. These statistical models enable to analyse data structured as a succession of stationary phases that are asynchronous between individuals, influenced by time-varying covariates and which present inter-individual heterogeneity. The proposed inference algorithm for (semi-)Markov switching generalized linear models is a gradient EM algorithm. For (semi-)Markov switching linear mixed models, we propose MCEM-like algorithms whose E-step decomposes into two conditional restoration steps: one for the random effects given the state sequences (and the observed data) and one for the state sequences given the random effects (and the observed data). Various conditional restoration steps are presented. We study two types of random effects: individual-wise random effects and environmental random effects. The relevance of these models is illustrated by the analysis of forest tree growth influenced by climatic covariates. These models allow us to identify and characterize the three main growth components (ontogenetic component, environmental component and individual component). We show that the weight of each component varies according to species and silvicultural interventions
Ibrahim, Tharwat. "Dendrologie et fonctionnement hydrique de jeunes plants forestiers en relation avec la lumière et la sécheresse édaphique." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10094.
Повний текст джерелаThis work had as first objective the analysis of water relations of five forest species (Fagus sylvatica, Betula verrucosa, Quercus petraea, Quercus péd onculé et acer pseudoplatanus) in relation with the irradiance. We used a conductmetre (the hydraulic methods) to measure the loss of the conductivity PLC in the side-branches (2years) for these different species. Clear differences observed between species and treatments. This gradient is strongly correlated with irradiance that branches received during the growth. Vulnerability curves for the four studied species are presented figure. We noticed a higher vulnerability for birch. The shape of the curves for the other species were very close. In each case, seedlings grown under shade presented an higher vulnerability than full light. Differences were highly significant. Differences between Psi 50% for extreme treatments (full light and deep shade) could reach 1 MPa. Xylem anatomy presents for all the studied species a high dependence with irradiance. The Oak presented the largest vessels and the weakest vessel densities globally. The impact of the luminous climate was very clean, with a gradual reduction of the diameter and the density of vessels in weak light with a clean reduction of the diameter and the density of vessels in all species. . . .
Louche, Julien. "Régulation de la sécretion des phosphatases acides des champignons ectomycorhiziens et mobilisation de phosphore organique dans la rhizosphère des arbres forestiers : approches biochimiques et moléculaires." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0026.
Повний текст джерелаSome ectomycorrhizal fungi are able to release appreciable amounts of acid phosphatase (AcPase) when grown in pure culture. The main hypothesis of this work is that these enzymes would play an important role in organic P (Po) mobilisation of forest soils. To study this hypothesis, we used the model ectomycorrhizal fungus, Hebeloma cylindrosporum, already known for its great capability to release AcPase in vitro. The separation of secreted proteins in the culture medium with a cation exchange resin made it possible to identify four AcPase fractions. AcPases from each fraction released inorganic P (Pi) from Po extracted in acidic podzol. The rates of Pi release were increased when the soil was previously autoclaved, suggesting that pools of microbial Po released after soil autoclaving could be a better substrate for H. Cylindrosporum AcPases. A gene coding for an AcPase, named HcPhoA, was identified from a cDNA library of H. Cylindrosporum. Expression level of HcPhoA was strongly increased in the mycelium grown in pure culture as a response to Pi deficiency, indicating that the regulation HcPhoA production was transcriptional. However, HcPhoAexpression level increased after that of HcPT1 coding for a H+:Pi transporter. The mycorrhizal association between H. Cylindrosporum and maritime pine increased plant growth and net Paccumulation from an acidic podzol low in Pi. The increase of HcPhoA in ectomycorrhizae could indicate a role of HcPhoA in the mineralisation of soil Po for the host plant
Lucot, Eric. "Influence des caracteristiques de la pierrosite des sols sur la prospection racinaire et l'alimentation hydrique des arbres. Application a l'estimation de la valeur des sols forestiers." Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA2011.
Повний текст джерелаWagner, Fabien. "La réponse des forêts tropicales humides aux variations climatiques : évolution de la structure et de la dynamique des peuplements forestiers guyanais." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0481/document.
Повний текст джерелаAt a global scale tropical forest play a major role in term of carbon stock as well as in term of CO2 fluxes. Several studies have highlighted changes in tropical forest functioning during the last 20 years including a faster turnover and an increase of above ground biomass. The drivers of these changes are discussed and throughout this thesis we propose to contribute to this debate. We use the data from the Paracou experimental site in French Guiana established in 1984 on 120 hectares of moist tropical forest. Meteorological data come from the flux tower of the site, Guyaflux. We use annual and bisannual diameter measurements from the Guyafor database, and intra-annual diameter increments from the measurements of 260 trees near the flux tower.This thesis has two main parts. In the first part we present the biomass analysis of the Paracou permanent plots and the impact of structural changes in this forest on the carbon budget. The first part is constituted by two points. (i) Which temporal and spatial scale used to analyze the structure (biomass, basal area and stem density) and dynamics (tree growth, recruitment and mortality)components of tropical forest in order to minimized sample bias ? We establish a simple method to rely measurement interval between census and surface of measurement to the coefficient of variation of forests structure and dynamic components (ii) Which demographic process are involved in the explanation of biomass variation and how the biomass is distributed in the system ? The observed increase of biomass at Paracou could be link to the rarity of big trees mortality events. These big trees represent the larger part of the biomass. In the second part, we present the analysis of intra and inter-annual climate variation effects on forest dynamic changes. This part is divided in two points. (i) How to model drought stress in moist tropical forest ? We built a daily water balance model for tropical trees. (ii) Which climate variables explain the tree growth in guianian forests? We shown that soil water availability is the determinant factor of tree growth among a panel of climate variables. (iii) Which functional traits are involved in the tropical tree growth responses to climate? In this analysis, we determined that wood specific gravity, maximum tree height and tree diameter modulate the tree growth response to climate variations
Madelaine-Antin, Cécile. "Dynamique des peuplements forestiers tropicaux hétérogènes : variabilité inter et intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres et trajectoires de développement en forêt dense humide sempervirente, dans les Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00454610.
Повний текст джерелаMadelaine, Antin Cécile. "Dynamique des peuplements forestiers tropicaux hétérogènes : variabilité inter et intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres et trajectoires de développement en forêt dense humide sempervirente, dans les Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0034.
Повний текст джерелаRidolfi, Michèle. "Fonctionnement stomatique d'arbres forestiers en situation de carence calcique, et dans le cas d'une insensibilité à l'acide abscissique : conséquences pour l'assimilation de carbone." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10420.
Повний текст джерелаCharbonnier, Yohan. "Relations entre diversité des habitats forestiers et communautés de chiroptères à différentes échelles spatiales en Europe : implications pour leur conservation et le maintien de leur fonction de prédation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0277/document.
Повний текст джерелаInsectivorous bats are increasingly recognized as potential regulators of pest insect populations.They also represent the group of European mammals with the most unfavorable conservation status. Forests are key habitats for many bat species but are currently under threat from climate change and fragmentation. It is therefore urgent to better understand the relationships between the bats, their prey and their habitats in forests. Our main objective was to quantify the effects, at multiple spatial scales, of the main attributes of forest habitats on the activity, species richness, functional diversity and composition of European bat communities. They were studied using manipulative experiments in Aquitaine plantation forests and automatic recordings in the network of exploratory plots set up in six European countries by the FunDivEurope project. From the plot to the continent scale, increasing tree diversity, amount of broad leaved trees and dead wood, had positive effects on bat communities through an increase in prey and roost resources. However these effects were not stationary, being stronger at higher latitudes, probably due to lower habitat carrying capacity in relation to harsher climatic conditions. In addition we experimentally demonstrated that the numerical and functional responses of bats to prey density could result in effective regulation of pine processionary moth populations. Forest management strategies aim at enhancing key habitat structures, are eventually proposed in order to improve the conservation of bats and to increase the service of pest regulation they can provide
Fonty, Emile. "Étude de l'écologie du Spirotropis longifolia DC Baill. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) : Espèce monodominante dans les forêts de Guyane française." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20210/document.
Повний текст джерелаLarge expanses of forest dominated by a single tree species, i.e. monodominant forests, occur through the tropics and remain an long-standing conundrum to most ecologists. In French Guiana, we described a new monodominant tree species: Spirotropis longifolia (DC) Baill. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae), and studied, for the first time, its autecology. We reported a strong monodominant feature (up to 70 % of stems >10 cm in d.b.h.) and a marked difference between floristic composition of the dominated and adjacent, highly diverse, stands. The monodominance of S. longifolia was supported neither by peculiar soil conditions nor by a lack of competitors but may be owned to its astonishing self-coppicing and layering abilities which induce a sharp spatial structure. We also developed a set of microsatellite markers and conduct a large field survey to built up a gene data base. Facing the variety of ecological processes involved in monodominance, we identified a lack of conceptual framework, set a new classification of monodominance and positioned S. longifolia within. We finally discuss these results in the frame of the forest management
Petucco, Claudio. "Forest health economics : Management of forest pests and pathogens in conditions of global change." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0007.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent decades, the deterioration of forest health resulted in frequent pests’ outbreaks and the diffuse pathogens’ presence. These phenomena threaten forests’ ability to supply ecosystem goods and services to the society. It is therefore necessary to maintain tree health and reduce pest’s and pathogen’s impacts. This thesis approaches three management problems from an economic perspective such as the current invasion and the incumbent invasion of a forest pathogen as well as the outbreaks of a native pest. Starting from these three pest and pathogen management problems, the thesis aims at assessing the impacts of forest pests and pathogens and, secondly, informing how resources can be optimally allocated for assuring the long-term provision of good and services.Pest and pathogens invasions have an impact on the prices of wood products via supply shocks, which, in turn, influence forest management choices, thus introducing feedback effects between market and ecological dynamics at a large scale. The first paper aims at evaluating these impacts by combining a recursive partial equilibrium model with spatial-explicit pathogen-spread and pathogen-induced mortality models calibrated to represent the ash dieback in France (caused by the pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus). Results showed that impacts are not homogeneous across regions and generally depend on the resource distribution, pathogen spread and market structure. We observed that the behavioural adaptation of forest managers (i.e., regeneration and harvesting choices) is a non-negligible component of the total standing volume loss.The second paper focusses on monitoring and control of an incumbent invasion. Monitoring and early detection of invasive species is important to mitigate the damages and reduce the control costs. However, when multiple decision-makers are involved, the monitoring effort of frontier landowners (landowners closer to the introduction point) is suboptimal because it does not consider the negative impacts of the invasion spreading to neighbouring properties. Through a two-player differential game combined with an epidemiological compartmental model, we computed the non-cooperative and the cooperative solution. We designed a monetary payment to sustain cooperation based on an intertemporal decomposition of the Nash bargaining scheme. We showed that this payment assured time-consistent outcomes, meaning that the ex-ante agreement between the two landowners was credible and self-enforcing. The model was calibrated for the possible invasion of the pine wilt nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in south-western France.In the last two papers, the analysis is downscaled from the landscape level to the stand level and concentrates on a native defoliator pest. The main objective of the third paper is to adapt forest management to biotic and abiotic disturbances. The classic Faustmann model was combined with a pest population model and a windstorm model to compute the optimal rotation age and the land expectation value (LEV) for different disturbances scenarios. The model was calibrated for maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) plantations in south-western France and Pine Processionary Moth (PPM, Thaumetopoea pityocampa) cyclical outbreaks. Our results showed that storms tend to reduce the optimal harvest age, whereas PPM tends to increase it. Overall, the impact of PPM on the rotation length prevails and, here, risks increase rather than decrease the optimal rotation length. Thinnings increased profitability and constitute an effective hedging strategy against both risks. In the third paper, we introduced a cut-or-keep decision rule to model the forest owner problem after a storm event. Its economic and management implications are further investigated in the fourth paper. Unlike previous economic studies which assumed clearing and replanting regardless of the level of damages, the cut-or-keep condition led to higher payoffs in roughly 75% of the cases
Soularue, Jean-Paul. "Évolution de la phénologie des arbres à l'échelle d'un paysage forestier." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14724/document.
Повний текст джерелаTiming of bud burst (TBB) is a key adaptive trait affected by temperature variations. Predicting the evolution of natural forests undergoing environmental variations requires to understand the evolutionary dynamics that have resulted in the strong patterns of differentiation characterized for this trait. It has been shown experimentally that the TBB was strongly correlated with the timing off lowering. This suggests that trees having similar TBB tend to mate preferentially, making assortative mating at TBB the default reproduction regime within tree species. Clinal patterns of genetic differentiation have been mostly interpreted as resulting from divergent selection, however, few studies have considered the peculiar features of timing of bud burst. Through a modelling approach based on quantitative genetics models, we first demonstrate here that the sole interaction between assortative mating at TBB and pollen flow can induce a clinal differentiation among populations without any selection pressure. In a such theoretical context, assortative mating filters pollen flow in presence of environmental gradients and progressively shifts the genetic values of populations. Then, we demonstrate that assortative mating amplifies the adaptive response of populations to co-gradient selection, and constrains it in the case of countergradient selection. Finally, we show that assortative mating differentiates populations even in the case of uniform selection
Frascaria, Lacoste Nathalie. "Variabilite genetique d'un arbre forestier : le chataigner (castenea sativa mill.)." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112089.
Повний текст джерелаTusa, jumbo Eduardo Alejandro. "Apport de la fusion LiDAR - hyperspectral pour la caractérisation géométrique et radiométrique des arbres." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03212453.
Повний текст джерелаMountain forests provide environmental ecosystem services (EES) to communities: supplying of recreational landscapes, protection against natural hazards, supporting biodiversity conservation, among others. The preservation of these EES through space and time requires a good characterization of the resources. Especially in mountains, stands are very heterogeneous and timber harvesting is economically possible thanks to trees of higher value. This is why we want to be able to map each tree and estimate its characteristics, including quality, which is related to its shape and growth conditions. Field inventories are not able to provide a wall to wall cover of detailed tree-level information on a large scale. On the other hand, remote sensing tools seem to be a promising technology because of the time efficient and the affordable costs for studying forest areas. LiDAR data provide detailed information from the vertical distribution and location of the trees, but it is limited for mapping species. Hyperspectral data are associated to absorption features in the canopy reflectance spectrum, but is not effective for characterizing tree geometry. Hyperspectral and LiDAR systems provide independent and complementary data that are relevant for the assessment of biophysical and biochemical attributes of forest areas. This PhD thesis deals with the fusion of LiDAR and hyperspectral data to characterize individual forest trees. The leading idea is to improve methods to derive forest information at tree-level by extracting geometric and radiometric features. The contributions of this research work relies on: i) an updated review of data fusion methods of LiDAR and hyperspectral data for forest monitoring, ii) an improved 3D segmentation algorithm for delineating individual tree crowns based on Adaptive Mean Shift (AMS3D) and an ellipsoid crown shape model, iii) a criterion for feature selection based on random forests score, $5$-fold cross validation and a cumulative error function for forest tree species classification. The two main methods used to derive forest information at tree level are tested with remote sensing data acquired in the French Alps
Sanchez, Inès. "Etude de la variabilite enzymatique de terminalia superba engler et diels : arbre forestier d'afrique tropicale." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077148.
Повний текст джерелаSanchez, Inès. "Etude de la variabilité enzymatique de Terminalia superba Engler et Diels, arbre forestier d'Afrique tropicale." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37618430j.
Повний текст джерелаBussières, Julie. "Potentiel d'établissement d'essences forestières et fruitières en tourbières résiduelles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23008/23008.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDoublet, Violette. "Interactions biotiques et dynamiques des populations : approches empiriques et théoriques de la prédation pré-dispersion des graines par les insectes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG007.
Повний текст джерелаBiotic interactions are among key processes in population dynamics and critical issues for the renewal and persistence of species within ecosystems. In particular, herbivory by pre-dispersal seed insect predators is a major ecological process in forest dynamics due to its impact on tree reproductive success and on natural regeneration. However, its consequence on tree population dynamics and evolution remain poorly documented. This thesis contributed to fill this gap as an integrative combination of empirical and theoretical approaches. The empirical approach aimed to characterize the drivers of the spatio-temporal dynamics of seed predation rates in natural forest. We used a system of tree-insect interactions involving seed predators (Megastigmus spp., Hymenoptera: Torymidae) and their obligate host, the Atlas Cedar (Cedrus atlantica, Pinaceae), located in south-eastern France. At the host population scale, our results revealed that the transient pattern of the spatial distribution of insects was primarily explained by spatiotemporal variations in seed density. Thus, Cedar masting appeared to be a major driving force of the insects’ spatial and temporal dynamics. We have also highlighted the existence of an inter-individual variation in the sensitivity of trees to seed predation. A preliminary analysis has suggested that such variation is partly under genetic control and we propose further analyses to be carried out in such perspective. The theoretical approach aimed to analyse the joint effects of masting and the spatial distribution of pre-dispersal seed predation by insects on demographic processes and genetic diversity in an expanding tree population. The analytical modelling of these interactions revealed on the one hand that pre-dispersal seed predation induce Allee effects that may affect the spatial structure of genetic diversity in the expanding tree population, and on the other hand, that masting was likely to buffer such demogenetic impact of seed predation. This work has shed new light on the possible implications of pre-dispersal predation by insects in the dynamics and evolution of forests
Boivin-Dompierre, Simon. "Réaction fonctionnelle des arbres et des peuplements à l'éclaircie commerciale en forêt résineuse." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27305.
Повний текст джерелаSaurat, Jessica. "L'arbre et le droit." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD038/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe tree is a special legal object because of its importance to the environment, the economy and the quality of life. It is therefore at the crossroads of various rights : environmental, forestry, rural, town planning, civil, tax, european and international laws. Thus, it is apprehended according to its place of situation but also the quality of its owner (private person or public person).While it is recognized as belonging to the common heritage of the nation, the possibilities of protection offered by the rights which are applicable in France generally lack efficiency and realism. To overcome this situation, it is envisaged to link the belonging of the tree to the common heritage of the Nation with binding legal consequences and thus confer on it a status that transcends property rights and the different areas of law
Paillet, Yoan. "Les microhabitats des arbres : facteurs d'influence, lien avec la biodiversité et potentiel indicateur." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0028/document.
Повний текст джерелаAn indicator is a tool to measure metrics or phenomenons too complex or costly to measure directly. In the case of biodiversity, indicators are essential regarding the complexity to assess species state and dynamics. In forest, tree microhabitats (e.g.cavities, cracks in the wood, conks of lignicolous fungi) have been recently considered as a potential biodiversity indicator, with a more specific focus than other structures like deadwood volume. However, scientific references linking tree microhabitat metrics and biodiversity measures are still rare, and limited to a few taxonomic groups. More generally, like other indicators, the validation process of microhabitats as biodiversity indicators is not standardized. This ph-d thesis contributes to this validation and adresses three aspects included in an indicator validation process. The main aims were to: (i) Quantify and reduce incertitudes on tree microhabitat inventories. We thus proposed a first reference typology to standardize and homogenize microhabitats inventories. This typology has a hierarchical and evolutive structure, which allows its use in different contexts and for different purposes. We also quantified the potential bias linked to observer effects, in order to better take it into account in future inventories ; (ii) Better understand the influence of different factors on tree microhabitats at two different scales. At the tree scale, through the analysis of a national database, we generalized the relationships between tree characteristics (species, diameter, vitality) and number and occurrence of tree microhabitats. At the stand scale, we analysed the densities and types of microhabitat-bearing trees on an enlarged forest management gradient, comparing strict reserves and managed forests. These two studies evidenced the crucial role of large trees and snags in the provision of tree microhabitats ; (iii) Link tree microhabitats with the biodiversity of three taxonomic groups through the framework of structural equation models. We showed that microhabitats mediate the effects of management abandonment and old-growth forest features (large living and dead trees) on the biodiversity of birds and bats, and to a lesser extent on saproxylic beetles. In the end, tree microhabitat are not a universal biodiversity indicator but have a complementary role compared to other forest structures traditionally used to assess biodiversity. This ph-d thesis specifies the role of tree microhabitats as biodiversity indicators and proposes further research to continue validating them as such
Laginha, Pinto Correia David. "Potentiel d'utilisation de la diversité fonctionnelle des arbres dans l'aménagement durable des forêts tempérées nordiques et boréales." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31152.
Повний текст джерелаForest management objectives have slowly changed over the last few decades. While forest management used to focus mainly on wood production, forests are now expected to be managed for multiple ecosystem services. Traditional forest management strategies are also unsuitable to tackle the threats posed by climate change and by the increased frequency of climate extremes. The development of biodiversity indicators capable of predicting ecosystem response to disturbances has been identified as one of the key research priorities in the improvement of existing sustainable forest management frameworks. However, our understanding of these biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships and their response to disturbances needs to be improved if such indicators are to be developed. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the potential of tree functional diversity indicators in improving sustainable forest management of northern temperate and boreal forests. In my first chapter, I studied the impact of stand age, height and cover type on multiple tree biodiversity indicators. My analyses showed that stand age, one of the most widespread indicators of biodiversity, should not be used as the sole indicator of tree diversity in forest management because it inadequately represents a significant part of stand tree diversity. In my second chapter, I analysed the relationship between two indicators of pre-logging functional diversity (functional redundancy and response diversity), and post-logging stand productivity. My results revealed the importance of considering functional diversity in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning studies and showed that response diversity is significantly associated with post-logging productivity in these forests. In the last chapter, I examined the relationship between three functional traits associated with tree resistance and resilience to drought. My results showed that, in our study area, dry leaf mass per unit area and xylem pressure at which 50% of stem xylem conductivity is lost through cavitation significantly influence drought-induced tree mortality, but do not affect stand productivity response to drought. This thesis revealed the importance of the relationships between tree functional diversity, stand productivity and stand response to partial and severe disturbances. Besides improving our scientific understanding of the relationships between functional diversity and ecosystem functioning, these results allowed us to propose several tree-diversity based forest management strategies that should considerably improve stand resilience and resistance to disturbances.
Khlifa, Rim. "Effets de la diversité des arbres sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème dans deux plantations de forêts tempérées." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27346.
Повний текст джерелаIn the last two decades, the vast majority of scientists have agreed that anthropogenic actions are responsible for an important and rapid loss of biodiversity at a global scale, through the elimination of genes, species and biological traits. This fact led to remarkable progress towards understanding how the loss of biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems. Although the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is now well documented, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still poorly understood, especially with regards to belowground processes in treed ecosystems. The objective of this Ph.D. project was to improve our understanding of the link between aboveground biodiversity and belowground functioning in two artificial ecosystems (tree plantations). For this purpose, we examined the implication of different actors and parameters of the belowground compartment that are likely to influence the C - and N - cycles, in relation to aboveground biodiversity (through the functional trait-based approach). On the one hand we studied the productivity of fine roots, their chemistry, the functioning and composition of soil microbial communities in relation to diversity measures (specific richness and functional diversity) in a young plantation (4 years). On the other hand, we studied the decomposition of fine roots in relation to over- and understory vegetation following the application of silvicultural treatments in an older plantation (27 years). In all cases, we studied the relationship between these parameters and processes, as well as soil C and N (total and in fractions). Deciduous and conifer species differed in fine root productivity and in microbial community catabolic activity. Conifers were more productive than deciduous (fine roots), and soil microbial communities associated with deciduous trees used a greater number of carbon sources than those associated with conifers. Moreover, although tree specific richness influenced the functioning of microbes, it had no effect on their composition or the productivity of the fine roots, while tree identities (and their functional traits) influenced all these parameters and processes. The mean value of traits had a greater influence on fine root productivity, basal respiration and microbial biomass than the variance of these traits. The functional diversity (considered as a gradient) had no effect on any of the parameters and processes studied. Finally, our study revealed that the understory vegetation (cover of functional type and some species), more than overstory vegetation, soil properties or fine root chemistry influences the fine root decomposition. In general, this thesis has uncovered and highlighted unknown aspects of the relationship between BEF, in particular with regard to the link between aboveground diversity and belowground functioning. Our results precisely identified tree species, understory vegetation and functional traits and the processes on which they intervene. This could help to refine predictive models of C and N cycles or provide advice to forest managers.
Lehnebach, Romain. "Etude de la variabilité ontogénique du profil ligneux chez quelques espèces forestières tropicales de Guyane Française." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS021/document.
Повний текст джерелаWood is a multifunctional tissue involved in sap conduction, storage of water and reserves as well as mechanical support. Tree during its development experiments various constraints due to its environment and its growing size. In response to these constraints, wood functional performances are adjusted by variations of property values, which are dependent on the xylogenesis product. However, wood properties may be modified by the deposition of chemical extractives during heartwood formation. Thus heartwood properties are the result of xylogenesis, heartwood formation and their interactions. This work gave rise to the term 'wood profile', designating all variations of wood properties at different scales and in an ontogenetic dimension, resulting from both processes described above. The diversity of shade tolerance (heliophilic to sciaphilic) strategies species suggests a diversity of wood profile expressions. The description of these different expressions could be a way to better understand plant strategies. Understanding and characterizing wood profile and variations in heartwood quantity in tree, is an economical issue since the Guyanese timber industry has been identified as a promising sector. The analysis of the diversity of wood profile—using a bottom-up approach, from the individual level to the interspecific level—proves to discriminate shade tolerance strategies efficiently. Wood specific gravity variation is especially relevant. However, its relevance is based on (1) combinations of both radial and vertical variations and (2) integration of heartwood that may impact range and direction of the gradient and shape of the profile as well. Effect of heartwood formation on wood specific gravity variations is suggestive of shade tolerance strategy as well as quality and/or quantity of chemical extractives. Relevant characterization of shade tolerance strategies by wood profile is the result of the integration of diverse processes and properties. To the view of growth allocation shift (from trunk to crown) observed in Dicorynia guianensis and of previous studies on tree growth, a potential link between wood profile diversity and growth allocation strategies may exist
Leboeuf, Antoine. "Méthode de calcul de la biomasse aérienne des arbres de peuplements d'épinette noire (Picea mariana) en forêt subarctique à l'aide de la fraction d'ombre sur les images Quickbird et Ikonos." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2005.
Знайти повний текст джерелаFoisy, Larry. "Système de délinéation individuelle automatique des arbres à partir d'images satellitaires à haute résolution spatiale pour extraire des mesures forestières primaires." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4725.
Повний текст джерелаFoisy, Larry. "Système de délinéation individuelle automatique des arbres à partir d'images satellitaires à haute résolution spatiale pour extraire des mesures forestières primaires." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерелаGaudio, Noémie. "Interactions pour la lumière entre les arbres adultes, les jeunes arbres et la végétation du sous-bois au sein d'un écosystème forestier : application à la régénération du pin sylvestre en peuplement mélangé chêne sessile - pin sylvestre." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587487.
Повний текст джерелаHatton, Pierre-Joseph. "Séquestration du carbone et de l’azote des feuilles de hêtre dans les associations organo-minérales du sol : Approches macroscopiques, nanométriques & moléculaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0050.
Повний текст джерелаOrgano-mineral associations play a key role in the long-term sequestration of organic matter in forest soils. However, knowledge about the contribution of the different types of organo-mineral associations and the microbial processes involved in soil organic matter stabilisation is scant. To solve it, stable isotope techniques have been combined with the sequential density fractionation of organo-mineral associations. Isolated fractions were investigated in field and in lab, at different temporal (from 8 hours to 12 years) and spatial scales (macro-, submicron- and molecular scales).Four types of organo-mineral associations were distinguished: plant debris with little mineral attached, plant aggregates, microbial aggregates and mineral grains. Isotopically labeled beech leaf litters were tracked at a decadal time-scale to reveal transfers in between organo-mineral associations. Both litter-derived carbon and nitrogen entered the soil as plant fragments to progressively pass through plant and microbial aggregates. Aggregates appeared particularly meaningful for the stabilisation of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at a decadal time-scale. Little of the litter-derived carbon and nitrogen was found quickly stabilized to mineral grains. Microbial activities appeared as a major controlling factor for the evolvement of organo-mineral associations, responsive for the transfers of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen. Indeed, plant debris colonized by microorganisms are progressively trapped into plant aggregates. As decomposition proceeds, plant aggregates disrupt into denser microbial aggregates. These aggregates are loaded with lesser organic matter, but enriched in stable microbial materials.Stabilisation by soil microorganisms has been studied at the macro-, submicronand molecular- scales, using mostly NanoSIMS and LC-IRMS. Microbial stabilization operated (i) directly through immobilization in microbial cells and, (ii) indirectly through large production of extracellular microbial products. By calibrating the NanoSIMS for accurate C/N ratios, extracellular microbial products have been shown to be stabilized onto organo-mineral associations without apparent control of the mineral-attached organic matter chemistry. The incorporation of 13C tracers into amino sugars, biomarkers of bacterial and fungal biomasses, revealed that living microorganisms grow where the resource is, but accumulate in microbial aggregates. Microbial biomasses moved from plant debris to microbial aggregates, likely along with the transfers of decaying litter residues as described above.This work points aggregates as meaningful organo-mineral associations for the sequestration of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at the decadal time-scale. It also revealed the role of microorganisms in the transfers and stabilization of litterderived carbon and nitrogen within organo-mineral associations