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Дисертації з теми "Arboriculture fruitière – Occitanie (France)"
Espinoza, Christian. "Approche métabolomique non-ciblée pour révéler les réponses métaboliques des prunus à l'infection par le PPV, conduisant au développement d'un outil de détection innovant pour la détection précoce de la maladie de la sharka et la sauvegarde des vergers en Occitanie." Thesis, Perpignan, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PERP0018.
Повний текст джерелаSharka disease, caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), is responsible for significant economic losses in Prunus. However, no preventive or curative treatments are currently available and only a few sources of natural resistance have been found. In France, a prophylactic approach has been adopted in an attempt to limit the spread of the PPV, which is essentially based on the rapid detection and removal of infected trees. However, certain technical and economic limitations do not allow the early andeffective detection of PPV on a large scale by conventional methods. The department of Pyrénées Orientales (France) is the most affected by this disease (85% of infections). These issues motivated the creation of the Antishark project, which is the result of a collaboration between AkiNaO, the University of Perpignan Via Domitia, FDGDON66 and local producers. The objective of the project was to develop an innovative method of early detection, targeting the metabolic responses of Prunuspersica at an early stage of the infection. Consequently, two studies under monitored conditions using an untargeted metabolomics approach (UHPLC-HRMS) were carried out. This approach is a promising tool to reveal the metabolic interactions between PPV and its host. In a first study, the global metabolic response to PPV-infection (Dideron and Marcus strains), including symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves, allowed the discrimination of metabolic profiles from PPV-infected and healthy leaves. Although there was a common response between the two strains, metabolic differences were also revealed, notably highlighting strain-specific metabolic alterations. In fact, this novel result could eventually lead to the possibility of identifying the viral strain(s) responsible for the infection. Furthermore, it was possible to discriminate PPV-infected plants (symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves) from healthy plants and from plants infected by another plant pathogenic virus. These observations suggest the existence of a potential specific response to the sharka disease. Based on all these findings, the hypothesis that asymptomatic PPVinfected trees could be detected through virus-induced metabolic alterations is supported.Furthermore, the metabolic responses collected from asymptomatic leaves could be considered as early responses to PPV-infection, i.e., before the appearance of symptoms. In a second step, early metabolic alterations, before the appearance of sharka symptoms, were confirmed by a kinetic study, despite negative molecular tests (RT-qPCR). Our results indicate that early detection of PPVinfected plants by targeting metabolic responses in Prunus persica was a promising strategy. Finally,statistical correlations between the two studies were found. Although the cultivars showed significantly different metabolic profiles, some discriminant features were common between the different cultivars tested (GF-305, yellow nectarine, yellow peach) and also between the different stages of the virus infection (symptomatic and asymptomatic). Nevertheless, a co-infection of PPV and powdery mildew observed during the kinetic experiment under monitored conditions could alter the impact of PPV-infection. Consequently, a new kinetic study without co-infection, is ongoing to confirm or refute these first observations. In addition, the identification of biomarkers related to the sharka disease, also in progress, would provide a betterunderstanding of the metabolic interactions between peach and PPV. Finally, other experiments under natural conditions are underway to evaluate the robustness of our potential biomarkers
Paratte, Réjane. "Produire avec la nature : ou comment la production intégrée recompose les agents biologiques, chimiques et humains dans une arboriculture marchande." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0553.
Повний текст джерелаThis research examines the nature/culture relationship within industrial agriculture, especially the production of fruit in Switzerland and France. It analyses the reconfiguration of human and non human agencies associated with the implementation of methods aimed at reducing the use of pesticides, namely integrated production. Drawing on an ethnographic work, the analysis focuses on the growers' activities: the establishment of modern orchards and the pests that challenge them, the key work of monitoring the orchard in order to address the risk of damages, the mobilization of processes based on natural functioning to address these pests, the use of chemical weapons supplementing or substituting these biological and ecological processes, and finally the marketing of fruits. This work reveals the complexity of the challenges with which growers are confronted: integrated production requires rethinking crop protection practices while keeping tyhe modern orchard. Producing with nature therefore adds biological control tools and environmental and health objectives to existing chemical tools and market objectives which have brought about the vulnerability to pest. The difficulty of fighting against the enemies of the orchard reveals a concept of nature governed by the market but that can never be totally standardized, a nature that evolves according to human and non human actions forcing growers to adapt to these ever-changing conditions
Jooris, Anne. "Techniques intégrées en agriculture et pratiques de gestion des ressources, stratégies écologiques et stratégies d'acteurs : les perspectives de développement à travers le projet de l'arboriculture en Midi-Pyrénées." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20020.
Повний текст джерелаThis is the analysis of a regional project for the development of integrated fruit production pest control in order to explain the problems of circulating alternative techniques to the intensive models. Introducing the impact of the resource, a phytoseid predatory mite which is the pest control mainstay, is the means to consider the technical strategy from a double point of view. First, as a protection strategy which mobilizes a selection of identified resources in the orchard field, implying constraints that should be seen as a means of improvement (the intervention of the phytoseid predatory mite), and secondly, as a distribution strategy that mobilizes the levers of change in order to bring about the adoption of the new technical logic. The margins of progress for technical adaptation are evaluated by using pest control against the proliferation of acarids as an indicator. The choice of the resource-species is validated by research, but control improvement can rely on various ecological levers of the orchard universe dynamics, whereas these are taken into account as dissociated elements in the technical representation. The object of circulating technique, and having it taken inti account as a strategy for the network, induces one to simplify the message circulated. This is one with the object of making it easier for producers to have access to it, but also to obtain an agreement on a unified strategy on the part of the operators of regional production organizations. The fact that farmers' various practices and needs have been taken into consideration, explains why an identical system of evaluation between resources and constraints does not meet the diversity of appropriation modes, which are links up with the concepts of the profession, and leads to under valuation of the dynamics of different environments. The interpretation showing the difficulty there is an articulating between vertical approaches by product groups and transversal approaches of distribution and precautions is confirmed by the analysis of experiences made in other fields. Analysis of the levers of change on the part of orchard growers shows that they need to make their own evaluation of the levers that con be mobilized in order to become autonomous
Verbrugghe, Michel. "Contribution à l'analyse des microclimats au niveau de l'arbre de couverts forestiers et de parcelles agricoles entourées de brise-vent." Aix-Marseille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX23001.
Повний текст джерелаAn analysis of energy exchange in low levels of the atmosphere is made in heterogeneous agricultural lands, particulary about the influence of trees' structures on regional climatic modifications and on the making of microclimates. Successive scales are discussed from a tree throught forest canopies and to agricultural parcels surrounded of wind-breaks. At the level of a tree surfaces temperatures variations of fruit-trees are analysed in relation with height above the ground exposure, trunk colour and meteorological conditions. At the scale of forest canopies, particular attempt is made in analysis of wind speed, global radiation, air humidity and air temperature vertical profiles in two cedars'stands. Comparison of microclimate profiles measured simultaneously in open fields and inside cedars' canopies are also discussed. At the scale of agricultural parcels the microclimatic effects of wind-breaks in breton bocage and in low valley of the rhone are presented and explained. Special attention is made about aerodynamic and radiative effects of hedges on spaciotemporal variations of wind speed, air humidity and air temperature
Quellier, Florent. "Des fruits et des hommes : l'arboriculture fruitière en Ile-de-France : vers 1600-vers 1800." Rennes 2, 2001. http://books.openedition.org/pur/17473.
Повний текст джерелаIn the last two centuries of the AncienRégime the Parisian countryside saw a strong development in the cultivation of fruit trees. This growth came about due to the combination of a traditional urban demand enliveend by a strong socio-cultural liking for fruit and a dynamic merchant peasantry having the means to respond. From then on fruit tree cultivation became a powerful vector of social interaction for the communities involved. The orchard adorning the country houses of the privileged became a true cultural melting pot. From this base it is possible to examine the relationships between Town, Court and Village, to study the influence of the elites, both by wealth and by birth, on horticultural techniques and the varieties cultivated locally, and also the influence of the peasantry upon the privileged according to a social imitation which is not uniquely descendant. Situated at the junction between economic and social history and cultural history, between the rural and urban worlds, this thesis offers an approach to rural societies from a new angle : from the point of view of production rather than socio-professional group, and from that of the Parisian countryside rather than from Paris, making possible the identification of specific chatacteristics in a traditional society by the development of a specific cultivation. Answers from this research are to be found in an original management and perception of time, a fruit tree inscribing a certain world order and rationale of 'land of plenty' in the countryside, and the opening up of the village
Nesme, Thomas. "Utilisation de modèles agronomiques pour analyser les pratiques des agriculteurs : application à l'irrigation et à la fertilisation azotée en vergers de pommiers au sein d'une petite région." Montpellier, ENSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSA0017.
Повний текст джерелаRouet, Marion. "Les potagers aristocratiques et royaux en Ile-de-France : (fin XVIIe - fin XVIIIe siècle)." Paris 13, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA131012.
Повний текст джерелаVegetables gardens of royal properties and aristocratic houses are gardens which are thought to be essential in the Ile-de-France region as they filled the owners’ table with fruits and vegetables all the year round. They were the witnesses of a change of mentality which took place within the French society during the Ancien Régime between the end of the seventeenth century and the end of the eighteenth century. A the end of the studied period, this garden, which was a source of well-being combining physical exercise and intellectual thought, became the symbol of the nobility’s decline, in particular through the luxurious and unnatural production of early fruit and vegetables. Gardeners and their labour forces thus played an essential role, bearing in mind the equipments and the tools at their disposal. The expertises developed thanks to scientific research (botany) combined with technical progresses. Hothouses became indispensable at the end of the eighteenth century and enabled to grow exotic plants. The fruit and edible cultivations tried to satisfy the demands of the lords of the places as far as beauty and taste (texture and flavour) were concerned in order to be thus distinguished from peasants’ gardens. The notion of aesthetic can be indeed found in the line of the garden, which does not exclude the walk, but it can also be found in the behaviour of fruit trees, which cover the walls and adorn the gardens. The beauty of the fruit also comes into play in both the garden and the plate. The vegetable garden is thus a full-fledged garden, in close connection with the house, even if it is sometimes controversial. It is subject to fashion and it has quite rightly a place within the general arrangement of parks. This study is based on examples from Versailles, Trianon, Fontainebleau, Compiègne, Meudon, Bellevue, Choisy, Sceaux, Chantilly, La Roche Guyon, L'Isle Adam, Pontchartrain, Chamarande and Méréville
Praly, Cécile. "Nouvelles formes de valorisation territoriale en agriculture : le cas de l’arboriculture de la moyenne vallée du Rhône." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20038/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe fruit growing sector in the Middle Rhône Valley, competed by low-cost-production countries, faces a serious structural crisis. Then, we analyze the links between the arboriculture and its territories which can constitue resources mobilized as territorial valorization forms by local actors.The historic productive model of the arboriculture in the Middle Rhône Valley, the production-shipping basin, is now questioned by two rival forces. The first, called « centrifugal », is exercised by the main shippers who enlarge their supply area to be able to deliver large volumes of standardized fruits, relevant for the main retailers demand. In the opposite, some « centripetal » forces produce a fragmentation effect in the basin. These result from territorial identification initiatives for fruits, lead by the producers.Between these forces, farmers develop some strategies to maintain economic viability of their farms. They add to the existing shipping-circuits news outlets which valorize various proximities between production and consumption. We describe multi-scale « proximity circuits », including different types of the fruits supply chain actors, of consumers and marketing chanels. These circuits are shaped by competition and complementarity relationships with the basin of production-shipping. They benefit from the local communities supports.The conclusion of the research displays a characterization of the different proximity circuits and a theorical model to analyze the diversity of territorial valorization forms in agriculture