Статті в журналах: "Arabian/Persian Gulf"

1

Nur Rizky, Muhammad, and Haryo Prasodjo. "Saudi Arabia's Efforts to Maintain Global Oil Supply in the Persian Gulf." Global Focus 03, no. 01 (May 9, 2023): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jgf.2023.003.01.3.

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The purpose of this study is to describe Saudi Arabia's efforts to maintain global oil supplies in the Persian Gulf. The research method used is descriptive qualitative using library research as a data collection technique. The results obtained from this study are that the efforts made by Saudi Arabia in maintaining global oil supplies in the Persian Gulf consist of two efforts, namely military and non-military efforts. Saudi Arabia's military efforts are joining the United States maritime coalition to carry out sentinel operations and conducting Sentinel Coalition Task Force (CTF) exercises as an increase in security cooperation between Saudi Arabia and the United States to protect oil shipments in the Persian Gulf. As for the non-military efforts made by Saudi Arabia, namely by holding an emergency meeting with the Gulf countries to inform them that a serious effort or effort is needed to protect the security of shipping in the Persian Gulf because of attacks that have occurred before, namely on two Saudi Arabian tankers which were sabotaged and released. the coast of Fujairah and drone attacks on oil fields or oil processing facilities in the Saudi cities of Khurais and Abqaiq.

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2

Fedorchenko, A. V. "Russia – Saudi Arabia: plight and prospects of cooperation." International Trade and Trade Policy 8, no. 4 (January 14, 2023): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2022-3-23-34.

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For Russia, the political situation in the Persian Gulf region is of fundamental importance due to the size of its resource potential, its significant role in the global energy sector, geographical proximity, and the influence of the Arabian countries on the Muslim population of our country. The relative political stability and economic weight of the Arabian monarchies serve as the basis of the new – Arabian vector of Russia's Middle East policy. The influence of the monarchies of the Persian Gulf zone, primarily the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is growing in the region. The author tried to answer the question: what are the opportunities and prospects for establishing partnership relations between Russia and Saudi Arabia? Besides cooperation in the settlement of regional conflicts and the fight against international terrorism, the creation of a collective security zone in the Persian Gulf, coordination of actions in the oil market, bringing economic relations to a new qualitative level, and the development of humanitarian contacts are the most realistic areas of rapprochement.

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3

Yasser, Amaal, and Murtada Naser. "A new record of Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippidae) from the north western Persian-Arabian Gulf, Iraq." Journal of Biological Studies 2, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.62400/jbs.v2i1.371.

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In the present note the crab Dorippe quadridens is reported for first time from the north western Persian-Arabian Gulf, Iraq. This species is widely distributed in the Persian-Arabian Gulf. Details of the morphological characters of the species are given.

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4

KHALAJI-PIRBALOUTY, VALIALLAH, and MICHAEL J. RAUPAH. "DNA barcoding and morphological studies confirm the occurrence of three Atarbolana (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) species along the coastal zone of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman." Zootaxa 4200, no. 1 (November 27, 2016): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4200.1.7.

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Two species of Atarbolana (Cirolanidae: Isopoda) from the intertidal zone of the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf were studied and redescribed. The known distribution of this small genus is limited to the northern areas of the Indian Ocean, from the Pakistan coasts to the Persian Gulf. The analyses of DNA barcodes as well as detailed morphological studies clearly support the existence of three distinct Atarbolana species along the coastal zone of the Persian Gulf and northern Arabian Sea. Furthermore, A. dasycolus Yasmeen, 2004 is synonymized with A. setosa Javed and Yasmeen, 1989.

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5

ZAJONZ, UWE, SERGEY V. BOGORODSKY, FOUAD K. N. SAEED, MOTEAH S. AL-DEED, and EDOUARD LAVERGNE. "Parrotfishes (Teleostei: Labridae: Scarini) of the Socotra Archipelago: Diversity and distributional biogeography, including a range extension of Scarus zufar Randall & Hoover, 1995." Zootaxa 5389, no. 3 (December 20, 2023): 301–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5389.3.1.

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An updated account of the diversity of parrotfishes from the Socotra Archipelago is provided. Fourteen species are positively recorded based on underwater observations, photography and collections, including confirmations of three species which were previously only tentatively recorded: Scarus falcipinnis (Playfair, 1868), Scarus scaber Valenciennes, 1840 and Scarus tricolor Bleeker, 1847. The distribution of Scarus zufar Randall & Hoover, 1995, previously known only from coastal waters of southern Oman, Pakistan and Bangladesh, is extended to the Archipelago, with Abd al-Kuri Island representing the westernmost edge of its known range. Visual records of three additional species are yet to be documented. With 14–17 species the Archipelago approximates the modal richness range of 15–18 species for Arabian ecoregions. A species account, accompanied by photographs, provides distinctive characters, distribution details in the Arabian region, and general remarks for each species. The distributional biogeography of the family pertinent to the Socotra Archipelago and the Arabian region is analysed in the context of the Western Indian Ocean. Three main Arabian units are identified: A ‘Red Sea unit’ spans the combined Red Sea ecoregions and the western Gulf of Aden; a ‘Socotra unit’ covers south-eastern Arabia including the Archipelago, the eastern Gulf of Aden and southern Oman; and a ‘Gulf unit’ combines the Arabian/Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and putatively central Oman. These units form a discrete “pan-Arabian” cluster within the wider Western Indian Ocean. The ‘Socotra unit’ resembles more strongly the ‘Gulf unit’ than the ‘Red Sea unit’. Parrotfishes thus contrast overall distributional patterns of reef fishes in Arabia.

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6

Xue, Pengfei, and Elfatih A. B. Eltahir. "Estimation of the Heat and Water Budgets of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf Using a Regional Climate Model*,+." Journal of Climate 28, no. 13 (July 1, 2015): 5041–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00189.1.

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Abstract Because of the scarcity of observational data, existing estimates of the heat and water budgets of the Persian Gulf are rather uncertain. This uncertainty leaves open the fundamental question of whether this water body is a net heat source or a net heat sink to the atmosphere. Previous regional modeling studies either used specified surface fluxes to simulate the hydrodynamics of the Gulf or prescribed SST in simulating the regional atmospheric climate; neither of these two approaches is suitable for addressing the above question or for projecting the future climate in this region. For the first time, a high-resolution, two-way, coupled Gulf–atmosphere regional model (GARM) is developed, forced by solar radiation and constrained by observed lateral boundary conditions, suited for the study of current and future climates of the Persian Gulf. Here, this study demonstrates the unique capability of this model in consistently predicting surface heat and water fluxes and lateral heat and water exchanges with the Arabian Sea, as well as the variability of water temperature and water mass. Although these variables are strongly coupled, only SST has been directly and sufficiently observed. The coupled model succeeds in simulating the water and heat budgets of the Persian Gulf without any artificial flux adjustment, as demonstrated in the close agreement of model simulation with satellite and in situ observations. The coupled regional climate model simulates a net surface heat flux of +3 W m−2, suggesting a small net heat flux from the atmosphere into the Persian Gulf. The annual evaporation from the Persian Gulf is 1.84 m yr−1, and the annual influx and outflux of water through the Strait of Hormuz between the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea are equivalent to Persian Gulf–averaged precipitation and evaporation rates of 33.7 and 32.1 m yr−1, with a net influx of water equivalent to a Persian Gulf–averaged precipitation rate of 1.6 m yr−1. The average depth of the Persian Gulf water is ~38 m. Hence, it suggests that the mean residency time scale for the entire Persian Gulf is ~14 months.

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7

Wanucha, Elizabeth. "Family in the Arabian Peninsula." Hawwa 16, no. 1-3 (November 27, 2018): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341339.

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AbstractThough in many ways the demographics and other characteristics of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf follow the proscribed pathways to modernity, the Arab societies in the region have not completely abandoned their traditional characteristics in the wake of modernization and globalization forces. These societies have found a way to consolidate the external and internal pressures and exist somewhere on a four-way spectrum between “modern traditionalism” and “traditional modernism” on one axis, and between “global traditionalism” and “traditionalized globalization” on the other. The Arab societies of the Persian Gulf fit neither into the “cultural maintenance” nor “modernization” category, but exist and thrive in some space in between, making it an interesting area of study in need of more research.

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8

Madureira, Nuno Luís. "Squabbling Sisters: Multinational Companies and Middle East Oil Prices." Business History Review 91, no. 4 (2017): 681–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680517001398.

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This article examines the historical emergence of the Middle East oil-pricing system. The collapse of the Gulf-plus system, combined with outstanding discoveries of new reservoirs across the Arabian Peninsula and Persia, awoke latent competitive forces within the oligopolistic oil industry. After World War II, business differences regarding vertical integration, market priorities, and global competition worsened existing fractures among the multinational oil companies generally referred to as “the seven sisters.” The conclusions underscore the role of the “fringe” companies Texaco, Standard of California–Chevron, and Gulf Oil in prompting new price equilibriums for Persian Gulf crude oil.

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9

Burt, John A., David A. Feary, Andrew G. Bauman, Paolo Usseglio, Georgenes H. Cavalcante, and Peter F. Sale. "Biogeographic patterns of reef fish community structure in the northeastern Arabian Peninsula." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 9 (August 8, 2011): 1875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr129.

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Abstract Burt, J. A., Feary, D. A., Bauman, A. G., Usseglio, P., Cavalcante, G. H., and Sale, P. F. 2011. Biogeographic patterns of reef fish community structure in the northeastern Arabian Peninsula. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1875–1883. This study provides the first large-scale comparison of reef-associated fish communities in the northeastern Arabian Peninsula, with 24 sites spanning >3000 km of coastline in the southern Persian Gulf, the western Gulf of Oman, and the northwestern Arabian Sea, each with its own unique environmental conditions. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct community types that were represented mainly by sites within each major water body, with >70% dissimilarity in community structure between each. Persian Gulf communities had low species richness, abundance, and biomass of reef fish compared with the other subregions, with communities dominated by herbivores and generalist predators that had little association with live coral. Reef fish biomass in the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea was comparable, and communities were dominated by fish with moderate coral association. However, there were relatively more herbivores and larger fish in the Arabian Sea than in the Gulf of Oman, where communities were dominated by planktivores. Species richness was highest in the Arabian Sea when differences in abundance among regions were accounted for. The influence of distinct environmental and oceanographic conditions on reef fish community structure in each of these areas is discussed.

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10

Munir, Fakhr ul, Nelofar Ihsan, and Sanaullah. "Strategic and Economic Importance of Gwadar for China and other Regional and Western States." Global Economics Review VI, no. III (September 30, 2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-iii).03.

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Gwadar is a deep seaport that played the role of main communication and trade route among India and the Gulf States. In collaboration with China, Gwadar Port has been intended to be connected with Afghanistan and via Afghanistan to Central Asia through road links. If we take the case of the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, it is Gwadar Port that allows China to counterbalance the Indo-US supremacy. Beijing now has the ability to counterbalance Indian maritime activities in the Indian Ocean by praising and acknowledging this Port. Gwadar Port's distance from Pakistan's Karachi Port and India's Gujarat and Mumbai naval stations allows China to observe Indo-US naval operations in the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. Persia Gulf is responsible for over 60% of Beijing's energy supply demands. This phenomenon, in the long run, allows Beijing to monitor and control the sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) from the Persian Gulf to the Indian Ocean and up to the Strait of Hormuz.

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11

Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz, and Miranda Priebe. "A Crude Threat: The Limits of an Iranian Missile Campaign against Saudi Arabian Oil." International Security 36, no. 1 (July 2011): 167–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00048.

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The United States and its Persian Gulf allies have been increasingly concerned with the growing size and complexity of Iran's ballistic missile programs. At a time when the United States and its allies remain locked in a standoff with Iran over the latter's nuclear program, states around the Persian Gulf fear that Iran would retaliate for an attack on its nuclear program by launching missiles at regional oil installations and other strategic targets. An examination of the threat posed by Iran's missiles to Saudi Arabian oil installations, based on an assessment of Iran's missile capabilities, a detailed analysis of Saudi Arabian oil infrastructure, and a simulated missile campaign against the network using known Iranian weapons, finds no evidence of a significant Iranian missile threat to Saudi infrastructure. These findings cast doubt on one aspect of the Iranian threat to Persian Gulf oil while offering an analytic framework for understanding developments in the Iranian missile arsenal and the vulnerability of oil infrastructure to conventional attack.

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12

Nandkeolyar, Neha, Mini Raman, G. Sandhya Kiran, and Ajai. "Comparative Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature Pattern in the Eastern and Western Gulfs of Arabian Sea and the Red Sea in Recent Past Using Satellite Data." International Journal of Oceanography 2013 (June 4, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/501602.

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With unprecedented rate of development in the countries surrounding the gulfs of the Arabian Sea, there has been a rapid warming of these gulfs. In this regard, using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from 1985 to 2009, a climatological study of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and its inter annual variability in the Persian Gulf (PG), Gulf of Oman (GO), Gulf of Aden (GA), Gulf of Kutch (KTCH), Gulf of Khambhat (KMBT), and Red Sea (RS) was carried out using the normalized SST anomaly index. KTCH, KMBT, and GA pursued the typical Arabian Sea basin bimodal SST pattern, whereas PG, GO, and RS followed unimodal SST curve. In the western gulfs and RS, from 1985 to 1991-1992, cooling was observed followed by rapid warming phase from 1993 onwards, whereas in the eastern gulfs, the phase of sharp rise of SST was observed from 1995 onwards. Strong influence of the El Niño and La Niña and the Indian Ocean Dipole on interannual variability of SST of gulfs was observed. Annual and seasonal increase of SST was lower in the eastern gulfs than the western gulfs. RS showed the highest annual increase of normalized SST anomaly (+0.64/decade) followed by PG (+0.4/decade).

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13

Williams, Hugh D., and Gunnar Kr Gangsaas. "OFFSHORE OIL SPILL RECOVERY OPERATIONS IN THE PERSIAN GULF." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-219.

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ABSTRACT On or about January 25, 1991, Iraqi forces in Kuwait discharged more than 4 million barrels of Kuwaiti crude oil into the Persian Gulf. The counterclockwise current carried the resulting slick southeastward along the coast of Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabian oil company, Aramco, chartered the multiclassed tanker and response vessel Al Waasit, based in Dubai, to assist in the offshore recovery operation. The Al Waasit's response resulted in the offshore recovery of about 100,000 barrels of oil during a 42-day period, without a recovery system failure. The authors both served on board Al Waasit as operations managers during this response operation.

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14

Banse, Karl. "Irregular flow of Persian (Arabian) Gulf water to the Arabian Sea." Journal of Marine Research 55, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 1049–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240973224120.

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15

Frederick Eilts, Hermann. "The US perception of Persian/Arabian Gulf security." Asian Affairs 25, no. 3 (November 1994): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714857129-694.

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16

Din, M. A. E. "The transport importance of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf." Transport Reviews 10, no. 2 (April 1990): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01441649008716749.

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17

Khalaf, Talib, Murtada Naser, and Amaal Yasser. "A new record of the Indo-Pacific species, Belzebub hanseni (Nobili, 1905) (Crustacea; Decapoda; Luciferidae) from north western Persian-Arabian Gulf." Journal of Biological Studies 2, no. 2 (September 7, 2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.62400/jbs.v2i2.501.

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18

KhosraviNik, Majid, and Mahrou Zia. "Persian Nationalism, Identity and Anti-Arab Sentiments in Iranian Facebook Discourses." Journal of Language and Politics 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 755–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.13.1.08kho.

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This study adopts a Critical Discourse Analytical approach to investigate how a form of Iranian national(ist) identity is (re)constructed and (re)presented on a popular Facebook Page called Persian Gulf. It focuses on linguistic practices of the Iranian side of the debate over the name of this body of water. After briefly discussing some of the challenges of applying CDA to a participatory web platform e.g. Facebook, This paper explores the characteristics of the Persian identity discourse in the way that it is utilised to legitimize the name Persian Gulf vs. the claim to the name Arabian Gulf. The paper concludes that the emergent Persian national/ist identity discourse is strongly preoccupied with opposing a perceived cultural invasion of the Arabic Other in its emphatic defence of the name Persian Gulf but in the meantime it aspires to distinguish itself from the officially propagated Islamic identity. It is also shown that aspects pertaining to powerfulness, defiance and conflict are the main thrusts of the discursive representation of this Self-identity.

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19

Heydarizad, Mojtaba, Ezzat Raeisi, Rogert Sori, and Luis Gimeno. "The Identification of Iran’s Moisture Sources Using a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model." Atmosphere 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100408.

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Iran has faced many water shortage crises in the past. Iran’s moisture sources for precipitation were identified by Lagrangian approach using the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) v9.0 model. The results demonstrate that Iran receives its moisture from both continental and oceanic sources. During the wet season, moisture uptake from the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Mediterranean Sea is dominant, while during the dry season, the role of the Red Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Persian Gulf is intensified. Studying drought conditions by comparing 1-month, 6-month, and 12-month standardized precipitation index (SPI) with (E-P) values of oceanic and continental moisture sources (E stands for the evaporation and P the precipitation) using multiregression model demonstrates that among oceanic sources the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean affect SPI values and among continental sources, moisture from bare grounds and cultivated lands influences SPI values during wet season. However, no correlation exists between oceanic and continental (E-P) and SPI values during the dry season. The results obtained by this study can be used by meteorologists and hydrology scientists for future water management programmes in Iran.

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20

Safieddine, S., C. Clerbaux, L. Clarisse, S. Whitburn, and E. A. B. Eltahir. "Present and future land surface and wet bulb temperatures in the Arabian Peninsula." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (March 18, 2022): 044029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac507c.

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Abstract The Arabian Peninsula exhibits extreme hot summers and has one of the world’s largest population growths. We use satellite observations and reanalysis as well as climate model projections to analyze morning and evening land surface temperatures (LSTs), to refer to processes at the surface, and wet bulb temperatures (WBTs) to measure human heat stress. We focus on three regions: the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, the inland capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh and the irrigated agricultural region in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. This study shows that the time of day is important when studying LST and WBT, with current and future WBT higher in the early summer evenings. It also shows that the effect of humidity brought from waterbodies or through irrigation can significantly increase heat stress. Over the coasts of the Peninsula, humidity decreases LST but increases heat stress via WBT values higher than 25 °C in the evening. Riyadh, located in the heart of the Peninsula has lower WBT of 15 °C–17.5 °C and LST reaching 42.5 °C. Irrigation in the Al-Jouf province decreases LST by up to 10° with respect to its surroundings, while it increases WBT by up to 2.5°. Climate projections over the Arabian Peninsula suggest that global efforts will determine the survivability in this region. The projected increase in LST and WBT are +6 °C and +4 °C, respectively, in the Persian Gulf and Riyadh by the end of the century, posing significant risks on human survivability in the Peninsula unless strict climate mitigation takes place.

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21

Alosairi, Y., and T. Pokavanich. "Seasonal circulation assessments of the Northern Arabian/Persian Gulf." Marine Pollution Bulletin 116, no. 1-2 (March 2017): 270–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.065.

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22

الشاهر, حسين. "الاهمية الاقتصادية لميناء بندر عباس في عهد الشاه عباس الكبير واثرها على الخليج العربي 1622-1629". Uruk Journal 15, № 3-P1 (22 вересня 2022): 1873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52113/uj05/022-15/1873-1886.

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Bandar Abbas has taken an important role in the Persian Gulf and Faris Land as it lies on the Eastern coast of the Persian Gulf and it is considered an important stage on the road towards India, It is also the principle gate of transferring goods to the Persian land, Most travellers and tradesmen from different countries coming from the Persian Gulf enter Faris Land form Bandar Abbas, The harbor has developed and became the trading main center of the Persian Gulf and Faris Land after it was a small village for fishing, It became a big trade harbor after a short time and trades agencies were there ( British , Dutch and French). Shah Abbas expected that the extirpation of the Portuguese base in the Persian Gulf especially in Hormuz Island and destroying their trade activity would flourish the trade activity of Bandar Abbas and this what happened really, The trade activity moved from Hormuz after its destruction to Bandar Abbas ,The British company helped the Persian forces in freeing and because of that they were given a permission to make a trade agency in Bandar Abbas in 1623 AD , Because of that the manager of the British Company agreed to move his work from Bandar Jasik to Bandar Abbas and it was the first trade agency in Bandar Abbas.

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Naser, Murtada. "A new record of Eurycarcinus integrifrons De Man, 1879 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pilumnidae ) from NW of the Persian – Arabian Gulf, Iraq." Journal of Biological Studies 1, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.62400/jbs.v1i1.31.

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The present paper focuses on the first report of the pilumind crabs Eurycarcinus integrifrons from the NW of the Persian – Arabian Gulf, Iraq, at the muddy area of Fao region. The morphological features and distribution information are considered.

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Naser, Murtada D. "A new record of Eurycarcinus orientalis A. Milne-Edwards, 1867 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pilumnidae) from the north western part of the Persian-Arabian Gulf." Journal of Biological Studies 1, no. 4 (March 29, 2019): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.62400/jbs.v1i4.245.

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The present note lists the first record of the pilumnid crab Eurycarcinus orientalis from the north western part of the Persian-Arabian Gulf, Iraq, in the muddy area of Fao region. Morphological features and distribution information are given.

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PREMCHAND, K., JS SASTRY, and CS MURTY. "Watermass structure in the western Indian Ocean- Part II: The spreading and transformation of the Persian Gulf water." MAUSAM 37, no. 2 (April 11, 2022): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i2.2260.

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The spreading and the transformation of the Persian Gulf Watermass (POW) in the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean have been presented. The core layer of this watermass is found in the depth range of 250-300 m over most of the Arabian Sea with a tendency to deepen southwards. The salinity at the core decreases from 37.9%oin the Gulf of Oman to 35.1% coat the equatorial regions. Its spreading is found to be mainly towards the west-coast of India and southerly off the Indian coast. Owing to Intense vertical mixing, rapid transformation of this watermass takes place in the Gulf of Oman. Vertical mixing of this watermass with the Red Sea watermass along the Arabian coast given rise to an isohaline layer in the depth range of 250-800 m and this layer has been termed as 'Arabian Sea Intermediate Watermass'. The influence of PGW in the deeper layers is reflected by the relatively higher temperatures and salinities at all depths in the northern Arabian Sea. Downward fluxes of heat and salt as a result of vertical mixing are inferred all along the core of this watermass.

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SASTRY, J. S., and R. S. D'SOUZA. "Oceanography of the Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon season-Part III : Salinity." MAUSAM 23, no. 4 (February 7, 2022): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v23i4.5307.

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The distribution of salinity in the Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon season is presented through several vertical sections and spatial distribution charts. The vertical salinity structure has been found to be quite complex and shows several maxima and minima upto depths of about 1000 m. An analysis of the water mass characteristics shows that the Arabian Sea high salinity water forms in the northeastern Arabian Sea as a result of excessive evaporation over precipitation and is located between 300 and 500 el/t steric levels. The Persian Gulf and Red Sea Waters have been identified by their salinity maxima occurring above and below the 100 cl/t surface respectively. In addition, it has been found that, in the depth range of 0-1000 m, the Antarctic intermediate water, subtropical subsurface water and the south equatorial water penetrate into the Arabian Sea at different levels and intermingling of these with the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea high salinity waters give rise to the observed complexities in the vertical salinity structure. A comparison of the curves of potential temperature versus depth, salinity and oxyty in the Somali and Arabian basins with those in the circumpolar regions has shown that the deep and bottom water mass in these basins at depth exceeding 2500 m is of circumpolar origin.

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D’Agostino, Daniele, John A. Burt, Veronica Santinelli, Grace O. Vaughan, Ashley M. Fowler, Tom Reader, Brett M. Taylor, et al. "Growth impacts in a changing ocean: insights from two coral reef fishes in an extreme environment." Coral Reefs 40, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02061-6.

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AbstractDetermining the life-history consequences for fishes living in extreme and variable environments will be vital in predicting the likely impacts of ongoing climate change on reef fish demography. Here, we compare size-at-age and maximum body size of two common reef fish species (Lutjanus ehrenbergii and Pomacanthus maculosus) between the environmentally extreme Arabian/Persian Gulf (‘Arabian Gulf’) and adjacent comparably benign Oman Sea. Additionally, we use otolith increment width profiles to investigate the influence of temperature, salinity and productivity on the individual growth rates. Individuals of both species showed smaller size-at-age and lower maximum size in the Arabian Gulf compared to conspecifics in the less extreme and less variable environment of the Oman Sea, suggesting a life-history trade-off between size and metabolic demands. Salinity was the best environmental predictor of interannual growth across species and regions, with low growth corresponding to more saline conditions. However, salinity had a weaker negative effect on interannual growth of fishes in the Arabian Gulf than in the Oman Sea, indicating Arabian Gulf populations may be better able to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. Temperature had a weak positive effect on the interannual growth of fishes in the Arabian Gulf, suggesting that these populations may still be living within their thermal windows. Our results highlight the potential importance of osmoregulatory cost in impacting growth, and the need to consider the effect of multiple stressors when investigating the consequences of future climate change on fish demography.

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Wood, Warren W., Richard M. Bailey, Brian A. Hampton, Thomas F. Kraemer, Zhong Lu, David W. Clark, Rhodri H. R. James, and Khalid Al Ramadan. "Rapid late Pleistocene/Holocene uplift and coastal evolution of the southern Arabian (Persian) Gulf." Quaternary Research 77, no. 2 (March 2012): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.10.008.

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The coastline along the southern Arabian Gulf between Al Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Dubai, UAE, appears to have risen at least 125 m in the last 18,000 years. Dating and topographic surveying of paleo-dunes (43–53 ka), paleo-marine terraces (17–30 ka), and paleo-marine shorelines (3.3–5.5 ka) document a rapid, > 1 mm/a subsidence, followed by a 6 mm/a uplift that is decreasing with time. The mechanism causing this movement remains elusive but may be related to the translation of the coastal area through the backbasin to forebulge hinge line movement of the Arabian plate or, alternatively, by movement of the underlying Infracambrian-age Hormuz salt in response to sea-level changes associated with continental glaciation. Independent of the mechanism, rapid and episodic uplift may impact the design of engineering projects such as nuclear power plants, airports, and artificial islands as well as the interpretation of sedimentation and archeology of the area.

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29

Al-Subhi, Abdullah M., and Cheriyeri P. Abdulla. "Sea-Level Variability in the Arabian Gulf in Comparison with Global Oceans." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 4524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224524.

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The availability of nearly three decades of sea-level estimates from satellite altimetry, for the period from 1993 to the present, is exploited for understanding the climatology of sea level and its long-term variability in the Arabian Gulf (also known as the Persian Gulf) in comparison with global oceans. The Arabian Gulf is characterized by a lower sea level from February to May and a higher sea level from September to December, with a maximum in November and a minimum in April. The variability of sea level in the Arabian Gulf is significantly different and nearly opposite to the pattern of sea-level changes in the adjacent marginal basin, the Red Sea. The analysis of low-passed sea level using the empirical orthogonal function and principal component analysis showed that the first mode of variability explains 87.9% of the long-term variability and the second mode explains nearly half of the remaining variability (5.6%). The linear long-term trends in sea level are 2.58 mm/year for the Northern Arabian Gulf and 3.14 mm/year for its southern part, with an average of 2.92 mm/year for the entire Gulf. The analysis of sea level in the Arabian Sea showed a faster rate of sea level rise in the post-2000 period. The long-term linear trend for the post-2000 period in the Northern Arabian Gulf is 4.06 mm/year, and in the southern Gulf it is 4.44 mm/year, with an average trend of 4.29 mm/year. Under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, the numerical projections show an expected rise in sea level in the Arabian Gulf by 8.1, 1.3, and 6.8 cm by 2050, and by 16.9, 17.7, 39.1 cm, respectively by the end of the 21st century.

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30

Zhang, Yuhong, Yan Du, W. N. D. S. Jayarathna, Qiwei Sun, Ying Zhang, Fengchao Yao, and Ming Feng. "A Prolonged High-Salinity Event in the Northern Arabian Sea during 2014–17." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 4 (April 2020): 849–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0220.1.

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AbstractA prolonged high-salinity event in the northern Arabian Sea, to the east of the Gulf of Oman, during 2014–17 was identified based on Argo datasets. The prolonged event was manifested as enhanced spreading of the surface Arabian Sea high-salinity water and the intermediate Persian Gulf water. We used satellite altimetric data and geostrophic current data to understand the oceanic processes and the salt budget associated with the high-salinity event. The results indicated that the strengthened high-salinity advection from the Gulf of Oman was one of the main causes of the salinity increase in the northern Arabian Sea. The changes of the seasonally dependent eddies near the mouth of the Gulf of Oman dominated the strengthened high-salinity advection during the event as compared with the previous 4-yr period: the westward shifted cyclonic eddy during early winter stretched to the remote western Gulf of Oman, which carried the higher-salinity water to the northern Arabian Sea along the south coast of the Gulf. An anomalous eddy dipole during early summer intensified the eastward Ras Al Hadd Jet and its high-salinity advection into the northern Arabian Sea. In addition, the weakened low-salinity advection by coastal currents along the Omani coast caused by the weakened southwest monsoon contributed to the maintenance of the high-salinity event. This prolonged high-salinity event reflects the upper-ocean responses to the monsoon change and may affect the regional hydrography and biogeochemistry extensively.

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31

Haiduc-Dale, Noah. "Fishing in the Persian/Arabian Gulf: The Merits of Mediocrity." Journal of Arabian Studies 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2018.1565195.

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32

Ackleson, Steven G., David E. Pitts, Kathryn D. Sullivan, and R. Michael Reynolds. "Astronaut observations of the Persian (Arabian) gulf during STS‐45." Geocarto International 7, no. 4 (December 1992): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049209354389.

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33

Moore, Alec B. M., William T. White, and Richard Peirce. "Additions to the shark fauna of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf." Zoology in the Middle East 50, no. 1 (January 2010): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2010.10638415.

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34

JONES, DAVID ALAN, and MANICKAM NITHYANANDAN. "Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Eurydice Leach, 1815 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from the Arabian region, including three new species." Zootaxa 3314, no. 1 (May 16, 2012): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3314.1.4.

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Three new subtidal species of Eurydice are described, i.e. Eurydice tridentata sp. nov. and Eurydice marisrubri sp. nov.from the Red Sea, and Eurydice marzouqui sp. nov. from the Arabian/Persian Gulf. These species can be separated fromall other Eurydice in the Arabian region by the absence of robust setae on the posterior margin of the pleotelson. E. maris-rubri has a truncate posterior margin bearing 5 apical teeth, E. marzouqui has a rounded pleotelson posterior margin with6 apical teeth and in E. tridentata the posterior margin is truncate, bearing 7 apical teeth, the central 3 prominent. Addi-tional information is provided for two previously described species: E. peraticis Jones, 1974 and E. arabica Jones, 1974.Previous records of E. inermis are attributed to E. tridentata and E. inermis is excluded from the region. A key is providedto separate all the Eurydice species likely to be found in the Arabian region. The distribution of all the Arabian Eurydice is described, and morphology is discussed in relation to habitat.

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35

Michel, Jacqueline, Zachary Nixon, Linos Cotsapas, Scott Zengel, Jennifer Weaver, Harold Fravel, and Philip Bambach. "Forensic Analysis of Residual Oil along Abu Ali Island, Saudi Arabia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 1877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121877.

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Extensive asphalt pavements have persisted along >25 km (km) of shoreline on Abu Ali Island, on the Arabian (Persian) Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, reportedly stranding as a result of the 1983–1985 Nowruz oil spills. A study was conducted in October 2020 to support development of a remediation plan. Cross-shore transects were surveyed at 100 m intervals and 1434 shovel test pits were dug to determine oil type, thickness, and depth of burial. Oiling of any description was observed at 76% of the pits. Using 15 diagnostic biomarker ratios, only 5 of the 94 oiled samples from Abu Ali Island in 2020 likely contain other oils. Data on historical spills were identified from the literature. Based on chemical biomarker data for potential source oils in the northern Arabian (Persian) Gulf, the diagnostic ratio for the biomarkers 18a-22,29,30-Trisnorneohopane (Ts) and 17a(H)-22,29,30-Trisnorhopane (Tm) for the 94 samples only matched one Iraq crude oil. No large individual spills of Iraq crude oil were identified in the literature or spill databases, although releases of both Kuwait and Iraq crudes were reported for the 1991 Gulf War oil spills. However, oil residues from Abu Ali did not match most prior samples of Saudi shoreline oiling from the Gulf War oil spills, which largely consisted of spilled Kuwait crude. Though we cannot definitely conclude that the majority of the residual oil on Abu Ali Island delineated during the 2020 survey is oil from the Nowruz oil spills, because there is no source oil from these spills, we use a weight of evidence approach to say that it is highly likely that the majority of the residual oiling is from the Nowruz spills.

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36

Zajonz, Uwe, Edouard Lavergne, Sergey V. Bogorodsky, and Friedhelm Krupp. "Biogeography of the coastal fishes of the Socotra Archipelago: Challenging current ecoregional concepts." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 29, 2022): e0267086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267086.

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The Socotra Archipelago, located in the eastern Gulf of Aden, has a unique marine environment, which combines tropical and ‘pseudo-temperate’ elements. An updated species inventory recently considered its coastal fish diversity the highest among Arabian ecoregions, necessitating to re-assess the ichthyogeographic position of the island group. The main aim of this study is to describe the distributional biogeography of its coastal fish fauna in relation to contemporary ichthyogeographic and ecoregional concepts. Inferences are drawn with regard to the marine biogeographic arrangement and ecoregional partitioning of the Arabian region. The main datasets comprise eight and twenty selected families including 404 and 898 species, respectively, from Arabian ecoregions. The Socotra Archipelago has close affinities to a putative ecoregion in the eastern Gulf of Aden that extends to southern Oman. It is more closely related to the Arabian Sea coast of Oman than to ecoregions in the Red Sea and a putative ecoregion in the western Gulf of Aden. The Gulf of Aden does not represent a consistent ecoregion in ichthyogeographic terms, because its eastern and western parts are less closely related to one another than to other ecoregions. The Socotra Archipelago and the eastern Gulf of Aden should therefore not be assigned to a joined province with Red Sea ecoregions. The coastal fish faunas of the southern Red Sea have close affinities with those of the western Gulf of Aden. The Arabian/Persian Gulf is least related to the other Arabian ecoregions. The authors posit the Socotra Archipelago as a distinct ecoregion, either on its own or in combination with affiliated mainland areas. This best reflects the ichthyogeographic data and the exceptionally high levels of fish and overall marine diversity. Two alternative ecoregional delineations are proposed, serving as working hypotheses for onward research.

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37

Baker, Michael S., and Harold K. Strunk. "Medical Aspects of Persian Gulf Operations: Serious Infectious and Communicable Diseases of the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabian Peninsula." Military Medicine 156, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/156.8.385.

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38

MOORE, ALEC B. M., ROBERT D. WARD, and RICHARD PEIRCE. "Sharks of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf: a first annotated checklist (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)." Zootaxa 3167, no. 1 (January 20, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3167.1.1.

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The first evidence-based checklist of sharks of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf is presented based on appraisal of primary lit-erature and new data, including identifications verified by COI barcoding. Evidence of the occurrence of 26 species in theGulf is presented, and the possible presence of a further 17 species is discussed. Carcharhinidae is the most species-richfamily (16 species) present. The first substantiated Gulf records of the spinner shark Carcharhinus brevipinna, blacktipreef shark C. melanopterus¸ and scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini are provided, along with a new record of the rarelyreported grey nurse shark Carcharias taurus. The diversity of the Gulf’s shark fauna, and possible influences on it, are briefly discussed.

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39

Nagura, Motoki, J. P. McCreary, and H. Annamalai. "Origins of Coupled Model Biases in the Arabian Sea Climatological State." Journal of Climate 31, no. 5 (March 2018): 2005–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0417.1.

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This study investigates biases of the climatological mean state of the northern Arabian Sea (NAS) in 31 coupled ocean–atmosphere models. The focus is to understand the cause of the large biases in the depth of the 20°C isotherm [Formula: see text] that occur in many of them. Other prominent biases are the depth [Formula: see text] and temperature [Formula: see text] of Persian Gulf water (PGW) and the wintertime mixed-layer thickness (MLT) along the northern boundary. For models that lack a Persian Gulf (group 1), [Formula: see text] is determined by the wintertime MLT bias [Formula: see text] through the formation of an Arabian Sea high-salinity water mass (ASHSW) that is too deep. For models with a Persian Gulf (group 2), if [Formula: see text] > MLT (group 2B), PGW remains mostly trapped to the western boundary and, again, [Formula: see text] directly controls [Formula: see text]. If [Formula: see text] MLT (group 2A), PGW spreads into the NAS and impacts [Formula: see text] because [Formula: see text] > 20°C; nevertheless [Formula: see text] still influences [Formula: see text] indirectly through its impact on [Formula: see text]. The thick wintertime mixed layer is driven primarily by surface cooling [Formula: see text] during the fall. Nevertheless, variations in ΔMLT among the models are more strongly linked to biases in the density stratification (jump) across the bottom of the mixed layer than to [Formula: see text] biases. The jump is in turn determined primarily by sea surface salinity biases (ΔSSS) advected into the NAS by the West India Coastal Current, and the source of ΔSSS is the rainfall deficit associated with the models’ weak summer monsoon. Ultimately, then, ΔD20 is linked to this deficit.

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40

Bourtsoukidis, Efstratios, Lisa Ernle, John N. Crowley, Jos Lelieveld, Jean-Daniel Paris, Andrea Pozzer, David Walter, and Jonathan Williams. "Non-methane hydrocarbon (C2–C8) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 10 (May 29, 2019): 7209–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7209-2019.

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Abstract. Atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) have been extensively studied around the globe due to their importance to atmospheric chemistry and their utility in emission source and chemical sink identification. This study reports on shipborne NMHC measurements made around the Arabian Peninsula during the AQABA (Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin) ship campaign. The ship traversed the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the northern Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Gulf, before returning by the same route. The Middle East is one of the largest producers of oil and gas (O&G), yet it is among the least studied. Atmospheric mixing ratios of C2–C8 hydrocarbons ranged from a few ppt in unpolluted regions (Arabian Sea) to several ppb over the Suez Canal and Arabian Gulf (also known as the Persian Gulf), where a maximum of 166.5 ppb of alkanes was detected. The ratio between i-pentane and n-pentane was found to be 0.93±0.03 ppb ppb−1 over the Arabian Gulf, which is indicative of widespread O&G activities, while it was 1.71±0.06 ppb ppb−1 in the Suez Canal, which is a characteristic signature of ship emissions. We provide evidence that international shipping contributes to ambient C3–C8 hydrocarbon concentrations but not to ethane, which was not detected in marine traffic exhausts. NMHC relationships with propane differentiated between alkane-rich associated gas and methane-rich non-associated gas through a characteristic enrichment of ethane over propane atmospheric mixing ratios. Utilizing the variability–lifetime relationship, we show that atmospheric chemistry governs the variability of the alkanes only weakly in the source-dominated areas of the Arabian Gulf (bAG=0.16) and along the northern part of the Red Sea (bRSN=0.22), but stronger dependencies are found in unpolluted regions such as the Gulf of Aden (bGA=0.58) and the Mediterranean Sea (bMS=0.48). NMHC oxidative pair analysis indicated that OH chemistry dominates the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the region, but along the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf the NMHC ratios occasionally provided evidence of chlorine radical chemistry. These results demonstrate the utility of NMHCs as source/sink identification tracers and provide an overview of NMHCs around the Arabian Peninsula.

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41

KANAGARAJ, CHAMUNDEESWARI, RICH MOOI, DEEPAK SAMUEL VIJAY KUMAR, HRISHIKESH PREMACHANDRAN, ABHILASH KOTTARATHIL RAJENDRAN, SANKAR RETHINAVELU, PURVAJA RAMACHANDRAN, and RAMESH RAMACHANDRAN. "First record of the heart urchin Metalia persica (Mortensen, 1940) (Spatangoida: Brissidae) from the Chennai coast, India." Zootaxa 4624, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4624.2.13.

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The irregular urchin, Metalia persica (Mortensen, 1940), a heart urchin of the family Brissidae, is reported for the first time from the southeastern coast of India. A single specimen was collected from fishing by-catch at Chinna Neelankarai (12º 56’ 29.7” N, 80º 15’ 36.6” E), Chennai on April 5, 2018. Metalia persica was previously recorded only from the Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf). This study records Metalia persica for the first time from Indian waters, in the Bay of Bengal, and elucidates features of the anal fasciole.

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42

Hyder, P., J. While, A. Arnold, E. O’Dea, R. Furner, J. Siddorn, M. Martin, and P. Sykes. "Evaluating a new NEMO-based Persian/Arabian Gulf tidal operational model." Journal of Operational Oceanography 6, no. 1 (February 2013): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1755876x.2013.11020140.

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43

Hightower, V. P. "Pearls and the Southern Persian/Arabian Gulf: A Lesson in Sustainability." Environmental History 18, no. 1 (November 14, 2012): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/ems113.

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44

Cunningham, Patricia A., Elizabeth E. Sullivan, Kibri H. Everett, Samuel S. Kovach, Anbiah Rajan, and Mary C. Barber. "Assessment of metal contamination in Arabian/Persian Gulf fish: A review." Marine Pollution Bulletin 143 (June 2019): 264–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.007.

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45

Uchupi, Elazar, S. A. Swift, and D. A. Ross. "Gas venting and late Quaternary sedimentation in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf." Marine Geology 129, no. 3-4 (January 1996): 237–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(96)83347-0.

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46

Eger, Philipp G., Nils Friedrich, Jan Schuladen, Justin Shenolikar, Horst Fischer, Ivan Tadic, Hartwig Harder, et al. "Shipborne measurements of ClNO2 in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula during summer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 12121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12121-2019.

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Abstract. Shipborne measurements of nitryl chloride (ClNO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were made during the AQABA (Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin) ship campaign in summer 2017. The dataset includes measurements over the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman, and the Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf) with observed ClNO2 mixing ratios ranging from the limit of detection to ≈600 pptv. We examined the regional variability in the generation of ClNO2 via the uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) to Cl-containing aerosol and its importance for Cl atom generation in a marine boundary layer under the (variable) influence of emissions from shipping and the oil industry. The yield of ClNO2 formation per NO3 radical generated was generally low (median of ≈1 %–5 % depending on the region), mainly as a result of gas-phase loss of NO3 dominating over heterogeneous loss of N2O5, the latter being disfavoured by the high temperatures found throughout the campaign. The contributions of ClNO2 photolysis and OH-induced HCl oxidation to Cl-radical formation were derived and their relative contributions over the diel cycle compared. The results indicate that over the northern Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Gulf of Oman the formation of Cl atoms will enhance the oxidation rates of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), especially in the early morning.

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47

Stevens, Thomas, Matthew J. Jestico, Graham Evans, and Anthony Kirkham. "Eustatic control of late Quaternary sea-level change in the Arabian/Persian Gulf." Quaternary Research 82, no. 1 (July 2014): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.03.002.

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AbstractAccurate sea-level reconstruction is critical in understanding the drivers of coastal evolution. Inliers of shallow marine limestone and aeolianite are exposed as zeugen (carbonate-capped erosional remnants) on the southern coast of the Arabian/Persian Gulf. These have generally been accepted as evidence of a eustatically driven, last-interglacial relative sea-level highstand preceded by a penultimate glacial-age lowstand. Instead, recent optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating suggests a last glacial age for these deposits, requiring >100 m of uplift since the last glacial maximum in order to keep pace with eustatic sea-level rise and implying the need for a wholesale revision of tectonic, stratigraphic and sea-level histories of the Gulf. These two hypotheses have radically different implications for regional neotectonics and land–sea distribution histories. Here we test these hypotheses using OSL dating of the zeugen formations. These new ages are remarkably consistent with earlier interpretations of the formations being last interglacial or older in age, showing that tectonic movements are negligible and eustatic sea-level variations are responsible for local sea-level changes in the Gulf. The cause of the large age differences between recent studies is unclear, although it appears related to large differences in the measured accumulated dose in different OSL samples.

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48

L'Hégaret, Pierre, Xavier Carton, Stephanie Louazel, and Guillaume Boutin. "Mesoscale eddies and submesoscale structures of Persian Gulf Water off the Omani coast in spring 2011." Ocean Science 12, no. 3 (May 20, 2016): 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-687-2016.

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Abstract. The Persian Gulf produces high-salinity water (Persian Gulf Water, PGW hereafter), which flows into the Sea of Oman via the Strait of Hormuz. Beyond the Strait of Hormuz, the PGW cascades down the continental slope and spreads in the Sea of Oman under the influence of the energetic mesoscale eddies. The PGW outflow has different thermohaline characteristics and pathways, depending on the season. In spring 2011, the Phys-Indien experiment was carried out in the Arabian Sea and in the Sea of Oman. The Phys-Indien 2011 measurements, as well as satellite observations, are used here to characterize the circulation induced by the eddy field and its impact on the PGW pathway and evolution. During the spring intermonsoon, an anticyclonic eddy is often observed at the mouth of the Sea of Oman. It creates a front between the eastern and western parts of the basin. This structure was observed in 2011 during the Phys-Indien experiment. Two energetic eddies were also present along the southern Omani coast in the Arabian Sea. At their peripheries, ribbons of freshwater and cold water were found due to the stirring created by the eddies. The PGW characteristics are strongly influenced by these eddies. In the western Sea of Oman, in 2011, the PGW was fragmented into filaments and submesoscale eddies. It also recirculated locally, thus creating salty layers with different densities. In the Arabian Sea, a highly saline submesoscale lens was recorded offshore. Its characteristics are analyzed here and possible origins are proposed. The recurrence of such lenses in the Arabian Sea is also briefly examined.

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49

Nithyanandan, Manickam, Manal Al-Kandari, and Gopikrishna Mantha. "New records of nudibranchs and a cephalaspid from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian Gulf (Mollusca, Heterobranchia)." ZooKeys 1048 (July 13, 2021): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250.

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In this study five new records and two probably undescribed species of heterobranch sea slugs placed in four genera, three families, and two orders are reported from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian / Persian Gulf with details and photographs. The present study increases the heterobranch diversity in Kuwaiti waters from 35 to 40 species. The range of habitats in Kuwait provides a vital opportunity for further investigation to understand the actual faunal diversity.

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50

Sharifian, Sana, Ehsan Kamrani, Maria A. Nilsson, and Hanieh Saeedi. "Molecular barcoding of the Persian Gulf mangrove associated brachyuran crabs." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 81 (November 14, 2023): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e96839.

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Brachyuran crabs constitute the dominant fauna in intertidal and supratidal coasts of mangrove forests. We sampled the most commonly occurring crab species from the biodiversity rich Persian Gulf mangrove forest. We identified crabs from Camptandriidae, Dotillidae, Ocypodidae, Macrophthalmidae, and Sesarmidae as the most common species in the sampled regions. Molecular barcoding was applied to determine 11 species (29 specimens) of the mangrove crabs. Two mitochondrial genes were used to barcode the specimens and these were included in a larger phylogenetic data set. Many of the analyzed species showed a close phylogenetic relationship with species from the Northern Arabian Sea. The results provide the first steps to study the genetic diversity of the mangrove crab community along the Iranian coasts to support protection and management of mangrove ecosystems and its associated taxa.

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