Дисертації: "Aqueous and non-aqueous"

1

Arslanargin, Ayse. "Ion solvation in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439281594.

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2

Bakri, Ridla. "Non-aqueous polyvanadate chemistry." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242366.

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3

Seguin, Caroline MicheÌ€le Pascale. "Surfactant behavior in aqueous and non-aqueous glycol solvent mixtures." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439959.

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4

Dave, Hiteshkumar Rajeshkumar. "Self Assembly In Aqueous And Non-aqueous Sugar-Oil Mixtures." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1229737030.

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5

Movaghgharnezhad, Shirin. "Electrodeposition of CuGaS2 from Aqueous and Non-aqueous Electrolyte Mixtures." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2251.

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Shirin Movaghgharnezhad for the master of science degree in mechanical engineering, presented on November 6, 2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: Electrodeposition of CuGaS2 from Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Mixtures MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Ian I. Suni Electrodeposition of CuGaS2 from aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte mixtures is reported in this work. Acetonitrile complexation is used to shift the reduction potential of Cu (II) in the cathodic direction. With the presence of 50% acetonitrile, the difference between the peak reduction currents of Cu (II) and Ga (III) during cyclic voltammetry is only 140 mV, whereas the standard reduction potentials of the individual components in aqueous electrolytes differ by 870 mV. When all components are present in the electrolyte, a new reduction peak obtained in cyclic voltammograms at −260 mV and pH 2.7 that is anodically shifted relative to the cathodic peaks when only one component is present. According to the composition, and morphology analysis at deposition potential -260 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for 15 minutes from aqueous and non-aqueous solutions of 10 mM Ga(NO3)3, 0.5 CuSO4, 1 mM Na2S, 100 mM LiClO4 and a 50-50 mixture of water and acetonitrile at pH 2.7 was found to be the optimum condition to obtain stoichiometric CuGaS2 thin films. In addition, oxygen incorporation in the electrodeposit is observed, because electrodeposition of stoichiometric CuGaS2 appears to be immediately followed by Ga oxidation. The sample were annealed at temperature 300°C in Ar atmosphere for 2 hours to improve crystallinity and reduce the extent of oxidation. Thin film analysis by EDX, top-view SEM, and also cross-sectional SEM were also performed to determine the elemental ratio of Cu:Ga:S, thin film morphology, and thin film thickness, respectively. This material has potential application in solar cells. The EDX analysis of copper gallium sulfide thin films at different potentials and different gallium solution phase concentration were also performed.

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6

Banerjee, Ashis. "Rheological and thermodynamic investigation of some properties prevailing in aqueous and non-aqueous system." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1357.

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7

Johnson, Anthony. "Aqueous & non-aqueous phase tracer migration through differing soil textures." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2212.

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The National Grid Transco Company sponsored this project in order to promote the understanding of NAPL migration through b-horizon soils and retarding effects upon non aqueous species migration. Soil structure and texture was also studied using conservative (Bromide) and non-conservative (Phosphate) tracers. Experimental data was produced using a laboratory ½ metre scale automated lysimeter designed and constn1cted at Plymouth. The tracers were compared before oil injection, to calibrate differences in soil texture, and after oil injection to detect any changes in the flow patterns caused by the oil injection. It was found that the Crediton, Sollom and Conway soils respectively offered least resistance to the tracers with the non-conservative tracer behaving much more unpredictably than the conservative tracer. After oil injection it could be seen that the oil had heavily retarded the ability of the tracers to migrate from the injection site. This retardation was identified as analogous to perturbations of the soil structure. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the experiments were all internally self consistent and visible patterns could be seen in the corrected data caused by inclusion of oil in the injection site. Methods of dispersal for the oil and tracer are suggested in the concluding chapter with references to the work of previous authors. Development of a hazard assessment framework was facilitated by the simulation of soil structures using a pedo transfer function developed at the National Soils Resource Institute. To allow the modelling of soils the Pore-Cor software had an annealed simplex algorithm integrated into the data inversion engine to allow the simulation of 3-D soil structures using 2-D data from pedo transfer functions or experimentally derived water retention curves. An extensive sensitivity analysis upon the model highlighted limitations, due to the data set the current pedo transfer function is based upon. It was suggested that inclusion of choices of different pedo transfer functions could be used to overcome this problem. A suitable framework was derived for the identification of priority soils using a validated computer model. Experimental data was compared to the simulated data in order to try and develop an understanding of practical upscaling of the data. The use of the "Scaleway" method is discussed in the concluding Chapter.

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8

Dixon, S. M. "Lyoluminescence of irradiated organic compounds in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377610.

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Lyoluminescence (LL) of the phosphors glutamine and mannose was used to determine instrument stability, reproducibility of readings, sensitivity and lowest detectable dose in order to evaluate the performance of the Aberdeen LL Research Reader (before and after modifications) and compare it with commercially available luminometers. The dependence of the LL yield on mass of dissolved glutamine, the sample's irradiation temperature, and solvent temperature were investigated and correction factors determined. Heat treatment was found to remove the dependence on pre- and post-irradiation storage time. Using aqueous LL dosimetry of glutamine, unknown doses in the range 10Gy to 3kGy were determined with overall accuracy and precision of 2% and 5% respectively during the 1982 IAEA Dose Intercomparison trials. Factors affecting the LL of mannose in water and methanol were compared, and a 20-fold increase in LL yield was reported using the latter solvent. Various attempts to enhance the LL yield from glutamine and mannose were made: Enhancements, of up to 10⁵ times, caused by the oxidation of luminol, lucigenin, lophine and trichlorophenol oxalate by the primary species in LL were observed, but increased background readings due to self-glow caused there to be no advantage in overall sensitivity. Enhancement factors (EF) up to 100 were obtained using glutamine LL in free and chelated rare earth ion solutions, as a result of intermolecular energy transfer from excited organic molecules in solution. However, the enhancement was found to be dose dependent. By employing dibromoanthracene sulphonate, rubrene, eosin and reduced lucigenin, all of which respond to singlet oxygen, EF of up to 10 were achieved in LL of mannose. Finally, as the use of aqueous solutions was found to severely limit the possible phosphor/enhancer combinations, the LL of some carboxylic acids in alcoholic media was investigated. These were found to be less sensitive LL phosphors than either mannose or glutamine.

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9

Rajaeian, Babak. "Synthesis of polymeric nanocomposite membranes for aqueous and non-aqueous media." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/410.

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Thin film composite (TFC) membranes have long been used by many large-scale applications (i.e., water and wastewater treatment). Recently, conventional polymeric TFC membranes are facing with short longevity due to high fouling tendency and susceptibility at extreme operational conditions. On the other hand, ceramic membranes are also suffering from disadvantages like low selectivity, unreliable control over porosity and pore size which makes it difficult to achieve a reproducible final product. The aim of this project was to develop a high selective TFC membranes incorporated by functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles for aqueous and nonaqueous media applications.In order to obtain high permeable aromatic polyamide thin film nanocomposite (TFN) nanofiltration membrane, the conventional interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction was applied as the embedding media for functionalized nanoparticles. For this purpose, TFN nanofiltration membrane with appropriate structural and separation properties was developed by dispersing the aminosilanized TiO2 nanoparticles inside the diamine monomer and polymerizing the monomer in the presence of these particles. Surface-modified ceramic substrate was used to obtain high mechanical resistant composite membrane. Results from spectrometry analyses represent that the silane coupling agent called AAPTS has been successfully grafted onto the external surface of TiO2 after the chemical modification. Upon incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles, thermal stability of nanocomposite is significantly improved in comparison with TFC membrane. Morphological investigations prove that the functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles could effectively change the surface properties and roughness of NF membranes. Performance results show that ultra-low concentration (0.005 wt%) of amine functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles improves the salt rejection as well as water flux. Flux can be further improved by the incorporation of higher percentage of the modified TiO2 into polymer membrane.In order to obtain nanofiltration membrane with high permeability and antifouling properties, TFN membrane was synthesised by dip-coating of a hydrophilized porous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) support in different poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aqueous solution. In order to improve the interfacial adhesion of nanoparticles in PVA blend, an endothermic carboxylation reaction under acidic condition was carried out on the TiO2 surface using chloroacetic acid (ClCH2COOH). Glutaraldehyde (GA) was used as a cross-linker to bond resultant PVA chains and enhances the stability of the coated PVA layer, accordingly. TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in PVA solution in pure and functionalized forms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identified various topographies by the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles. Performance results showed a 40% rejection improvement of divalent salt (MgSO4) by the incorporation of 1.0 wt% surface-carboxylated TiO2 nanoparticles into PVA solution. A simultaneous 57% retention improvement was achieved for uncharged solute (PEG 2000). After PVA coating with TiO2 incorporation, the flux recovery ratio of PVDF membrane was significantly improved from 45 to 94%.In order to apply TFN membranes in non-aqueous media, a range of thin film nanocomposite solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes (SRNF) were fabricated by interfacial polymerization technique. TiO2 nanoparticles were used as inorganic fillers into polyamide chain network. TiO2 nanoparticles’ surfaces were functionalized in order to improve their compatibilization inside the polyamide matrix. For this purpose, Monoethanolamine (MEOA) and triethylenetetramine (TETA) agents were applied to aminate TiO2 nanoparticles, while thionyl chloride (TCl) was used to chlorinateation. Morphological investigations identified various topographies formed by the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles with different chemistry. Transport properties of membranes were evaluated by two different dyes: positively-charged Crystal Violet (CV) (408 Da) and neutral Bromothymol Blue (BTB) (624 Da). Performance results reveal that high rejection was achieved by the TFN membrane fabricated by TCl-modified TiO2 with BTB and CV rejection of 90 and 93%, respectively. These satisfactory rejection data for both charged and uncharged dyes can be attributed to formation of a dense structure after exposing the chlorinated TiO2 nanoparticles into interfacial polymerization reaction on membrane surfaces.

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10

Richards, D. G. "Non-aqueous chemistry of polyoxometalates." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260951.

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11

Suitthimeathegorn, Orawan. "Studies on non-aqueous emulsions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443804.

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12

Smylie, J. "Studies on the mechanism of template polymerisation in aqueous and non-aqueous systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372123.

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13

Blackett, P. M. "A thermodynamic study of host-guest interactions in aqueous and non-aqueous media." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1993. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843879/.

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Thermodynamic parameters for the complexation process involving substituted sodium benzoates with a, 13 and 7 cyclodextrins have been determined in water and in N,N-dimethylformamide at 298.15 K. The increasing negative enthalpies of complexation in N,N-dimethylformamide moving from a to 7-cyclodextrin reflects the effects of substituting the cyclodextrin ligand as the cyclodextrin cavity size increases. Single-ion parameters of the new benzoate-cyclodextrin anions have been derived and the results show that these anions are solvated much better in water than in N,N-dimethylformamide. Thermodynamic parameters for the complexation of 1:1 monosaccharide-cyclodextrin complexes have been determined in water at 298.15 K. The data show the ability of the cyclodextrins to selectively distinguish between the aldopentoses and aldohexoses. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry of an isolated monosaccharide-cyclodextrin complex reveal that N,N-dimethylformamide is interacting with cyclodextrin. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and spectrophotometric studies together with computer modelled calculations suggest the formation of exclusion type complexes. stability constants, free energies, enthalpies and entropies of complexation of the D-amino acids and D-amino acid trifluoromethanesulphonates in methanol at 298.15 K are discussed. No significant variations were found in the free energies of complexation of the amino acids as a result of an entropy-enthalpy compensation effect. The transfer enthalpy of the amino acid cations are negative implying that these cations are enthalpically more stable in methanol than water. However, no complexation in water was found between these guest species and 18-crown-6. This is attributed to an interaction between 18-crown-6 and water as reflected in the transfer enthalpy of this ligand from water to methanol. Electrochemical, spectrophotometric, nuclear magnetic resonance and calorimetric studies on the interaction of a resorcinol-based calix[4]arene with amines in non-aqueous media (chloroform and benzonitrile) are reported as a contribution to the area of calixarene chemistry involving the generation of new electrolytes, resulting from a combination of proton transfer and hydrogen bonding from the calixarene to the amine. A summary and suggestions for further work are also given.

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14

Oxley, J. E. "Voltammetric studies in non-aqueous media." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484380.

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15

Warrington, James Claude. "Tyrosinase inactivation in non-aqueous media." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0022/NQ49835.pdf.

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16

Willetts, I. P. "Non-aqueous annular two-phase flow." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393120.

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17

Al-Dulaimi, Zaid. "Non-aqueous shale gas recovery system." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/104172/.

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gh European energy demands, the difference in prices amongst Europe and ambitious gas producers, have produced a scenario of high competition in a region that suffers a lack of fossil resources still required for energy generation. Therefore, other sources are under the scope of various countries to mitigate these issues. Shale gas is one fuel that presents a scenario that would decrease European dependence on imported gas. Although shale gas production is unlikely to give the energy security desired to the whole Europe, it would make a difference for the communities that will adopt it. However, shale gas has acquired a bad reputation with the public, mainly because of its extraction methods. This bad reputation is attributed to hydraulic fracturing, technology well-known as fracking, and its risks associated towards air and water pollution. Therefore, companies, institutions and governments are looking for other alternative methods of extraction with more environmentally friendly processes. Producing extensive high-pressure pulse waves at the base of the wellbore by using detonation is a promising potential technique for shale gas extraction. A fundamental study of deflagration to detonation transition using recirculated shale gas formation with pure oxygen as an oxidiser has been studied to design a system with lower DDT distance and higher pressure waves. Three proposed cases of UK shale gas composition were studied. Chemical equilibrium software GASEQ and chemical kinetic software CHEMKIN-PRO were used to estimate the product parameters. Results showed that the effect produced by diluents, such as carbon dioxide, are eliminated by the use of higher hydrogen content carbon-to-hydrogen species for the three cases proposed. OpenFOAM CFD was used to calculate the deflagration to detonation transition parameters in stoichiometric hydrogen air mixtures to evaluate different obstacle geometries on the transition phenomenon to improve the detonation process. The shape and layout of obstacles were found to have a significant effect on flame acceleration, and subsequent detonation propagation. The interaction of transverse pressure waves generated at the obstructions governs the propagation mechanism. The transverse waves and its frequency appear to play a pivotal role in supporting the detonation wave. H iv It was found that rectangular shape obstacles reduce the reaction time, while triangular ones achieved detonation with the minimum run-up distance. On the other hand, semicircular shape obstacles generate the highest pressure in a detonation tube. The outcome from numerical calculations and CFD were the guide to construct an experimental rig of 21.2mm diameter and 1500mm length tube with different obstacle configurations to demonstrate the concept of pulse detonation for shale rock cracking. Experimental work has been performed to determine the potential of shale gas production in the Dullais Valley, South of Wales. It was found through several tests using BS standard volatile analyses, Transmission Electron Microscopy and pyrolysis RockEval evaluation that the potential of extraction in this region is fair, with similar concentrations of pyrite but with low energy content compared to those resources located in the Midlands and Yorkshire. However, the use of controlled pulse detonation could be the ideal technology for extraction in Wales, as low sulphur (S) content will produce lower unwanted emissions, with a process that can promote opening of pores and further gasification of oil based molecular, with a subsequent increase in shale gas production, topic that requires further research. Finally, a 2-dimensional simulation was performed using ANSYS Parameter Design Language (APDL) to investigate the effect of pressure pulse generated by the detonation tube on a pre-crack. Results showed that the layer close to the applied load will be displaced, which means that it will be smashed. The maximum Von Mises stresses were found to concentrate at the perforating hole corners, while the region immediately after the crack tip is susceptible to compression stresses. The Same behaviour was found for the stress intensity factor. According to that, it is believed that the cracks will propagate diagonally from the perforating hole base. Therefore, the current work has theoretically demonstrated the technology for shale gas recovery, with an optimised geometry consistent of internal obstacles, for a region with potential for shale gas exploitation.

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18

Gill, John Bernard. "Some studies with non-aqueous solutions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14911.

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19

Heise, Melody Dawn Larsen. "Simulation of coupled aqueous and non-aqueous phase flow and transport in a fracture." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0020/MQ47038.pdf.

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20

Jayaraman, Krithika M. "Mass transfer from non-aqueous phase liquids to the aqueous phase in groundwater systems." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01122010-020214/.

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21

Satpute, D. B. "Effect of electrolytes on thermodynamics of amino acids in aqueous and non-aqueous media." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2008. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2656.

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22

Hammouda, Najmeddine. "Subcooled film boiling in non-aqueous fluids." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9949.

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Subcooled film boiling has been investigated experimentally for vertical up-flow in a directly heated tube using the refrigerants R-12, R-22 and R-134a as test fluids. The data cover a mass flux range of 530 to 3000 kgm$\sp{-2}$s$\sp{-1},$ an inlet subcooling range of 6 to 28$\sp\circ$C and a pressure range of 0.83 to 1.4 MPa (corresponding to an equivalent water pressure range of 5 to 7 MPa). These are the first flow film boiling data ever obtained for R-134a and R-22. The results show strong effects of mass flux, inlet subcooling and pressure on the heat transfer coefficient. Also, the data exhibit complex trends of the heat transfer coefficient as a function of thermodynamic equilibrium quality. Because of the wide range of conditions covered in this study, a systematic examination of the effect of flow parameters and fluid properties on the heat transfer coefficient was performed, and this has provided a unique insight into the heat transfer mechanisms. During this study, a number of post-CHF heat-transfer prediction methods have been assessed over a wide range of flow conditions obtained from this study and AECL PDO data bank. None of the assessed prediction methods is able to adequately predict the heated surface temperature for all flow conditions. For dispersed flow film boiling (DFFB), the Groeneveld-Delorme correlation underpredicts the data and occasionally exhibits an incorrect parametric trend at low mass fluxes. The Shah correlation is not applicable for conditions of mass fluxes beyond 3442 kgm$\sp{-2}$s$\sp{-1}$ and thermodynamic qualities above 1. Phenomenological models provide worse prediction accuracy than the empirical equations. Among them, the Moose and Ganie, the Saha, and the Yoder and Rohsenow models collapse abruptly at very high mass flux or/and high-pressure conditions. The constitutive equations employed in these models are often valid only for a narrow range of flow conditions. For inverted annular film boiling (IAFB), none of the existing models or correlations is accurate over a wide range of flow conditions. Most models are valid only at low-pressure, where data on interfacial parameters are available. A two-fluid model has been developed to predict the wall temperature of a tube during IAFB. This model correctly accounts for the effects of flow variables such as mass flux, inlet subcooling, heat flux, and pressure. This method reduces the degrees of freedom of the system: relationships between relevant flow variables are established based on the physical mechanisms in IAFB that satisfy thermodynamic limits. Also, a hybrid post-CHF model is derived by combining the two-fluid model of IAFB with the slightly modified Moose and Ganie (1982) DFFB model, to predict heated surface temperatures over the whole film boiling region. Comparisons between the two-fluid model predictions and experimental data from four fluids (water, Freon-12, Freon-22, and Freon-134a) have shown very good agreement for a wide range of flow conditions. The model has shown better performance than all the IAFB prediction methods assessed during the course of this study. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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23

Canup, Laura. "Non Aqueous Treatment of Fabrics Utilizing Plasmas." NCSU, 2000. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20001220-102603.

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The contents of this paper present information from work conducted by utilizing plasma technology for fabric treatment. Initially, experimentation was done in low-pressure plasma systems to change the hydrophilic properties of denim fabric. From these experiments, data was collected that proved denim fabric, both sized and desized, could obtain hydrophobicity through a fluorocarbon plasma treatment. Using C3F6 fluorocarbon gas provided a greater level of hydrophobicity than using CF4 plasma gas. The desized denim showed a greater amount of hydrophobicity, in both gases, than the sized denim. These results can be found in chapter IV. The remaining work, found in chapters II and III, focuses on the utilization of atmospheric plasmas on the treatment of nylon 6,6 fabric. Atmospheric plasmas could allow continuous treatment of fabric and shorter treatment times for fabric, all of which would be better suited for industrial processing, more specifically in textiles. Nylon 6,6 fabric was treated with air-He plasma as well as air-He-O2 plasma, where the levels of O2 varied. A significant decrease in tensile strength was found in treatments lasting five minutes or longer. However, micrographs of the fiber surface illustrate instances of surface treatment, even at times less than five minutes. Continuing work on the project includes the building of a prototype machine for industry (currently in progress), the treatment of many different kinds of fabrics, and the evaluation of their mechanical, chemical, and physical properties and functionability thereafter.

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24

Lond, Paul Benjamin. "Structure and dynamics of non-aqueous solutions." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292626.

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25

Skuse, D. R. "The controlled heteroflocculation of non-aqueous dispersions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370901.

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26

Papworth, Sara Elizabeth. "Non-aqueous dispersions of poly(methyl methacrylate)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385729.

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27

Parkins, David Anthony. "The electrophoretic mobility of non-aqueous dispersions." Thesis, University of Bath, 1986. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375332.

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28

Traboulssi, Rafic. "Thermodynamics of solution of haptens and cyclodextrin-hapten complexes in aqueous and non-aqueous media." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843317/.

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Thermodynamic parameters of solution (DeltaG°s, DeltaH°s, and DeltaS°s) of some haptens [ortho-, meta-, para-, 5-chloro-2-, 6-chloro-2-, 2-chloro-4- and 4-chloro-3- (parahydroxyphenylazo) sodium benzoate] and three cyclodextrins (Delta, Delta and Delta) were carried out in different reaction media. Thermodynamic parameters for the transfer (DeltaG°t, DeltaH°t, DeltaS°t) of haptens and their anions from water to methanol and from water to N,N'-Dimethylformamide were derived. In addition, transfer free energy, enthalpy and entropy of cyclodextrins from water to N,N'-Dimethylformamide are reported. Thermodynamic parameters of complexation between haptenic anions and cyclodextrins were investigated in water and in N,N'-Dimethylformamide and their transfer quantities from water to N,N'-Dimethylformamide are also given. It was found that the selected haptens (anions) are better solvated in methanol than in water than in N,N'-Dimethylformamide. The transfer enthalpies of the anions (data based on the Ph4AsPh4B convention) from water to methanol and from water to N,N'-Dimethylformamide [DeltaH°t (X-)] are largely compensated by their transfer entropies [DeltaS°t (X-)]. As far as solution thermodynamic data of cyclodextrins in water and N,N'-Dimethylformamide are concerned, it was noticed that a compensation effect between the DeltaHs and DeltaS°s values is taking place in water and in N,N'-Dimethylformamide. Only three anions complex with alpha, and gamma-cyclodextrins in water, whereas four haptens form complexes with alpha, beta and gamma-cyclodextrin in N,N'-Dimethylformamide. Again a compensation effect for cyclodextrin-anion complexes was observed in water and in N,N'-Dimethylformamide. A cavity size effect was shown during the formation of cyclodextrin-hapten complexes. Anion-cyclodextrin interaction becomes weaker with an increase in the cavity of cyclodextrin. Inclusion complexes (axial) are found to take place in water and lid-type (equatorial) complexes are found between these haptenic anions and cyclodextrins in N,N'-Dimethylformamide. The transfer parameters for the cyclodextrin-anion complexes were calculated using a thermodynamic cycle. This is the first set of data ever reported on the transfer of cyclodextrin adducts among solvents.

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29

Cui, Cheng-Qiang. "A study of the reactive deposition of cobalt in aqueous and non-aqueous (DMF) solutions." Thesis, University of Essex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279305.

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30

Bradbrook, Stewart Mark. "A study of microgel particles in aqueous and non-aqueous media using light scattering techniques." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389381.

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31

Das, Chanchal. "Physico-chemical studies on micellar properties of some simple amphiphiles in aqueous and non-aqueous media." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1306.

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32

Uskarci, Togan. "Behaviour Of Bentonite Suspensions In Non-aqueous Media." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607161/index.pdf.

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Bentonite is a smectite type clay mineral and swells in water. In this thesis, the effect of acetone, methyl-ethyl ketone, n-hexane on the properties of bentonite was determined by thermal analysis and water absorption tests. The tests indicated no significant change with treating bentonite with organic liquids. Because of the swelling property, only small amount of bentonite can be suspended in water. This may limit certain applications of bentonite. In this thesis, feasibility of suspending large quantities of bentonite in a non-aqueous media was studied. The concentrations for a pumpable high solid bentonite slurry were determined. As aqueous slurry showed pumpable properties up to 30-35 pounds/barrel, this concentration was as high as 125-150 pounds/barrel for acetone, 175-200 pounds/barrel for methyl-ethyl ketone and 325-350 pounds/barrel for n-hexane. Bentonite deposite has a complicated composition, containing free silica minerals, such as quartz, cristobalite, and opal
silicate minerals, such as feldspar, mica, and zeolite
carbonates or sulfates of alkaline earth metals, such as calcite, dolomite, and gypsum
and, in addition, iron compounds and humus. As mined it is primarily broken and dried and then pulverized by means of an attrition grinding machine. In this study dispersion of raw bentonite by high shear blending and shaking forces in the presence of acetone, methyl-ethyl ketone and n-hexane and eliminating the non-clay impurities by screening were studied. Many attempts have been made to provide a bentonite composition retaining the full swelling properties of the bentonite by the addition of non-aqueous liquids for obtaining a flexible waterproofing sheet. In this research the possible method for deposition of bentonite in a sponge by saturating the sponge with bentonite using organic liquids was investigated.

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33

Duffield, Andrew. "Surfactant enhanced mobilisation of non-aqueous phase liquids." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ59302.pdf.

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34

Whiteside, Ian Robert Crosby. "Fluorimetric determination of amines in non-aqueous media." Thesis, University of Hull, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278393.

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35

Mackie, Andrew C. "Lecithin-stabilised silica dispersions in non-aqueous media." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236022.

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36

Arrowsmith, Stephen. "Aspects of the non-aqueous chemistry of vanadium." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263103.

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37

Petkar, Sagar Sudhir. "Non-aqueous synthesis and reactivity of hexanuclear polyoxotungstates." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401838.

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38

Schmitke, Jennifer L. (Jennifer Louise) 1971. "Subtilisin structure and catalysis in non-aqueous media." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50375.

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39

Freestone, Nigel Phillip. "Purification of uranium hexafluoride by non-aqueous means." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33682.

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This work has shown that nitrogen dioxide will selectively remove uranium hexafluoride from a mixture containing the hexafluorides of uranium, molybdenum and tungsten via the formation of nitrylium hexafluorouranate(V). The production of lower uranium fluorides and elemental sulphur or sulphur fluorides from many of the attempted preparations of uranium(VI) thiofluorides was predicted from a thermodynamic study of the stabilities of MC1nF6-n (M = U, Mo, W; n = 1-5), MOnF6-2n' MSnF6-2n (M = U, Mo, W; n = 1 or 2) with respect to decomposition and disproportionation. Sorption of the liquid hexafluorides on various potential sorbents was investigated. Encouraging results were obtained for cryolite. Salts such as ARuF6 (A = K, Rb, NH4) were synthesised by direct interactions between AF and RuF5 in AHF. These reactions were found to require the presence of a polar solvent. It was found that ruthenium pentafluoride in liquid uranium hexafluoride could be removed by the Introduction of trace quantities of water.

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40

Leach, Edward Stephen Hardy. "Stability and gelation of non-aqueous clay suspensions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/470e2aba-ae1d-4a8c-8895-2d2e73cc025e.

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41

Bonham, Jessica Anne. "Microgel particles in non-aqueous colloid - polymer mixtures." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702920.

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Microgel particles are cross-linked polymer latex particles that can form stable colloidal dispersions and swell in response to their environment. This project focuses on microgels, in particular poly(styrene) particles cross-linked with either divinyl or diisopropenylbenzene, that can be swollen in non-aqueous solvents. The synthesis and characterisation of the particles is discussed as well as their extent of swelling as a function of solvency, cross-linker type and density, initiator and temperature. Finally, the behaviour of micro gel particles in binary and ternary mixtures with non-adsorbing polymer and / or hard spheres is also studied. Microgel particles are synthesised using a number of different mechanisms, crosslink densities and initiators. Dynamic and static light scattering studies are used to calculate the swelling ratios of these particles and it is found that the solvency has a: key role in determining the swelling of these particles, as does the cross-link density. With the exception of solvency, micro gel particles swollen in non-aqueous solvents are not known to swell or deswell in response to other external stimuli. The temperature response of the particles made in this project is measured using dynamic and static light scattering, rheology and small angle neutron scattering. A fairly limited response is found in decalin and cyclohexane, in agreement with predictions of the classic Flory-Rehner theory for (macroscopic) polymer gels. The initiator used during particle synthesis has a significant impact on whether the particles can be redispersed in various solvents. A neutral, oil soluble initiator produces particles that can be redispersed in a number of solvents, whereas using an anionic, water soluble initiator produces particles that can only be redispersed . in polar solvents. The initiators, therefore, effect the functionalisation and surface charge of the particles which affects their ability to be redispersed in solvents. Zeta potential and conductivity measurements point at the existence of such charged groups however these are notoriously difficult to measure and not yet fully ' understood. The effect of micro gel particle softness on the phase behaviour of colloid - polymer mixtures is studied using differential interference contrast microscopy and rheology. Diisopropyl adipate is used as the solvent as this combines good swelling conditions for the particles with a low volatility that enables rheology studies to be carried out. The phase behaviour of microgel - polymer mixtures is significantly different to hard sphere - polymer mixtures with the same size ratio, where highly crosslinked, fiuorescently labelled poly(styrene) particles are used as the hard spheres. The soft particles require a higher polymer concentration to phase separate due to penetration of the non-adsorbing polymer into the soft particles which weakens the depletion interaction. Furthermore, the microgel particles form a stable cluster phase which is thought to be because they are near density matched. Hence, small aggregates of the particles do not settle under gravity and remain in solution. The phase behaviour of the hard sphere - polymer mixtures was as expected, based on current literature.

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42

Slark, Andrew Trevithick. "Graft copolymer stabilizers for non-aqueous polymer dispersions." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13761.

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Free-radical solution polymerization techniques have been used to prepare carboxyl-terminated poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(2- ethyl hexyl acrylate) homopolymers. The molar masses of these prepolymers were readily controlled and they were found to be approximately monofunctional with respect to carboxy I groups. These carboxyl-terminated prepolymers were converted to methacrylate-terminated macromonomers via acyl chlorideterminated intermediates. The macromonomer functionalities obtained by this procedure were high, typically 0.90-1.05 methacrylate groups per molecule on average. The prepolymers and macromonomers were characterized using End-group analysis (EGA). Infra-red spectroscopy (IR), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (lH NMR) and Gel-permeation Chromatography (GPC). Polystyrene-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene-graft-poly(2-ethyl hexyl acrylate) copolymers were prepared by the free-radical solution copolymerization of macromonomers (M2) with styrene (M1). A dual detector GPC method was used to estimate macromonomer conversions. Unreacted macromonomer and styrene were removed and the purified graft copolymers were characterized by Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC) , GPC, IR and 1H NMR. It was shown that efficient grafting had occurred by copolymerization of the macromonomer end-group and that ungrafted polystyrene backbone was not produced. The graft copolymer chemical compositions and physical architectures were controlled by changing the comonomer feed composition or the macromonomer molar mass. Reactivity ratios (r1) were determined by the Jaacks, Finnemann-Ross and Kelen-TUdos methods. It was shown that the reactivities of the methacrylate-terminated macromonomers were approximately similar to conventional methacrylates and independent of the macromonomer molar mass or composition within the limits investigated. The polystyrene-graft-poly(2-ethyl hexyl acrylate) copolymers have been used as stabilizers in the free-radical non-aqueous dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in aliphatic hydrocarbons. The poly(methyl methacrylate) particles were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) in order to determine their size, shape and state of aggregation. Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) was used to determine the graft copolymer content of the particles, from which an estimate of surface coverage was made. The effects of varying the polymerization method, and both the composition and concentration of stabilizers used, were studied. The average particle size, particle size distribution and the state of aggregation were found to be dependent upon these parameters.

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43

Jung, Ching-Shan. "Dispersions of magnetic particles in non-aqueous media." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187323.

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The dispersion quality of magnetic inks made from iron based metal particles and cobalt modified iron oxide particles has been investigated using a magnetic probing technique known as DIMAG (Dispersion by MAGnetic measurement). Di(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid is used as a model dispersant while a vinyl acetatevinyl chloride copolymer that combined the functionality of a dispersant and a binder is used as a wetting binder. A comparison of the DCON values measured at different binder levels to the tape characteristics shows that dispersions with large negative DCON signals result in good quality tapes. To study the degradation of magnetic particles, the interaction of water vapor with iron based metal particles was measured under different temperature and humidity conditions using a flow microcalorimetric (FMC) technique. Water uptake by iron based metal particles increased linearly with relative humidity ranging from 30% to 70% RH in the temperature range 30°C to 70°C. Mossbauer measurements showed that the ratio of core iron to oxide iron decreased during aging. Particles coated with hydrophobic PVC exhibited much less water uptake than particles coated with a less hydrophobic polymer, poly(vinyl alcohol). A computational investigation using the method of molecular dynamics was also undertaken to characterize the state of magnetic particle dispersions. The simulations revealed that the microstructure of the spherical particulate dispersions consists of chain-like clusters resulting from magnetic dipole alignment. Acicular particles formed clusters such as dimers, chains and rings. The effect of fluid viscosity on the dispersion quality and the response of the magnetic dispersions to an external DC magnetic field are also reported.

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44

Dakua, Vikas Kumar. "Physico-chemical studies on interactions between ion-solvent, ion-ion and solvent-solvent in aqueous and non-aqueous pure and mixed solvent systems." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/707.

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45

Das, Samir. "Investigation of solution behaviour and inclusion complexation of some noteworthy compounds with the manifestation of assorted interactions prevalent in aqueous and non-aqueous systems." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2022. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4788.

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46

Schreiber, Jessica L. "Surface Studies on Diamond Electrodes in Non-Aqueous Electrolytes." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1270148716.

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Thesis (Master of Sciences (Engineering))--Case Western Reserve University, 2010
Department of Chemical Engineering Title from PDF (viewed on 2010-05-25) Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

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47

Braybrook, David Robert. "Studies of cytochromes P450â†CAM in non-aqueous media." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386896.

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48

Redshaw, Carl. "Oxo and organoimido precursors for non-aqueous polytungstate synthesis." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328135.

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49

Negrou, Anna-Maria. "Non-aqueous dyeing of natural and man-made fibres." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444056.

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50

Graham, N. K. "Metal chemistry in non-aqueous solutions containing sulphur dioxide." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373849.

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Дисертації з теми "Aqueous and non-aqueous"

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