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Готові списки джерел за темами / Appropriate technology Developing countries / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Appropriate technology Developing countries"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Desai, Raj. "Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries." International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society 2, no. 1 (2006): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-3669/cgp/v02i01/55522.

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2

Young, Donald S. "Appropriate technology for developing countries." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.4.488.

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3

Toro-Hernández, María Luisa, Padmaja Kankipati, Mary Goldberg, Silvana Contepomi, Denise Rodrigues Tsukimoto, and Nathan Bray. "Appropriate Assistive Technology for Developing Countries." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 30, no. 4 (November 2019): 847–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2019.07.008.

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4

USHIYAMA, Izumi, and Yasuyuki NEMOTO. "Technology Transfer for Developing Countries through Appropriate Technology." International Conference on Business & Technology Transfer 2002.1 (2002): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicbtt.2002.1.0_213.

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5

Holland, Ray. "Appropriate technology: rural electrification in developing countries." IEE Review 35, no. 7 (1989): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19890112.

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6

Chateh, Peter Nkangafack. "Appropriate technology for libraries in developing countries." Information Technology for Development 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681102.1989.9627140.

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7

Wicklein, Robert C. "Designing for appropriate technology in developing countries." Technology in Society 20, no. 3 (August 1998): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-791x(98)00022-0.

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8

Paramita, Nadia, and Raldi Hendrotoro Seputro Koestoer. "Fecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries: Developing Countries Comparison." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 18, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v18i3.504-510.

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Several factors that influence the achievement of the sustainability of an MSS management system are identified. This study aims to determine what aspects of sustainability affect a system's municipal wastewater sludge management to run appropriately using conventional technology. The method used in this research is a comparative approach. The study compares urban domestic wastewater focusing on fecal sludge management (FSM) in Egypt and Indonesia. It is known that the sustainability factor of wastewater management systems includes economic, social, environmental, and technological factors. In Indonesia, institutional, which is also included in the social aspect, becomes the most significant limitation to implement the appropriate FSM. The best technology chosen for Egypt is anaerobic digestion, while in Indonesia, the right technology chosen is sludge drying bed (SDB) and also the combination of solid separation chamber (SSC) with draining area (DA). From an economic point of view, the 2 sub-factors that influence the sustainability system are investment cost and operation and maintenance cost. Regarding socio-culture, the awareness and participation of the community and the private sector needs to be increased to achieve the sustainability of sludge management services in both countries

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9

Paramita, Nadia, and Raldi Hendrotoro Seputro Koestoer. "Fecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries: Developing Countries Comparison." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 18, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v18i3.564-570.

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Анотація:

Several factors that influence the achievement of the sustainability of an MSS management system are identified. This study aims to determine what aspects of sustainability affect a system's municipal wastewater sludge management to run appropriately using conventional technology. The method used in this research is a comparative approach. The study compares urban domestic wastewater focusing on fecal sludge management (FSM) in Egypt and Indonesia. It is known that the sustainability factor of wastewater management systems includes economic, social, environmental, and technological factors. In Indonesia, institutional, which is also included in the social aspect, becomes the most significant limitation to implement the appropriate FSM. The best technology chosen for Egypt is anaerobic digestion, while in Indonesia, the right technology chosen is sludge drying bed (SDB) and also the combination of solid separation chamber (SSC) with draining area (DA). From an economic point of view, the 2 sub-factors that influence the sustainability system are investment cost and operation and maintenance cost. Regarding socio-culture, the awareness and participation of the community and the private sector needs to be increased to achieve the sustainability of sludge management services in both countries

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10

King, Kathleen, and Howard Beck. "Medical AI systems as appropriate technology for developing countries." Knowledge Engineering Review 5, no. 4 (December 1990): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900005488.

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AbstractExpert systems technology has been around for a long time, becoming increasingly easy to use, inexpensive and reliable in recent years. It would seem to provide an ideal vehicle for the dissemination of expertise in developing countries, particularly in the field of medicine, which was the focus of much early work in diagnostic systems. Despite the apparent match of a real problem and a credible solution, however, remarkably few AI systems for medicine in developing countries have been researched, designed and implemented. This paper addresses why this might be the case, reviews some of the extant systems and explores some of the design issues. Particular emphasis is placed on the question of “Appropriate Technology”. Various criteria for Appropriate Technology are explored, and an optimal set used to guide principles of design. It is argued that medical AI systems can satisfy these criteria, provided that sufficient care is taken in their design for the country of application.

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11

Bizimana, V., W. M. Breene, and A. S. Csallany. "Avocado oil extraction with appropriate technology for developing countries." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 70, no. 8 (August 1993): 821–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02542610.

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12

Lall, Sanjaya. "Appropriate pharmaceutical policies in developing countries." Managerial and Decision Economics 6, no. 4 (December 1985): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.4090060406.

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13

Shrivastava, SaurabhR, PrateekS Shrivastava, and Ramasamy Jegadeesh. "Utilization of appropriate technology in public health in developing countries." Journal of Medicine in the Tropics 17, no. 1 (2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2276-7096.148706.

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14

Goode, Pamela M., and Alastair I. Johnstone. "EIA — Its potential application to appropriate technology in developing countries." Environmentalist 8, no. 1 (March 1988): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02240313.

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15

Gosavi, D. V., M. Swaminathan, and S. R. Daga. "Appropriate Technology in Transportation of Sick Newborns in Developing Countries." Tropical Doctor 28, no. 2 (April 1998): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559802800217.

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Анотація:

Thirty-two high-risk newborns requiring continuing special care were transported to one hospital or another. They were transported in styropor boxes in order to maintain temperature. Oxygen was bubbled through the ventilatory hole of the box. The babies receiving inotrope infusion continued to receive it during transportation. Babies getting intragastric feed received their feeds 30–45 min before transportation. No baby became hypothermic or failed to maintain colour or required resuscitation during transportation. Heart rate and respiratory rate remained in an acceptable range.

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16

Wayment, E. C., and B. Wagstaff. "Appropriate Technology for Oil Spill Management in Developing Nations." Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971010203.

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Анотація:

It has been estimated that some 6 million tonnes of crude oil is routinely transported by tankship around the world's oceans on a daily basis. Despite the introduction of stringent operating and safety regimes there remains the possibility of an incident occurring that could threaten the waters and shorelines of countries that are in the vicinity of these routes. Shipboard and international contingency plans assume a level of preparedness which may be limited in some of the countries that lay along these shipping lanes.Although the probability of significant oil pollution incidents occurring whilst the vessel is on the high seas is m minimal, they have occurred, some with considerable impact on the areas concerned. Whilst the majority of countries have some form of mutual aid and agreements in place and a number have access to equipment stockpiles, there are still a significant number of areas where there is heavy reliance on local resources. This paper addresses ways in which countries with limited resources can best be prepared for an oil spill and some of the challenges, which this entails.

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17

Ludwig, H. F., R. G. Ludwig, D. R. Anderson, and W. F. Garber. "Appropriate Environmental Standards in Developing Nations." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0202.

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Анотація:

Developing Countries are increasing their wealth, but have substantial ecological problems including high population growth, mass movement of rural populations to cities, and severe net negative cultural and ecological/environmental impacts. Additionally the World Community is now so closely watched by the media that political leaders of developing countries are forced by their citizens to give the appearance of personal and environmental protection by adopting the same ecological/environmental standards/criteria as the industrialized nations, when the economic and manpower resources make enforcement essentially impossible. The problem is intensified by the fact that the standards/criteria for industrialized countries are often based upon non-scientific/non-economic rationales driven by politically motivated media and environmental pressure groups. The developing countries, as well as the industrialized countries must eventually maximize the utilization of their available resources by utilizing the best scientific/economic rationale possible. Data is presented for the U.S.A. showing its development from about 1890 to the present. From these data it was apparent that the developing countries are following a very similar pattern. It is accordingly very important that these countries be aided to develop and utilize scientific/economic standards/criteria appropriate to their stage of development.

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18

Barmes, David E. "Value of Technology Assessment in Developing Countries." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 6, no. 3 (April 1990): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300000969.

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AbstractThe contrasting cycles of changing caries prevalence in developing and industrialized countries are described, as they relate to differing needs in technology. Using this contrast as a background, the selective needs for technology in measurement, adequate quality of treatment and materials, appropriate personnel, and simplicity and mobility in equipment are discussed.

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19

Hubley, John. "Health education in developing countries—the need for an appropriate technology." Health Education Research 3, no. 4 (1988): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/3.4.387.

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20

Felice, A. E., and C. Alshinawi. "Polymerase chain Reaction in molecular biotechnology; appropriate technology for developing countries." World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 12, no. 5 (September 1996): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00419459.

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21

Heuck, Claus C., and Andrȳ Deom. "Health care in the developing world: need for appropriate laboratory technology." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.4.490.

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Abstract Health care technology is rapidly advancing, and the development of equipment based on new principles has had a strong impact on laboratory services in Western countries. The use of such technologies frequently creates problems in countries of the Third World, because the effects of several interacting elements are not always taken into account. Not only technical factors but also socioeconomic and political factors, as well as differences in diseases in developing countries, must be considered. Standardization of equipment and methodology, and adaptation to local health systems, will facilitate improvement of laboratory services. Training and incentives for local initiatives are fundamental elements for the provision of cost-effective health care.

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22

Bruun, Peter, and Robert N. Mefford. "A framework for selecting and introducing appropriate production technology in developing countries." International Journal of Production Economics 46-47 (December 1996): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5273(96)00082-5.

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23

Traxler, John M. "Learning with Mobiles in Developing Countries." International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning 9, no. 2 (April 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmbl.2017040101.

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In the countries of the global South, the challenges of fixed infrastructure and environment, the apparent universality of mobile hardware, software and network technologies and the rhetoric of the global knowledge economy have slowed or impoverished the development of appropriate theoretical discourses to underpin learning with mobiles. This paper addresses one specific and fundamental component of such discourses, namely the role of language and literacy as they interact with mobile technology. The paper makes three points, that mobile technology is culturally and linguistically specific, not universal or culturally-neutral; that mobile technology does not merely store and transmit language(s) and literacy within communities, it disturbs and transforms them, and that the digital literacy agenda that might underpin learning with mobiles has not yet been developed in relation to mobile technology or in relation to the global South. These are the foundations of understanding learning with mobiles in the global South.

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24

Ahn, Dong-Gyu. "Investigation of Applicability of Additive Manufacturing Processes to Appropriate Technologies for Developing Countries." Academic Society for Appropriate Technology 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2021): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37675/jat.2021.7.2.188.

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In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) processes have emerged as an important manufacturing technology for a multi-item small sized production to lead the 4th industrial revolution. The layer-by-layer deposition characteristics of AM process can rapidly produce physical parts with three-dimensional geometry and desired functionality in a relatively low cost environment. The goal of this paper is to investigate the applicability of AM process to appropriate technologies for developing countries. Through the review of examples of appropriate technology of the AM process, the possibility of a practical usage of the AM process for the appropriate technologies is examined. In addition, significant applications of the AM process to the appropriate technology are introduced. Finally, future issues related to production of physical parts for developing countries using the AM process are discussed from the viewpoint of the appropriate technology.

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25

Kim, Byoung-Yoon, Kyeong-Il Choi, Eunjung Kim, Dowon Kim, and Changhyun Shim. "Overview of Appropriate Technology Research Organizations in France." Academic Society for Appropriate Technology 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2021): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37675/jat.2021.7.2.144.

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Анотація:

The purpose of this paper is to introduce representative appropriate technology research organizations operating in France. Among them, we would like to investigate and introduce five institutions that have acquired a lot of experience due to their long history. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) is a government-funded institution that strengthens science and technology infrastructure in Africa and overseas territories with the aim of supporting and educating science communities in developing countries, and conducts collaborative research with more diverse developing countries. Antenna France is an NGO organization whose main activity is to improve malnutrition in Africa. Ingénieurs sans frontiers is an NGO organization that sets sustainable development as the main goal of the association's activities and leads various activities such as education. Terre & Humanism is an NGO organization that practices ecological agriculture and carries out a social change movement urging to respect life and land, and to constitute an alternative society. Humanitarian Design Bureau is a corporation concept company that mainly carries out R&D for environmentally friendly products necessary for NGO activities.

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26

Ca, Tran Ngoc. "Technology Transfer to a Developing Country." Industry and Higher Education 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229000400208.

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Radical progress in the economic and social framework of developing countries can be achieved through technology transfer. However, because many different barriers exist, in many cases technology transfer has not yet become very efficient. This article discusses some barriers to technology transfer as experienced by Vietnam and suggests ways to get appropriate technology through the transfer process.

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27

Heldt, Jean-Paul. "IRREDUCIBLE LAGOPHTHALMOS AND APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 18, no. 9 (September 1987): 700–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1542-8877-19870901-23.

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28

Day, H. J. B. "A review of the consensus conference on appropriate prosthetic technology in developing countries." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 20, no. 1 (April 1996): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649609164410.

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29

Ludwig, Harvey F., and Greg Browder. "Appropriate water supply and sanitation technology for developing countries in tropical monsoon climates." Environmentalist 12, no. 2 (June 1992): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01266552.

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30

Bhamidimarri, R., and A. Shilton. "How appropriate are “appropriate waste management technologies”?—Defining the future challenge." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0277.

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Анотація:

The growing concerns of resource depletion and the consequential environmental degradation coupled with the ever widening gap between the developed and the developing countries has produced a need for a critical evaluation of waste management technologies. The conventional-criteria based definition of appropriate technologies is unsatisfactory. The principles of sustainability must be incorporated along with issues such as infrastructure capacity and the technology gap. It was concluded that a relevant technology based on holistic principles is more “appropriate” than one based on a set of criteria.

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31

Hull, C. "Observations on Health Information in Developing Countries." Methods of Information in Medicine 33, no. 03 (1994): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635029.

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Abstract:Based on personal experiences, observations are offered on health information in developing countries, ways in which information systems can be strengthened, and opportunities for health-information science graduates. Although data collection consumes a significant portion of the health worker’s day, information systems are often a low priority in developing countries. Health-information systems can be strengthened by focusing on local solutions, by building skills in health workers, by utilizing appropriate technology, and by integrating information systems into health programs. Health-information science graduates can assist in improving systems in developing countries, but this will require a broad and flexible definition of health information science, which is much more than computing technology; it is supporting health workers to define, manage, and apply the information they need.

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32

Kelman, J. "Effective subsidies in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0415.

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During the last decades, significant subsidies have been allocated to government-owned water and sewerage enterprises in developing countries. However, water and sewerage coverage is still far from desirable and the poor are particularly affected by the shortage of these services. The truth is that a considerable part of these subsidies have been used up to build huge infrastructure works that would make some construction firms happy, while often decreasing the service costs for the richer. The costs associated of delivering water and sanitation services to the poor are significantly higher, as they often live in slums or irregular urban developments without urban infrastructure. It is possible, and desirable, to improve government's effectiveness through the use of appropriate economic incentives. The Brazilian River Basin Pollution Abatement Program, based on the “output-based aid” concept, is a good example of how this can be achieved. The Program is a success story that shows that the quality of expenditures on sanitation can be considerably improved if governments of developing countries refrain from contracting sanitation infrastructure works and start paying for results, not for promises.

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33

YOKOKURA, Junji, Hitoshi NINOMIYA, and Tsunemi WATANABE. "FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON EVALUATION METHODOLOGY OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. F4 (Construction and Management) 76, no. 2 (2020): I_1—I_19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejcm.76.2_i_1.

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34

LEE, PETER D. "The Role of Appropriate Medical Technology Procurement and User Maintenance Instructions In Developing Countries." Journal of Clinical Engineering 20, no. 5 (September 1995): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004669-199509000-00016.

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35

Venkatesh, V. C., M. C. Steinhoff, P. Moses, M. Jadhav, and S. M. Pereira. "Latex agglutination: an appropriate technology for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in developing countries." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 5, no. 1 (March 1985): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1985.11748356.

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36

Yoon, Younghan, and Jae-Hyeoung Park. "Review of Fluoride Removal Appropriate Technology for Securing Safe Drinking Water in Africa." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.12.689.

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Анотація:

Making and securing safe drinking water is considered as the most important element and human right for sustainable human life. However, many countries in Africa still have low access to safe water, and in particular, fluorosis symptoms are severe from the people of Africa where there is a lot of groundwater and surface water contaminated with fluoride due to the geological natures. Fluoride is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless element with very strong reactivity and is emitted from the cleaning process of semiconductors and the fertilizer manufacturing industries. Various technologies such as chemical coagulation/precipitation, electrochemical method, ion exchange, separation membrane technology, nanotechnology, and adsorption may be proposed as a technology for removing fluoride for securing safe drinking water. The strengths and weaknesses of each element technology and recent research cases were investigated and analyzed, and an appropriate technology application plan for the sustainable development of emerging and developing countries in Africa was presented. Efficiency of fluoride removal may be important to secure drinking water for developing countries in Africa, but it is necessary to consider the local economic situation and cultural background first for sustainability of the applied technology. Therefore, animal bone-based adsorption process is advantageous in terms of sustainability and can be proposed as a fluoride removal technology suitable for the developing countries in Africa.

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37

SHIKURA, Shigeo, and Hideki HARADA. "Appropriate Technology Option for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asian Developing Countries. Feasibility of Anaerobic Digestion Technology." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 25 (1997): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.25.229.

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38

Park, Jayoung, Heesu Shin, Hee Joon Choi, Jongho Heo, and Woong-Han Kim. "A Rapid Review of the Use of Appropriate Technology in Global Health." Academic Society for Appropriate Technology 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2021): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37675/jat.2021.7.2.235.

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Анотація:

The need for appropriate technology in global health has expanded dramatically as the gap between industrialized and developing countries continues to expand. However, there is no collective knowledge of appropriate technology in global health. Thus, this study intends to provide light on the latest developments in the field of appropriate technology in global health and to speculate on future directions. A rapid review, or simplified technique, was used to systematically identify and summarize emerging papers. The search technique used the keywords “global health” and “appropriate technology.” The total number of papers collected from PubMed and Scopus was 427, and 19 articles were thoroughly reviewed for the result section following the research. The study's conclusions included the following: 1) an assessment of appropriate technology adopted in developing countries; and 2) strategies for implementing appropriate technologies in global health. Additionally, we drew lessons and identified problems to serve as a useful guide for future research and development in appropriate technology. This review uncovered a small but valuable level of information about acceptable technology in global health.

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39

Agarwal, Nikunj, and M. P. Sebastian. "Utility of clinical technology-processes for developing countries." Clinical Governance: An International Journal 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cgij-04-2014-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the utility of clinical processes in healthcare institutions of different sizes. The implications of adoption rate of computerized physicians order entry (CPOE) and electronic medical/health records (EMRs/EHRs) in different sized healthcare institutions in the USA were studied in terms of understanding its impact on enhancement of quality of patient care. Design/methodology/approach – This study has used secondary data to obtain insights on the processes and technologies used in hospitals of different sizes in the USA and enlighten those in the developing countries to adopt a strategy that would be most appropriate for them. The Dorenfest Institute for H.I.T. Research and Education Analytics database (The Dorenfest Institute, 2011) provided the data for 5,038 US hospitals. Logistic regression was performed to study the impact of the different types of processes and technologies on institutions of different sizes, classified based on the number of beds, physicians, and nurses. Findings – The findings show that small sized hospitals had a positive relationship with drug dosing interactions process and nursing and clinician content process. On the contrary, medium sized hospitals had a negative relationship with the usage of CPOE for entering medical records, i.e. <25 percent (p<0.05). In order to be effective, these institutions should increase the usage of EMRs by more than 25 percent to get positive outcomes. Large hospitals showed a positive relationship with the usage of >75 percent of CPOE to enter medical records and usage of medical records >75 percent. Practical implications – The authors demonstrate the need for an evaluation of utility of acute care hospitals based on hospital size in terms of number of physicians, and nurses, which have not been dealt earlier by the past studies. Moreover, there is also a need for an evaluation of utility of acute care hospitals for implementation of CPOEs and EMRs that are integrated with clinical decision support systems. Originality/value – Although the data are US-centric, the insights provided by the results are very much relevant to the Indian scenario to support the improvement of the quality of care. The findings may help those implementing processes in healthcare institutions in India. No study has addressed the measurement of the positive and negative outcomes arising due to the implementation of different percentages of CPOEs and EMRs in different sized institutions. Further the number of physicians and nurses have not been considered earlier. Therefore, the authors have classified the hospitals based on physicians and nurses and studied their impact on the adoption of CPOEs, clinical decision support systems, and EMRs.

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40

Ahmad, Shamin. "Development of Environmental Engineering Education in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0220.

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Environmental engineering education should include appropriate curricula, courses and subject materials relevant to the needs of the society. Emphasis on environmental engineering should be laid at the undergraduate level, but to develop local capabilities both for the present and the future it is essential to develop post-graduate education and training for young engineers and a continuing education programme for senior engineers. Research work should be encouraged and financed so as to develop local expertise and know-how for solving environmental engineering problems. Students should be exposed to the concept of appropriate technologies, however simple these may appear. Many of the concepts developed in advanced countries in connection with environmental protection need modification before application. These may not be directly applicable to the conditions found in the region in which many of the developing countries are located. Necessary incentives, rewards, security of job and opportunities for professional development should be provided to attract engineers to the environmental engineering profession.

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41

Lee, Sujung, Yoonjung Choi, Sanghee Park, Yongsoo Kim, and Seongpil Jeong. "Analysis of SEWB Activities on Appropriate Technology in Korea and in Developing Countries Including Cambodia." Academic Society for Appropriate Technology 7, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37675/jap.2021.7.1.93.

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42

Lee, Sujung, Yoonjung Choi, Sanghee Park, Yongsoo Kim, and Seongpil Jeong. "Analysis of SEWB Activities on Appropriate Technology in Korea and in Developing Countries Including Cambodia." Academic Society for Appropriate Technology 7, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37675/jat.2021.7.1.93.

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43

Shin, Hyunha, Junseok Hwang, and Hongbum Kim. "Appropriate technology for grassroots innovation in developing countries for sustainable development: The case of Laos." Journal of Cleaner Production 232 (September 2019): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.336.

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44

Grover, P. D., S. K. Mishra, and J. S. Clancy. "Development of an appropriate biomass briquetting technology suitable for production and use in developing countries." Energy for Sustainable Development 1, no. 1 (May 1994): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60015-0.

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45

Denny, Patrick. "Implementation of constructed wetlands in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 1, 1997): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0157.

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In developing countries, the wise use of natural and artificial wetlands for water purification is particularly valuable and exploitable for the protection of water quality in catchments, rivers and lakes. Constructed wetlands are potentially good, low-cost, appropriate technological treatment systems for domestic wastewater in rural areas. Better still, they can be integrated into agricultural and fish production systems where the products are useable and/or re-cycled for optimal efficiency. However, currently, constructed wetlands are rarely installed. The reasons for this are discussed drawing attention to the limitations of aid programmes from donor countries and the need for in-house research, training and development. Recommendations for the development and wider use of constructed wetlands in developing countries are made.

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46

Singhirunnusorn, W., and M. K. Stenstrom. "Appropriate wastewater treatment systems for developing countries: criteria and indictor assessment in Thailand." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 9 (May 1, 2009): 1873–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.215.

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This paper presents a comprehensive approach with factors to select appropriate wastewater treatment systems in developing countries in general and Thailand in particular. Instead of focusing merely on the technical dimensions, the study integrates the social, economic, and environmental concerns to develop a set of criteria and indicators (C&I) useful for evaluating appropriate system alternatives. The paper identifies seven elements crucial for technical selection: reliability, simplicity, efficiency, land requirement, affordability, social acceptability, and sustainability. Variables are organized into three hierarchical elements, namely: principles, criteria, and indicators. The study utilizes a mail survey to obtain information from Thai experts—academicians, practitioners, and government officials—to evaluate the C&I list. Responses were received from 33 experts on two multi-criteria analysis inquiries—ranking and rating—to obtain evaluative judgments. Results show that reliability, affordability, and efficiency are among the most important elements, followed by sustainability and social acceptability. Land requirement and simplicity are low in priority with relatively inferior weighting. A number of criteria are then developed to match the contextual environment of each particular condition. A total of 14 criteria are identified which comprised 64 indicators. Unimportant criteria and indicators are discarded after careful consideration, since some of the indicators are local or site specific.

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Israsena, P., S. Isaradisaikul, A. Noymai, S. Boonyanukul, A. Hemakom, C. Chinnarat, N. Navacharoen, and S. Lekagul. "Developing an Appropriate Digital Hearing Aid for Low-Resource Countries: A Case Study." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/549486.

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This paper reviews the development process and discusses the key findings which resulted from our multidisciplinary research team’s effort to develop an alternative digital hearing suitable for low-resource countries such as Thailand. A cost-effective, fully programmable digital hearing aid, with its specifications benchmarking against WHO’s recommendations, was systematically designed, engineered, and tested. Clinically it had undergone a full clinical trial that employed the outcome measurement protocol adopted from the APHAB, the first time implemented in Thai language. Results indicated that using the hearing aid improves user’s satisfaction in terms of ease of communication, background noises, and reverberation, with clear benefit after 3 and 6 months, confirming its efficacy. In terms of engineering, the hearing aid also proved to be robust, passing all the designated tests. As the technology has successfully been transferred to a local company for the production phase, we also discuss other challenges that may arise before the device can be introduced into the market.

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Flores, A., C. Buckley, and R. Fenner. "Selecting sanitation systems for sustainability in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 11 (December 1, 2009): 2973–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.375.

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This paper presents a methodology for systematically incorporating multi-dimensional sustainability considerations into the selection of wastewater options for developing countries and the evaluation and comparison of these options. Appropriate technologies for developing countries were screened based on their function and their use of operational sustainability features; this list of technologies can then be used to elaborate design options. Sustainability indicators are used to enable a parallel comparison of the options from environmental, economic, and socio-cultural perspectives. For illustration, the indicator approach is applied to a case study of the sanitation options for peri-urban/rural areas of the eThekwini Municipality in South Africa.

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Baek, Doo-Joo, Chi-Young Yun, and Yong-Jun Oh. "A Case Study on Commercialization of Appropriate Technology in Lao PDR: Focusing on Lao-Korea Science and Technology Center." Academic Society for Appropriate Technology 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2021): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37675/jat.2021.7.2.225.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine commercialization model of appropriate technology through the case of the LaoKorea Science and Technology Center (LKSTC). LKSTC has developed washing, water treatment, and sterilization technology in the agrifood sector and three types of pico-hydro generator, Pico-solar hybrid system, and energy remote monitoring technology in the renewable energy sector. Commercialization of appropriate technology was successfully carried out through the establishment of Kaipan community business, school enterprises, and social enterprise. The policy implications are as follows. First, the commercialization of appropriate technology in developing countries should enhance the linkage with the regional development policies of the recipient countries. Second, in order to minimize market risk, innovative technology development and local startup networks should be properly established. Finally, the mid and long term efforts are needed to increase the sustainability of the business.

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Silveira, A. L. L. "Problems of modern urban drainage in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0114.

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Socio-economic factors in developing countries make it more difficult to solve problems of urban drainage than in countries that are more advanced. Factors inhibiting the adoption of modern solutions include: (1) in matters of urban drainage, 19th-century sanitary philosophy still dominates; (2) both legal and clandestine land settlement limits the space that modern solutions require; (3) contamination of storm runoff by foul sewage, sediment and garbage prevents adoption of developed-country practices; (4) climatic and socio-economic factors favour the growth of epidemics where runoff is retained for flood-avoidance and to increase infiltration; (5) lack of a technological basis for adequate drainage management and design; (6) lack of the interaction between community and city administration that is needed to obtain modern solutions to urban drainage problems. Awareness of these difficulties is fundamental to the search for modern and viable solutions appropriate for developing countries.

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