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Статті в журналах з теми "Approche écosystémique – Pêche – Guyane"
Le Floc’h, Pascal, and James R. Wilson. "Une approche néo-institutionnaliste des systèmes de gestion des pêches en Europe et en Amérique du Nord." Natures Sciences Sociétés 27, no. 3 (July 2019): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/nss/2019043.
Повний текст джерелаBeauchesne, David, Cindy Grant, Dominique Gravel, and Philippe Archambault. "L’évaluation des impacts cumulés dans l’estuaire et le golfe du Saint-Laurent : vers une planification systémique de l’exploitation des ressources." Le Naturaliste canadien 140, no. 2 (June 2, 2016): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036503ar.
Повний текст джерелаCollet, Serge. "Values at sea, value of the sea: mapping issues and divides." Social Science Information 46, no. 1 (March 2007): 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018407073655.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Approche écosystémique – Pêche – Guyane"
Gomes, Hélène. "Gestion écosystémique et durabilité des pêcheries artisanales tropicales face aux changements globaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Guyane, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022YANE0004.
Повний текст джерелаGlobal changes induce high pressure on marine ecosystems, biodiversity and fisheries. In thatregard many scientists advocate the use of an ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM).However, the operationalization of such an ecosystem-based approach remains challenging. Thisthesis gives insight into the operationalization of EBFM for tropical coastal fisheries. To achievethat we propose a multi-species, multi-fleet and multi-criteria model of intermediate complexity(MICE), taking into account the impacts of global changes. The model is calibrated for theGuyanese small-scale coastal fishery. At local scale, global warming, the increase of populationand the variations of mangrove surface are considered as the main drivers of global changes.From the calibrated model, several fishing management strategies and environmental scenariosare compared in the long-run. In this context, the first results published (chapter 3) show thedetrimental impact of climate change on both marine biodiversity and fishery production. Thispaper also highlights the major role of ecological competition between species. Then, in thechapter 4, by comparing the bio-economic results obtained under each fishing managementstrategy, this research demonstrates the interest of Ecoviability strategies in terms ofsustainability and ecologico-economic reconciliation. The last results displayed in this thesis, inchapter 5, underline the positive impact of mangrove on ecologico-economic sustainability of thecoastal fishery, even if it is insufficient to balance the negative impact of warming. Beyond theseresults, this thesis brings a series of important transverse contributions. First, methodologically,this research permits to show the benefits of MICE to operationalize EBFM. Then, by highlightingthe major ecological factors of the ecosystem with on the one hand the interaction ofcompetition and on the other hand the environmental filters, the work sheds light on theecological complexities necessary for the EBFM. Finally, by evaluating and comparing theecologico-economic performances of several fishing strategies, this research permits to outlinepolicy recommendations to move towards the sustainability of the Guyanese coastal fishery andtowards EBFM, in the face of global changes
Cissé, Abdoul Ahad. "Évaluation, scénarios et viabilité écologique et économique des pêcheries côtières tropicales : application au cas de la Guyane française." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0620/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe need for an integrated approach to fisheries is now widely affirmed, including the FAO, in particular in the context of tropical artisanal fisheries. These small-scale fisheries, often multispecies are very important in terms of production, employment and food security. However these fisheries and the exploited resources are often characterized by a lack of data making difficult their management within an ecosystem approach, and by the ecological and economic system complexities including trophic and technological interactions.This thesis aims to contribute to the development of bioeconomic tools for small tropical fisheries in a sustainable management perspective based on the ecosystem approach. In this perspective, the French Guiana coastal fishery constitutes an interesting case study. The thesis proposes multi-criteria evaluations, complex bioeconomic models and viable management scenarios for this fishery. At first, multivariate statistical analysis suggests a satisfactory overall status of the fishery in terms of sustainability. However, some performance differences are noted within the fishery, particularly at border areas. Also, management improvements are proposed. Then, through bioeconomic modeling, projections of different fishing scenarios show that, in the long term, the current exploitation level may not be consistent with the future increase of local demand and a loss of biodiversity may occur. A scenario called "co-viability" reconciling ecological, economic and social objectives, with a high probability of achievement is exhibited. Finally, the comparison of optimal behavior in cooperative and non-cooperative conditions, confirms that harvest levels are greater when actors do not cooperate. Furthermore, it is shown that the state of the ecosystem depends on the fishing strategies and the type of interaction between species. Beyond the diagnosis made for the case study, the method is promising in the context of small tropical fisheries, while the co-viability approach allows finding the exploitation conditions under which ecological and socio-economic sustainability are meet, what the conventional fisheries management generally do not allow
Reecht, Yves. "Effets directs et indirects de la pêche sur des groupes trophiques de poissons démersaux, définis par une approche écomorphologique." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2035.
Повний текст джерелаFunctional groups dynamics in marine communities may help to understand how perturbations impact the functioning of an ecosystem. It is notably expected that functional groups respond differently to fishing pressure owing to their direct exposure to fishing and interactions between groups (indirect effects). A method was developed, based on an ecomorphological approach focusing on predation functions, to define size- and taxonomy-driven functional groups in demersal fish communities from Celtic and North seas. Eleven functional traits were used to define 12 functional groups in Celtic sea (based on measurements on 930 individuals from 33 species) and seven groups in North sea (710 individual from 22 species). In Celtic sea, the functional groups better explained diet than size groups whereas diet in North sea appeared rather size-driven. Functional groups biomass time-series were assessed using ground-fish surveys data. Fishing seems to unequally affect different ecological functions in both communities. It was furthermore shown that (i) fishing effects propagate from high to low trophic levels (top-down effects) in North sea and (ii) ecological compensation may occur within functional groups in Celtic sea. The functioning of both communities appeared impacted by fishing pressure. Nevertheless, the Celtic sea fish community appeared more resilient to perturbation than the one from North sea
Moullec, Fabien. "Impacts du changement global sur la biodiversité en mer Méditerranée : une approche par modélisation End-to-End." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG015/document.
Повний текст джерелаUnder the combined effects of overexploitation of marine resources and climate change the Mediterranean Sea is gradually becoming a hotspot of global change. Despite a large number of models developed locally or regionally in the Mediterranean Sea, no previous studies have addressed changes in species assemblages at the basin scale with an integrated ecosystem modelling from physics to predators and explicitly representing the multi-species, spatial, and trophic dimensions. This thesis work presents a threefold challenge: (i) implementing such a model of the species richness in the Mediterranean Sea based on life history traits and representing the entire life cycle of interacting species; (ii) projecting the consequences of physical and biogeochemical changes induced by climate change on the spatial distribution of species and on the structure and trophic functioning of the Mediterranean ecosystem; (iii) exploring fisheries management scenarios aiming at rebuilding some stocks of commercial interest in a climate change context. To address these challenges, an end-to-end model, OSMOSE-MED, based on the coupling of a high trophic level OSMOSE model with NEMOMED12 and ECO3M-S physical and biogeochemical models, has been developed. With 100 modelled species, representing nearly 95% of the catches made in the Mediterranean Sea, it is the first trophic model of this type to integrate such a large diversity of species, on such a large spatial scale (the Mediterranean Sea as a whole) and at fine resolution (20x20 km²). According to the greenhouse gas emissions scenario RCP8.5, projections made with the OSMOSE-MED model show an overall increase in biomass and catches of 22% and 7% respectively by the end of the century. However, these increases mask large geographical disparities. The eastern basin is characterized by an overall increase in biomass associated with exotic species. With regard to catches, the model projects increase in the eastern basin and a significant decrease in the western part. A change in the species composition of catches could appear during the 21st century with winner (e.g. anchovy) and loser (e.g. hake) species. Winner species would mainly belong to the small pelagics group, are thermophilic and/or exotic, of smaller sizes and of low trophic level while loser species are generally large-sized, some of them of great commercial interest, and could suffer from a spatial mismatch with potential prey subsequent to a contraction or shift of their geographic range. Fisheries management scenario projections highlight the benefits of greater selectivity or reduced fishing mortality for the recovery of certain stocks of commercial interest, particularly among organisms belonging to the demersal, benthic and large pelagic groups. A reduction in fishing mortality could also reverse the projected decline in biomass and total catches in the Western Mediterranean
Abdou, Khaled. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux du chalutage de fond et de l'aquaculture en Tunisie : approche comparative par les Analyses de Cycle Vie (ACV)." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0141/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture
Halouani, Ghassen. "Modélisations de la dynamique trophique d'un écosystème Méditerranéen exploité : le Golfe de Gabès (Tunisie)." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0076/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of trophic structure and functioning of the gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. In order to reconcile environmental concerns and exploitation of marine resources, different ecosystem models have been developed to study the ecosystem dynamics and contribute to the discussion on the implementation of management plans. A spatial and temporal dynamic model “Ecospace” was built to evaluate the ecosystem consequences of different management measures based on scenarios derived from the current regulation. The results of simulations allowed to investigate the interactions between coastal and benthic trawl fishing and to identify areas where management measures are effective. An end-to-end model has been applied to the gulf of Gabes ecosystem to represent the dynamics of 11 high trophic level species, from climate forcing to fishing.This modelling approach consists in forcing the individual-based model "OSMOSE" by a biogeochemical model "ECO3M-Med". This model allowed to establish a coherent representation of the food web and simulate theoretical management scenarios of spatial fishing closure. The end-to-end model has also been used to study the sensitivity of a set of ecological indicators to fishing pressure. The simulation of different levels of fishing mortality showed that size indicators were the most relevant to monitor the impact of fishing in the gulf of Gabes. Finally, a comparative approach between several Mediterranean ecosystems was applied using the EcoTroph model to compare their trophic structures and explore the effects of different levels of fishing pressure through the analysis of their trophic spectra
Le, Gouvello Raphaëla. "L'économie circulaire appliquée à un système socio-écologique halio-alimentaire localisé : caractérisation, évaluation, opportunités et défis." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0019/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe years 2000 have favored the emergence of "Circular Economy" (CE) in the public debate, as opposed to the "linear economy", the dominant model that led to acknowledged economie and ecological limits. Our work is a first attempt to address the CE to a fishery-dependent socio-ecological System, the Cornouaille region in Brittany. The approach is systemic, multidimensional and dynamic. It implies the identification of marine boundaries, in which only Coastal fisheries are considered as a local production. The analysis is conducted along three main axes: an analysis of the upstream part at sea (fishing), an analysis looking at the downstream value chain, on land, and a third looking at the whole System. First, a Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) analysis adapted to fisheries is proposed as a relevant tool to improve economy and environmental performance of fishers, providing evidence of hidden costs of fish discards.Second, the fish bioresource flow analysis indicates a strong dependency on importation and exportation flows to maintain land-based activities depending on sea products, albeit evidence of a significant contribution of Coastal fisheries to the local economy. Third, the exploration of the sardine sub-system through scenarii, ranging between from "business as usual" to those lined with CE, shows an alternative development trajectory, based upon a potential "basket of goods and services", a "territorial value", specifically linked to local fisheries. To achieve such a sustainable CE, we would need to not only aim at a more efficient use of local marine resources and decrease negative externalities, but also advocate for a shared governance, suited to the scale of the considered localised socio-ecological System