Дисертації з теми "Approche écologique du développement"
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Cazenave-Tapie, Pascal. "Approche écologique du développement social de l'enfant." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20088.
Hervieux, Marie-Sophie. "Études empiriques de la courbe environnementale de Kuznets : une approche par l’empreinte écologique." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT4030.
In this thesis we examine the relationship between economic development and environment through the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. We use the ecological footprint (EF) as environmental degradation indicator. In the first part, we present the analytical framework, a detailed review of published studies according to selected environmental indicators and a detailed review of published studies on CO2 in 2012 and 2013 to provide a picture of the current domain. In a second part, we propose 3 empirical studies. A first study is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between GDP and EE through a time series analysis for seven Latin American countries from 1961 to 2007. The hypothesis of EKC is not supported for any country, and a linear relationship is rather detected for most of them. A long-term relationship is also detected for Brazil and Uruguay. A second study examine the relationship from 1971 to 2007 on a larger sample. We propose both consumption side and production side approaches and we add several explicative variables to our ARDL model. The EKC is supported for no one. For additional explicative variables, the results are mixed but consistent with what was expected. Finally, a third study provides a comparison of the EKC relationship based on three environmental indicators: CO2, SO2 and EE. The sample covers 15 (developed and developing) countries over the period 1961 - 1990. At the end of the econometric analysis, there is no evidence of an EKC but we note that economic growth has a stronger impact on EE than on CO2, and on SO2
Ftaïta, Toufik. "L'eau et les groupes sociaux dans la région de Tiznit (Sud-Ouest marocain) : une approche ethno-écologique du développement en milieu aride." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05H094.
This research is dealing with the problem of development in an arid area, where agricultural activities are largely dependent upon the presence of water resource. Water is for this reason the determining factor for the economic and social development of the area. This study tries to give an ethnological diagnosis of the hydraulic organization under its social and technical aspects in the oasis of the area. Beyond this attempt, it aims on the one hand to propose a restructuration of the hydro-agricultural developments, and on the other hand to enunciate a project of rural development which would integrate the economical potentialities, the latter depending largely upon the climatic conditions of the region, and the real needs of the inhabitants in terms of development. The approach chosen for this study is ethno-ecological, which means that it allows a better understanding of the interactions between the natural and human environments (ecological and sociological data) in an arid region. The proposals expressed for economic and social development may help the local authorities to better understand the problems faced by each of the communities in order to find answers suited to these needs
Cappellini, Marco. "Modélisation systémique des étayages dans un environnement télétandem pour le français et le chinois langues étrangères : une étude interactionniste et écologique du soutien au développement de la compétence de communication." Thesis, Lille 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL30033.
This thesis studies different forms of scaffolding that students provide in a tandem through desktop videoconference in order to help one another in learning French and Chines as foreign languages. I review studies on learning, interaction, language learning in interaction, communicative competence, the multimodality of computer-mediated communication.For my research, I compiled a corpus of about twenty hours of teletandem interactions. I adopt an epistemological posture which is constructivist, complex, transdisciplinary and comprehensive. I elaborate an interactionist and ecological perspective bringing out different levels of analysis, analyzed separately at first, then together. In this way, I study discursive positioning of expertise and different forms of scaffolding side sequences for language learning. Using descriptive statistics tools, I identify the configurations and attractors of the teletandem pair system and I discuss their potential for the development of communicative competence
Roy-Belleplaine, Mina. "Le jaden dans la Martinique d’aujourd’hui : Une approche historique et anthropologique d’un objet culturel au cœur des enjeux de développement économique, patrimonial et écologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0147.
The topic of this research is the Martinican garden. The very one which is a legacy of the garden of the first inhabitants of the island : the Kalinagos. It shall be necessary to seat the garden in its historical, social, economic and ecological context to understand the place it has hold in the construction of society over time. Thus, our approach shall be both historical and anthropological. We shall try to shed light on its role, its symbolism and the customs that turn around the jaden. In our demonstration, we shall try to bring out the paramount role it played in the days of the Kalinas and during slavery; then focus on its importance for the rural societies after 1848 and finally reveal its central place this day and age. A garden which conveys societal values, a jaden of resistance that is center stage in time of crisis hence its importance today. The ecological importance of the jaden shall be enlightened, seeing as it is able to offer solutions to the agricultural issues of our modern societies. We shall prove to what extent the Martinican population has become aware of the importance of having a jaden since the crisis of 2009, which contributed to its come back. We shall also tackle the issue of knowing to what extent it has adapted to our current needs and how it has fell within modernity. Last, we shall present it as an ancient jaden that may be a model for our current society
El asunto de esta investigación es el jardín martiniqueño. El que se inscribe en la continuación del jardín de los primeros habitantes de la isla: los kalinagos. Se tratará de estudiar el jardín en su contexto histórico, económico, social, ecológico para comprender el lugar que tuvo en la construcción de las sociedades a lo largo del tiempo. Nuestro enfoque es, entonces, histórico y antropológico.Trataremos de poner de relieve su papel, sus simbólicas y los usos que giran entorno al "jaden".En nuestra demostración intentaremos poner de realce el papel de primer plano que tuvo en la época de los Kalinas y de la esclavitud, y a continuación veremos la importancia que tuvo para las sociedades campesinas que se instalaron después de 1848, antes de tener el lugar central que hoy ocupa. Un jardín que enseña los valores de las sociedades, un jaden de resistencia que hoy regresa delante del escenario, en cada época de crisis, de ahí su importancia actual. También demostraremos la importancia ecológica del jardín, capaz de proponer soluciones a las problemáticas agrícolas de nuestras sociedades modernas.Mostraremos hasta qué punto la población martiniqueña ha tomado conciencia del jardín después de la crisis de 2009, lo que ha favorecido su renacimiento. Mostraremos también cuánto ha podido adaptarse para responder a las necesidades de su época y perdurar , lo que hace de éste, un jardín todavía inscrito en la modernidad. Por fin, Sería interesante presentarlo como un jardín antiguo que puede servir de ejemplo para nuestras sociedades actuales
Roy-Belleplaine, Mina. "Le jaden dans la Martinique d’aujourd’hui : Une approche historique et anthropologique d’un objet culturel au cœur des enjeux de développement économique, patrimonial et écologique." Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0147/document.
The topic of this research is the Martinican garden. The very one which is a legacy of the garden of the first inhabitants of the island : the Kalinagos. It shall be necessary to seat the garden in its historical, social, economic and ecological context to understand the place it has hold in the construction of society over time. Thus, our approach shall be both historical and anthropological. We shall try to shed light on its role, its symbolism and the customs that turn around the jaden. In our demonstration, we shall try to bring out the paramount role it played in the days of the Kalinas and during slavery; then focus on its importance for the rural societies after 1848 and finally reveal its central place this day and age. A garden which conveys societal values, a jaden of resistance that is center stage in time of crisis hence its importance today. The ecological importance of the jaden shall be enlightened, seeing as it is able to offer solutions to the agricultural issues of our modern societies. We shall prove to what extent the Martinican population has become aware of the importance of having a jaden since the crisis of 2009, which contributed to its come back. We shall also tackle the issue of knowing to what extent it has adapted to our current needs and how it has fell within modernity. Last, we shall present it as an ancient jaden that may be a model for our current society
El asunto de esta investigación es el jardín martiniqueño. El que se inscribe en la continuación del jardín de los primeros habitantes de la isla: los kalinagos. Se tratará de estudiar el jardín en su contexto histórico, económico, social, ecológico para comprender el lugar que tuvo en la construcción de las sociedades a lo largo del tiempo. Nuestro enfoque es, entonces, histórico y antropológico.Trataremos de poner de relieve su papel, sus simbólicas y los usos que giran entorno al "jaden".En nuestra demostración intentaremos poner de realce el papel de primer plano que tuvo en la época de los Kalinas y de la esclavitud, y a continuación veremos la importancia que tuvo para las sociedades campesinas que se instalaron después de 1848, antes de tener el lugar central que hoy ocupa. Un jardín que enseña los valores de las sociedades, un jaden de resistencia que hoy regresa delante del escenario, en cada época de crisis, de ahí su importancia actual. También demostraremos la importancia ecológica del jardín, capaz de proponer soluciones a las problemáticas agrícolas de nuestras sociedades modernas.Mostraremos hasta qué punto la población martiniqueña ha tomado conciencia del jardín después de la crisis de 2009, lo que ha favorecido su renacimiento. Mostraremos también cuánto ha podido adaptarse para responder a las necesidades de su época y perdurar , lo que hace de éste, un jardín todavía inscrito en la modernidad. Por fin, Sería interesante presentarlo como un jardín antiguo que puede servir de ejemplo para nuestras sociedades actuales
Poisson, Émilie. "Construction et évolution du devenir élève chez les enfants de grande section d'école maternelle : approche écologique du rôle de l’implication parentale dans la vie éducative à l’école et au domicile." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0473.
The existence of links between parental involvement, – a multi-dimensional process that involves parents engaging in educational practices inside and outside school to promote learning, socio-affective development and the child's positive experience of school – and children's development at school is commonly asserted in educational psychology (Barger & al., 2019; Ma & al., 2016) and consistent with a psycho-developmental and contextual perspective (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1996; Malrieu & Malrieu, 1973). However, few studies simultaneously investigate the link between parental involvement and all the academic, socio-affective and experiential components of Becoming Student – a psycho-social and cultural process that develops in and through interpersonal relationships within different contexts, and enables the development of unique school experiences. It reflects the child's appropriation of school expectations and norms, which evolve as he or she progresses through the school system–. Moreover, these studies focus rarely on 5-6 year-olds, and do not consider the evolution of the societal context or the dynamics of the link between parental involvement and Becoming Student as children approach the elementary school. The aim of this thesis is to propose a holistic study of Becoming Student and parental involvement in nursery school children in a French cultural context. The aim is (1) to develop measurement tools adapted to the study of the different dimensions of Becoming Student and parental involvement (objective 1), (2) to examine, from a longitudinal, psycho-developmental and contextual perspective, Becoming Student (objective 2), parental involvement (objective 3) and the quantitative (objective 4) and qualitative (objective 5) links between their different components/dimensions. To achieve these objectives, nursery schoolteachers of 5–6-year-olds in 19 schools completed a Becoming Student questionnaire on three occasions (at the beginning, middle and end of the school year) for each child whose family had agreed to participate. At the same time, these families (202, from contrasting socio-economic backgrounds) completed a questionnaire on parental involvement at the same three times. A few parents and their children were also interviewed on a one-to-one basis for the qualitative aspect of the study. Based on validated questionnaires, latent profile analyses enable us to identify Becoming Student and parental involvement profiles. The number of Becoming Student profiles varies according to the time of year. At each time of year, the Becoming Student profiles are mostly distinct from one another in terms of average student level. Parental involvement profiles, which also vary in number depending on the period, are distinguished more by the nature of their practices at each time of year. For Becoming Student, as for parental involvement, belonging to specific profiles is predicted by specific socio-demographic variables. These predictions vary with time. Next, analyses with Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models document the bi-directional links between parental involvement and Becoming Student. Effect sizes, though often small, and their valence, positive or negative, depend on the dimensions/components included in the model. Finally, the illustrated cases show the uniqueness of parents' relationships with school and their children's school experience. They allow us to examine the active role played by individuals in understanding the links between parental involvement and Becoming Student
Cimon-Morin, Jérôme, and Jérôme Cimon-Morin. "Développement d'une approche de planification systématique de la conservation des milieux humides intégrant les services écologiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25763.
Globalement, le statut de la plupart des services écologiques (SE) est jugé préoccupant. Des actions de conservation permettraient de maintenir l’apport de certains SE à des emplacements cruciaux pour le maintien du bien-être humain. Néanmoins, comparée aux approches de conservation traditionnelles, la conservation des SE requiert des considérations particulières afin de capter le lien spatial qui unit les flux de services à leurs bénéficiaires. Or, ces connaissances demeurent fragmentaires. Cette thèse s’insère donc dans ce contexte et tente de répondre à trois questions principales, soit : (1) comment considérer le lien spatial entre les flux de SE et leurs bénéficiaires lors de la sélection des réserves?; (2) comment peut-on aligner la conservation de la biodiversité à celle des SE le plus efficacement possible?; et (3) quelles sont les conséquences de retarder la mise en œuvre des actions de conservation sur l’atteinte des objectifs? Nous avons d’abord montré que lorsque la demande pour les services à échelle locale était directement intégrée dans les procédés de planification systématique de la conservation, cela favorisait la sélection de sites qui étaient jusqu’à trois fois plus efficaces pour combler la demande des bénéficiaires par rapport à des approches qui ne ciblaient que l’apport des services uniquement. Cette nouvelle approche permet donc de concentrer les efforts de conservation aux endroits où les ressources investies contribueront le plus au bien-être humain. Ensuite, en utilisant cette dernière approche conjointement avec des cibles de biodiversité par l’entremise d’approche de sélection basée sur la complémentarité des sites, nous avons montré qu’il était possible d’atteindre toutes les cibles de conservation pour seulement 6 % de superficie supplémentaire à protéger. Lorsque l’atteinte de toutes les cibles de conservation est désirée, miser sur la congruence spatiale entre la biodiversité et les SE était de deux à cinq fois moins efficace que l’utilisation d’une approche basée sur la complémentarité entre les sites. Finalement, dans un contexte d’augmentation des pressions provenant des activités industrielles, nous avons évalué les effets du retard dans la mise en œuvre de la conservation sur le coût de remplacement des réseaux de conservation. Nous avons montré que ce coût peut s’élever jusqu’à 15 % lorsque la conservation est effectuée après le début du développement.
The current global status of most ecosystem services (ES) is precarious. Conservation actions could help secure their provision in locations deemed critical for the maintenance of human well-being. However, compared to traditional conservation planning approaches, ES conservation requires particular considerations to capture the spatial link between human beneficiaries and services flows; this knowledge is still fragmentary. This thesis examines one such context and tries to answer the following three main research questions: (1) How do we identify important sites for ES conservation? (2) How do we best align biodiversity and ES conservation? (3) What are the consequences of the delayed implementation of ES conservation actions? We first showed that considering demand in systematic conservation planning procedures fostered the selection of sites that may be up to three times more efficient in fulfilling beneficiary demand. This approach enables conservation efforts to focus on locations where resource investment will yield the greatest return for human well-being. Then, using this novel approach simultaneously with wetland biodiversity features within a complementary based selection procedure, we showed that it was possible to achieve all biodiversity and ES targets for only six percent of the additional area to be protected. When all conservation targets are sought to be a attained, counting on the spatial congruence between biodiversity and ES may be two to five times less efficient than using a complementarity based approach. Finally, in a context of increasing pressures from industrial development, we assessed the role of timing where the implementation of ES conservation actions is concerned on the replacement cost of the resultant networks. We showed that a slight increase in the percentage of the study area subjected to development can raise the replacement cost of conservation networks of up to fifteen percent.
The current global status of most ecosystem services (ES) is precarious. Conservation actions could help secure their provision in locations deemed critical for the maintenance of human well-being. However, compared to traditional conservation planning approaches, ES conservation requires particular considerations to capture the spatial link between human beneficiaries and services flows; this knowledge is still fragmentary. This thesis examines one such context and tries to answer the following three main research questions: (1) How do we identify important sites for ES conservation? (2) How do we best align biodiversity and ES conservation? (3) What are the consequences of the delayed implementation of ES conservation actions? We first showed that considering demand in systematic conservation planning procedures fostered the selection of sites that may be up to three times more efficient in fulfilling beneficiary demand. This approach enables conservation efforts to focus on locations where resource investment will yield the greatest return for human well-being. Then, using this novel approach simultaneously with wetland biodiversity features within a complementary based selection procedure, we showed that it was possible to achieve all biodiversity and ES targets for only six percent of the additional area to be protected. When all conservation targets are sought to be a attained, counting on the spatial congruence between biodiversity and ES may be two to five times less efficient than using a complementarity based approach. Finally, in a context of increasing pressures from industrial development, we assessed the role of timing where the implementation of ES conservation actions is concerned on the replacement cost of the resultant networks. We showed that a slight increase in the percentage of the study area subjected to development can raise the replacement cost of conservation networks of up to fifteen percent.
Alvergne, Alexandra. "L’investissement paternel chez l’Homme : une approche évolutive." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20178.
Human paternal investment is highly variable between populations, but also between individuals. This variability is partly explained by socio-ecological factors, such as paternity uncertainty or the reproductive system. Due to kin selection, the level of paternal investment is expected to be lower when paternity uncertainty is higher. Our research has shown that fathers use paternity cues to adjust their investment in paternal care. Using a cross-cultural approach, the link between phenotypic resemblance to the father (as perceived by the father, the mother or external judges) and the level of paternal investment has been quantified. The results indicate that paternity uncertainty has constituted a selective pressure favoring the use of paternity cues by men, as well as a manipulation by women of men's perception. Moreover, several phenotypic traits are possibly used for paternity assessment (i. E. Faces, odors). Besides, the link between the degree of paternal investment and the child's physical condition has been assessed, and the results suggest that the expression of a strong resemblance to the father is, through the gain of paternal investment, associated with fitness benefits for children. Finally, the evolution of a paternity cue in response to discriminative paternal investment has been modeled, including the proposed mechanism of genomic imprinting, and confronted to empirical data. Additionally, we showed that the expression of paternal investment depends on hormonal factors, and that the regulation of paternal investment through testosterone is a trait which is shared by different populations. All these results are discussed within the theoretical frameworks on the evolution of familial and social behaviors
Schmitt, Boris. "Ressources naturelles et développement dans le monde tropical : les contradictions entre dynamiques écologiques, reproduction sociale et ordre économique international." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995156.
Tarrit, Claude René. "Étude d’un Dispositif Pédagogique Instrumenté Complexe et de ses propriétés : une approche épistémique et méthodologique, le cas d’une université brésilienne." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL12015/document.
In this thesis, we are working to solve an enigma by implementing a “research in action”: how has complex instrumented educational dispositif – CIED – become complex instrumented educational service – CIES ? And more specifically: what are the ingredients that have participated in the effectiveness of the coupling of a university and a learning management system and how can we study the modes of emergence and existence in a meso organizational and decisional register and at the mesosystem class ?This enigma is solved by mobilizing the CIED as a boundary object and epistemological and methodological tools such as: the dispositive approach, the ecological / systemic approach and activity theory. The analysis involves achieving a holistic reading of history. This methodological approach highlights the propensity of a dispositif to generate objects defined as related objects. The exploration of the properties of these related objects shows that it is possible to define a historical continuum and undo the discontinuities of the activity inherent in the computer traces
Wittenberg, Inga. "La participation des employés à des démarches de développement durable dans les organisations : approche psycho-sociale." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT3006.
A travers deux études, l’objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier des prédicteurs du comportement proenvironnemental des employés au sein d’organisations. La première étude est centrée sur des prédicteurs du comportement écologique au travail au sein de différents types d’organisation. Les résultats identifient un prédicteur commun, la perception du contexte physique, et des prédicteurs plus spécifiques, le comportement proenvironnemental au domicile pour les échantillons « entreprise » et « université » et la perception du contexte social pour l’échantillon « centre commercial ». Dans un modèle plus complexe intégrant la perception du contexte organisationnel et le paradigme du dilemme commun, la deuxième étude, menée auprès d’entreprises, confirme les prédicteurs isolés pour l’échantillon « entreprise » et montre l’impact de la perception du contexte organisationnel
Coquil, Xavier. "Transition des systèmes de polyculture élevage laitiers vers l'autonomie. Une approche par le développement des mondes professionnels." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0005/document.
Agricultural and environmental qualities of autonomous mixed-crop systems are now recognized by research and public policies: their lower consumption of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, mechanization...), and their recycling of materials between crops and livestock allow these systems to remain productive while minimizing impacts on the environment. However, their public remains confidential: the path of the reduction or abandonment of inputs requires deep changes in ways of working for the farmer. Our research aims to formalize transition from mixed-crop systems mobilizing inputs to autonomy. We analyze how the farmer work and make his work evolve during the transition. We analyze work activity of (i) farmers in 9 mixed-crop dairy farms from the Sustainable Agriculture Network, and of (ii) experimenters of an experimental mixed-crop dairy farm in INRA ASTER-Mirecourt. We mobilize the concept of professional world as an analyzer of the work activity of the farmer and thus we access to a systemic formalization of activity considering the actions, knowledge and tools of the farmer but also the objects on which he acts, the professional standards to which he refers and his values. Thus, we formalize the development of professional worlds according to a non-teleological process, a no-linear and non-incremental development of farmers' experiences rooted in their history and culture. Creativity of farmers in the action has a place in the development of this experience. Instrumental genesis, that is to say, the movement of the action or of the professional standards of the farmer by the use of an artifact, are resources and stimulators of the development: 30 key artifacts (material tools, cognitive tools...) allow farmers to act on animals, crops, economics, employment, balance of matter, forages, equipment, observations, potential, productivity, socio-professional networks, work and sales during the transition to mixed-crop farming. This development is partly autonomous, ie linked to dynamics internal to professional world, and partly social, ie mobilizing professional standards and artifacts of professional networks of the farmer. Analysis of professional worlds of autonomous mixed-crop farmers reveals original management of crops, animals and even of crop/livestock interactions. This analysis also reveals various work organizations in farms and various wishes of farmers concerning the future. Thus, we describe the singularities of professional worlds in these autonomous systems and we formalize a range of pragmatic concepts, instruments and indicators of management used by autonomous farmers. In the field of ergonomics, this work provides an analytical perspective on the development of professional worlds. In the field of systemic agronomy, it suggests (i) taking into account action’s creativity in the representations of farmers’ action, (ii) a formalization of the acquisition of experience including situations of paradigm shift or the farmer and (iii) a formalization of specific resources of the transition to empower farmers’ development. From an operational point of view, this work suggests exploring ways (i) to extend the public of autonomous mixed-crop farming systems and (ii)!to companion farmers toward autonomous farming, specifying the role of the experimental station of INRA ASTER-Mirecourt.!
Codur, Anne-Marie. "La relation société-environnement dans une approche systémique : contribution à la définition du concept de développement durable." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996IEPP0019.
This thesis proposes a theoretical framework for studying the society-environment relationship in a systemic perspective especially in the context of social systems that are closely dependant on their local environment, as is still the case for most rural communities in developing countries. Traditional analytical, quantitative approaches (using linear causalities) generally fail to explain the complexity of the relation between a society and its environment. This dissertation employs a dynamic interactive socio-ecological system (SES) model which represents the organization of the interface that links any society to its natural environment. Focusing on the institutional aspect of this interface, i argue that the relation between institutional design and ecosystemic properties is critical for sustainability. Sustainable institutional structures must be sensitive to physical factors which impose constraints on the exploitation of natural renewable resources (e. G. Variability and uncertainty in the availability of a resource in space, time and quantity, conditions of access, visibility, divisibility,. . ) I develop a typology of diverse ideal-types of SESs according to institutional responses to ecological constraints (especially in terms of appropriate institutional scales or regulation of access to resources). I illustrate this typology by examples of historically sustainable SESs in rural communities of Morocco and Tunisia. These communities are experiencing exogenous and endogenous changes or shocks (population pressure, institutional failures, openess to the market, conflicts between different institutional scales of regulation,. . . ) That are modifying the patterns of the socio-environment interface and can lead to ecological degradations if the necessary institutional adaptations fail to occur
Vecho, Olivier. "Développement socio-affectif des enfants de familles homoparentales : une approche écologique : étude exploratoire de 20 enfants de familles homoparentales agés de 6 à 16 ans et nés dans un contexte hétéroparental." Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20035.
With our ecological approach, we tried to question wether, and how, the socio-emotional development of children in gay and lesbian families is influenced by the social environmental quality (couple adjustment, social support and support relating to the children by the social network, support for the identity of couple by the social network, knowledge and acceptance of the situation by the social network). Questionnaires and interviews were used with couples and children. The twelve families here studied appeared to be homogeneous from the point of view of the quality of their social environment which proves overall satisfactory. The twenty children (aged from 6 to 16 years and born from a former heterosexual union of one of the homosexual parents) obtain, in the whole, satisfactory results (self-esteem, perceived competences, psychopathological problems, quality of the parent-child relationship). We highlighted thin effects of the environmental quality on the regard of self-esteem, perceived competences, psychopathological problems and quality relationship with the biological parent. The relationship quality with the non biological parent is the component the most strongly and positively influenced: for the child, the fact that the non biological parent is sex opposed to the heterosexual parent could assuage and lessen the competition between them and thus contribute to the quality of the relationship between the child and the non biological parent. It also appeared, for example, that if the children experience their situation rather well, the matter of confrontation to their siblings and the disclosure of their family situation raises a few problems to some of them
Origo, Nadia. "Approche socio-spatiale de la réhabilitation des sites industriels pollués." Thesis, Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040181/document.
The socio-space approach of the rehabilitation of the polluted industrial sites is based on two supports of analysis: environmental components and the executive framework. This study, which relates primarily to France, made it possible to emphasize the major failures of an operation of rehabilitation of site, generally reduced to two factors: costs and techniques of depollution. This approach stresses that there is a dimension of the rehabilitation of the sites, which should be considered. It is a question of considering it, since depollution until the reuse of a site. It led starting from the Total site of Vendin-le-Vieil and other sites taken in example to expose some direct orientations, which would channel the useful and durable reuse of a site from its environmental immediate and of the executive context into force. These orientations led to the development of a model diagram tested on the boubiers of flaring of l’Ile Mandji in Gabon (Central Africa). The objective in the long term is to consider the design of a Socio-space System of Management of the Sites and Sols Polluted
Allirot, Xavier. "Le fractionnement alimentaire : une stratégie pour mieux contrôler son appétit ? : quels impacts sur la balance énergétique ? : approche physiologique et développement d’une méthodologie d’étude expérimentale du comportement alimentaire en situation écologique de restauration." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10242/document.
This thesis project consists in studying the effects of eating smaller more frequent meals, with no change in energy intake, on appetite and energy balance in normal weight and obese subjects. The first objective was methodological: we proposed and validated an original methodology for studying appetite, based on the duplication of the same protocol in two different research centers, and the use of an experimental restaurant, reproducing an ecological meal situation. This methodology enables to answer two methodological issues. Firstly, it allows an integrated approach of appetite, associating subjective (hunger and satiety feelings), physiological (biomarkers of appetite: ghrelin and GLP -1) and behavioral (food intake, choices and eating rhythms) measurements. Secondly, the ecological character of the eating situation we proposed, ensure a good external validity of the results. The second objective was to assess, thanks to this methodology, the short term consequences of eating smaller more frequent meals on subjective appetite, on hormones that regulates appetite, on eating behaviors during the subsequent meal, and on metabolic orientations. In normal weight subjects, subjective, physiological and behavioral approaches showed a decrease in appetite after eating smaller more frequent meals, while in obese subjects we did not obtain the same beneficial behaviors: obese subjects did not consume less energy during the subsequent meal. Metabolic results showed the same effects in both normal weight and obese subjects: insulin concentrations were maintained above their basal level, leading to an extended inhibition of lipolysis, characterized by a decrease in plasmatic concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids. Eating smaller more frequent meals also decreased energy expenditure via diet induced thermogenesis. This work highlights the fact that eating smaller more frequent meals may be beneficial in normal weight individuals in order to better control appetite, but it does not seem to be an adequate strategy in obese individuals. The effects on energy expenditure and metabolic orientations, potentially negative, should be studied over a longer period
Amoussou, Nellya. "Développement d’un outil d’aide à la décision pour le choix d’associations d’espèces piscicoles en aquaculture." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2022_0261_AMOUSSOU.pdf.
In aquaculture, polyculture is an ancient and still widespread farming practice in which several aquatic species can be produced together. It is increasingly considered as a promising option to improve the efficiency and sustainability of aquatic production systems, especially in fish farming. However, polyculture can have both beneficial (e.g. recycling of nutrients from the reared biomass reducing environmental impacts) and detrimental (e.g. interspecific competition leading to animal welfare problems) consequences on fish farming. It is therefore essential to assess its consequences on production and fish welfare to highlight the best polycultures among possible species combinations (candidate polycultures). In this PhD, we propose a decision support tool based on a four-step ranking procedure to assess and rank fish polycultures. This ranking procedure, based on a multi-trait approach, allows the selection of polycultures for aquaculture development. When the polyculture is designed to improve the rearing of a species of interest, the ranking procedure aims successively at (i) selecting traits reflecting species compatibility (survival and traits related to morphology, physiology and behavior), (ii) preparing data from experimental tests in recirculated aquaculture system, polarizing them according to the desired expression of the trait for aquaculture purposes, knowing that the highest growth rate and the lowest stress response are sought, (iii) weighting the results of the assessment of the polyculture, and (iv) synthesizing potentially conflicting results by integrating them, through a multivariate approach, into an index to facilitate ranking of candidate polycultures. The decision support tool can also be applied at the whole species level (i.e. considering all combined species). It is considered as an efficient way to select fish species combinations in aquaculture. However, it remains to be adjusted and adapted to all fish farming systems, in order to make it usable for all aquatic rearing systems
Saliba, Alouisia. "Mobilité et écologie urbaine à Beyrouth. Vers une approche durable des politiques de mobilité au Liban." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLD004.
The present thesis pursues a new approach regarding mobility in Beirut, through a study of the urban ecology. The main concern is to define the obstacles that the mobility is facing in this city, and to find out: what influences do spatial qualities have on mobility practices in Beirut? The study consists of a cross between the notion of architecture by the analysis of the built environment, the notion of landscape through senses and movement experiences and the social notion by the study of Beirut citizen’s mobility practices. We have developed the research methodology from a synthesis of contemporary mobility, projects and studies. The thesis is divided into three main parts. To start, a study of Beirut urban context includes a retrospective analysis of road infrastructure, as well as the study of the different mobility practices. The second part considers the role of public and private stakeholders. We have thus formulated an interpretation of current and ongoing mobility projects. The final part of the thesis represents three case studies of distinct social and urban forms areas of Beirut. Landscape and social studies are exposed through social survey and mapping.The results of this research, summed up in three key ideas. First, political will and good governance play a fundamental role in implementing sustainable mobility strategies. Secondly, site survey demonstrated the interest of working on the multiple scales of mobility, in order to limit the congestion. Whereas, the influence of urban environment on mobility practices, promotes use of urban environments to favor soft modes of transport. Eco-friendly mobility will stimulate attractiveness and will promote hospitality in Beirut
Garry, Cécile. "Etude longitudinale des compétences sociales chez les enfants avec TSA d'âge préscolaire : articulation entre approches expérimentale et écologique." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR145/document.
The purpose of this work is to assess the development of social skills in preschool childrenwith ASD. 19 children (mean age at baseline = 52.44 months, SD = 10.07) enrolled in Kindergarten special schools were followed for 10 months. Based on the model of Yeates et al. (2007), social skills are apprehended according to two of three components, the social information processing and the social interaction behaviors. The social information processing is evaluated by the visual exploration of social scenes in an eye-tracking paradigm. The social interaction behaviors are observed in ecological situation at school. Expectedly, the main results show that the severity of the disorders and the socio-communicative level at the beginning of the study influence the development of children’s social skills in these two components. However, this need to be modulated according to the context. Patterns of social scenes exploration are relatively stable during the school year. On the other hand, a progress is notable in terms of social behavior in the classroom. In addition, links can be made between the development of social information processing and social interaction behaviors in the classroom. The analysis of individual profiles demonstrates a variety of individual social skills development trajectories that can be linked to the clinical profiles of children
Kim, Yunhee. "Régulation, politiques et innovation industrielle : approche par méthodes et implications." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00625400.
Labant, Pierre. "Le dispositif spatial agroforestier à la croisée des champs : une approche pluridisciplinaire du développement de l'agroforesterie en France." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20130.
The thesis is part of a multidisciplinary approach in environmental social sciences, combining geographical, political and economic sciences, to try to understand how agroforestry, as a spatial device, can bring together four social fields in the same space, two or two of which are sometimes considered antagonistic: agricultural and forestry, economic and environmental fields. This work is supported by the hypothesis that the French agroforestry system conveys models of spatial organisation which, contrary to the discourses promoting agroforestry aimed at bringing together social fields, confine agroforestry to the agro-environmental field and exclude it from the forest economic field. The answer to our problem lies in the construction of a theoretical spatial device aimed at bringing together the four social fields. We call this theoretical model "Agro-Forestry Collective Networks" (AFCN). The theoretical construction is based on the analysis of policy instruments aimed at the development of agroforestry, as well as on the analysis of economic knowledge legitimizing planting schemes and management methods. Finally, we confronted the AFCN model from the point of view of grain farmers in south-western France to discuss the economic and social problems raised
Diop, Joseph. "Dynamiques locales et construction territoriale : approche socio-anthropologique du processus de développement local dans la Commune rurale de Fandène (Thiès – Sénégal)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20016/document.
How to give an account of the dialectical relationship between the density of social interactions and the building of development in a local system of action which the territory can constitute? This is the key question which our thesis tries to answer. The issues of local development are posed with regards to processes carried out by actors of all kinds, registered in contexts of building their territory. The rural municipality of Fandène is a laboratory rich for experimentation of development practices. As such, Fandène is ideal for studying the act of reaching the local, the actor and, to penetrate into the heart of the action, hidden social situations; where the logic of action and the strategies of actors are muddled in the everyday life of projects and development initiatives. Thus, the socioanthropology of development turned out to be useful in addressing these questions and promoted the use of the systematic approach to analyze interactions, on the one hand, the interactions both in the local organizations (EIG, FPG), and between them and the agencies of Development (NGO), and, on the other hand, the motivations of the actors to take part in the so-called development. With observations, interviews and questionnaires, the field inquiry allowed for the collection of data on the actors and created social relationships, whose analysis allowed for, among other things, the start of an incomplete but interesting, ''profiling'' of certain actors, based on the motives and intentions of participating in collective action
Denonfoux, Jérémie. "Détermination de sondes oligonucléotidiques pour outils moléculaires à haut débit : application pour le développement d'une nouvelle approche de capture de gènes pour l'écologie microbienne." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22331/document.
Microorganisms play a crucial role in all biological processes related to their huge metabolic potentialities. They are involved in global changes such as global warming partially caused by the growing methane emissions in the atmosphere, but also by the release of pollutants such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Thus, microbial communities will contribute to reduce or increase the negative effects of human impacts on ecosystems. The regulation of global changes needs a better knowledge of the microbial communities involved in complex environments functioning. Nevertheless, a complete exploration of such environments requires the use of high-throughput tools, due to the extraordinary diversity of microorganisms within the ecosystems. The use of DNA microarrays requires a probe design step allowing the selection of highly sensitive, specific and explorative oligonucleotides. For this purpose, we have developed KASpOD, a new software, allowing the generation of efficient probes dedicated to environmental applications. Using high quality probe sets, an innovative in solution-based gene capture method combined with Next Generation Sequencing, was developed and applied for the exploration of the methanogen communities in lake Pavin, Results showed the relevance of this approach that allows a better evaluation of the methanogen diversity with an efficient detection of populations belonging to the rare biosphere. The other main advantage of this approach is the identification of large regions of genomic DNA, useful for the characterization of new genes or adaptive processes
Makaya, Sylvain Christian. "Incidence de la posture interactionnelle de l’enseignant en entrepreneuriat sur la soutenabilité de la génération de connaissances : une approche écosystémique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA100144.
The proliferation of entrepreneurship education over the past two decades has led educational institutions to welcome a diverse range of learners into their entrepreneurship courses. Emerging within a neoliberal-inspired political context that promotes entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education faces challenges related to considering the subjectivity of learners and, most importantly, the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems. Entrepreneurial practice has contributed to the onset of the Anthropocene era, in which humans represent the primary force for transformation and destruction on Earth. Our research aligns with the call for an epistemological and ethical renewal of entrepreneurship education, a field that has seen substantial growth over the past fifteen years.We view the entrepreneurship educator as a relevant lever for transformation and explore how this educator, through their stance, can contribute to the sustainability of their practice. We propose to consider the entrepreneurship course as an ecosystem involving individuals interacting within an environment. Our aim is to establish how the educator can manage diversity within this ecosystem, facilitate interactions, impart a virtuous entrepreneurial mindset, and envision the environment in which the actors in this ecosystem operate.Rooted in an interpretive approach and drawing on 34 months of experience as a consultant-trainer within an entrepreneurship training structure, our research began with a case study exploring the impact of learner diversity in two entrepreneurship training programs for adults (Article 1). The second article focuses on the management of interactions in the application of ten active entrepreneurship learning methods, drawing from a systematic literature review and exploring the potential contributions of ecological sciences to optimize interaction management. The third article is an integrative literature review aiming to understand how the educator can integrate sustainable development issues into entrepreneurship education, suggesting an operationalization framework inspired by permaculture. Finally, the fourth article is a scientific essay questioning the garden as a potential space for reinventing entrepreneurship education based on ecological sciences.Collectively, these works lead to the proposal of a logic for creating and animating sustainable entrepreneurial educational ecosystems at the level of entrepreneurship courses: "biogogy." Our study provides a fresh understanding of the role and stance of the entrepreneurship educator and can inspire the design of dedicated training programs for these actors. Additionally, our research paves the way for exploring the emotions of the educator, enriching the field of research on emotions in entrepreneurship mentoring and training. The ecosystemic approach adopted invites us to take a fresh look at the dynamics at play in an entrepreneurship course in terms of diversity, interactions, and sustainability. New perspectives are explored to understand sustainable entrepreneurship education. By considering permaculture as a means of operationalizing the course and the garden as a learning space, alternative approaches to entrepreneurship are apprehended, focusing on ecosystem balance and opening opportunities to rethink entrepreneurship and its relationship to sustainability
Pelenc, Jérôme. "Développement humain responsable et aménagement du territoire. : Réflexions à partir de deux réserves de biosphère périurbaines en France et au Chili." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993203.
Nédelec, Vincent. "Modélisation de la colonisation agricole et de la déforestation dans le nord du Mato Grosso : approche multiscalaire par télédétection." Rennes 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN20045.
Due to its landscape diversity, the stretch of its conquered areas and their shape variety, the Mato Grosso state is an indicator of the fast loss of the original vegetation in Amazonia. The prediction of the soil modification can then be essential in order to elaborate environmental policies or scenario of gouvernance. To carry out predictive simulations, a probabilistic modelling approach able to deal with the uncertainty is proposed. The Dempster-Shafer theory is then applied to the north of the Mato Grosso. The analysis of the results shows reliable estimates, from a spatial and statistical point of view, of areas covered by the forest. The proposed model also correctly extracts clearing areas which occurred near the cities and along the road axes. This model is then tested over the 1992 year and is checked over the year 2003. Again, the analysis of the results shows reliable estimates, from a spatial and statistical point of view, of areas covered by the forest. The proposed model also correctly extracts clearing areas which occurred near the cities and along the road axes
Blorville, Gwenhaël. "Les formes d'adhésion au discours sur les créatifs culturels : approche sociologique de la diffusion d'une croyance dans le capitalisme vert." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2009/document.
This thesis deals with the forms of adherence to the discourse on « Cultural Creatives », grasped as a strap of dogmatic transmission of « green capitalism ». At the crossroads of sociology of commitment, ecology and the study of beliefs, the thesis first traces social construction within the social configuration of « green capitalism », of reformist entrepreneurial movement. Appearing in the early 1990s, this movement is engaged in a work of interweaving between New Age values and other ecologies specific to the economic field. In a second phase, the field survey, which is based on the production of biographical interviews with a cast committed to the dissemination of this discourse, shows how the putting into practice of this ideology is the subject of positioning a continuum going from an area of belief to a utilitarian one, resulting in ultimate heterogeneous socialisations
Hétu, Sébastien. "Approche écologique et multi-modale pour étudier l'observation d'actions." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25407.
During action observation, the perception-action system is responsible for the coupling between the visual and motor representations of observed movement. This coupling induces motor priming effects that could be useful for training the motor system of different clinical populations. This thesis main objective was to test if the effect induced by the observation of simple movements could be obtained during the observation of everyday movements. In order to answer this question, the effect of action observation was studied in healthy subjects using approaches in line with the interests of the rehabilitation domain. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating inter-individual differences in the response to action observation and differences pertaining to the method used to measure this response. Results suggest that the perception-action system is recruited to a greater extend by unfamiliar actions. Our data also indicate that observation of everyday movements can produce anatomically congruent facilitation patterns. Importantly, the magnitude and the pattern of response to action observation greatly vary between individuals. Results also indicate that the facilitation effects can vary depending on the method used to study action observation. Indeed, there seem to be no relation between the behavioral and physiological markers of motor facilitation induced by action observation. Similar to what was shown in studies using simple movements, observing everyday movements can induce a pattern of motor facilitation where the visual representation of the observed movement is associated with its representation in the observer’s motor repertoire. The important inter-individual differences in the effects produced by action observation suggest that some individuals could respond more easily to action observation than others. Hence, identifying patients for whom rehabilitation using action observation could be the most beneficial could ensure a more efficient use of this approach. An important future step in the clinical use of action observation will be the identification of markers that could best predict the clinical improvements produced with action observation.
Langevin, Sabine. "Fausses reconnaissances et vieillissement cognitif : vers une approche écologique." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21413.
The research was focused on the accuracy of memories and effects of cognitive aging. According the constructive memory, our research addressed on the aged effects on false recognition (distinguishing semantic vs. Source-based false recognition). According to this, three main aims were investigated; 2/ to demonstrate a higher age-related susceptibility for source-based false recognitions with naturalistic material or not; 3/ to demonstrate the multi-processes origin (constructive encoding / source monitoring processes) of false recognition susceptibility with age due to a dysexecutive difficulties (according to the frontal aging hypothesis) for both types of false recognition. The results obtained were discussed in the light of various theories, and allowed us to establish an integrated model of aging effects on false recognition phenomenon
Biboud, Julien. "Développement d'un absorbant acoustique écologique à base de polymère." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6152.
Vandervorst, Alain. "La conditionnalité écologique dans les organisations financières internationales." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUEL347.
Defrize, Jérémy. "Camouflage chez les araignées crabe : approche sensorielle, comportementale et écologique." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4044/document.
Misumena vatia is assumed for more than a century to adapt its colouration to the colour of its substrate in order to decrease the risk of being detected by prey and predators. However, a discrepancy exists between the large quantity of works on its ecology, its fame as an expert of camouflage and the empirical knowledge about its cryspis and colour change mechanisms. The aim of this thesis was therefore to study crypsis from a community sensory perspective, using an approach combing physiology, behaviour and colour vision models. We showed that if M. vatia was undetectable at long distance through achromatic vision, the chromatic contrast value is quite dependent of both substrates and receiver identities. Electrophysiological recordings and behavioural choices all concur to show that M. vatia is able to see colours. Spiderlings use this ability for making choices among coloured backgrounds diminishing its conspicuousness to potential prey. Finally, the results of this thesis are discussed in an evolutionary and physiological context
Duchemin, Séverine. "Vers une écologie spirituelle de la ville : Pour une critique du développement durable urbain, approches philosophique et psychanalytique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00501827/en/.
Domingues, Santos João Pedro. "Métabolisme socio-écologique des territoires d’élevage : une approche de comptabilité environnementale." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0026/document.
The development of the livestock sector in the past century undergone a strong intensification. The current heterogeneity of livestock areas in France may have arisen from a spatial differentiation of intensification process. Different degrees of disconnection between livestock and land have resulted in contrasted levels of performance and impacts across areas. To date, a lot of research effort has been directed at measuring environmental impacts and economic performance of livestock systems at the farm level. Insufficient attention has been paid to the three dimensions of sustainability and to trade-offs among them. Existing livestock heterogeneities across areas also deserve more research. An approach that enables connecting livestock to land and resources, at regional level, could bring novel insights on the role of livestock in use and transformation of resources. The goal of this PhD was to develop a holistic assessment of livestock areas using multimetric indicators encompassing positive and negative contributions. We compiled three databases at the department level: i) database 1 was related to socioeconomic, land use, and production characteristics of 88 French departments, within an extensive time frame (1938-2010); ii) database 2 included data on crop, fodder and livestock production for year 2010; iii) database 3 included measures of provision of cultural, environmental and social services for 60 departments. With the first database, we created a typology of intensification trajectories based on a multivariate approach. With the second database, we assessed the nitrogen metabolism of livestock areas, based on the material flows accounting (MFA) approach, from which we derived indicators of performance and impacts to study synergies and trade-offs. With the third database, we studied the influence of past intensification on the current provision of services by the livestock sector. A multivariate approach was used to assess how different rates of change in intensification variables determined contrasted levels of services. First, we showed that the intensification of the French livestock sector was spatially differentiated and based on four trajectories, ranging from extensive to intensive livestock areas, and from crop specialized to areas where livestock had a small share of national production. Livestock productivity and stocking rates had a 3 fold increase in intensive areas, whereas extensive areas had a 1.6 fold increase. Crop specialized areas lose more than half of their original fodder area, and tripled the average farm size and more than quadrupled their labor productivity. Non-dominated livestock areas lose 30% of initial livestock population, and half of their initial fodder area. Second, the study of synergies and trade-offs revealed that gains in efficiency and economies of scale, often compromised other dimensions, e.g. through increased environmental impacts. The spatial analysis of relationship between performance and impacts revealed two types of synergies linked to the type of impact, either land or product-based. Both of which were in trade-off. Third, we showed that the provision of services was spatially structured and based on three types of service bundles, determined by different rates of change in intensification variables. Changes towards grazing systems resulted in higher provision of environmental and cultural services, whereas changes towards intensive systems resulted in higher levels of social services; but this was achieved at the cost of environmental services. This PhD thesis furthered the understanding on the temporal trajectories of livestock sector across areas in France. This knowledge could help to improve livestock sustainability. Our work provided knowledge on the drivers that shaped current intensification patterns and the provision of cultural, environmental and social services. It could be used to examine options for desirable longterm changes of the livestock sector
Sangaré, Issa Bakary. "Assainissement urbain, organisation des villes et développement écologique : vers "l'autonomie durable" ?" Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR2028.
Gallet, Romain. "Approche écologique et évolutuve du système proie-prédateur Pseudomonas fluorescens-Bdellovibrio bacteriovarus." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066174.
Laurent, Éric. "Une approche écologique de l'expertise cognitive : pour un fonctionnalisme à vocation intégrative." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22036.
Gogat, Karïn. "L'angiogenèse Oculaire : approche Fondamentale lors du Développement et Approche Thérapeutique." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077215.
Lucas, Marthe. "Étude juridique de la compensation écologique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAA029.
The aim of ecological offsets is to combine environmental protection with the social and economic opportunities of implementing new projects on natural spaces. Technically, these measures involve restoring balance between ecological damages and ecological benefits to be provided for by the ecological offset. Ecological offsets measures became mandatory in the seventies, yet their adequacy is still questioned today. They are administrative policy measures, distinct from liability. Although several different ecological offsets exist, no law explicitly defines them. It appears then very important to know whether it’s possible to draw one global legal definition of ecological offset, in order to assure the achievement of the ecological goals of all this measures: providing effective reparation of the damages caused to the ecosystems. All the more as the lack of legal offset criteria is adding to already existing practical difficulties which may in term bring about the downfall of ecological offset.Actually, though it is widely presented as a legal instrument to reverse the loss of biodiversity; reality shows that this purpose may not be attained, especially because of a lack of unanimous ecological measurement model. That’s why ecological offset deeply needs a legal characterization of what it should be. After this attempt at a definition, the thesis proposes to explore the future of the ecological offset, including the opportunities offered by shared sites of natural remediation
Sok, Bovy. "Commerce équitable, développement durable : approche juridique." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00853402.
Matringe, Bovy. "Commerce équitable, développement durable : approche juridique." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10015/document.
Social society claims for the sustainable development against the nefas effect of the world economic growth. In 1987, the sustainable development is, officially, announced in the Brundtland report. Engaged by the Agenda 21, France gets to promote the sustainable development by creating laws and government acts. Indeed, the environmental Charter year 2004 is integrated into the preamble of the French Constitution year 1958. The sustainable development is considered as a goal within constitutional value. With article 60 of the law released on 2nd of august 2005, fair trade is registered as the national strategy for the sustainable development. Without any legal definition on fair trade, the economic actors introduce their own equity to run the fair trade conditions. They are for example practice of fair trade with the disadvantage farmers or producers in South, payment of fair price, social welfare respect and environmental respect. Some main economic actors run the quality acknowledgement as the proof of compliance with the fair trade conditions. Actually the quality acknowledgement doesn't get approved by France or any governments in the world. Lack of the juridical instruments to verify the reality of fair trade quality becomes a danger for the juridical order. The government intervention is required to set up the order for fair trade practices. But, an independent government represents, legally and only, their own citizens. Or, the legislation on fair trade needs the management of the trade operated between the economic actors in North and the small producers in South. That's a reason of seeking a new model of governance to regulate fair trade. Mr. Pascal LAMY calls for the alternational governance which needs the participation of the social society among the governments
Dauguet, Benoît. "La compensation écologique : conception, inscription et institution de l'équivalence écologique." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0034.
In France, since 1976, the impact assessment of development plans must include measures to avoid, minimise and, if possible, offset adverse impacts. This regulation remained unimplemented untill the 1990’s but became the norm with the Grenelle de l’environnement. Built according to the mitigation hierarchy, this regulation relies on the principle of « no net loss of biodiversity » and aims for an ecological equivalence. Several research studies on offset design already extist and concern mainly the accounting models and institutional arrangements. This thesis focuses on practices, i.e. on the work accomplished by those who make the environmental assessment, who review the offseting plan and who finally implement the offsets.This research is based on an ethnographic study of assessment and counter-assessment all along the regulatory pocess. This thesis is built on three questions : how are ecological equivalence and offset measures produced ? ; how do they both become a social reality ? ; what are the physical and conceptual conditions to implement biodiversity offsetting ? These issues aim to point out what makes this regulation possible despite it being subject to numerous contradictions and challenge.The central assumption of this thesis is that the form of the regulation (its institutional arrangements, the assessment models, the practices one can observe) results from the attempt to solve its contradictions. The main conclusion the research leads to is that biodiversity offset produces not only environmental assessments and offset measures, but also its own conditions of development, the physical and conceptual substrate on which it can exist and spread
Badets, Mathieu. "Etude de la plasticité de développement de Polystoma gallieni, parasite de la rainette méridionale Hyla meridionalis : approches écologiques et moléculaires." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP0937.
Within the synthetic theory of evolution, the processes and patterns of development highlight a new dimension into our understanding of the history of life. Like the natural and sexual forces of selection, development could promote or constrain the diversification of species. Through a combination of genetic modules and an amazing ability to interact with the environment, the development of an individual could be deflected in its trajectory to increase survival and reproduction. Therefore development which allows the expression of information (genetic) in a (ecological) system, would involve strategic trade-off revealing fine tuned adaptations. When species present a parasitic lifestyle, developmental strategy often includes this of transmission. Going from host to host within an ecosystem, the parasite has to bypass many filters that limit its ability to transmit and reproduce. What about the surprising plasticity triggered by a parasite of the genus Polystoma to complete its cycle? Depending on the characteristics of its host, the parasite alternates its developmental pathways in regards of transmission opportunities. This work shade lights on the importance of historical and ecological constraints behind developmental mechanisms and tempts to identify the source of selective pressures. Sole an integrative approach of the parasite development can report how the transmission may occur within a temporary and heterogeneous ecosystem
Coz, Richard. "Une approche interdisciplinaire de la pertinence et de la faisabilité d'une co-gestion de la pêche récréative sur l'île d'Oléron : l'étrille, Necora puber (Linnaeus, 1767), comme modèle biologique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS404/document.
Among several other activities practice on coastal socio-ecological system, recreational fishing ones have significantly increased over the past few years, becoming an issue for sustainable development. In France, the weakness of states governance concerning DPM management, questions the relevancy and feasibility of a co-management policy for these leisure activities. This paradigm, constituting a good substitute for top-down management, recommends an increased participation of local populations for managing environments and improving their outcomes. Oléron Island is thus affected by these observations, which are intensified by societal changes distinguishing island territories. In the current research context, aiming at solving societal problematic, it is relevant to consider an interdisciplinary approach to provide relevant answers. Concerning recreational shellfish gathering targeting the velvet swimming crab, results in biology and ecology highlight some characteristics which should indicate a weak short and long terms potential impact of the disturbances affecting local populations. As regards to societal aspects, the relevancy of co-management is clearly demonstrated by several land-use conflicts, a lack of means to manage the practice and scientific data, the lack of consultation, etc. The territorial dynamic and local initiatives, as well as land-use conflicts, underline the existence of a “political window” which should allow the implementation of a co-management process for recreational fishing in the following years, subject to further efficient communication and a real desire from stakeholders concerned by the management of this practice
Arvind, Pala Prashant. "Approche écologique de la mémoire épisodique dans le vieillissement normal et les neuropathologies." Phd thesis, Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920530.
Ouerchfani, Wafa. "La vulgarisation écologique dans le paysage médiatique tunisien." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA131018.
Trottier, Simon. "Développement d’un outil d’évaluation de la pertinence écologique et statistique d’indicateurs de suivi de l’intégrité écologique dans les parcs nationaux du Québec." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5383.
Chedevergne, Fany. "Baropodomètre écologique : développement d'un chausson à semelle instrumentée pour l'analyse de la marche." Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA2024.
More and more often, practitioners use the plantar pressure analysis to observe their patient's balance and gait troubles. The health of the neuro-muscular system can be known by qualifying and quantifying the foot laying on the floor. It ables to diagnose, to follow the cure and also to prevent from possible traumas Severals and various baropodometrical tools are available but their functionalities can't totally answer the medical demands. Few of them can record barefoot walk and none do it over numerous step with good reproducibility. That's why this study deals with a new baropodometrical device developed in our lab which is a medical shoe equipped with force sensors. The analysis of the first prototype reveals a limited use fitting only healthy people. After several mechatronical improvements, a new prototype, which could be used with any individual whatever the pathology he suffers, is proposed. Beside, a data processing is developed to plot easily and rapidly the dynamics solicitation of the foot during the gait The first clinical applications lead to the conclusion that the device is still perfectible concerning its measurement accuracy. Nevertheless, the evolution of the plantar pressure distribution is clearly given along the time. The prototype is usable in a clinical context as weIl as in an ecological context at the patient's home. The balance and the locomotion analysis could be proceed with a more spontaneous and regular method. This would be better for following elderly people to prevent them from faIls, or diabetic individuals and their risk of ulcer, or operated patient during their readaptation, and more widely anyone with any pathology
Gueye, Doro. "Le préjudice écologique pur." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10061/document.
Environmental damage has always been taken into account from the perspective of anthropocentric damage, that is, damage that affects humans and goods. Today, driven by the ecological ethics defended by the advocates for an ecocentric design for Man's responsibility to environmental goods, most of the doctrine considers environmental damage as purely ecological damage. This concept of purely ecological damage can be defined as the wrongful consequence of damage to a common environmental heritage, a certain threshold of severity and deriving from an act attributable to man. The specificity of the nature of purely ecological damage means that its recognition and compensation are understood with difficulty in environmental responsibility law. Compensation for purely ecological damage is taken into account, at the European level, by the directive of 21 April 2004, which set up an innovative mechanism for environmental responsibility, transposed into France by the law of 01 August 2008, creating an administrative policy for the prevention of, and compensation for, damage to the environment. However, a judge sensitive to ecological damage always tries to compensate for the purely ecological damage on the common law principle of civil responsibility, the rules of which are ill-adapted to the specificity of this type of damage. Taking the environment into account as humanity's common heritage, the input of subjective and fundamental law on the environment, adapting the civil responsibility regime through implementation of a group environmental action and establishing punitive damage compensation all make it possible to go beyond the requirements of certain, direct and personal damages, and to better repair purely ecological damage through common law in civil responsibility