Дисертації з теми "Appréciation dynamique des risques"
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Chelouati, Mohammed. "Contributions to safety assurance of autonomous trains." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UEFL2014.
Повний текст джерелаThe deployment of autonomous trains raises many questions and challenges, particularly concerning the required safety level, which must be globally at least equivalent to that of the existing systems, along with how to achieve it. Conventionally, ensuring the safety of a global railway system or a defined subsystem includes analyzing risks and effectively handling dangerous situations. Therefore, for any technical railway system, whether it is conventional, automatic, or autonomous, an acceptable level of safety must be ensured. In the context of autonomous trains, safety challenges include aspects related to the use of artificial intelligence models, the transfer of tasks and responsibilities from the driver to automatic decision-making systems, and issues related to autonomy, such as mode transitions and management of degraded modes. Thus, the safety demonstration methodology for autonomous trains must take into account the risks generated by all these aspects. In other words, it must define all the safety activities (related to the introduction of autonomy and artificial intelligence systems), complementary to conventional safety demonstration. In this context, this dissertation proposes three main contributions towards the development of a safety assurance methodology for autonomous trains. Firstly, we establish a high-level framework for structuring and presenting safety arguments for autonomous trains. This framework is based on a goal-based approach represented by the graphical modeling Goal Structuring Notation (GSN). Then, we propose a model for the situational awareness of the automated driving system of an autonomous train, that integrating the process of dynamic risk assessment. This model enables the automated driving system to perceive, understand, anticipate and adapt its behavior to unknown situations while making safe decisions. This model is illustrated through a case study related to the obstacle detection and avoidance. Finally, we develop a decision-making approach based on dynamic risk assessment. The approach is based on Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) and aims to ensure continuous environmental monitoring to guarantee operational safety, particularly collision prevention. The approach is based on maintaining an acceptable level of risk through continuous estimation and updating of the train's operational state and environmental perception data
Laib, Nacer. "Le marché des "euro-notes" : fonctionnement, appréciation des risques et analyse des taux de rendement." Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA131007.
Повний текст джерелаThe euro-notes market, today appears, independant in its forme and perfectionning in its techniques and products. It reflects the characteristics of the new international finance. Our thesis attempts to bring into evidence its functioning as well as its structure, by analysing its actors and its different methods of investment in the secondary market. On the other hand, it tries to assess the different risks of this market and the quality of transmitters through rating. Finally, it suggests an arbitration strategy of yield, founded on residu gaps of a title's specific risk by applying the market model
Bakkour, Darine. "La gouvernance d'un système : vers une gestion dynamique des risques." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10024.
Повний текст джерелаThe increase in large-scale climate, technological, sanitary, and many other types of losses, challenges us on the governance of the concerned systems, the choices made to hedge these risks and implement prevention measures. The question which animated our research is : to what extent the governance of a system promotes a better risk management?Our empirical analysis is based on two case studies which focus on the governance of a system while facing catastrophic risks for first one, and on common risks for the other. On the one hand, catastrophic risks are known to be highly improbable but with possible serious consequences. The dynamic of the adaptive governance system facing catastrophic risks underlines the need for a (dynamic) flexible approach. We therefore suggest an assessment framework for the adaptive capacity of a system in the field of catastrophic risks. On the other hand, common risks affect the whole population. We consider that the adaptive governance in a deliberative democracy refers to the governance paradigm which addresses common risks whose consequences spread out into the future. Thus, it induces decision makers to look at the long run. The dilemma consists in taking (now) decisions (i.e. Risk, in the general sense of the word) whose effects (or consequences) are only felt in the future. The governance of a system shall promote risk management. Our research is structured into three parts (i.e. "Governance and risk", "Governance of a system exposed to a catastrophic risk" and "Governance of a system exposed to a common risk"), each composed of three chapters. The ultimate objective of the management of risks, or even uncertainties, which characterize our contemporary societies is a legitimate reason for having dynamic modes of governance that prompt different actors to work together in various ways, in order to meet challenges they face
Razafitombo, Hery Naivo. "Dynamique de l'intégration financière des marchés boursiers émergents : appréciation théorique et empirique." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX32012.
Повний текст джерелаFocused on the dynamics of emerging equity markets' financial integration, this thesis propose both a theoretical and empirical analysis. Following the devoted literature, the research of an appropriate methodology leads us to put the measure financial integration in the context of portfolio theory. On the other hand, our empirical deals with both quantitative and qualitative appreciations, and so to analyse the evolution and the implications of emerging equity markets'integration. Using conditional version of international CAPM and a partial segmentation model with time-varying coefficients, we do not reject the hypothesis of emerging market integration, because of the rise of global factor of risk significance. The qualitative analysis conclusions strengthened these results because of the progressive convergence of emerging equity markets operational and institutional infrastructure, on respect of organisational conditions in coherence with integrated markets logical
Mars, Laurent. "Réponse des matériaux structurés soumis à un effet dynamique d'origine sismique." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4367.
Повний текст джерелаLhéritier, Karine. "Survie et risques compétitifs : applications aux blessés médullaires tétraplégiques français." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON1T003.
Повний текст джерелаLemonnier, Michel. "Le facteur de proximité dans la dynamique de l’organisation." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN1009.
Повний текст джерелаThis research has for object the study of the possible capacity of the management of an organization to lead a working collective towards a dynamics of adaptation and or change by optimizing the terms of a factor of closeness. This factor of closeness being the resultant of the influences of the individual characteristics of the actors in the context and the situations of work, the perception of the real-life experience of the individual characteristics according to contexts and working situations. In this perspective, the adaptation to the change is conceived in an interactive and evolutionary process which is not reduced to a mechanistic relation between the individual and the environment. Our work will highlight the fact that the management can build a process of influence on the perception by the employee of the purposes pursued by the company, on the perception by the employee of the existing links enters work of the operator its job and the global production of the organization, on the relation perceived between the individual or collective implication and the performance and the way she can be recognized by the management of the organization. If the employee’s perception of the environment can depend on the general conception that the employee has some work and some image which the employee has of himself or wishes to develop as nobody in the work, we shall highlight the essential variables of a factor of closeness. This factor of closeness which can exist only if the actor of the organization has knowledge of the general vocation and the production Of the organization, the general organization of the company in which he evolves, of the knowledge of the functioning of the information system, the system of communication, the process of evaluation of the contribution and the system of gratitude of the organization. This work thus approaches, under the angle of the psychological contract, the relation of the actor to the organization and the capacity of a management to be able to make her live so that possible the actor in the organization lives in a most realized way. We consider, indeed, that the subject is active and plural in its psychological construction and its socialization and de facto in the development of its relations with its working context. A psychological investigation of this research in a situation of extreme conflict constituted the starting point of a reflection then an investigation supported by a qualitative analysis. We underline the impact of the breach of the contract, often activated by a transformation in the environment of the work, as much on the individual as on its labour relation. The revealing of constituent elements of a factor of closeness would contribute to be able to join within the framework of a preventive logic, see curative as regards the membership of a working collective to the project of the organization. This membership allowing every actor to live at best the rapport which he will maintain to the psychological contract linking him to the organization
Berdouzi, Fatine. "Simulation dynamique de dérives de procédés chimiques : application à l'analyse quantitative des risques." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19822/1/Berdouzi_19822.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDecaulne, Armelle. "Dynamique des versants et risques naturels dans les fjords d'Islande du Nord-Ouest." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF20006.
Повний текст джерелаSahondrarimalala, Marie. "Cohérence et dynamique des systèmes de responsabilité face à l'émergence des risques sanitaires." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD014/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe risk is consubstantial with the medicine. In the malagasy health system the medicine is shared between several worlds: the traditional and the modern, the visible and the invisible then, the public and the private. So, the various actors working in these various worlds could be responsible in front of the penal judge, the civil judge, the administrative judge and the disciplinary judge in case of violation of the standards of behavior predetermined by the Legislator and the Administration. Actually, the wizard quack, Tradipraticien, the healthcare professional and the Administration can cause physical damages on the patient. The plurality of the worlds confronted with a legal pluralism could be at the origin of an incoherence in the treatment of the facts linked with the relation of care. This situation is increased by a textual deficiency, an absence of standardization of the systems of responsibility and of the systems of repair in particular in insurance. Indeed, it is important to fill the space created by the insufficiency of support of the repair of the physical injury. One of the manners to harmonize is in the meeting of the tradition and the modern. It is necessary from now on that the integration of the traditional medicine is completed in the health system malagasy. The various actors of right such as the Legislator, the judge and the insurer should follow this dynamics
Pierre, Guillaume. "Dynamique et gestion d'un littoral à falaises l'exemple du Boulonnais /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2008. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/1131.
Повний текст джерелаN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 502. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 118-133. Bibliogr. p. 169-174.
Pouillot, Régis. "Appréciation quantitative des risques en hygiène des aliments : développements et mises en oeuvres pour la prise en compte des recommandations internationales." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA11T046.
Повний текст джерелаLegros, Dominique. "Maîtrise des risques dans les systèmes de transport : proposition d'une nouvelle approche de modélisation dynamique." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00583815.
Повний текст джерелаBoucherie, Quentin. "Analyse de la dynamique d'exposition aux médicaments psychoactifs : modélisation et impact sur l'estimation des risques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5048.
Повний текст джерелаIn pharmacoepidemiology, one of the main concerns is analysis of drug exposure time in claim databases. In real-life settings, trajectories of patients ‘exposure are complex especially with psychoactive drugs and difficult to measure with traditional methodologies. In a first stage, we have highlighted the methadone exposure paths including between its two dosages formulations. This work underlined the multiplicity of exposure trajectories to methadone and the difficulty of making an accurate description. Consequently, we developed a multi-state model on a large claims database (SNIIR-AM) in order to investigate variations of methadone exposure with time. In this work, we identified the presence of periods or drug exposure cannot be observed in these databases. These periods lead to an unobservable or immeasurable exposure time bias in which patients are misclassified as unexposed. In a second stage, we assessed their impact on the prevalence of long-term antipsychotic use in community-dwelling patients with dementia considering hospitalization periods during which drugs administered are not available within almost all health insurance databases. Under extreme bias hypothesis the prevalence of long-term antipsychotic users almost doubled. Finally, we sought to model unobservable periods due to hospitalization and to apply several methods for addressing this bias and assess their impact on risk estimates. This approach was applied to the study of the association between benzodiazepines and mortality and was performed on the EGB database. In this thesis work we have developed methodologies for a more accurate analysis of the dynamics of drug exposure
Hautin, Nathalie. "Gestion des polémiques: proposition d'une grille de lecture dynamique en trois phases des controverses médiatiques autour des risques nucléaires." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DENS0005.
Повний текст джерелаHauhouot, Asseypo Célestin. "Analyse et cartographie de la dynamique du littoral et des risques "naturels" cotiers en cote d'ivoire." Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT3008.
Повний текст джерелаBou, Nassar Pascal. "Gestion de la sécurité dans une infrastructure de services dynamique : Une approche par gestion des risques." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828598.
Повний текст джерелаBou, Nassar Pascal. "Gestion de la sécurité dans une infrastructure de services dynamique : Une approche par gestion des risques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0102.
Повний текст джерелаChanges in economic environment impose new organizational strategies to companies: refocusing business and creating collaboration strategies. These trends point to an exponential growth of service ecosystems accessible to both end users and partners. All foreshadows that these ecosystems rely heavily on service-oriented architectures that can build information systems having the required agility and supporting the interconnection of collaborative business processes by composing processes dynamically from distributed services. This type of architecture that ensures business and information systems alignment, makes it essential to take into account security constraints at the services’ and the composition’s levels. In a distributed and dynamic services’ environment, security should not be limited to providing technological solutions but to find a security strategy taking into account the business, organizational and technological dimensions. Besides, the security must be considered as an ongoing process that aims to optimize security investments and ensures the sustainability of implemented security measures. However, the models and reference architectures in the services’ domain have underestimated the definition of security requirements, assets to protect and the identification of risks to those assets. Therefore, we propose to address the security management issues by a risk management approach to identify the different types of risks and propose the most appropriate security measures to the context. Nevertheless, risk management is a real challenge in an open collaborative services’ environment. The methods of risk management developed in the context of information systems do not meet the security requirements in an open environment and are not suitable for dynamic environments. To overcome these limitations, we propose a methodological framework for security management covering the phases: preparation, design, execution and supervision of the services’ lifecycle. We propose a model of secure services to identify security patterns, an assets’ classification model and an ontology defining the concepts associated with those assets. Moreover, we develop a methodology for designing secure service oriented architectures, we address the development of secure business processes then we propose a security service for managing and supervising the infrastructure components’ vulnerabilities
Sevrin-Jaloustre, Séverine. "Appréciation quantitative des risques pour l'évaluation de mesures de maîtrise sanitaire dans une filière agro-alimentaire. Application à Clostridium perfringens en restauration hospitalière." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00781728.
Повний текст джерелаBensusan, Harry. "Risques de taux et de longévité : Modélisation dynamique et Applications aux produits dérivés et à l'assurance-vie." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00563792.
Повний текст джерелаGhandour, Raymond. "Diagnostic et évaluation anticipée des risques de rupture d'itinéraires basés sur l'estimation de la dynamique du véhicule." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1966.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is the development on an innovative methodology to address the issue of increasing road safety, by the diagnosis and the monitoring of the evolution of the parameters of the dynamic interaction of the vehicle with its surrounding environment. For that, the development and the evaluation of risk indicators seems necessary to warn the driver in order to avoid the risk situations. The research work of this thesis is divided in two methodologies. The first one, consists on the development of an estimator for the maximum friction coefficient estimation based on the Dugoff tyre-road interaction model and the iterative non-linear optimization method of Levenberg-Marquardt. This estimation is the base behind the development of the lateral skid indicator LSI, that compares the value of the used friction coefficient to the maximum one. An alert is generated, when the value of the LSI exceeds a threshold, to warn the driver on the risk situations. This methodology is validated in simulation using data from the vehicle dynamics simulator CALLAS® and in experimentation using the data from the laboratory vehicle of the IFSTTARMA. The simulation dat correspond to different road states (dry, wet, snowy and icy) and the experimental data correspond to a dry road state. The second methodology consists on the development of an algorithm for the anticipation of the risk situations by the evaluation of the risk indicators in future instant. This method is based on assumptions on the trajectory and longitudinal velocity and acceleration, to anticipate the vehicle dynamics parameters such as, the steering angle, the wheel rotational speed, the yaw rate, the side-slip angle, the normal forces, the lateral forces and the maximum friction coefficient. By knowing these parameters, we can calculate the risk indicators and evaluate them in future instant. The risk indicators evaluated in this method are the lateral load transfer LTR, based on the normal forces and the lateral skid indicator LSI based on the maximum friction coefficient. As well as for the estimation method, this method is validated using simulation data and experimental data. The results obtained in both methods have shown their applicability
Ben, Dbabis Makram. "Modèles et méthodes actuarielles pour l'évaluation quantitative des risques en environnement solvabilité II." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833856.
Повний текст джерелаBouzalmat, Ibrahim. "Modélisation probabiliste de la dynamique de transmission de la fièvre typhoïde à Mayotte avec étude de risques épidémiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONS064.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis manuscript is to study the transmission of typhoid fever in Mayotte using mathematical modelling approaches. We first introduce the context of our study, the associated issues, and the objectives of the thesis. A state-of-the-art review on mathematical modeling of typhoid fever transmission is presented, highlighting the specificity of our approach. We propose an initial model in two versions, deterministic and stochastic, to describe the transmission dynamics of the disease in Mayotte. We explore the behavior of the model through numerical simulations in different scenarios, highlighting key factors of transmission. However, due to the limitations of the available dataset, we propose a simplified stochastic model and a parametric estimation method. This approach enables us to fit the model to the available data and to estimate the key characteristics of typhoid fever transmission in Mayotte. In enriching our model, we are introducing new extensions. We include a compartment for individuals exposed, taking into account the incubation period of the disease. The theoretical properties of this model are studied and illustrated by numerical simulations. In addition, we propose a parameter estimation methodology adapted to this new model, and numerical simulations have been carried out to evaluate the performance of our estimation approach. We then examine the impact of rainfall on the transmission of typhoid fever in Mayotte, using publicly available precipitation data. We identify rainfall seasonality and estimate model parameters under different regimes. The results highlight the importance of this meteorological variable in the spread of the epidemic.This manuscript opens up research perspectives, such as the extension of the model to other infectious diseases present in Mayotte and its generalisation to other territories. This work will contribute to a better understanding and management of infectious diseases in Mayotte and other similar regions
Mercier, Fabien. "Contribution à l’évaluation de la contamination organique des poussières sédimentées et des particules en suspension dans l’habitat dans une perspective d’évaluation de l’exposition." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B158.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of building materials and consumer products over the past fifty years has led to the introduction in indoor environments of new chemicals, including semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as plasticizers, flame retardants or pesticides. In order to determine the extent of the threat to public health posed by these contaminants in indoor environments and assess exposures, it is necessary to document the indoor concentrations. This thesis has consisted in the development of analytical tools for the determination of SVOCs concentrations in settled house dust and airborne particulate matter for exposure assessment purposes. First, a measurement strategy was defined, based on a critical analysis of the scientific literature and a health ranking of SVOCs. Secondly, analytical multi-residue methods by GC/MS/MS for settled dust, and TD/GC/MS for airborne particulate matter, were developed, evaluated and applied to real samples. Finally, the influence of storage conditions on SVOCs concentrations in dust samples was investigated
Sindayihebura, Bernard. "De l'Imbo au Mirwa. Dynamique de l'occupation du sol, croissance urbaine et risques naturels dans la région de Bujumbura (Burundi)." Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20013.
Повний текст джерелаSince first half of the twentieth century, Burundi knew deep changes social, economic, political and environmental characterized, inter alia, by a strong density and urban growth, by an increasing pressure on the natural environment and agricultural. After a presentation of the large features of the area, study and history of the settlement and land use before the years 1950, this work analyses and characterizes the recent transformations of the rural medium (of the birth of an agrarian landscape between the years 1930-50 until the current situation) and the stages of the urban growth through the example of the Bujumbura's agglomeration since 1925 to 2002. The question inherited these evolutions from the recrudescence of the natural risks is then tackled (flood and movement of mass), their more repeated occurences and their increasingly heavy consequences. A reflexion about the bases, setting conditions and prevention policy of the natural risks concluded this research
Raude, Jocelyn. "La dynamique des perceptions des risques sanitaires : le cas des maladies à transmission vectorielle dans les départements français d'outre-mer." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0280.
Повний текст джерелаWhat is the relationship between health risk perceptions and the epidemiological context - especially when it is unstable? As part of this thesis, we focused on the three main components highlighted by Stokols in the analysis of context effects on health behaviors. It is a question of the spatial dimension of the phenomenon (how does the proximity of the risk affect the perception of health risks?). On the other hand, it is the temporal or diachronic dimension of the phenomenon (what are the temporal patterns that characterize the perception of health risks?). Finally, it is the socio-cultural dimension of the phenomenon (to what extent do people's social conditions influence how they perceive risks?). On the basis of a review of the literature and a series of questionnaire surveys conducted in the French overseas departments, we proceeded to verify a series of hypotheses on the spatio-temporal and sociocultural dynamics of perceptions. the risk of vector-borne diseases (dengue, chikungunya and Zika). These data have been presented in three scientific papers that will form the empirical part of this thesis. In general, this research allows us to highlight effects of habituation and / or minimization of health risks that have been poorly documented in the psychological literature. The latter, however, seem to be modulated to a large extent by phenomena of social influence that require better characterization in future research
Vanuls, Caroline. "Travail et environnement : regards sur une dynamique préventive et normative à la lumière de l'interdépendance des risques professionnels et environnementaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1048.
Повний текст джерелаCette étude s’inscrit autour du rapport travail/environnement à la lumière de l’interdépendance des risques. L’histoire des catastrophes industrielles montre qu’il n’existe pas de frontière entre les risques professionnels et environnementaux. Dans ce contexte, prend naissance la notion de risque mixte. Dans une société où les dangers se multiplient avec les progrès technologiques, a émergé une politique d’anticipation des risques. Les entreprises prennent conscience d’un rôle à jouer dans cette politique en tant qu’entités génératrices de risques industriels. Elles développent des démarches socialement responsables, connues sous le nom de Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise, destinées à concilier les intérêts économiques avec les droits fondamentaux de l’environnement et les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs. Reposant sur les piliers du développement durable, le caractère transversal de la RSE résonne avec la mixité des risques et apporte une réponse de nature globale. Dans le prolongement de cette nouvelle responsabilisation, les droits du travail et de l’environnement renforcent les obligations de sécurité de l’employeur et de l’exploitant. Sous le prisme de la prévention, les deux ensembles juridiques se rejoignent dans une démarche commune d’anticipation. Le droit du travail se saisit du risque environnemental et s’emploie à le maîtriser. Le droit de l’environnement est mis au service de la protection des travailleurs qui semblerait réceptive à la précaution en milieu professionnel. La convergence de l’esprit de protection animant ces deux droits ne conduirait-elle pas à l’émergence d’un droit commun à l’environnement et au travail : un droit du risque
Stankovic, Stéphanie. "Les processus cognitifs en jeu dans les jugements de risques en situation complexe et dynamique : le cas du contrôle aérien." Toulouse 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU20105.
Повний текст джерелаThe main interrogation of this thesis is: “What are the cognitive processes involved in judgments of potential conflict given by air traffic controllers? “. To answer this question we investigated the risk judgments about conflict between two aircraft given by expert and novice air traffic controllers following the approach of the lens of Brunswik (1952) and the model of integrating information of Anderson (1996). The application of these two models to the risk judgments allow us to identify particular components that have a major role in shaping judgments and specify the rules governing integration. This application is developed across three empirical studies: the first relates to risk judgments issued by air traffic controllers' experts and students. In this study we propose a model of risk judgments based on three variables. The second study is a test of the proposed model and an analysis of the rules of integrating information. And the last study incorporates several elements in shaping judgments. We demonstrate that it is crucial to adopt an individual differences approach to study judgments by air traffic controllers. Also, these findings should have implications for developing user-friendly interfaces with conflict detection devices and for devising ATC training programs
De, Pauw Antoine. "Estimation des risques de cancer du sein et de l'ovaire des femmes sans mutation des gènes BRCA1et BRCA2 : apport des modèles de calcul de risque." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077108.
Повний текст джерелаManagement strategies for women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutation are well defined. This is currently not the case for women belonging to families with a history of breast and/or ovarian cancer in which no BRCA1 nor BRCA2 mutations were detected. It is therefore important to be able to estimate tumour risks of these women in order to offer adequate management options. We first evaluated the reproducibility of the recommendations given to these "at-risk" women. We showed a lack of concordance mainly due to empirical risk estimation approaches. These approaches are inappropriate because of their lack of reproducibility. We identified tumour risk assessment models that may help clinicians in establishing recommendations. We performed a critical qualitative analysis of these models and showed that the estimations were concordant for the BRCAPRO, BOADICEA and IBIS models. However, their use will be relevant if they are predictive. Unfortunately, most of them have not been validated so far and their predictive value has barely been studied. We performed an evaluation of the BOADICEA model. We showed that it underestimates breast and ovarian cancer risks in families without BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and that its discrimination power is low. In conclusion, the risk assessment models should be improved because they are essential tools in the management of women without BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations
Garitte, Gilles. "Les torrents de la vallée de la Clarée (Hautes Alpes, France). Évolution contemporaine, dynamique actuelle et analyse géographique des risques associés." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00121513.
Повний текст джерелаCette étude fondée sur différentes approches in situ (topométrie, analyse géomorphologique) et diachroniques des cônes de déjection et des lits torrentiels, a permis d'effectuer un diagnostic du comportement actuel des torrents de la basse vallée de la Clarée mais aussi d'en étudier l'évolution depuis la fin du 19ème siècle. En effet, comme ailleurs dans les Alpes, les torrents de la vallée de la Clarée ont connu depuis 150 ans une mutation de leur physionomie marquée par un ajustement morphologique suite au tarissement sédimentaire causé par les modifications environnementales post-PAG. Nos travaux ont permis de souligner le caractère essentiellement spontané de l'ajustement morphologique des torrents dans le secteur étudié. Or, si du point de vue socio-économique, la vallée de la Clarée est longtemps restée en marge de l'essor économique qu'ont connu les stations de sport d'hiver voisines, les communes de la vallée connaissent depuis maintenant une trentaine d'année, une lente reconversion socio-économique marquée par l'émergence du tourisme. Cela a conduit à une évolution des modes de gestion du risque torrentiel qui privilégie désormais la mise en place de vastes systèmes de correction torrentielle sur les cônes de déjection. L'apparent assagissement des torrents, conjugué à l'augmentation de la pression foncière, a favorisé l'aménagement progressif des cônes de déjection torrentiels. Dans le contexte actuel de réchauffement global, les modifications du comportement dynamique des torrents pourraient alors avoir des conséquences notables en terme de risque torrentiel.
Meur-Ferec, Catherine. "De la dynamique naturelle à la gestion intégrée de l'espace littoral :un itinéraire de géographe." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00167784.
Повний текст джерелаLes particularités de l'espace littoral, à la fois attractif et contraignant, soulèvent des questionnements spécifiques : Quelle place les espaces de nature ont-ils sur le littoral et comment les préserver durablement dans le respect d'une éthique de l'écoumène ? Comment gérer sur le long terme les risques qui touchent à la mobilité du trait de côte et qui remettent en question certains choix d'aménagement passés et projets actuels ? De façon plus globale, comment évaluer les atouts et les dangers d'une "nouvelle politique du littoral" ? Jusqu'où la décentralisation peut-elle s'appliquer à la gestion de la nature et des risques, qui relèvent avant tout du principe d'intérêt général ? Quel équilibre trouver entre global et local et comment la GIZC peut-elle favoriser les "coutures" entre ces deux échelles ?
Autant de problématiques que le géographe universitaire peut contribuer à éclairer, en scrutant, en analysant, en s'appuyant sur les apports d'autres disciplines, mais toujours en s'imprégnant de la complexité du terrain et en échangeant avec les "praticiens", gestionnaires, élus et usagers.
Boroumand, Raphaël Homayoun. "Fonction d'intermédiation et dynamique concurrentielle : le cas de la fourniture sur les marchés électriques." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0033.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis studies the competitive specificity of electricity intermediation in decentralized systems. First, we analyze electricity intermediation’s economics regarding to other industries. Then we compare, on a risk management perspective the efficiency of different sourcing portfolios made of financial contracts, options, and physical assets of different technologies. Finally, we study intermediation strategies in an imperfect competition configuration. We demonstrate that electricity intermediaries have strong incentives to vertically integrate in order to efficiently cover the risks inherent to their economical and institutional functions. Because of the structural dimensions of electricity's market risks, the risk exposure is unknown ex ante and will only be revealed ex post when consumption is known. Vertically integrated, intermediaries will adopt parallel pricing behaviors (tacit collusion) to maximize their profits and exercise a collective market power. They do not behave as pure retailers. The latter would symmetrically transfer downstream ail variations of their sourcing costs in a setting of price competition
Lim, T. "Quelques applications du contrôle stochastique aux risques de défaut et de liquidité." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00499532.
Повний текст джерелаLiu, Quan. "Modélisation bayésienne des interactions multidimensionnelles dans un système complexe : application à la gestion des risques de crues." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0038/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe work addresses the modelling and analysis of complex systems, characterized, in an uncertain and evolving framework, by numerous interactions between components. Within a risk management framework, the work aims to create a spatio-temporal causal model for the explanation and probability of certain feared events for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The modelling work is based on the Bayesian approach and, more specifically, on the Bayesian Networks (BN). In an attempt to consider large-scale systems and represent their spatio-temporal complexity, their multi-scale and uncertain character in a dynamic framework, the idea of this work is then to extend the concept of Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN) and use the Object Oriented paradigm to apply it to Bayesian networks. In their current form, object-oriented Bayesian networks can create reusable but not instantiable instances. In other words, this implies that the generated object is likely to be called several times in the construction of a model, but without these parameters (marginal or conditional probabilities tables) being modified. This thesis aims to fill this gap by proposing a structured approach to construct large object-based systems (characterized by simple Bayesian networks) whose parameters can be updated according to the moment or context of their call and use. This concept is embodied in the form of Bayesian Multidimensional Networks by their propensity to combine several dimensions, whether spatial or temporal
Dhuyvetter, William. "Dynamique du contrôle dans un projet de déploiement de pratiques : Un cas de pratiques environnementales et de maitrise des risques dans un réseau d'agences." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO22015.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this study is to describe and understand how the transfer of the Good Practices among the different agencies spread out in the territory is controlled. This research emerges from a problem observed in practice : based on a set of environmental and risk-management practices which were said to be « ideal » and which had proved to be efficient, the members of the Piloting Committee transform these practices throughout their project meetings so that they may be implemented. Those practices however, go beyond statutory requirements, and often turn out to be innovations for companies. Those innovations engage the Piloting Committee in a true conception process. The project aims at making the users/operators autonomous. They are to be able to apprehend the situation and adapt their response, all the while complying with the fundamental ideal of the Practice. Our working hypothesis is that the action of the Piloting Committee is driven by logic of control. In this work, we are seeking to characterize the way the Piloting Committee of this project controls the way in which the Good Practices are implemented and to report their dynamics. To investigate these research questions, a qualitative study was designed and conducted. We use grounded theory methodology. This intervention-research led in a subsidiary company. To characterize the control process, we chose to avoid the usual categories of mechanical control of the theory (Ouchi, 1979; Simons, 2004). Instead, we chose to explain how the collective actor Piloting Committee, by setting up information and training campaigns for all the Piloting Committee members and at the actors involved in the conception process, sought to ensure that each and every one was indeed acting consistently and in compliance with the targets set by the General Management. We are procceeding to the operationalization of the replication of Winter and Szulanski model (2001). Our results show Midler’s work (1993)
Cuvelier, Lucie. "De la gestion des risques à la gestion des ressources de l’activité : étude de la résilience en anesthésie pédiatrique." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CNAM0773/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis research, which addresses patient safety, aims to develop a new approach to safety: resilience engineering. The thesis assumes that the resilience of a system, that is to say its ability to function under varying conditions expected or not, lies in the operators’ ability to articulate the management of risk with the management of their own resources. The analysis,conducted in the context of pediatric anesthesia and in collaboration with anesthetists, seeks to understand how professionals act in order to provide care in optimal conditions of comfort and safety, despite the uncertainties related to the complexity and the uncertainty of the human body. Three empirical studies were conducted to investigate this thesis. In addition to the observation of real work activity, interview techniques (critical incident technique and verbal protocols technique) and analyses of simulations were used. The first study allows the uncertainties and disruptions to be managed by anesthetists in their daily practice to be described. Two types of unexpected situations (possible situations and unthought situations) can be met. The way in which these situations are handled is not only related to the nature of the disturbances themselves, but mainly depends on their anticipation by operators in real conditions. The second study concerned the anticipation mechanisms of "possible situations" by the anesthetists. Results indicate that the definition of an envelope of possible situations is not only based on an assessment of patient’s risks, supported by rules and general knowledge in the field, but also on the evaluation and management of the team’s resources: the goal of anesthetists is to design situations adjusted to the resources of the various operators involved (themselves included) and/or that will be involved. Therefore, the anticipation takes into account the resources of the collective. Furthermore, this management aims not only at mastering the situation in the short term, but also at developing resources in the longer term. The third study concerns the management of an “unthought situation” which trespasses the envelope of a priori possible situations. Three ways to handle these unthought situations were identified: “cautious” management, “determined” management and “overwhelmed” management. The comparative analysis of the teams’ activities shows that the management of cognitive resources varies according to the way in which situations are handled. When facing unthought situations, teams not only attempt to manage the immediate risks to the patient but also to maintain a “sustainable control” of the situation, by avoiding misunderstandings within the group and by adapting care to teammates’ cognitive resources. Thus, the management of their own resources (skills, knowledge, know-how, rules of the trade, etc...) by operators is a key element for resilience. These results allow, on one hand, to identify organizational conditions favorable to the implementation of these processes of resource management developed by the operators and, on the other hand, to propose innovative methods for risk management in healthcare such as simulator training. While risk management is generally discussed in terms of “goals trade-off” between performance objectives and safety objectives, these results challenge this traditional opposition and question the models of performance underlying prevention methodologies
Miconnet, Nicolas. "Contributions méthodologiques à l'appréciation quantitative de l'exposition aux dangers microbiens alimentaires." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066066.
Повний текст джерелаCuvelier, Lucie. "De la gestion des risques à la gestion des ressources de l'activité : étude de la résilience en anesthésie pédiatrique." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665997.
Повний текст джерелаDechaume-Moncharmont, François-Xavier. "Butinage collectif chez l'abeille Apis mellifera L. : étude théorique et expérimentale." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066084.
Повний текст джерелаPateau, Mélanie. "Dynamiques superficielles et gestion des risques de l'arrière-pays du complexe portuaire"Tanger Med" (Rif septentrional, Maroc)." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070046.
Повний текст джерелаNorthern Morocco, a long time marginalized, experiencing unprecedented development carried by large projects such as the harbor complex "Tanger Med". Its hinterland is highly prone to the release of erosive phenomena by the combination of natural factors predisposing (mountainous terrain, little resistant and tectonized lithology, degraded vegetation cover), a climate with high rainfall aggressiveness and pressure of human activities on soils and vegetation (clearing, overgrazing, cultural practices unsuited). The harbor complex and its impressive facilities (three ports, processing and logistics areas, motorway and rail networks) have profoundly affected both slopes dynamics of the hinterland and the local people life without any real previous impact assessment. In this context, this work provides an inventory of slope movements and a precise description of areas and infrastructure highly vulnerable to this hazard. The detailed field study is completed by a diachronic analysis of land use between. 1965 and the present as well as a mapping of slope movements susceptibility (combination index and the matrix GIS methods) from predisposing factors previously determined by statistical analysis (chi-square test, Cramer's V coefficient). These physical, socioeconomic but also institutional requirements hinder the implementation of a real policy of natural risks prevention and management although the Tanger-Tetouan region tries to remedy it since decade
Samadi, Jaleh. "Développement d'une approche systémique de management des risques pour les projets de captage, transport et stockage de CO2." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00870894.
Повний текст джерелаOllmann, Michaël. "De la représentation des risques professionnels aux pratiques de prévention : quelle dynamique pour quelle formation : le cas du risque routier et des troubles musculosquelettiques en question." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_OLLMAN_M_1.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMany cultural, technical and scientific upheavals are going through our modern societies. However, parallely to the progress they generate, these upheavals also create undesirable effects which we name risks. The domain of risks on the places of work is not spared by this phenomenon and we are presently noticing the emergence of risks that do not exactly correspond to usual criteria of risks on these places. We may ask ourselves what sort of representation of these risks prevention actors have? What sort of knowledge and competences are necessary to these prevention? What sort of training can we propose to prevention actors? In order to give appropriate answers to these questions, we have been interested in two risks: the risks on roads and the risk on musculoskeletal disorders. In order to achieve our goal we carried out a series of semi-directive interviews next to the “CRAM” prevention actors and the actors of the prevention inside firms who have been confronted with these risks. Thanks to this study, we can thus understand the dynamic of representations, the nature of prevention practices and the learning and training mode process of the prevention actors. From these results, we make recommendations to adapt the training of the prevention actors to the peculiar characteristics of these risks
Bertrand, David. "Modélisation du comportement mécanique d'une structure cellulaire soumise à une sollicitation dynamique localisée - Application aux structures de protection contre les éboulements rocheux." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012195.
Повний текст джерелаErnst-Vintila, Andreea. "Dynamique de la représentation sociale d'un risque collectif et engagement dans les conduites de réduction du risque : le rôle des pratiques, de l'implication et de la sociabilité." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05H031.
Повний текст джерелаIndividuals who experienced earthquake build a more functional social representation of risk, and exhibit more negative emotions. This representation is more structured and enables higher recognition and use of a more diversified risk-related information especially for practical purposes (risk mitigation collective behaviour). Pending on risk-related practices, the same structural effects were found in individuals who are highly concerned with seismic risk (high personal implication). Furthermore, individuals who are the most likely to engage in collective risk mitigation behaviour are those who feel having a higher capacity to act towards risk and who are already members of associations. This research is based on experimental studies that were conducted within the structural approach to soacial representations. It identified general psychosocial processes in a specific case of collective risk. On a theoretical level, this research shows the effects of prior risk-related experience and of on the dynamics of social representations of risk. On a practical level, it recommends several strategies to encourage public engagement in risk mitigation behaviour
Douvinet, Johnny. "Les bassins versants sensibles aux "crues rapides" dans le Bassin Parisien - Analyse de la structure et de la dynamique de systèmes spatiaux complexes." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344612.
Повний текст джерелаrésultats en réintégrant progressivement les autres variables de l'hydrosystème. Tous ces résultats aboutissent à la réalisation de différentes cartes de sensibilité dans ces régions du nord de la France.
Hinojos, Mendoza Guillermo. "Identification des risques de perte de biodiversité face aux pressions anthropiques et au changement climatique à l’horizon 2100 : Application de la conservation dynamique au territoire des Alpes-Maritimes." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0026/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe work aims at understanding how the land transformation and climatic change synergy could affect the Alpes-Maritimes biodiversity. This thesis contains four chapters. In the first chapter, the purpose is to provide the conceptual basis and the framework that support the scientific foundations of this thesis and the main conceptual definitions of the studied problematic. In the second chapter, the purpose is to study the artificialization process in the French Riviera area, its probable potential dispersion, the conditions and the factors involved in the phenomenon in order to give an intuitively understanding of the landscape transformation and their principal trend. The landscape transformation of the last 40 years has been studied with the aim of identifying the spatial transition rules that have been introduced in the cellular automata model. We present a synthesis of landscape transformation in the French Riviera up to 2050 and 2100. The resulting scenarios provide information about future urban expansion according to historic behavior and the evolutionary patterns. The results of this part show that urban surfaces could double by 2050 and triplicated by 2100 compared with 2011. In the third chapter we assess the biodiversity loss according to land use dynamic and climate change. We first defined the ecosystem diversity by the landscape units. The landscape units are composed by the different ecological factors that have had an influence on ecosystems repartition like geomorphology, soil, climate, and vegetation. Then, we studied how landscape transformation could affect the biodiversity in the future by the spatial superposition of the first and second chapter results. Next, we realized a bioclimatic calibration for the landscape units with the aim of understanding the limits of ecological tolerance to the climatic conditions and the different ecological conditions like geomorphology, soil, and aspect. The bioclimatic calibration of the landscape units has allowed the definition of climatic change impact on ecosystem biodiversity for 2050 and 2100.The synergy between climatic change impact and landscape transformation shows that almost 30% (68 ecosystem expressions) of Alpes-Maritimes biodiversity could be affected at the end of the XXIst century, and at least five ecosystems expressions could disappear for 2100 due to both forces or some of these driving forces.In the fourth chapter we propose a method that allows the integration of climatic change impacts and landscape transformation on conservation process and politic assessment. Moreover, this chapter proposes the possibility to integrate both phenomena into the ecological networks structuration, especially into “Trame verte et bleue” in France
PESSEL, FABRICE. "De l'origine a la dynamique des populations spontanees de colza (brassica napus) : une contribution a l'estimation et a la gestion des risques associes a l'introduction de varietes transgeniques." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112290.
Повний текст джерелаWagner, Sandra. "Dynamique des réponses olfactives au cours des deux premières années de la vie : impact des expositions aromatiques précoces et relation avec le comportement alimentaire." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS058/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe role of taste on food preferences has already been investigated, however, little is known about the role of olfaction. The main objectives of this work were to assess infants’ olfactory responses, their dynamic during the first two years of life, and also their links with early food exposures, food liking and infants’ food neophobia. This work was conducted within a longitudinal study named OPALINE (Observatory of food preferences in infants and children). Olfactory responses were assessed, in 8-, 12- and 22-month-old infants, towards pleasant odours, such as vanilla, and unpleasant odours, such as fish. The results reveal that, from 8 months, infants can discriminate pleasant and unpleasant odours. However, only avoidance responses are observed towards some unpleasant odours; no attraction responses are highlighted during the first two years of life. Our results also suggest a plasticity of olfactory responses. Only responses towards some unpleasant odours are stable between two consecutive ages, suggesting that negative hedonic responses towards food odours would appear earlier than positive ones. Concerning the effects of early food exposure, it appears that the more an infant has been exposed, in utero or during breastfeeding, to some unpleasant food odours, the least s/he exhibits avoidance responses towards these food odours at 8 months, but not beyond. When complementary feeding has begun (8 months), olfaction does not seem to impact new food liking. However, at 12 months, olfaction can play a role of modulator in liking of the foods with strong flavour. This role is not observed anymore at 22 months. Our results also highlight that differential olfactory responses, and not gustatory ones, are linked to infants’ food neophobia suggesting that only odours contribute to the suspicion towards unfamiliar foods during the second year of life. This work stresses that early sensory exposures influence responses towards unpleasant odours at the onset of complementary feeding, which is a favourable period to food acceptance. Then, olfaction can play a role in food liking by acting as an alarm system protecting the infants against potentially harmful food
Beylat, Delphine. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement dynamique aléatoire de structures libres et empilées sous séïsme." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC041.
Повний текст джерелаA free-standing (i.e. placed on the ground and not anchored) structure can be found in severalindustrial facilities during maintenance operations, in storage halls, etc. During an earthquake,these stacks are likely to rock, slide or overturn. Thus, one of the main concerns regarding theseismic risk studies is to assess and limit, as the case may be, their excessive movements (due tosliding or overturning) to avoid impacts with the surroundings. In this work the earthquake responsesof a free standing stacked structure composed of three pallets intended to store packagesare investigated.The study of the seismic behavior of free-standing structures is known to be a quite challengingtask. Indeed, this problem involves several difficulties due to the large displacements, largerotations and also impact and friction nonlinearities. This implies an extreme sensitivity of theirseismic responses to small perturbations, both experimentally and numerically. Therefore, to analyzeand to predict how they respond under seismic excitation, probabilistic approaches are necessary.First of all, in order to have a quick estimate of the seismic response of the stack taking intoaccount the predominant physical phenomena that take place under unidirectional excitation, asimplified four degrees of freedom analyticalmodel, inspired fromliterature, has been developed.Then, different finite element models, more or less refined, have also been implemented. At thesame time, a comprehensive experimental campaign has been performed on an unidirectionalshaking table of the CEA / Saclay. These experimental results allow us to (i) validate the numericalmodel and (ii) identify the sensitivity of seismic responses (both experimental and numerical).Both approaches - numerical and experimental - combined with probabilistic approacheswere carried out simultaneously during this work and highlight several phenomena. A deterministicapproach identified the consequences of the uplift of the structure on the global behavior :the « fundamental » frequency mode is higher in the rocking phase than in the full contact phase.This work also showed that the adjustment of the dynamic properties of the models is an essential,but delicate task, to obtain an adequate nonlinear response. This means that it will be difficultto know a priori what will be the dynamic properties of the structure. Nevertheless, the simplifiedanalytical model can be used to quickly evaluate the models’sensitivity in relation to the mainphysical parameters, although the sensitivity is not necessarily comparable from one model toanother. In addition, as it is often noted with industrial structures, the seismic tests have shownthat the motion of the stacking was not purely 2D even under an unidirectional excitation. Consequently,defects have been introduced in the models and the numerical results showed an overallsatisfactory agreement by comparison with experimental results. A probabilistic analysis of thedynamic behavior of stacking, entirely conducted in a reliability context and based on the calculationof three usual reliability indicators (the failure probability and the Cornell and Hasofer-Lindreliability index), confirms the deterministic results obtained for each of the seismic excitationsconsidered (uni, bi and tridirectional). However, this effect is less marked for bi and tridirectional excitations
Jabbar, Marie. "Dynamiques morpho-sédimentaires des avant-plages et impact sur les stocks sableux : vers une meilleure stratégie de gestion des risques côtiers." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0108/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe global phenomenon of coastal erosion, occurring especially on sandy coasts, tends to increase coastal risks in areas with key issues and concerns. In this context, stocks management strategies within sandy hydro-sedimentary coastal cells have appeared to be potential solutions to the local management of coastal erosion and their associated risks. However, despite their importance to determine management strategies, the dynamics of nearshore (submerged part of the cell) geomorphology remain poorly studied and partially understood. This PhD thesis aims to provide a better understanding of nearshore geomorphology in some specific sites and to contribute to the development of coastal risk management strategies.The study of multi-temporal bathymetric surveys at century-scale and annual-scale highlights significant evolution of the Brittany nearshore morphology from the beginning of the 20th century until today.In particular, a striking result is the reversal of the morphological evolution tendency in the mid-20th century. During the first half-century, the situation is steady, though nearshore morphology has a slight tendency toward accumulation. During the second half-century, we measured a net erosion tendency for all the survey sites. Interpretation and discussion of these results allow to determine the forcing of the nearshore morphodynamics, among which are climatic (coupled ocean-atmosphere) events, anthropogenic impacts and structural constraints