Дисертації з теми "Applied Epidemiology"
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St, George Siobhan Clare. "Applied Epidemiology in Communicable Diseases, Victoria, 2016 - 2017." Master's thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154282.
Повний текст джерелаLi, Qiao. "Data mining and statistical techniques applied to genetic epidemiology." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533716.
Повний текст джерелаBolton, Frederick James. "Isolation, growth and epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni/coli." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1985. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20060/.
Повний текст джерелаCartwright, Edward John Philip. "Whole genome sequencing and applied epidemiology for the control of MRSA." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708973.
Повний текст джерелаCollins, Julie. "Applied Epidemiology in the Hunter New England and Western Pacific regions." Master's thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149425.
Повний текст джерелаWright, Rosemary Jean. "Applied epidemiology of communicable and non-communicable diseases, Victoria, 2016–2017." Master's thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154287.
Повний текст джерелаZayed, Reem. "The epidemiology of congenital hypothyroidism in the United Arab Emirates." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2006. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20760/.
Повний текст джерелаChellamuthu, Vinodh Kumar. "Structured Population Models| Numerical Methods and Application to Frogs Infected with Chytridiomycosis." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10002410.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objective of this dissertation is to study numerical methods and applications of structured population models. In Chapter 1, a quasilinear hierarchically size-structured population model is presented. In this model the growth, mortality and reproduction rates are assumed to depend on a function of the population density. The solutions to this model can become singular (measure-valued) in finite time even if all the individual parameters are smooth. Therefore, in this chapter we developed a first order finite difference scheme to compute these measure-valued solutions. Convergence analysis for this method was provided. We also developed a high resolution second order scheme to compute the measure-valued solution of the model and performed a comparative study between the two schemes. In Chapter 2, a model that describes the dynamics of a frog population infected with chytridiomycosis disease is presented. Chytridiomycosis is an emerging disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochydrium dendrobatidis (Bd) that poses a serious threat to frog populations worldwide. Several studies have shown that inoculation of bacterial species Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl) can mitigate the impact of the disease. However, there are many questions regarding this interaction that are unknown. Therefore, a mathematical model of a frog population infected with chytridiomycosis was developed to investigate how the inoculation of Jl could reduce the impact of Bd on frogs. The model also illustrates the important role of temperature in the diseases epidemiology. The model simulation results suggest possible control strategies for Jl to limit the impact of Bd in various scenarios. Finally, in Chapter 3, concluding remarks and discussion on our future work is provided.
Yoon, Nara. "STRATIFIED WORM BURDEN APPROACH TO MODELING SCHISTOSOMIASIS TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1464263987.
Повний текст джерелаWilson, Jamie Nicholas. "Theoretical immunology and epidemiology applied to the evaluation of hepatitis B vaccine." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298418.
Повний текст джерелаMacLeod, Margaret Catriona Morag. "Record linkage : applied to a clinical trial and cohort study." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297030.
Повний текст джерелаJessop, Edmund Griffith. "Limitations of applied epidemiology in the practice of community medicine in small communities." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235864.
Повний текст джерелаAbbas, Kaja Moinudeen. "Bayesian Probabilistic Reasoning Applied to Mathematical Epidemiology for Predictive Spatiotemporal Analysis of Infectious Diseases." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5302/.
Повний текст джерелаDelcambre, Mark Lane. "Finite Difference Schemes for a Structured Model of Mycobacterium marinum." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3622932.
Повний текст джерелаThis work presents a novel size-structured model to mathematically describe the transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium marinum in an aquatic environment. Biological background on the formation of the model is discussed in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, the model is developed and consisted of a system on nonlinear partial differential equations coupled to three nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The weak solution is defined and current numerical work on structured models is discussed.
In Chapter 3, a first-order method is developed to approximate the solution to the model, and in Chapter 4, a second-order high resolution method is developed. Theoretical foundations for both methods are established. Also, convergence to the unique weak solution is verified for both methods.
In Chapters 3 and 4, the numerical results begin with showing each method is in fact of the appropriate order for a simple version of the model, and then with the full nonlinear version. Chapter 3 continues the numerical results section with preliminary studies on the key features of this model, such as various forms of growth rates (indicative of possible theories of development), and conditions for competitive exclusion or coexistence as determined by reproductive fitness and genetic spread in the population. In Chapter 4, we compare the first and second-order methods to show the computational benefits that come with a second-order method. We also demonstrate that the model can be a tool to understand surprising or nonintuitive phenomena regarding competitive advantage in the context of biologically realistic growth, birth, and death rates.
Vyska, Martin. "Analysis of epidemiological models for disease control in single and multiple populations under resource constraints." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276746.
Повний текст джерелаJacops, Eliza. "Effects Of Invasion Timing In A One-Dimensional Model Of Competing Species With An Infectious Disease." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1462802187.
Повний текст джерелаChen, Wesley King. "Big Data and Disease: Using Twitter to Model the 2014 Outbreak of Chikungunya Fever in Puerto Rico." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17417577.
Повний текст джерелаApplied Mathematics
Bauducco, Serena. "Adolescents' sleep in a 24/7 society : Epidemiology and prevention." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-57856.
Повний текст джерелаKatz, Lee Scott. "Computational tools for molecular epidemiology and computational genomics of Neisseria meningitidis." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42934.
Повний текст джерелаGuo, Jing. "DEVELOPMENTS IN NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION METHODS WITH APPLICATION TO RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/epb_etds/6.
Повний текст джерелаSkiles, Andrea Glenn. "EVALUATION OF PYRIPROXYFEN APPLIED IN BARRIER SPRAYS FOR MOSQUITO SUPPRESSION." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_etds/36.
Повний текст джерелаO'Connor, Danielle R. "Comida Sin Frijoles No es Comida: Evaluation of a Type 2 Diabetes Education Program for Latinos." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000204.
Повний текст джерелаTörnqvist, Gustav. "Modelling insurance claims with spatial point processes : An applied case-control study to improve the use of geographical information in insurance pricing." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för matematik och matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-108431.
Повний текст джерелаEn viktig förutsättning för att kunna bedriva en framgångsrik försäkringsverksamhet är att prediktera risk. Genom att på en så detaljerad nivå som möjligt kunna förutse framtiden skapas konkurrensfördelar i form av prisdifferentiering. Målet med detta arbete är att med hjälp av spatiala punktprocesser ge ett förslag på hur kunders geografiska position kan utvecklas som riskdifferentieringsverktyg. För spatial variation i skadefrekvens presenteras ett tillvägagångssätt som är vanligt inom spatial epidemiologi genom att betrakta en grupp försäkringstagare, med och utan skador, som en realisering av en multivariat Poissonprocess i två dimensioner. Skadekostnaderna inkluderas sedan genom att betrakta skadorna som en punktprocess med kontinuerliga märken. För att beskriva spatial variation i relativ risk används demografisk och socioekonomisk information från svenska myndigheter. De försäkringsdata som använts kommer från If Skadeförsäkring AB, där också arbetet har utförts. Resultatet påvisar problem med att parametriskt modellera intensiteten för försäkringstagare, vilket medför svårigheter att validera den skattade spatiala variationen i skadefrekvens, varför olika ickeparametriska förslag diskuteras. Vidare upptäcktes inga tendenser till att variationen i skadekostnad kan förklaras med den utvalda informationen.
Rotty, Marie-Caroline. "Modélisations statistiques de données de cohortes de patients suivis à domicile." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS055.
Повний текст джерелаSleep Apnea syndrome (SAS) is a common sleep disorder with a prevalence ranging from 5.9% to 79.2% in European general populations over 35 years of age old but remains under diagnosed. Continuous positive airway Pressure (CPAP) remains the treatment reference for moderate to severe forms of SAS in 2019. CPAP benefits depend on sufficient patient adherence, which is conditioned by multiple factors, including interface related side effects (leakage and their consequences, among others).In this thesis, we demonstrate the feasibility of OSA screening with Jawac® signaling in the general population. The analysis of the long-term CPAP-treated patient results in the interface-vent cohort highlighted that side-effects reported by these patients (some associated with leakage) are associated with compliance and sleepiness, while machine data (residual apnea/hypopnea index and machine leakage) are not.This lack of association between machine data (that could be monitored as proposed in the ATS 2013 algorithm) and patient compliance was confirmed for the patient subgroup of the cohort respecting the machine criteria and interface equipment of the ATS 2013 algorithm.Collaborative work has also made it possible to address the issue of leaks reported by the machine under two other aspects. First of all, it has been shown that the auto- or constant mode of the CPAP has no effect on the level of the leak reported by the machine (while the oro-nasal interface and the pressure level machine have an impact). By studying determinants of leaks during a night of polygraphic recording, the heterogeneity of unintentional leak determinants at the individual was demonstrated. Finding a consensus for how to quantify leak patterns remains a challenge in the field
Heymer, Kelly-Jean. "Using mathematical modelling to evaluate drivers and predict trajectories of HIV and STI epidemics in South East Asian and Australian populations." Thesis, University of New South Wales, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/74059/1/whole.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSchumm, Phillip Raymond Brooke. "Characterizing epidemics in metapopulation cattle systems through analytic models and estimation methods for data-driven model inputs." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16897.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Caterina Maria Scoglio
We have analytically discovered the existence of two global epidemic invasion thresholds in a directed meta-population network model of the United States cattle industry. The first threshold describes the outbreak of disease first within the core of the livestock system while the second threshold describes the invasion of the epidemic into a second class of locations where the disease would pose a risk for contamination of meat production. Both thresholds have been verified through extensive numerical simulations. We have further derived the relationship between the pair of thresholds and discovered a unique dependence on the network topology through the fractional compositions and the in-degree distributions of the transit and sink nodes. We then addressed a major challenge for epidemiologists and their efforts to model disease outbreaks in cattle. There is a critical shortfall in the availability of large-scale livestock movement data for the United States. We meet this challenge by developing a method to estimate cattle movement parameters from publicly available data. Across 10 Central States of the US, we formulated a large, convex optimization problem to predict the cattle movement parameters which, having minimal assumptions, provide the best fit to the US Department of Agriculture's Census database and follow constraints defined by scientists and cattle experts. Our estimated parameters can produce distributions of cattle shipments by head which compare well with shipment distributions also provided by the US Department of Agriculture. This dissertation concludes with a brief incorporation of the analytic models and the parameter estimation. We approximated the critical movement rates defined by the global invasion thresholds and compared them with the average estimated cattle movement rates to find a significant opportunity for epidemics to spread through US cattle populations.
Alvarado, Chance Robert. "The Effects of University Testing Regimes on the Burden of COVID-19." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1618488279713442.
Повний текст джерелаKakraba, Samuel. "A Hierarchical Graph for Nucleotide Binding Domain 2." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2517.
Повний текст джерелаTharu, Bhikhari Prasad. "Statistical Analysis and Modeling Health Data: A Longitudinal Study." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6413.
Повний текст джерелаNiemi, Markus. "Neuroscientific perspective on the bidirectional relationship between life satisfaction and health : Are people happier because they are healthy, or are they healthier because they are happy?" Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15738.
Повний текст джерелаWiggins, Amanda T. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF FALSE POSITIVE OVARIAN CANCER SCREENING: ASSESSMENT VIA MIXED AND TRAJECTORY MODELING." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/epb_etds/3.
Повний текст джерелаBackström, Linus. "Establishing a biopsychosocial model for conspiracy theory ideation." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15841.
Повний текст джерелаKlotoe, Jésutondin Bernice Mélaine. "Développement de méthodes pour le diagnostic, le contrôle, la surveillance de la tuberculose à bacilles ultra-résistants et des souches épidémiques Beijing." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS379/document.
Повний текст джерелаMDR / XDR (multidrug and extensively resistant to tuberculosis) TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is still a global public health problem. The study and identification of mutations responsible for resistance are important factors for the control and surveillance of MDR / XDR TB. The expansion of the L2 / Beijing lineage, a family of strains originating from South-East of China (Guangxi) and potentially more virulent, complicates the control of this disease. In this context, we have developed TB-EFI and TB IS-NTF / RINT, two high-speed, multiplexed and high-throughput molecular methods ready to use (developed on the Luminex xMap system). We initiated the development of a molecular method by the selection of relevant molecular markers for the discrimination of Beijing strains by the MLPA technique. TB-EFI is a test that identifies frequent mutations (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the genes associated with the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to second-line anti-TB drugs including Fluoroquinolone, Injectable, and first-line antituberculosis drug, Ethambutol. TB-EFI may be used in retrospective studies to monitor resistance in a population. The IS-NTF / RINT test is a test specific to Beijing strains that types the IS6110 insertion sequence within the NTF locus (Ancient / Modern) and detects the mutations responsible for the resistance of these strains to Rifampicin and Isoniazid (the two leading primary antibiotics). This test is of paramount importance for the identification and control of epidemic strains, but also for a vision on the evolution of the phenomenon of resistance in time and space. It is not very discriminating among Beijing strains. In view of complete and precise discrimination of the Beijing strains, we have proposed a set of SNPs that will be used for a technique that will be called MLPA-Beijing. In addition, these methods as well as spoligotyping on microbeads allowed us to carry out molecular epidemiological studies of tuberculosis in Kazakhstan, Papua New Guinea, Italy, Mozambique and Peru. The techniques developed in this thesis could contribute significantly to the control of XDR tuberculosis in hot-spot areas, and to the global monitoring of the evolution of Beijing strains especially epidemic MDR strains
Rodrigues, Helena Sofia Ferreira. "Optimal control and numerical optimization applied to epidemiological models." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9731.
Повний текст джерелаA relação entre a epidemiologia, a modelação matemática e as ferramentas computacionais permite construir e testar teorias sobre o desenvolvimento e combate de uma doença. Esta tese tem como motivação o estudo de modelos epidemiológicos aplicados a doenças infeciosas numa perspetiva de Controlo Ótimo, dando particular relevância ao Dengue. Sendo uma doença tropical e subtropical transmitida por mosquitos, afecta cerca de 100 milhões de pessoas por ano, e é considerada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como uma grande preocupação para a saúde pública. Os modelos matemáticos desenvolvidos e testados neste trabalho, baseiam-se em equações diferenciais ordinárias que descrevem a dinâmica subjacente à doença nomeadamente a interação entre humanos e mosquitos. É feito um estudo analítico dos mesmos relativamente aos pontos de equilíbrio, sua estabilidade e número básico de reprodução. A propagação do Dengue pode ser atenuada através de medidas de controlo do vetor transmissor, tais como o uso de inseticidas específicos e campanhas educacionais. Como o desenvolvimento de uma potencial vacina tem sido uma aposta mundial recente, são propostos modelos baseados na simulação de um hipotético processo de vacinação numa população. Tendo por base a teoria de Controlo Ótimo, são analisadas as estratégias ótimas para o uso destes controlos e respetivas repercussões na redução/erradicação da doença aquando de um surto na população, considerando uma abordagem bioeconómica. Os problemas formulados são resolvidos numericamente usando métodos diretos e indiretos. Os primeiros discretizam o problema reformulando-o num problema de optimização não linear. Os métodos indiretos usam o Princípio do Máximo de Pontryagin como condição necessária para encontrar a curva ótima para o respetivo controlo. Nestas duas estratégias utilizam-se vários pacotes de software numérico. Ao longo deste trabalho, houve sempre um compromisso entre o realismo dos modelos epidemiológicos e a sua tratabilidade em termos matemáticos.
The relationship between epidemiology, mathematical modeling and computational tools allows to build and test theories on the development and fighting of a disease. This thesis is motivated by the study of epidemiological models applied to infectious diseases in an Optimal Control perspective, giving particular relevance to Dengue. It is a subtropical and tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes, that affects about 100 million people per year and is considered by the World Health Organization as a major concern for public health. The mathematical models developed and tested in this work, are based on ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamics underlying the disease, including the interaction between humans and mosquitoes. An analytical study is made related to equilibrium points, their stability and basic reproduction number. The spreading of Dengue can be attenuated through measures to control the transmission vector, such as the use of specific insecticides and educational campaigns. Since the development of a potential vaccine has been a recent global bet, models based on the simulation of a hypothetical vaccination process in a population are proposed. Based on the Optimal Control theory, we have analyzed the optimal strategies for using these controls and respective impact on the reduction / eradication of the disease during an outbreak in the population considering a bioeconomic approach. The formulated problems are numerically solved using direct and indirect methods. The first discretize the problem turning it into a nonlinear optimization problem. Indirect methods use the Pontryagin Maximum Principle as a necessary condition to find the optimal curve for the respective control. In these two strategies several numerical software packages are used. Throughout this study, there was a compromise between the realism of epidemiological models and their mathematical tractability.
Moreno, Torres Karla Irazema. "The Wildlife-Livestock Interface of Infectious Disease Dynamics: A One Health Approach." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460896947.
Повний текст джерелаQuint, Marcel. "Resistance gene analogues as a tool for basic and applied resistance genetics exemplified by sugarcane mosaic virus resistance in maize (Zea mays L.)." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11051858.
Повний текст джерелаBasson, Elaine. "Incidence and epidemiology of apple core rot in the Western Cape of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71961.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study looked at the incidence, etiology and epidemiology of core rot of apples in orchards situated in the Western Cape, South Africa. Core rot is a post-harvest disease, with three symptoms, namely mouldy core (MC), dry core rot (DCR) and wet core rot (WCR). These symptoms are caused by various pathogenic fungi, including Alternaria and Penicillium. Although MC is not economically important, DCR and WCR are, as they affect the flesh of the fruit. Core rot occurs worldwide in susceptible apple cultivars such as ‘Starking’ and ‘Red Delicious’. These cultivars have a wider, open calyx tube which results in an open core area. In South Africa, core rot of apples are important post-harvest diseases and losses of between 5 and 12% occur in apple cultivars. An in depth literature search was done on core rot including literature on each core rot symptom, the genuses Alternaria and Penicillium, molecular identification and techniques, disease incidence and its economic importance, various inoculum sources, pathogenicity of core rot organisms and integrated management of core rot. This study included two research chapters, with seven objectives, namely, to 1, determine the incidence of core rot in apples from commercial orchards both pre- and post-harvest; 2, to identify the causal organisms associated with core rot symptoms; 3, to identify potential sources of inoculum of core rot pathogens and determine whether there is synergism between Alternaria and Tarsonemus mites associated with core rot; and 4, to determine whether the fungicide Bellis®, used a full bloom application, can be used to manage core rot in South Africa; 5, to identify the species of Alternaria and Penicillium sampled from core rot symptomatic fruit and inoculum sources (air, apple mummies and mites), using morphological and molecular methods; 6, to compare Penicillium species isolated from pre- and post-harvest WCR symptomatic fruit, using molecular species identification methods and 7, to compare and to select the most reliable pathogenicity test for use in future research. The total decay incidence for Ceres is considerably higher than the previous losses indicated in literature. Pre-harvest core rot, which was confirmed by previous studies, had a higher incidence of each core rot symptom than previously indicated. The two most frequently isolated causal organisms were Alternaria and Penicillium. Other organisms isolated and then identified from the symptoms were Fusarium, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Ulocladium, Stemphylium, Phoma, Botryosphaeria, Botrytis, Trichoderma, Verticillium, Paecilomyces and Gliocladium. Three inoculum sources, air, mummies and mites, were regarded as potential sources of infection for core rot. During this study the sources of infection were verified and core rot causing organisms were isolated from these sources. Alternaria was isolated from air inoculum samples, but was not found on the other two sources. This dismissed the hypothesis that there was a possible synergism between Alternaria and Tarsonemus mites. Penicillium species were isolated from all three sources, more frequently from the mummies and mites. Bellis® was applied three times during the bloom period. The subsequent results showed a significant difference between the control and Bellis® treated treatments with the treated fruit having a significant higher incidence than the controlled fruit. No control was observed with this result and managing core rot with only Bellis® is not advisable. Alternaria species were identified using the following genetic loci, ITS, OPA1-3, 2-1 and 10-2 as well as endoPG. Isolates from pre- and post-harvest symptoms and air inoculum were identified using each of the genetic loci. Alternaria arborescens was one of the species that was identified. The other isolates obtained were A. alternata, A. tenuissima, A. gaisen, A. dumosa, A. turkisafria and A. perangusta. Separating combined species was not possible. Another molecular technique, ISSR, was used to identify Alternaria species. This technique, after multiple re-runs, did not give consistent results and species could not be identified. Penicillium species were identified using the genetic loci ITS for isolates collected from pre- and post-harvest symptoms and inoculum sources. Thirteen clades were identified, including the species P. ramulosum, P. sp. (aff. cecidicola), P. sp (aff. dendriticum), P. expansum, P. paneum, P. solitum, P. crustosum , P. brevicompactum, P. novae-zeelandiae, P. glabrum and P. rugulosum. Penicillium expansum and P. ramulosum had the highest distribution between the isolates. Pre- and post-harvest WCR isolates were identified using the partial beta-tubulin PCR-RFLP method, and comparing different banding-patterns. The species identified using this method were P. expansum, P. ramulosum, P. sp. (aff. cecidicola), P. sp (aff. dendriticum), P. rugulosum, P. chermesinum and P. glabrum. Penicillium ramulosum and P. expansum had the highest incidence with P. ramulosum occurring more frequently pre-harvest than post-harvest and P. expansum occurring more frequently post-harvest. Five methods, previously published, were compared to select the most reliable pathogenicity test. The methods included surface wounding of an apple with colonised toothpicks, surface wound inoculated with a pipette, inoculation of an open mesoderm core cavity, deep and non-wounding of apple fruit with colonised toothpicks. The surface wounding with a colonised toothpick gave the most reliable results and can be used in industry as a pathogenicity test for Alternaria in apples. This study contributed to our understanding on the incidence and etiology of core rot in the Western Cape as well as in identifying inoculum sources from where infection can take place in the orchard. The results for the fungicide trial were not as anticipated and more research is required on selecting fungicides for the control of core rot in South African orchards. Although molecular techniques reduce the time in identifying fungal species, it is costly and mistakes can occur due to contamination. Identification of species can be incorrect when using a Genbank as the sequence information may be incorrect. Molecular techniques, though a good tool in identifying species, should be combined with morphological characteristics to ensure more accurate results.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het gekyk na die insidensie, etiologie en epidemiologie van kernvrot in appels vanuit boorde in die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. Kernvrot is ‘n na-oes iekte, met drie simptome, naamlik beskimmelde kern, droë kernvrot en nat kernvrot. Hierdie simptome word veroorsaak deur verskillende patogeniese swamme, insluitend Alternaria en Penicillium. Alhoewel beskimmelde kern nie ekonomies belangrik is nie, is droë en nat kernvrot wel belangrik, omdat hulle die vrug se vlees affekteer. Kernvrot kom wêreldwyd voor in vatbare kultivars soos ‘Starking’ en ‘Red Delicious’. Hierdie kultivars het ‘n wye, oop kelkbuis wat ‘n oop kern area veroorsaak. In Suid-Afrika is kernvrot van appels ‘n belangrike na-oes siekte en verliese tussen 5 en 12% kom voor in appel kultivars. ‘n In diepte literatuurstudie is gedoen omtrent kernvrot, insluitend literatuur omtrent elke kernvrot simptoom, die genera Alternaria en Penicillium, molekulêre identifikasie en tegnieke, siekte insidensie en sy ekonomiese impakte, verskillende inokulum bronne, patogenisiteit van kernvrot organismes en die geïntegreerde bestuur van kernvrot. Hierdie studie sluit in twee navorsings hoofstukke met sewe doelwitte, naamlik om 1, te bepaal wat die insidensie van kernvrot in appels is vanuit kommersiële boorde vir beide voor en na-oes; 2, om veroorsakende organismses wat met kernvrot simptome geassosieër is te identifiseer; 3, om potensiële inokulum bronne van kernvrot patogene te identifiseer en te bepaal of daar ‘n sinergisme tussen Alternaria en Tarsonemus myte, wat geassosieër is met kernvrot, is; 4, om te bepaal of die fungisied Bellis®, gebruik as ‘n volblom toediening, gebruik kan word om kernvrot in Suid-Afrika te beheer; 5, om die Alternaria en Penicillium spesies wat uit simptomatiese kernvrot vrugte en inokulum bronne geïsoleer is te identifiseer; 6, om Penicillium spesies, wat uit voor en na-oes nat kernvrot simptome geïsoleer is, te vergelyk deur gebruik te maak van molekulêre spesies identifiserings metodes en 7, om die betroubaarste patogenisiteits toets te vergelyk en selekteer vir toekomstige gebruik. Die totale bederfde insidensie vir Ceres is heelwat hoër as die vorige verliese wat aangedui is in literatuur. Vooroes kernvrot, wat deur vorige studies bevestig is, het ‘n hoër insidensie vir elke kernvrot simptoom gehad as wat voorheen aangedui is. Die twee geïsoleerde veroorsakende organismes wat die meeste voorgekom het was Alternaria en Penicillium. Ander organismes wat geïsoleer en geïdentifiseer is vanuit die simptome was Fusarium, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Ulocladium, Stemphylium, Phoma, Botryosphaeria, Botrytis, Trichoderma, Verticillium, Paecilomyces en Gliocladium. Drie inokulum bronne, lug, gemummifiseerde vrugte en myte, is geag as potensiële bronne van infeksie vir kernvrot. Gedurende hierdie studie is hierdie bronne bevestig en kernvrot veroorsakende organismes is uit die bronne geïsoleer. Alternaria is geïsoleer vanuit die lug inokulum monsters, maar is nie geïsoleer vanuit die ander twee bronne nie. Dus die hipotese dat daar ‘n sinergisme tussen Alternaria en Tarsonemus myte is, is verwerp. Penicillium spesies is geïsoleer vanuit al drie bronne, maar meer gereeld vanuit die gemummifiseerde vrugte en die myte. Bellis® is drie keer gedurende die bot toegedien. Die daaropvolgende resultate het ‘n betekenisvolle verskil tussen die kontrole en Bellis® beheerde behandelings getoon, met die behandelde vrugte wat ‘n betekenisvolle hoër insidensie gehad het as die kontrole vrugte. Geen beheer is waargeneem nie en beheer van kernvrot met net Bellis® word nie aanbeveel nie. Alternaria spesies is geïdentifiseer deur die volgende genetise lokusse, ITS, OPA1-3, 2-1 en 10-1, asook endoPG. Isolate van voor en na-oes simptome en lug inokulum is geïdentifiseer deur elk van die genetiese lokusse. Alternaria arborescens is een van die spesies wat geïdentifiseer is. Ander isolate wat verkry is, was A. alternata, A. tenuissima, A. gaisen, A. dumosa, A. turkisafria and A. perangusta. Om gekombineerde spesies te skei was nie moontlik nie. ‘n Ander molekulêre tegniek, ISSR, was gebruik om Alternaria spesies te identifiseer. Hierdie tegniek, na menigte probeerslae, het nie konsekwente resultate gegee nie en spesies kon nie hiermee geïdentifiseer word nie. Penicillium spesies, versamel vanuit voor en na-oes simptome en inokulum bronne, is geïdentifiseer deur die genetiese lokus ITS. Dertien ‘clades’ is geïdentifiseer, insluitend die spesies P. ramulosum, P. sp. (aff. cecidicola), P. sp (aff. dendriticum), P. expansum, P. paneum, P. solitum, P. crustosum , P. brevicompactum, P. novae-zeelandiae, P. glabrum en P. rugulosum. Penicillium expansum en P. ramulosum het die hoogste distribusie tussen die isolate. Voor en na-oes nat kernvrot isolate is geïdentifiseer deur die deels beta-tubulin PCR-RFLP metode, en verskillende band patrone te vergelyk. Die spesies geïdentifiseer deur hierdie metode is P. expansum, P. ramulosum, P. sp. (aff. cecidicola), P. sp (aff. dendriticum), P. rugulosum, P. chermesinum en P. glabrum. Penicillium ramulosum en P. expansum het die hoogste insidensie gehad met P. ramulosum wat meer dikwels vooroes voorkom en P. expansum wat meer dikwels na-oes voorkom. Vyf metodes, wat voorheen gepubliseer is, is vergelyk om die betroubaarste patogenisiteits toets te selekteer. Die metodes sluit in die oppervlak wond van ‘n appel met ‘n gekoloniseerde tandestokkie, oppervlak wond geïnokuleer met ‘n pipette, inokulasie van ‘n oop mesoderm kern area, diep besering en nie-besering van die appel met gekoloniseerde tandestokkies. Die oppervlak besering met ‘n gekoloniseerde tandestokkie het die betroubaarste resultate gegee en kan in die industrie gebruik word as ‘n patogenisiteits toets vir Alternaria in appels. Hierdie studie het bygedra tot ons kennis van die insidensie en etiologie van kernvrot in die Wes-Kaap sowel as die identifisering van die inokulum bronne, van waar die infeksie in die boord kan plaasvind. Die resultate vir die fungisied proef was nie wat ons verwag het nie en meer navorsing word benodig om fungisiede te selekteer vir die beheer van kernvrot in Suid-Afrikaanse boorde. Alhoewel molekulêre tegnieke die tyd verminder om ‘n swam spesie te identifiseer, is dit wel duur en foute kan voorkom as gevolg van kontaminasie. Identifikasie van spesies kan verkeerd wees indien Genbank gebruik is, omdat die informasie daar nie altyd korrek is nie. Molekulêre tegnieke, alhoewel ‘n goeie manier om spesies te identifiseer, moet gekombineer word met morfologiese karakter eienskappe om akurate resultate te verseker.
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