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1
Cottrell, Ted E. "Black Pecan Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Management on Pecan When Gibberellic Acid Is Applied Concurrently With Broad-Spectrum Insecticides." Journal of Economic Entomology 115, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac009.
Анотація:
Abstract Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are serious pests of pecan foliage (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch). The black pecan aphid, Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeds on pecan foliage and elicits leaf chlorosis that can cause defoliation. In contrast, the blackmargined aphid, Monellia caryella (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and yellow pecan aphid, Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feed on pecan foliage but do not elicit chlorotic feeding injury. Application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to pecan foliage reduces chlorotic foliar injury and nymphal populations of the black pecan aphid. GA3 has potential to manage black pecan aphid later in the season when broad-spectrum insecticides are used to control direct pests of pecan nuts but also inadvertently induce aphid outbreaks. Here, broad-spectrum insecticides were used with GA3 or aphicides in orchard trials for 2 yr. Populations of aphids and natural enemies along with chlorotic feeding injury on foliage were assessed. When used concurrently with GA3 or aphicides, broad-spectrum insecticides did not flare black pecan aphid populations. However, combined populations blackmargined aphids and yellow pecan aphids were higher in treatments with GA3 than with an aphicide or in the control treatment during one of two years. Application of GA3 or the aphicide often led to significantly less chlorotic injury than observed in the control. Surprisingly, natural enemies were not significantly affected by broad-spectrum insecticides when applied concurrently with GA3. These results show that GA3 can be used as part of a late-season IPM strategy to protect foliage from localized chlorotic leaf injury elicited by the black pecan aphid.
2
Samia, Ait Amar-Berras, Benoufella-Kitous Karima, and Medjdoub-Bensaad Ferroudja. "Evaluation and Diversity of Aphids on Two Tomato Crops in Tizi-Ouzou (North Algeria), and First Report of Semiaphis Dauci (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Algeria." Journal of Advanced Zoology 45, no. 1 (September 23, 2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v45i1.379.
Анотація:
Aphids are among the phytophagous insects causing the greatest economic losses. This study was carried out to evaluate the diversity and abundance of aphids in two tomato crops grown in an open field in two localities situated at Tizi-Ouzou (North Algeria). The aphid’s inventory was carried out using yellow traps. 926 winged aphids were trapped, representing 55 species. The aphid fauna recorded was divided into 4 subfamilies, 6 tribes and 31 genera. The aphid’s diversity trapped in Zahra variety field was higher with 41 species, compared to 29 species in Zin 45 variety field, with one species recorded for the first time in Algeria, namely Semiaphis dauci (Fabricius, 1775). The density and diversity of aphids differed from one field to another depending on climatic factors and the availability of host plants. Direct observations on plants allowed the identification of three aphid species, namely Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763 Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 and Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776).
3
Brown, M. W., J. J. Jaegers, A. E. Pye, and J. J. Schmitt. "Control of Edaphic Populations of Woolly Apple Aphid using Entomopathogenic Nematodes and a Systemic Aphicide." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.3.224.
Анотація:
The effects of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), and an experimental systemic aphicide, RH-7988, on edaphic populations of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), were investigated. Laboratory experiments showed that presence of the nematode in a culture of woolly apple aphids increased the mortality rate. Nematodes were found inside the body cavity of several aphids with entry possibly being through the anus via a droplet of honeydew. Field trials in an unsprayed six-year-old and four-year-old apple orchard tested the efficacy of broadcast spray and topdressing applications, respectively, of nematodes at a rate of 376,600 nematodes/m2. The broadcast spray trees had fewer aphid colonies on roots than the untreated controls (P = 0.10), but the topdressing treatment had no effect. The systemic aphicide, RH-7988, was tested in a two-year-old apple orchard. Two rates of foliar and soil application were tested, with all treatments significantly reducing arboreal woolly apple aphid populations. Edaphic populations were also significantly reduced one month after treatment, but no difference was found four months after treatment. Both control methods show promise as potential management options for edaphic woolly apple aphid populations.
4
Umoru, P. A., W. Powell, and S. J. Clark. "Effect of pirimicarb on the foraging behaviour of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on host-free and infested oilseed rape plants." Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, no. 2 (April 1996): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300052445.
Анотація:
AbstractThe effects of the aphicide pirimicarb on the foraging behaviour of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae were investigated in the laboratory, using aphid-infested and uninfested, young oilseed rape plants. Female parasitoids spent significantly less time foraging on plants sprayed with pirimicarb within the previous 24 h than on untreated plants, regardless of the presence of aphid hosts. Whilst foraging on sprayed plants, parasitoids spent relatively more time walking than they did when foraging on untreated plants. On sprayed plants foraging parasitoids tended to avoid leaf surfaces, thereby reducing the chances of encountering aphid hosts whilst on the plant. These sublethal effects of the aphicide on foraging parasitoids would considerably reduce their impact on aphid populations which survived in a crop after spraying. This has important implications for the control of aphids, such as Myzus persicae, which have developed pesticide resistant strains.
5
Mackauer, M., J. P. Michaud, and W. Völkl. "INVITATION PAPER: C.P. Alexander Fund: HOST CHOICE BY APHIDIID PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE): HOST RECOGNITION, HOST QUALITY, AND HOST VALUE." Canadian Entomologist 128, no. 6 (December 1996): 959–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent128959-6.
Анотація:
AbstractSpecies in the family Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera) parasitize exclusively ovoviviparous aphids. Females use a variety of information to detect and evaluate suitable hosts. Olfactory cues associated with aphids, or the aphids’ host plant, are important for host location. Visual cues including aphid colour, shape, and movement can be evaluated from a distance without physical contact; aphid movement may act as a releasing stimulus for attack. Contact chemosensory cues (gustatory cues) are evaluated by antennation of the host cuticle and during ovipositor probing. A potential host must conform to the wasp’s response profile and satisfy minimum physiological and dietary requirements for immature development and growth. Host quality is determined in part by attributes specific to each aphid species and in part by each aphid’s individual-specific growth potential. Host quality for male and female progeny may vary as a result of different patterns of resource allocation and sexual size dimorphism. For an encountered aphid to be accepted as a host, its perceived value must exceed the wasp’s response threshold for oviposition. Host value, as opposed to host quality, varies dynamically with parasitoid state variables such as age, egg load, and prior experience. A conceptual model of host choice by aphidiid wasps is presented.
6
Fernández-Grandon, G. Mandela, Christine M. Woodcock, and Guy M. Poppy. "Do asexual morphs of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae, utilise the aphid sex pheromone? Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of M. persicae virginoparae to (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone and its effect on aphid performance." Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, no. 4 (March 13, 2013): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000126.
Анотація:
AbstractThe aphid sex pheromone component (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone is considered to be a potential tool for enhancing biological control of aphids. Studies have confirmed its potential to attract parasitoids, increase parasitism rates in the field and also alter the spatial distribution of parasitoids. An important aspect that has been overlooked is the impact that the introduction of nepetalactone may have on aphid populations already present in field or glasshouse environments. The most prevalent pest aphid populations in glasshouse and field environments are the asexual morphs, which are capable of exponential growth if populations are not controlled. The short-term implications of the sex pheromone on asexual aphids were observed through their behavioural response. Using Y-tube olfactometry, it is shown that virginoparae of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae, are repelled by high concentrations of nepetalactone. Long-term effects of the pheromone which may span the aphid's life, or even generations, were assessed via mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm). Electroantennography also demonstrated that asexual female aphids are able to detect aphid sex pheromone components. To our knowledge, this is the first time it has been reported that M. persicae virginoparae are able to detect aphid sex pheromone components or that their behavioural response and/or performance has been studied. The implications of these results and their significance in understanding semiochemical communication are discussed.
7
Mkenda, Ndakidemi, Stevenson, Arnold, Belmain, Chidege, Gurr, and Woolley. "Characterization of Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphis fabae in an African Smallholder Bean Farming System through Sequencing of COI ‘Mini-Barcodes’." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100331.
Анотація:
Parasitoids are among the most frequently reported natural enemies of insect pests, particularly aphids. The efficacy of parasitoids as biocontrol agents is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. For example, hyperparasitoids can reduce the abundance of the primary parasitoids as well as modify their behavior. A field study was conducted at three contrasting elevations on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, to identify the parasitoids of aphids in smallholder bean farming agroecosystems. Sentinel aphids (Aphis fabae) on potted bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) were exposed in 15 bean fields at three elevations for 2 days. The sentinel aphids were then kept in cages in a greenhouse until emergence of the parasitoids, which were collected and preserved in 98% ethanol for identification. Of the 214 parasitoids that emerged from sentinel aphids, the greatest abundance (44.86%) were from those placed at intermediate elevations (1000–1500 m a.s.l), compared to 42.52% from the lowest elevations and only 12.62% from the highest elevation farms. Morphological identification of the parasitoids that emerged from parasitized aphids showed that 90% were Aphidius species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Further characterization by sequencing DNA ‘mini-barcodes’ identified parasitoids with ≥99% sequence similarity to Aphidius colemani, 94–95% sequence similarity to Pachyneuron aphidis and 90% similarity to a Charipinae sp. in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. These results confidently identified A. colemani as the dominant primary aphid parasitoid of A. fabae in the study area. A Pachyneuron sp., which was most closely related to P. aphidis, and a Charipinae sp. occurred as hyperparasitoids. Thus, interventions to improve landscapes and farming practice should monitor specifically how to augment populations of A. colemani, to ensure any changes enhance the delivery of natural pest regulation. Further studies are needed for continuous monitoring of the hyperparasitism levels and the dynamics of aphids, primary parasitoids, and secondary parasitoids in different cropping seasons and their implications in aphid control.
8
Febvay, G., Y. Rahbe, M. Rynkiewicz, J. Guillaud, and G. Bonnot. "Fate of dietary sucrose and neosynthesis of amino acids in the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, reared on different diets." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 19 (October 1, 1999): 2639–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.19.2639.
Анотація:
The fate of sucrose, the major nutrient of an aphid's natural food, was explored by radiolabeling in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. To investigate the influence of nitrogen quality of food on amino acid neosynthesis, pea aphids were reared on two artificial diets differing in their amino acid composition. The first (diet A) had an equilibrated amino acid balance, similar to that derived from analysis of aphid carcass, and the other (diet B) had an unbalanced amino acid composition similar to that of legume phloem sap. Aphids grown on either diet expired the same quantity of sucrose carbon as CO(2), amounting to 25–30 % of the ingested sucrose catabolized in oxidation pathways. On diet A, the aphids excreted through honeydew about twice as much sucrose carbon as on diet B (amounting to 12.6 % of the ingested sucrose for diet A and 8.4 % for diet B), while amounts of sucrose carbons incorporated into exuviae were almost identical (1.9 % of the ingested sucrose on diet A and 2.7 % on diet B). There was also no difference in the amounts of sucrose carbon incorporated into the aphid tissues, which represented close to 50 % of the ingested sucrose. Sucrose carbons in the aphid tissues were mainly incorporated into lipids and the quantities involved were the same in aphids reared on either diet. On diet B, we observed neosynthesis of all protein amino acids from sucrose carbons and, for the first time in an aphid, we directly demonstrated the synthesis of the essential amino acids leucine, valine and phenylalanine. Amino acid neosynthesis from sucrose was significantly higher on diet B (11.5 % of ingested sucrose carbons) than on diet A (5.4 %). On diet A, neosynthesis of most of the amino acids was significantly diminished, and synthesis of two of them (histidine and arginine) was completely suppressed. The origin of amino acids egested through honeydew was determined from the specific activity of the free amino acid pool in the aphid. Aphids are able to adjust to variation in dietary amino acids by independent egestion of each amino acid. While more than 80 % of excreted nitrogen was from food amino acids, different amino acids were excreted in honeydew of aphids reared on the two diets. The conversion yields of dietary sucrose into aphid amino acids determined in this study were combined with those obtained previously by studying the fate of amino acids in pea aphids reared on diet A. The origin of all the amino acid carbons in aphid tissues was thus computed, and the metabolic abilities of aphid are discussed from an adaptive point of view, with respect to their symbiotic status.
9
Roy, Somnath, Ananda Mukhopadhyay, Soma Das, and G. Gurusubramanian. "BIOEFFICACY OF COCCINELLID PREDATORS ON MAJOR TEA PESTS." Journal of Biopesticides 03, no. 01 (June 1, 2010): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.3.1.33-36.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Twenty species of coccinellid predators were observed in Sub-Himalayan tea plantation of North Bengal during 2004 to 2006. Of these, Micraspis discolor (F) was dominant (42.5%) in the conventionally managed tea plantations. The abundance of M. discolor populations was positively correlated with the abundance of red spider mites (Oligonychus coffeae Neitner, Acarina: Tetranychidae) (R2 =0.705) and tea aphid (Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fons, Homoptera: Aphidae) (R2 = 0.893). Both the pests and their predator (M. discolor) populations showed similar patterns of abundance that reached peaks during January to March. In choice test, the mixed population the grub and adult of M. discolor showed a clear choice for the tea aphid. The life cycle studies also suggested that the tea aphid was the preferred prey for M. discolors, but the predator can survive on red spider mite also. The studies on feeding potential indicated that the grubs of M. discolor consumed on an average 280.30 red spider mites and 188.66 tea aphids during its larval period of development, which were 24.10 + 0.77 and 21.70 + 0.72 days, respectively. The regression between the age of grub and rate of consumption showed that the consumption by the predator at larval stage is highly correlated to its age. An adult predator consumed on an average of 20.32 + 11.79 red spider mites per day and 35.9 + 4.95 tea aphids per day. In both case, male individual consumed significantly less number of aphids as compared to the female.
10
Stella, Amongi Evaline, Murongo Marius Flarian, and Mwine Julius Tedson. "Efficacy of Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica A. Jusieu) Extract on White Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem: Aphididae) Control in the Field." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n3p370.
Анотація:
Neem tree extracts from root, bark and leaves have generally been used in the control of pests. The extracts’ efficacy in the control of aphids in cabbages under smallholder farming systems formed the subject of the study. The dose of the admixture of the extract that effectively controlled aphids was determined through experimental methods that involved harvesting and crashing 0.1 × 10-4 of Neem tree parts. The extract was fermented for 18-48 hours.Treatment tests solutions varied were 20 mL, 30 mL and 40 mL of the extract respectively in 10litres of water and applied to cabbage in the field at intervals of once a week, twice a week and once in 2 weeks in a triplicated completely Randomized Block Design. The treated plants were observed for average number of live aphids, number of dead aphids, degree of leaf perforation, leaf curls, stunting, and finally the yield of the cabbage visa vis treatments. Aphid counts at the concentration of 30mL in 10L of water were significantly lower for live aphids and higher for dead aphids (P < 0.05), Although all treatments revealed significant differences from the control in terms of Aphid mortality, overall mean aphid counts showed a reduction in number (implying high mortality) with an increase in the concentration of Neem extract applied and cabbage vigour increased with increase in the frequency of admixture application, with a bi-weekly application producing significant results (P < 0.05). High concentration (40 mL) more effectively controlled aphids but resulted in mild scorched leaves. Smallholder farmers should take advantage of the naturally available Neem tree concoctions of 30 mLs in 10litres of water twice a week to keep aphid’s population below the economic injury level.
11
Gomes, Flávia Batista, Jair Campos de Moraes, Custódio Donizete dos Santos, and Márcio Marcos Goussain. "Resistance induction in wheat plants by silicon and aphids." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 6 (December 2005): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000600006.
Анотація:
The pest greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) stands out among the factors limiting Brazilian wheat production. Chemical control is predominant in aphid management making the production dependent on insecticides. The effect of silicon and previous infestation with aphids on the induction of resistance to the greenbug was evaluated in wheat plants. Treatments consisted of control; fertilization with calcium silicate; plant infestation with aphids; fertilization with calcium silicate + plant infestation with aphids. A free-choice preference test was performed 35 days after seedling emergence; the aphid's intrinsic rate of population increase (r m) was also determined, and the activities of three enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) involved in plant defense were quantified. Silicon fertilization and the previous infestation with aphids induced wheat plant resistance to the greenbug.
12
Foster, S. P., I. Denholm, Z. K. Harling, G. D. Moores, and A. L. Devonshire. "Intensification of insecticide resistance in UK field populations of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in 1996." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 2 (April 1998): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300025694.
Анотація:
AbstractThe well-established carboxylesterase-based resistance to insecticides in Myzus persicae Sulzer has recently been accentuated by the appearance of aphids with a modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) insensitive to pirimicarb and the novel aphicide, triazamate. This target site resistance mechanism was found in M. persicae from crops in the UK for the first time in 1996, together with especially large proportions of aphids with R2 and R3 levels of carboxylesterases, a combination that was associated with serious insecticide failures. This paper describes the incidence of both mechanisms and discusses the implications for future recommendations for aphid control in the UK.
13
Boiteau, Gilles. "Comparative propensity for dispersal of apterous and alate morphs of three potato-colonizing aphid species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 1396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-766.
Анотація:
The relative ability of apterous and alate morphs of aphids to disperse from one potato leaflet to another was similar within species. Three species were tested: the buckthorn aphid, Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach, the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The average percentage of aphids moving daily from one leaflet to another never exceeded 2.5% for nymphs of the three species, but reached 45% for the adult winged buckthorn aphid. During the first half of the reproductive period, adult potato aphids were 1.5 times as likely as buckthorn aphids and twice as likely as green peach aphids to relocate daily. In a flight chamber, buckthorn aphids flew 4.5 times longer than green peach or potato aphids. The maiden flights of these summer forms were interrupted by repeated landings lasting less than 2 min. The maiden flights were interrupted more than twice as often for the buckthorn aphid as for the potato aphid. The number of flight interruptions was intermediate for the green peach aphid. Selected dispersal parameters for these aphid species are compared with those for the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli, an occasional potato-colonizing species. The percentage of green peach and potato aphids taking flight was significantly correlated with the temperature in the flight chamber. The implication of these results for the distribution of aphid populations and the epidemiology of viral diseases is discussed.
14
Nielsen, Charlotte, Anurag A. Agrawal, and Ann E. Hajek. "Ants defend aphids against lethal disease." Biology Letters 6, no. 2 (November 18, 2009): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0743.
Анотація:
Social insects defend their own colonies and some species also protect their mutualist partners. In mutualisms with aphids, ants typically feed on honeydew produced by aphids and, in turn guard and shelter aphid colonies from insect natural enemies. Here we report that Formica podzolica ants tending milkweed aphids, Aphis asclepiadis , protect aphid colonies from lethal fungal infections caused by an obligate aphid pathogen, Pandora neoaphidis . In field experiments, bodies of fungal-killed aphids were quickly removed from ant-tended aphid colonies. Ant workers were also able to detect infective conidia on the cuticle of living aphids and responded by either removing or grooming these aphids. Our results extend the long-standing view of ants as mutualists and protectors of aphids by demonstrating focused sanitizing and quarantining behaviour that may lead to reduced disease transmission in aphid colonies.
15
Li, Yang, and Shin-ichi Akimoto. "Self and non-self recognition affects clonal reproduction and competition in the pea aphid." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1953 (June 30, 2021): 20210787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0787.
Анотація:
The spatial interaction of clonal organisms is an unsolved but crucial topic in evolutionary biology. We evaluated the interactions between aphid clones using a colour mutant (yellow) and an original (green) clone. Colonies founded by two aphids of the same clone and mixed colonies, founded by a green aphid and a yellow aphid, were set up to observe population growth for 15 days. We confirmed positive competition effects, with mixed colonies increasing in size more rapidly than clonal colonies. In mixed colonies where reproduction started simultaneously, green aphids overwhelmed yellow aphids in number, and yellow aphids restrained reproduction. However, when yellow aphids started to reproduce earlier, they outnumbered the green aphids. To test whether aphids have the ability to control reproduction according to the densities of self and non-self clones, one yellow aphid or one antennae-excised yellow aphid was transferred into a highly dense green clone colony. Intact yellow aphids produced fewer nymphs in crowded green colonies, whereas the fecundity of antennae-excised aphids did not change. Thus, we conclude that aphid clones can discriminate between self and non-self clones, and can regulate their reproduction, depending on whether they are superior or inferior in number to their competitors.
16
Hao, Zhong-Ping, Zeng-Bei Feng, Lei Sheng, Wei-Xin Fei, and Shu-Min Hou. "Aphids on Aphid-Susceptible Cultivars Have Easy Access to Turnip Mosaic Virus, and Effective Inoculation on Aphid-Resistant Cultivars of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)." Plants 12, no. 10 (May 13, 2023): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12101972.
Анотація:
Plant viruses improve transmission efficiency by directly and indirectly influencing vector behavior, but the impact of plant cultivars on these modifications is rarely studied. Using electropenetrography (EPG) technology, a comparative study of the effects of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection on quantitative probing behaviors of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) was conducted on two oilseed rape cultivars (‘Deleyou6’ and ‘Zhongshuang11’). Compared to mock-inoculated plants, cabbage aphids on infected plants increased the frequency of brief probing, cell penetration, and salivation. Additionally, aphids on infected ‘Deleyou6’ prolonged cell penetration time and decreased ingestion, but not on infected ‘Zhongshuang11’, suggesting that aphids were more likely to acquire and vector TuMV on the aphid-susceptible cultivar ‘Deleyou6’ than on resistant cultivars. TuMV also affected aphid probing behavior directly. Viruliferous aphids reduced the pathway duration, secreted more saliva, and ingested less sap than non-viruliferous aphids. In comparison with non-viruliferous aphids, viruliferous aphids started the first probe earlier and increased brief probing and cell penetration frequencies on the aphid-resistant cultivar ‘Zhongshuang11’. Based on these observations, viruliferous aphids can be inoculated with TuMV more efficiently on ‘Zhongshuang11’ than on ‘Deleyou6’. Although aphid resistance and TuMV infection may influence aphid probing behavior, oilseed rape resistance to aphids does not impede TuMV transmission effectively.
17
Yates-Stewart, Ashley D., Adrian Pekarcik, Andy Michel, and Joshua J. Blakeslee. "Jasmonic Acid-Isoleucine (JA-Ile) Is Involved in the Host-Plant Resistance Mechanism Against the Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (October 9, 2020): 2972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa221.
Анотація:
Abstract Host-plant resistance (HPR) is an important tool for pest management, affording both economic and environmental benefits. The mechanisms of aphid resistance in soybean are not well understood, but likely involve the induction of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, and possibly other phytohormone signals involved in plant defense responses. Despite the efficacy of aphid resistance in soybean, virulent aphids have overcome this resistance through mostly unknown mechanisms. Here, we have used metabolomic tools to define the role of plant phytohormones, especially the JA pathway, in regulating interactions between aphid-resistant soybean and virulent aphids. We hypothesized that virulent aphids avoid or suppress the JA pathway to overcome aphid resistance. Our results suggested that aphid-resistant soybean increased accumulation of JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) only when infested with avirulent aphids; virulent aphids did not cause induction of JA-Ile. Further, applying JA-Ile to aphid-resistant soybean reduced subsequent virulent aphid populations. The concentrations of other phytohormones remained unchanged due to aphid feeding, highlighting the importance of JA-Ile in this interaction. These results increase our knowledge of soybean resistance mechanisms against soybean aphids and contribute to our understanding of aphid virulence mechanisms, which will in turn promote the durability of HPR.
18
Zhang, Ying, Min-chi Zhao, Jia Cheng, Shuo Liu, and Hai-bin Yuan. "Population dynamics and species composition of maize field parasitoids attacking aphids in northeastern China." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): e0241530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241530.
Анотація:
Maize, Zea mays L., is the most abundant field crop in China. Aphids are the most economically damaging pest on maize, particularly in the maize agri-ecosystems of Jilin Province, northeastern China. Parasitic wasps are important natural enemies of aphids, but limited information exists about their species composition, richness and seasonal dynamics in northeastern China. In this study, the population dynamics of maize aphids and parasitoid wasps were assessed in relation to each other during the summer seasons of two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019. We selected maize fields in the Changchun, Songyuan, Huinan and Gongzhuling areas of Jilin Province. Four species of aphids were recorded from these maize fields: Rhopalosiphum padi (L), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Aphis gossypii Glover and Macrosiphum miscanthi (Takahashi). The dominant species in each of the four areas were R. maids (Filch) and R. padi in Changchun, R. padi in Songyuan, A. gossypii and R. padi in Huinan, and A.gossypii and R. padi in Gongzhuling. We delineated a species complex made up of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids associated with maize aphids. The primary parasitoids Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Binodoxys communis and Aphelinus albipodus together formed approximately 85.3% of the parasitoid complex. Pachyneuron aphidis, Phaenoglyphis villosa, Syrphophagus taeniatus and Asaphes suspensus made up the hyperparasitoids. Of the primary parasitoids, L. testaceipes was the dominant species (81.31%). Of the hyperparasitoid group, P. villosa was the dominant species (68.42%). Parasitism rates followed the fluctuation of the aphid population. The highest parasitic rate was observed during the peak period of cotton aphids. In this paper, the occurrence dynamics and dominant species of aphids and the dynamics of parasitic natural enemies of aphids in maize fields in Jilin Province are, for the first time, systematically reported. This study provides important information for the establishment and promotion of aphid biological control in maize fields.
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Carver, M. "Alloxystinae (Hymenoptera : Cynipoidea : Charipidae) in Australia." Invertebrate Systematics 6, no. 3 (1992): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9920769.
Анотація:
Five species of alloxystine hyperparasites of aphids are herein recognised from Australia, namely Alloxysta australiae (Ashmead), A. darci (Girault), A. fuscicornis (Hartig), A. carinata, sp. nov. and Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig). Hypodiranchis aphidae Froggatt is synonymised with A. fuscicornis, and Glyptoxysta bifoveata Girault with P. villosa. A key is given to the species. A. fuscicornis is the common hyperparasite of Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), the cabbage aphid; A. australiae and P. villosa are polyphagous parasites of Aphidiinae in Aphididae; and A. darci is a polyphagous parasite of Aphelinus spp. in Aphidinae. The hosts of A. carinata are unknown. Other aspects of the biology and host relations of the Alloxystinae, where known, are discussed.
20
Hayashi, Masayuki, Masaru K. Hojo, Masashi Nomura, and Kazuki Tsuji. "Social transmission of information about a mutualist via trophallaxis in ant colonies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (August 30, 2017): 20171367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1367.
Анотація:
Partner discrimination is crucial in mutualistic interactions between organisms to counteract cheating by the partner. Trophobiosis between ants and aphids is a model system of such mutualistic interaction. To establish and maintain the mutualistic association, ants need to correctly discriminate mutualistic aphids. However, the mechanism by which ants recognize aphids as their partners is poorly understood, despite its ecological and evolutionary importance. Here, we show for the first time the evidence that interaction with nest-mates that have tended aphids ( Aphis craccivora ) allows ants ( Tetramorium tsushimae ) to learn to recognize the aphid species as their partner. When ants had previously tended aphids, they moderated their aggressiveness towards aphids. More importantly, ants that had interacted with aphid-experienced nest-mates also reduced their aggressiveness towards aphids, even though they had never directly experienced them, indicating that aphid information was transmitted from aphid-experienced ants to inexperienced ants. Furthermore, inhibition of mouth-to-mouth contact (trophallaxis) from aphid-experienced ants to inexperienced ants by providing the inexperienced ants with artificial honeydew solution caused the inexperienced ants to become aggressive towards aphids. These results, with further supporting data, strongly suggest that ants transfer information on their mutualists during trophallactic interactions.
21
Reid, William. "091 Feeding Preferences of Black-margined Pecan Aphids." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 404C—404. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.404c.
Анотація:
Field resistance to the black-margined pecan aphid [Monellia caryella (Fitch)] was evaluated for 12 pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangen.) K. Koch.] cultivars in 1995 and 19 cultivars in 1999. Each year, aphid populations were sampled from four trees of each cultivar by counting the number of aphids on 10 mid-shoot leaves per tree each week throughout the growing season. On leaves of several cultivars, populations of black-margined aphids peaked above the economic threashold level (20 aphids/leaf) during the month of August in both years. `Pawnee' and `Greenriver' demonstrated field resistance to aphids by maintaining fewer than 10 aphids/leaf throughout the season. `Hirschi' and `Posey' maintained among the highest aphid populations in both years—2 to 5 times higher than threashold levels. By avoiding cultivars susceptible to aphid feeding, growers can avoid aphid-induced yield reductions.
22
Teulon, D. A. J., M. A. W. Stufkens, and J. D. Fletcher. "Crop infestation by aphids is related to flight activity detected with 75 metre high suction traps." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6915.
Анотація:
The flight activity of aphid pests of wheat potato lettuce and squash is currently monitored in New Zealand using 75 m suction traps However there has been little research comparing aphid suction trap catches with crop infestation levels The relationship between the average number of aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) sampled from wheat plants and the average number of aphids caught in weekly 75 m suction trap samples was examined A significant positive relationship indicated that numbers of aphids caught in suction traps reflected the numbers of aphids infesting wheat fields In another experiment potato aphid flights (mostly Myzus persicae) caught in a 75 m suction trap were compared with a nearby windvane trap Aphid numbers in both traps reflected similar trends However the suction trap caught approximately 10 times more aphids than the windvane trap Thus 75 m suction traps provide a useful tool for assessing aphid infestation levels in crops
23
Kamphuis, Lars G., Katherine Zulak, Ling-Ling Gao, Jonathan Anderson, and Karam B. Singh. "Plant–aphid interactions with a focus on legumes." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 12 (2013): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13090.
Анотація:
Sap-sucking insects such as aphids cause substantial yield losses in agriculture by draining plant nutrients as well as vectoring viruses. The main method of control in agriculture is through the application of insecticides. However, aphids rapidly evolve mechanisms to detoxify these, so there is a need to develop durable plant resistance to these damaging insect pests. The focus of this review is on aphid interactions with legumes, but work on aphid interactions with other plants, particularly Arabidopsis and tomato is also discussed. This review covers advances on the plant side of the interaction, including the identification of major resistance genes and quantitative trait loci conferring aphid resistance in legumes, basal and resistance gene mediated defence signalling following aphid infestation and the role of specialised metabolites. On the aphid side of the interaction, this review covers what is known about aphid effector proteins and aphid detoxification enzymes. Recent advances in these areas have provided insight into mechanisms underlying resistance to aphids and the strategies used by aphids for successful infestations and have significant impacts for the delivery of durable resistance to aphids in legume crops.
24
Kranti, Waghmare, Ghayal Nivedita, and Mahesh Shindikar. "Understanding the Plant Aphid Interaction: A Review." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.294.
Анотація:
The interaction between plant-aphid is phenomenal and complex. Aphids possess efficient mouthparts which feed on plant sap intensively. Adaptation to host plants and successful feeding is achieved through the strategic ability of aphids to reproduce sexually and asexually (parthenogenesis). Aphid infestation damages the plant in diverse ways and induces plant defense. Though plant elicit direct and indirect defense to resist aphid feeding, the effectiveness of plant resistance depends largely on the aphid infestation rate and quality of the host plant. To control aphid infestation and plant damage, dependency on insecticides is undesirable due to insecticidal resistance of aphids and environmental pollution. The approach towards the development of the genetically engineered crops which are aphid resistant can be the considerable potential to aphid control..
25
Mukhina, O. U., N. P. Chepurna, and N. V. Melnychenko. "Research of Aphididae of Cereals and Legumes of the Northeastern Ukraine." CHERKASY UNIVERSITY BULLETIN: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 2 (2021): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31651/2076-5835-2018-1-2021-2-56-70.
Анотація:
Introduction. The article presents the results of research to establish the species composition of aphids –pests of cereals and legumes of agricultural farm of Kharkov region and analyzes their ecological and biological features. The research was conducted for several years in the spring and summer in the Kupyansk district, Kharkov region. A study of constant changes in the species composition of aphidofauna and recommendations for regulating the number of pests is very relevant today.Purpose.The purpose of the study is to investigate the composition of aphidofauna species of cereals and legumes today and to study the dynamics of the abundance of common species in the field of research.Methods.Inspection of infected plants, determination of the degree of colonization by aphids of each plant. Collecting aphids and determining their species.Results. Thirteen species of aphids of the family Aphididae have been collected and identified. Among the cultivated plants, fields sown with 14 species of cereals and legumes were surveyed. By type of food, certain species of aphids are conditionally divided into oligophages (5 species) and polyphages (8 species). In the aphidofauna of Ukraine, monoecious (non-migratory) life cycles are typicalfor 6 species (46% of the total number), dioecious (migratory) for 7 species (54%) of aphids. The largest number of aphid colonies was recorded on cereals and legumes at the edges of fields bordering on separate strips of woody-shrub and herbaceous vegetation, which serves as an additional forage base or primary host in the dioecious life cycle of some species. Significant aphid damage to cereals was observed during the end of milky –the beginning of waxy ripeness of grain, on the tops of shoots on corn, and in legumes –during the entire growing season on young leaves and stems. As for climatic factors, there was an increase in the number of aphids on cereals in hot dry weather, and on legumes –in moderately warm and humid. Heavy rains suppressed the rapid reproduction and development of all species of aphids. Conclusion.As a result of research, 13 species of aphids of the family true aphids Aphididae were found and identified.The most numerous were polyphagous aphids: the large cereal aphid Sitobion avenae Fabricius, 1775, the common cereal aphid Schizaphis graminum Rondani, 1852, the barley aphid Brachycolus noxius Mordvilko, 1913, the bird-cherry-cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus, 1758, elm-cereal, or corn aphid Tetraneura ulmi Linnaeus, 1758, beet-leaf aphid Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763, pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, 1776.Key words: aphids; aphid fauna; cereals; legumes; oligophagеs; polyphagеs
26
Katayama, Noboru, and Nobuhiko Suzuki. "Cost and benefit of ant attendance for Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with reference to aphid colony size." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 2 (April 2002): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134241-2.
Анотація:
AbstractHoneydew utilization by the ant Lasius niger L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), honeydew excretion cost for the aphid Aphis craccivora Koch, and ant protection service for aphids against the lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were examined in a laboratory. The duration of honeydew utilization by ants increased with increase in aphid density. The presence of ants shortened the residence time of the lady beetle larva on a plant and reduced the proportion of aphids eaten. At a density of 5 aphids per plant, one aphid with ants excreted honeydew at a frequency two times higher than that of an aphid without ants, but not at a density of 100 aphids per plant. Therefore, a larger aphid colony may increase the benefit and decrease the cost of ant attendance.
27
Wains, Muhmmad, Muhammad Ali, Makhdoom Hussain, Javed Anwar, M. Zulkiffal, and Waseem Sabir. "Aphid Dynamics in Relation to Meteorological Factors and Various Management Practices in Bread Wheat." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0065-6.
Анотація:
Aphid Dynamics in Relation to Meteorological Factors and Various Management Practices in Bread WheatThe infestation of aphids in wheat is becoming a serious problem nowadays and it might become a threat to the future wheat crop in Pakistan. With this problem in mind we did a study pertaining to aphid dynamics in relation to meteorological factors and various management practices in bread wheat. The study was carried out at the Wheat Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The aim of this study was to investigate how meteorological factors play a role in the fluctuating aphid population and how different management practices could be effective in combating aphids. The results revealed that a peak aphid population was recorded during the beginning of the third week of March for both of the study year periods of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. Aphid density was positively associated with maximum as well as minimum temperature while it showed a negative correlation with relative humidity. However aphid population was positively but not significantly affected by rainfall. Early sowing on 1st November produced the least aphid infestation hence early sowing was encouraged as a cultural practice for keeping aphids below damaging levels. The recently developed wheat varieties like: SHAFAQ-06, SEHER-06, FSD-08 and LASANI-08, revealed aphid resistance and performed better against aphids. On the other hand the genotypes V-05003, BARS-09 and 0BT006, revealed maximum vulnerability to aphids. Number of aphids per tiller was positive correlated with loss in grain yield. Application of insecticide significantly controlled the aphid population which suggested that a combination of host plant resistance with chemical control could restrain the aphid infestation in wheat.
28
Luna, Emily, Leon van Eck, Tony Campillo, Margaret Weinroth, Jessica Metcalf, Alvaro L. Perez-Quintero, Anna-Maria Botha, et al. "Bacteria Associated with Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Enhance Aphid Virulence to Wheat." Phytobiomes Journal 2, no. 3 (January 2018): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-06-18-0027-r.
Анотація:
Phenotypic responses to biotic stresses are often studied as the interactions between two species; however, in the phytobiome, these responses frequently result from complex interactions involving several organisms. Here, we show that variation in chlorosis caused by Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) feeding is determined, in part, by aphid-associated bacteria. Proteomic analysis of fluids injected into a sterile medium by the aphid during feeding indicate that 99% of the proteins are of bacterial origin. Of these, the greatest proportion are produced by bacteria in the order Enterobacteriales. Bacteria from five genera in four families that have the capacity to produce these proteins were isolated directly from aphids as well as from wheat leaves only after D. noxia feeding. By themselves or in combination, these bacteria were not virulent to wheat, even at high inoculum levels. Metagenomic analysis showed that the same five D. noxia-associated genera dominated the non-Buchnera component of the aphid microbiome, and that representation of these genera was reduced in aphids from colonies established after isolation of newborn nymphs from their mothers prior to feeding (isolated aphids). Isolation or treatment with antibiotics reduced bacterial numbers, and these aphids caused less feeding damage on wheat than non-isolated or non-antibiotic-treated aphids. Our data show that bacterial proteins are a significant component of Russian wheat aphid saliva, that the bacteria producing these proteins are associated with aphids and plants fed upon by aphids, and that these aphid-associated bacteria facilitate aphid virulence to wheat.
29
La-Spina, Michelangelo, Sarah E. Jandricic, and Rose Buitenhuis. "Short-Term Increases in Aphid Dispersal From Defensive Dropping Do Not Necessarily Affect Long-Term Biological Control by Parasitoids." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 1552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz064.
Анотація:
Abstract Foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)) is one of the principal aphid pests of greenhouse ornamental crops in North America. Biological control of foxglove aphid mostly relies on the use of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). However, studies indicate that A. ervi may not be adapted to search for A. solani, and that in response to parasitoid attack aphids can drop and/or disperse, which may aggravate an infestation. Our goal was to further describe the searching behavior of A. ervi in the presence of foxglove aphids, the corresponding defensive behavior of foxglove aphid and the short- and medium-term effects on both pest dispersal and control by A. ervi. Behavioral observations were done on top and bottom leaves infested with foxglove aphid and a high release rate of A. ervi. Parasitoids tended to land on top leaves; however, more aphids were parasitized on bottom leaves, leading to equal numbers of parasitoid attacks in both locations. Most aphids dropped off the plant in the presence of a parasitoid. In large cage experiments, aphids were allowed to distribute naturally and A. ervi was released. The parasitoid still caused a high rate of aphid dropping. However, only a few aphids were able to successfully reach new plants, and most of these mummified over time. Our studies confirm that parasitoid-induced dispersal of foxglove aphid in greenhouse crops does occur, but also suggests this should not necessarily be a barrier to adoption of biological control, as A. ervi controls the aphids over time.
30
Lorenzana, Alicia, Alfonso Hermoso de Mendoza, Victoria Seco, Piedad Campelo, and Pedro A. Casquero. "Within-field distribution of the damson-hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and natural enemies on hops in Spain." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 2 (June 6, 2017): e1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017152-10221.
Анотація:
A field trial was performed in a hop yard throughout 2002, 2003 and 2004 in order to determine the within-field distribution of Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies. The distribution of P. humuli was directly affected by the position of the hop plants in the garden, with significantly higher concentrations of aphids (p=0.0122 in 2002 and p=0.0006 in 2003) observed along the edge. However, in 2004 the plants located on the marginal plots had similar populations to those on the more inner plots. This can be explained by a higher wind speed which made it more difficult to land on edge plants first. The hop aphid’s main natural enemy was Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), whose population was greatest where the aphids were most abundant with a significantly greater number of eggs (p=0.0230) and adults (p=0.0245) in 2003. Lacewing eggs were also frequently observed, with a significantly higher population (p=0.0221 in 2003 and p=0.0046 in 2004) where the aphid numbers were high. The number of winged aphids was greatest towards the margins of the garden in 2003. It is argued that the spatial distribution of the hop aphid and its natural enemies could be used to plan a sampling program and to estimate the population densities of these insects for use in integrated pest management programs.
31
Dion, Emilie, Sarah Erika Polin, Jean-Christophe Simon, and Yannick Outreman. "Symbiont infection affects aphid defensive behaviours." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (April 13, 2011): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0249.
Анотація:
Aphids harbour both an obligate bacterial symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola , and a wide range of facultative ones. Facultative symbionts can modify morphological, developmental and physiological host traits that favour their spread within aphid populations. We experimentally investigated the idea that symbionts may also modify aphid behavioural traits to enhance their transmission. Aphids exhibit many behavioural defences against enemies. Despite their benefits, these behaviours have some associated costs leading to reduction in aphid reproduction. Some aphid individuals harbour a facultative symbiont Hamiltonella defensa that provides protection against parasitoids. By analysing aphid behaviours in the presence of parasitoids, we showed that aphids infected with H. defensa exhibited reduced aggressiveness and escape reactions compared with uninfected aphids. The aphid and the symbiont have both benefited from these behavioural changes: both partners reduced the fitness decrements associated with the behavioural defences. Such symbiont-induced changes of behavioural defences may have consequences for coevolutionary processes between host organisms and their enemies.
32
Cagáň, Ľ., and M. Barta. "Seasonal dynamics and entomophthoralean infection of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris." Plant Protection Science 37, No. 1 (January 1, 2001): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8363-pps.
Анотація:
The seasonal dynamics of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, and entomopathogenic fungi from the order Entomophthorales attacking the aphid were analysed in alfalfa and field pea crops during the growing seasons of 1998 and 1999 at Nitra-Malanta. In both years, pea aphid populations on pea showed a pattern with one peak, culminated at flowering and pod formation. The infestation level on alfalfa was low in both years. Entomopathogenic fungi attacking the pea aphid were identified as Erynia neoaphidis Remaudičre and Hennebert and Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall and Dunn) Remaudičre and Keller. Both pathogens infected the aphid on pea, but only E. neoaphidis was found in the alfalfa plots. Infected aphids were not found on alfalfa during 1999. The maximum levels of infected aphids on pea were 10.30% and 48.39% in 1998 and 1999, respectively. During both years alate aphids were more frequently attacked than apteral ones. Correlation coefficients indicated a positive relationship between the number of infected aphids and precipitation, but this relationship was weak or moderately strong. A strong correlation was found between the number of dead aphids and number of alate aphids counted 5 to 10 days earlier.
33
Hao, Zhong-Ping, Lei Sheng, Zeng-Bei Feng, Wei-Xin Fei, and Shu-Min Hou. "Aphids May Facilitate the Spread of Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Oilseed Rape by Carrying and Depositing Ascospores." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2024): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10030202.
Анотація:
Aphids and Sclerotinia stem rot in oilseed rape are often studied in isolation, and their relationship is rarely explored. Our field studies have revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of aphids and the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot. Hence, starting with the colonizing stages of the two pests, Breveroryne brassicae was assessed for its potential to acquire, transmit, and inoculate Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by being sprayed with an ascospore suspension. Moreover, distinctions in aphid feeding behavior were examined between aphids on inoculated/uninoculated winter and spring oilseed rape plants or aphids, both with and without S. sclerotiorum ascospores, using electropenetrography (EPG). The results showed that aphid feeding followed by dropping ascospore suspension significantly increased the incidence of S. sclerotiorum. Ascospores were able to adhere to aphids and were carried by aphids to healthy plants, causing disease. The results of the EPG analysis indicated that aphid feeding behavior was significantly altered in all leaf tissue levels following infection with S. sclerotiorum. Specifically, aphids initiated their first puncture significantly sooner, began probing mesophyll cells earlier, had a significantly shorter pathway duration, and secreted saliva more frequently but reduced salivation prior to feeding and ingestion compared to aphids feeding on uninfected oilseed rape. Additionally, the feeding behavior of aphids carrying ascospores was markedly different from that of aphids not carrying ascospores, implying that ascospores directly influence aphid feeding behavior but that this influence appeared to be beneficial only for S. sclerotiorum infection. Aphids carrying ascospores started to puncture cells more quickly, with a significant increase in the frequency and duration of short probes and cell punctures, shortened pathway durations, and reduced salivation before feeding compared to aphids not carrying ascospores. It is clear that there is an interaction between aphids and S. sclerotiorum. The impact of S. sclerotiorum on aphid feeding behavior is directional, favoring the spread of the fungus.
34
Asalf, Belachew, Andrea Ficke, and Ingeborg Klingen. "Interaction between the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) and Stagonospora Nodorum Blotch (Parastagonospora nodorum) on Wheat." Insects 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010035.
Анотація:
Wheat plants are under constant attack by multiple pests and diseases. Until now, there are no studies on the interaction between the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and the plant pathogenic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum causal agent of septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) on wheat. Controlled experiments were conducted to determine: (i) The preference and reproduction of aphids on P. nodorum inoculated and non-inoculated wheat plants and (ii) the effect of prior aphid infestation of wheat plants on SNB development. The preference and reproduction of aphids was determined by releasing female aphids on P. nodorum inoculated (SNB+) and non-inoculated (SNB−) wheat leaves. The effect of prior aphid infestation of wheat plants on SNB development was determined by inoculating P. nodorum on aphid-infested (Aphid+) and aphid free (Aphid−) wheat plants. Higher numbers of aphids moved to and settled on the healthy (SNB−) leaves than inoculated (SNB+) leaves, and reproduction was significantly higher on SNB− leaves than on SNB+ leaves. Aphid infestation of wheat plants predisposed the plants to P. nodorum infection and colonization. These results are important to understand the interactions between multiple pests in wheat and hence how to develop new strategies in future integrated pest management (IPM).
35
Wains, Muhammad Saleem, Muhammad Makky Javaid, Muhammad Babar Shahzad Afzal, Hafiz Ahsin Ali, Maha Sarfraz, Ansa Banazeer, Fida Hussain, and Muhammad Naeem Aslam. "SURVEILLANCE AND EVALUATION OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON VARIETAL SCREENING AGAINST APHID POPULATION IN WHEAT." Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology 20, no. 02 (December 25, 2023): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34016/pjbt.2023.20.02.863.
Анотація:
Aphids, as notorious pests in wheat cultivation, pose a significant threat to crop yield and quality. The dynamics of aphid populations in wheat fields are intricately linked to various climatic factors, making it crucial to understand and manipulate these interactions for effective pest management. This research presents a comprehensive study that combines surveillance and varietal screening to assess the impact of climatic variables on aphid populations in wheat crops. The study was conducted over growing seasons 2022-23, involving the systematic collection of data from wheat fields exposed to varying climatic conditions. These data were then analyzed to investigate the relationship between climatic factors, such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall, and aphid infestations. Additionally, varietal screening was performed to identify wheat cultivars with varying levels of resistance or susceptibility to aphids. The interactions between specific wheat varieties and aphid populations under different climatic conditions were evaluated. This information provides valuable insights into selecting appropriate wheat cultivars that can mitigate aphid-related losses. The survey findings indicate that the aphid population on various wheat varieties exhibited a range of infestation levels. Specifically, aphid populations were observed to vary between 8.7 and 10.7 aphids per tiller on Faisalabad-08, 7.2 and 11.3 aphids per tiller on Ujala-16, 7.9 and 12.2 aphids per tiller on Anaj-17, 7.7 and 9.2 aphids per tiller on Akbar-19, 7.3 and 11.4 aphids per tiller on Dilkash-21, 7.9 and 11.5 aphids per tiller on Subhani-21, and 8.8 and 10.6 aphids per tiller on MH-21, respectively. The findings of this study reveal the complex interplay between climatic factors and aphid population dynamics in wheat fields. Aphid population was maximum (1382.39/trap/week), when maximum and minimum temperature was 28.02 ℃ and 14.0 ℃, respectively with relative humidity 80.83% and 49.62% at 8am and 5pm, respectively. However, for varietal screening of 14 wheat varieties and advance lines, the lowest aphid population was recorded on wheat varieties/lines viz., Arooj-22(4.311), HYT-74(4.378), Dilkash-21(4.433), V-19308(4.778) and HYT-76 (4.789), and these were statistically at par with each other. While maximum aphid population was observed on V-19532 (12.711) followed by V-19317(11.433), V-19559 (10.711), V-19317 (11.433), V-19347 (10.244), Akbar-19 (7.656), and Subhani-21 (6.044). Overall, this manuscript contributes to the body of knowledge on integrated pest management strategies in wheat farming, emphasizing the importance of both surveillance and varietal screening in mitigating aphid-related threats in the face of changing climate patterns.
36
Stoltz, Robert L. "Cereal Aphid Control, 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.186a.
Анотація:
Abstract Barley was planted 29 Apr near Kimberly, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was surface irrigated. Two rates of Asana were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer in 50 gal finished spray/acre. The Asana plots and an untreated control plot were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plot size was 25 by 25 ft. Aphids were counted at 2, 6, and 13 DAT; 10 tillers/plot were randomly selected and examined, aphids/head and tillers were recorded. Aphids in the heads at the first posttreatment count were exclusively the English grain aphid. Aphids on the tillers were 90% rose grass aphid and about 3% each bird cherry-oat aphid and corn leaf aphid.
37
Zepeda-Paulo, Francisca, Sebastían Ortiz-Martínez, Andrea X. Silva, and Blas Lavandero. "Low bacterial community diversity in two introduced aphid pests revealed with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing." PeerJ 6 (May 7, 2018): e4725. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4725.
Анотація:
Bacterial endosymbionts that produce important phenotypic effects on their hosts are common among plant sap-sucking insects. Aphids have become a model system of insect-symbiont interactions. However, endosymbiont research has focused on a few aphid species, making it necessary to make greater efforts to other aphid species through different regions, in order to have a better understanding of the role of endosymbionts in aphids as a group. Aphid endosymbionts have frequently been studied by PCR-based techniques, using species-specific primers, nevertheless this approach may omit other non-target bacteria cohabiting a particular host species. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies are complementing our knowledge of microbial communities by allowing us the study of whole microbiome of different organisms. We used a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach to study the microbiome of aphids in order to describe the bacterial community diversity in introduced populations of the cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi in Chile (South America). An absence of secondary endosymbionts and two common secondary endosymbionts of aphids were found in the aphids R. padi and S. avenae, respectively. Of those endosymbionts, Regiella insecticola was the dominant secondary endosymbiont among the aphid samples. In addition, the presence of a previously unidentified bacterial species closely related to a phytopathogenic Pseudomonad species was detected. We discuss these results in relation to the bacterial endosymbiont diversity found in other regions of the native and introduced range of S. avenae and R. padi. A similar endosymbiont diversity has been reported for both aphid species in their native range. However, variation in the secondary endosymbiont infection could be observed among the introduced and native populations of the aphid S. avenae, indicating that aphid-endosymbiont associations can vary across the geographic range of an aphid species. In addition, we discuss the potential role of aphids as vectors and/or alternative hosts of phytopathogenic bacteria.
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Teulon, D. A. J., T. J. B. Herman, and M. M. Davidson. "Monitoring Monterey pine aphids in Hawkes Bay forests." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6029.
Анотація:
The Monterey pine aphid (Essigella californica) was recently found in New Zealand To examine the seasonal biology and impact of this insect on Pinus radiata aphids were sampled using beating and branch bagging methods over two seasons (October to April) from three forest elevations and from three tree ageclasses in Hawkes Bay forests Many more aphids were found in 200102 than in 200001 with numbers peaking in January in 2001 and April in 2002 Few aphids were found from October to December More aphids were recorded on trees in the medium and old age classes than in the young age class There was no consistent pattern in aphid numbers in relation to elevation of forests There was little visual evidence of aphid damage to trees but this does not mean that this aphid does not cause economic damage Factors influencing the population dynamics of this aphid and sampling methods are discussed
39
de Boer, Jetske G., Petra J. Hollander, Daan Heinen, Divya Jagger, Pim van Sliedregt, Lucia Salis, Martine Kos, and Louise E. M. Vet. "Do plant volatiles confuse rather than guide foraging behavior of the aphid hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus aphidum?" Chemoecology 30, no. 6 (August 25, 2020): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-020-00321-5.
Анотація:
Abstract Many species of parasitoid wasps use plant volatiles to locate their herbivorous hosts. These volatiles are reliable indicators of host presence when their emission in plants is induced by herbivory. Hyperparasitoids may also use information from lower trophic levels to locate their parasitoid hosts but little is known about the role of volatiles from the plant–host complex in the foraging behavior of hyperparasitoids. Here, we studied how Dendrocerus aphidum (Megaspilidae) responds to plant and host volatiles in a series of experiments. This hyperparasitoid uses aphid mummies as its host and hampers biological control of aphids by parasitoids in greenhouse horticulture. We found that D. aphidum females were strongly attracted to volatiles from mummy-infested sweet pepper plants, but only when clean air was offered as an alternative odor source in the Y-tube olfactometer. Hyperparasitoid females did not have a preference for mummy-infested plants when volatiles from aphid-infested or healthy pepper plants were presented as an alternative. These olfactory responses of D. aphidum were mostly independent of prior experience. Volatiles from the host itself were also highly attractive to D. aphidum, but again hyperparasitoid females only had a preference in the absence of plant volatiles. Our findings suggest that plant volatiles may confuse, rather than guide the foraging behavior of D. aphidum. Mummy hyperparasitoids, such as D. aphidum, can use a wide variety of mummies and are thus extreme generalists at the lower trophic levels, which may explain the limited role of (induced) plant volatiles in their host searching behavior.
40
Alotaibi, Noura J., Taghreed Alsufyani, Nour Houda M’sakni, Mona A. Almalki, Eman M. Alghamdi, and Dieter Spiteller. "Rapid Identification of Aphid Species by Headspace GC-MS and Discriminant Analysis." Insects 14, no. 7 (June 30, 2023): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14070589.
Анотація:
Aphids are a ubiquitous group of pests in agriculture that cause serious losses. For sustainable aphid identification, it is necessary to develop a precise and fast aphid identification tool. A new simple chemotaxonomy approach to rapidly identify aphids was implemented. The method was calibrated in comparison to the established phylogenetic analysis. For chemotaxonomic analysis, aphids were crushed, their headspace compounds were collected through closed-loop stripping (CLS) and analysed using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS data were then subjected to a discriminant analysis using CAP12.exe software, which identified key biomarkers that distinguish aphid species. A dichotomous key taking into account the presence and absence of a set of species-specific biomarkers was derived from the discriminant analysis which enabled rapid and reliable identification of aphid species. As the method overcomes the limits of morphological identification, it works with aphids at all life stages and in both genders. Thus, our method enables entomologists to assign aphids to growth stages and identify the life history of the investigated aphids, i.e., the food plant(s) they fed on. Our experiments clearly showed that the method could be used as a software to automatically identify aphids.
41
Chinnu, V. S., Vidya Mulimani, S. Shanas, and N. Sumithramma. "Exploration of natural enemy fauna of aphids and associated ant species from eastern dry zone of Karnataka, India." ENTOMON 48, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v48i4.990.
Анотація:
Purposive surveys were conducted at regular intervals in different districts of eastern dry zone of Karnataka (Zone 5) during the year 2021-22, to document the natural enemy fauna and the ant species associated with aphids. Out of 34 aphid species recorded, 16 species of aphids were preyed on by 14 species of predators belonging to Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Hemerobiidae and Chamaemyiidae and seven species of aphids were found parasitized by eight species of parasitoids belonging to Braconidae. Predators belonging to Coccinellidae and Syrphidae were recorded more abundantly with six species in each family, preying on 12 and 10 aphid species, respectively. Among the aphid parasitoids, Aphidius spp. was the more abundant taxa. Eleven species of ants belonging to Formicinae, Myrmicinae and Dolichoderinae were found associated with 17 aphid species. Ants belonging to the genus Camponotus were found to be more abundant and associated with 10 species of aphids. A comprehensive list of predators, parasitoids and ants associated with different aphid species was put together during this study.
42
Frantz, James D., Jeffrey Gardner, Michael P. Hoffmann, and Molly M. Jahn. "Greenhouse Screening of Capsicum Accessions for Resistance to Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae)." HortScience 39, no. 6 (October 2004): 1332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1332.
Анотація:
A greenhouse screen for resistance to green peach aphid (GPA) [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] was done using 50 pepper (Capsicum spp.) accessions. There were significant differences among accessions for damage rating, number of aphids per plant and number of aphids per leaf. Leaf pubescence, the basis of a reported nonpreference resistance mechanism to green peach aphid infestation, failed to protect pepper accessions from GPA colonization and damage. Sources of resistance and tolerance to cotton aphid [Aphis gossypi (Glover)] supported high levels of green peach aphid infestation and exhibited considerable damage. Although no accessions provided strong resistance to aphid colonization evident by significantly reduced numbers of aphids, several commercial varieties and sources of virus resistance exhibited strong tolerance to GPA, evident as reduced damage. Tolerant varieties could be an important component in integrated pest management of green peach aphid.
43
Foster, S. P., I. Denholm, G. M. Poppy, R. Thompson, and W. Powell. "Fitness trade-off in peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae) between insecticide resistance and vulnerability to parasitoid attack at several spatial scales." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 6 (December 21, 2010): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000623.
Анотація:
AbstractInsecticide-resistant clones of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), have previously been shown to have a reduced response to aphid alarm pheromone compared to susceptible ones. The resulting vulnerability of susceptible and resistant aphids to attack by the primary endoparasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh), was investigated across three spatial scales. These scales ranged from aphids confined on individual leaves exposed to single female parasitoids, to aphids on groups of whole plants exposed to several parasitoids. In all experiments, significantly fewer aphids from insecticide-susceptible clones became parasitised compared to insecticide-resistant aphids. Investigations of aphid movement showed at the largest spatial scale that more susceptible aphids than resistant aphids moved from their inoculation leaves to other leaves on the same plant after exposure to parasitoids. The findings imply that parasitoids, and possibly other natural enemies, can influence the evolution and dynamics of insecticide resistance through pleiotropic effects of resistance genes on important behavioural traits.
44
Bogaert, Florent, Aurélie Marmonier, Elodie Pichon, Sylvaine Boissinot, Véronique Ziegler-Graff, Quentin Chesnais, Claire Villeroy, Martin Drucker, and Véronique Brault. "Impact of Mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana Metabolic Pathways on Polerovirus Accumulation, Aphid Performance, and Feeding Behavior." Viruses 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020146.
Анотація:
During the process of virus acquisition by aphids, plants respond to both the virus and the aphids by mobilizing different metabolic pathways. It is conceivable that the plant metabolic responses to both aggressors may be conducive to virus acquisition. To address this question, we analyze the accumulation of the phloem-limited polerovirus Turnip yellows virus (TuYV), which is strictly transmitted by aphids, and aphid’s life traits in six Arabidopsis thaliana mutants (xth33, ss3-2, nata1, myc234, quad, atr1D, and pad4-1). We observed that mutations affecting the carbohydrate metabolism, the synthesis of a non-protein amino acid and the glucosinolate pathway had an effect on TuYV accumulation. However, the virus titer did not correlate with the virus transmission efficiency. Some mutations in A. thaliana affect the aphid feeding behavior but often only in infected plants. The duration of the phloem sap ingestion phase, together with the time preceding the first sap ingestion, affect the virus transmission rate more than the virus titer did. Our results also show that the aphids reared on infected mutant plants had a reduced biomass regardless of the mutation and the duration of the sap ingestion phase.
45
Kabaluk, J. T., R. S. Vernon, and D. Henderson. "Population development of the green peach aphid and beneficial insects in potato fields in British Columbia." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 5 (October 2006): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-015.
Анотація:
AbstractUsing 4 years of potato monitoring data containing insect counts, population development of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), ladybird beetles (Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Coccinella septempunctata L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and hymenopterous aphid parasitoids is described and used to consider revisions to current sampling plans. Depending on the year, field monitoring for aphids commenced between early May and early June. Aphid populations typically increased after 1 July and fluctuated until the end of the monitoring period (September). Winged M. persicae began to appear in sweep-net samples in late May, well in advance of the detection of aphids in visual samples. Aphid counts from field edge and interior sample sites were correlated and edge population levels were slightly and significantly greater than interior levels over the period 10 June – 14 July in 2 of the 4 years analyzed, suggesting a mild but inconsistent edge effect approaching mid season. Using an action threshold of 1 aphid/leaf to restrict the aphid-mediated spread of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), the earliest whole-field action threshold was exceeded during 18–24 June in 1997. Using an action threshold of 10 aphids/leaf to address aphid-induced yield loss in fields not at risk to PLRV, the earliest whole-field action threshold was exceeded during 16–22 July in 1997. Therefore, monitoring for aphids can begin much later than the time it is currently commenced. A case is presented for monitoring only the edges of potato fields for an action threshold of 10 aphids/leaf, as interior samples rarely exceeded this action threshold when edge samples were below. This would further reduce the effort in sampling potato fields for aphids. Population development of ladybird beetle adults and larvae showed peaks occurring at different times during the growing season, depending on the year. Parasitism of aphids by hymenopterans occurred at low to moderate levels throughout the growing season (13% of total aphids in visual samples, on average), with peak parasitism appearing toward the end of the growing season in each year.
46
Navasse, Y., S. A. P. Derocles, M. Plantegenest, and A. Le Ralec. "Ecological specialization in Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on aphid species from wild and cultivated plants." Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, no. 2 (August 3, 2017): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317000657.
Анотація:
AbstractDiaeretiella rapae is an aphid parasitoid with potential for use in biological control strategies. However, several recent genetic studies have challenged the long held view that it is a generalist parasitoid. We investigated its ecological specialization and ability to use resources in cultivated and uncultivated areas. Ecological specialization would reduce its ability to exploit the diversity of aphid species, particularly in uncultivated areas, and to control pest aphids. Four D. rapae strains were studied, three reared on pest aphids on Brassicaceae and one strain on a non-pest aphid on Chenopodiaceae. For each strain, we performed host-switching experiments, with a total of six aphid species, five of which D. rapae parasitizes in France. We tested cross-breeding ability between strains to detect potential reproductive isolation linked to aphid host species in D. rapae. The strain reared on non-pest aphids was able to develop on aphid species from both cultivated and uncultivated plants. The strains reared on pest aphids, however, exclusively parasitized aphid species on cultivated Brassicaceae. In addition, reproductive isolation was detected between strains from uncultivated and cultivated plants. Thus, the D. rapae populations examined here appear to be showing ecological specialization or they may even be composed of a complex of cryptic species related to the aphid hosts. The role of Chenopodium album as a reservoir for D. rapae, by providing a habitat for non-pest aphids on which it can feed, appears to be severely limited, and thus its efficiency to maintain local populations of D. rapae in the vicinity of crops is questionable.
47
Migui, Samuel M., and Robert J. Lamb. "Trophic interactions between three species of cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and spring wheat (Poaceae): implications for pest management." Canadian Entomologist 139, no. 6 (December 2007): 850–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n07-004.
Анотація:
AbstractThe susceptibilities of genetically diverse Canadian spring wheats, Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf., to three aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were investigated. Trophic interactions measured as changes in biomass of aphids and wheat plants were used to quantify levels of resistance, components of resistance, and impact of aphids on yield. Plants in field cages were infested with small numbers of aphids for 21 days at heading. These plants were usually more suitable for the development of S. avenae and S. graminum than of R. padi. Partial resistance, measured as seed production by infested plants as a proportion of that by a control, varied from 11% to 59% for different aphid species and wheat classes when all wheat plants were infested at the same stage. Cultivars within wheat classes responded similarly to each of the aphid species. None of the wheat cultivars showed agriculturally effective levels of antibiosis. The specific impact of each aphid species and wheat class varied from 5 to 15 mg of plant biomass lost for each milligram of biomass gained by the aphids. Canadian Western Red Spring wheat had a lower specific impact and therefore was more tolerant to aphids than the other two classes, but not tolerant enough to avoid economic damage at the aphid densities observed. Plants did not compensate for feeding damage after aphid feeding ceased, based on the higher specific impacts observed for mature plants than for plants that were heading. The interactions between aphids and plants show that current economic thresholds probably underestimate the damage caused by cereal aphids to Canadian spring wheat.
48
Banerjee, Aniket, Ivair Valmorbida, Matthew E. O’Neal, and Rana Parshad. "Exploring the Dynamics of Virulent and Avirulent Aphids: A Case for a ‘Within Plant’ Refuge." Journal of Economic Entomology 115, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab218.
Анотація:
Abstract The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an invasive pest that can cause severe yield loss to soybeans in the North Central United States. A tactic to counter this pest is the use of aphid-resistant soybean varieties. However, the frequency of virulent biotypes that can survive on resistant varieties is expected to increase as more farmers use these varieties. Soybean aphids can alter soybean physiology primarily by two mechanisms, feeding facilitation, and the obviation of resistance, favoring subsequent colonization by additional conspecifics. We developed a nonlocal, differential equation population model to explore the dynamics of these biological mechanisms on soybean plants coinfested with virulent and avirulent aphids. We then use demographic parameters from laboratory experiments to perform numerical simulations via the model. We used this model to determine that initial conditions are an important factor in the season-long cooccurrence of both biotypes. The initial population of both biotypes above the resistance threshold or avirulent aphid close to resistance threshold and high virulent aphid population results in coexistence of the aphids throughout the season. These simulations successfully mimicked aphid dynamics observed in the field- and laboratory-based microcosms. The model showed an increase in colonization of virulent aphids increases the likelihood that aphid resistance is suppressed, subsequently increasing the survival of avirulent aphids. This interaction produced an indirect, positive interaction between the biotypes. These results suggest the potential for a ‘within plant’ refuge that could contribute to the sustainable use of aphid-resistant soybeans.
49
Holt, Jocelyn R., Antonino Malacrinò, and Raul F. Medina. "Quantifying the impacts of symbiotic interactions between two invasive species: the tawny crazy ant (Nylanderia fulva) tending the sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sorghi)." PeerJ 10 (December 12, 2022): e14448. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14448.
Анотація:
The establishment of new symbiotic interactions between introduced species may facilitate invasion success. For instance, tawny crazy ant (Nylanderia fulva Mayr) is known to be an opportunistic tender of honeydew producing insects and this ants’ symbiotic interactions have exacerbated agricultural damage in some invaded regions of the world. The invasive sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sorghi Theobald) was first reported as a pest in the continental United States–in Texas and Louisiana–as recent as 2013, and tawny crazy ant (TCA) was reported in Texas in the early 2000s. Although these introductions are relatively recent, TCA workers tend sorghum aphids in field and greenhouse settings. This study quantified the tending duration of TCA workers to sorghum aphids and the impact of TCA tending on aphid biomass. For this study aphids were collected from three different host plant species (i.e., sugarcane, Johnson grass, and sorghum) and clone colonies were established. Sorghum is the main economic crop in which these aphids occur, hence we focused our study on the potential impacts of interactions on sorghum. Quantification of invasive ant-aphid interactions, on either stems or leaves of sorghum plants, were conducted in greenhouse conditions. Our results show that although these two invasive insect species do not have a long coevolutionary history, TCA developed a tending interaction with sorghum aphid, and aphids were observed excreting honeydew after being antennated by TCA workers. Interestingly, this relatively recent symbiotic interaction significantly increased overall aphid biomass for aphids that were positioned on stems and collected from Johnson grass. It is recommended to continue monitoring the interaction between TCA and sorghum aphid in field conditions due to its potential to increase aphid populations and sorghum plant damage.
50
Ngah, Norhayati, Rebecca L. Thomas, and Mark D. E. Fellowes. "Does This Look Infected? Hidden Host Plant Infection by the Pathogen Botrytis cinerea Alters Interactions between Plants, Aphids and Their Natural Enemies in the Field." Insects 15, no. 5 (May 12, 2024): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15050347.
Анотація:
Few studies have considered whether hidden (asymptomatic) plant pathogen infection alters ecological interactions at the higher trophic levels, even though such infection still affects plant physiology. We explored this question in two field experiments, where two varieties of lettuce (Little Gem, Tom Thumb) infected with Botrytis cinerea were either (1) naturally colonised by aphids or (2) placed in the field with an established aphid colony. We then recorded plant traits and the numbers and species of aphids, their predators, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Infection significantly affected plant quality. In the first experiment, symptomatically infected plants had the fewest aphids and natural enemies of aphids. The diversity and abundance of aphids did not differ between asymptomatically infected and uninfected Little Gem plants, but infection affected the aphid assemblage for Tom Thumb plants. Aphids on asymptomatically infected plants were less attractive to predators and parasitoids than those on uninfected plants, while hyperparasitoids were not affected. In the second experiment, when we excluded natural enemies, aphid numbers were lower on asymptomatically and symptomatically infected plants, but when aphid natural enemies were present, this difference was removed, most likely because aphids on uninfected plants attracted more insect natural enemies. This suggests that hidden pathogen infection may have important consequences for multitrophic interactions.