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Статті в журналах з теми "Ants"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 29 липня 2024

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1

Karch, Jason, Michael J. Bround, Hadi Khalil, Michelle A. Sargent, Nadina Latchman, Naohiro Terada, Pablo M. Peixoto, and Jeffery D. Molkentin. "Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition by deletion of the ANT family and CypD." Science Advances 5, no. 8 (August 2019): eaaw4597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw4597.

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The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) has resisted molecular identification. The original model of the MPTP that proposed the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) as the inner membrane pore-forming component was challenged when mitochondria from Ant1/2 double null mouse liver still had MPTP activity. Because mice express three Ant genes, we reinvestigated whether the ANTs comprise the MPTP. Liver mitochondria from Ant1, Ant2, and Ant4 deficient mice were highly refractory to Ca2+-induced MPTP formation, and when also given cyclosporine A (CsA), the MPTP was completely inhibited. Moreover, liver mitochondria from mice with quadruple deletion of Ant1, Ant2, Ant4, and Ppif (cyclophilin D, target of CsA) lacked Ca2+-induced MPTP formation. Inner-membrane patch clamping in mitochondria from Ant1, Ant2, and Ant4 triple null mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed a loss of MPTP activity. Our findings suggest a model for the MPTP consisting of two distinct molecular components: The ANTs and an unknown species requiring CypD.

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2

Marshall, Alan. "Ants/Anti-Ants!" Metascience 14, no. 2 (August 2005): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-005-3295-x.

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3

Mathis, Kaitlyn A., and Neil D. Tsutsui. "Dead ant walking: a myrmecophilous beetle predator uses parasitoid host location cues to selectively prey on parasitized ants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1836 (August 17, 2016): 20161281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1281.

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Myrmecophiles (i.e. organisms that associate with ants) use a variety of ecological niches and employ different strategies to survive encounters with ants. Because ants are typically excellent defenders, myrmecophiles may choose moments of weakness to take advantage of their ant associates. This hypothesis was studied in the rove beetle, Myrmedonota xipe , which associates with Azteca sericeasur ants in the presence of parasitoid flies. A combination of laboratory and field experiments show that M. xipe beetles selectively locate and prey upon parasitized ants. These parasitized ants are less aggressive towards beetles than healthy ants, allowing beetles to eat the parasitized ants alive without interruption. Moreover, behavioural assays and chemical analysis reveal that M. xipe are attracted to the ant's alarm pheromone, the same secretion used by the phorid fly parasitoids in host location. This strategy allows beetles access to an abundant but otherwise inaccessible resource, as A. sericeasur ants are typically highly aggressive. These results are the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate a predator sharing cues with a parasitoid to gain access to an otherwise unavailable prey item. Furthermore, this work highlights the importance of studying ant–myrmecophile interactions beyond just their pairwise context.

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4

Graham, Paul, and Thomas S. Collett. "View-based navigation in insects: how wood ants (Formica rufaL.) look at and are guided by extended landmarks." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 16 (August 15, 2002): 2499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.16.2499.

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SUMMARYBees, wasps and ants learn landmarks as views from particular vantage points, storing the retinal positions of landmark edges. By moving so as to minimise the difference between their stored and current view, they can return to the vantage point from which a view was taken. We have examined what wood ants learn about a laterally placed, extended landmark, a wall, while walking parallel to it to reach a feeder and how they use this stored information to guide their path. Manipulation of the height of the wall and the ant's starting distance from it reveals that ants maintain a desired distance from the wall by keeping the image of the top of the wall at a particular retinal elevation. Ants can thus employ image matching both for returning to a place and for following a fixed route.Unlike many flying insects, an ant's direction of motion while walking is always along its longitudinal body axis and, perhaps for this reason, it favours its frontal retina for viewing discrete landmarks. We find that ants also use their frontal retina for viewing a laterally placed wall. On a coarse scale, the ant's path along the wall is straight, but on a finer scale it is roughly sinusoidal, allowing the ant to scan the surrounding landscape with its frontal retina. The ant's side-to-side scanning means that the wall is viewed with its frontal retina for phases of the scanning cycle throughout its trajectory. Details of the scanning pattern depend on the scene. Ants scan further to the side that is empty of the wall than to the side containing the wall, and they scan further into the wall side when the wall is of a lower apparent height. We conclude that frontal retina is employed for image storage and for path control.

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5

Waxman, David. "Ants ordering ants to feed." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, no. 3 (March 2002): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02435-1.

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6

Wilson, Edward O. "Ants." Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 45, no. 3 (December 1991): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3824337.

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7

Lord, Richard. "Ants." American Biology Teacher 80, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2018.80.5.392.

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8

Lapitskii, Viktor. "Ants." Index on Censorship 22, no. 10 (November 1993): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064229308535616.

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9

Brown, Bill. "Ants." Appalachian Heritage 30, no. 3 (2002): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2002.0082.

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10

Smith, Katherine. "Ants." Appalachian Heritage 33, no. 2 (2005): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2005.0109.

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11

Ward, Philip S. "Ants." Current Biology 16, no. 5 (March 2006): R152—R155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.054.

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12

Derrida, Jacques. "Ants." Oxford Literary Review 24, no. 1 (July 2002): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/olr.2002.003.

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13

Masini, Donna. "Ants." Italian Americana XXXIX, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/2327753x.39.1.07.

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14

Wystrach, Antoine, Sebastian Schwarz, Alice Baniel, and Ken Cheng. "Backtracking behaviour in lost ants: an additional strategy in their navigational toolkit." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (October 22, 2013): 20131677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1677.

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Ants use multiple sources of information to navigate, but do not integrate all this information into a unified representation of the world. Rather, the available information appears to serve three distinct main navigational systems: path integration, systematic search and the use of learnt information—mainly via vision. Here, we report on an additional behaviour that suggests a supplemental system in the ant's navigational toolkit: ‘backtracking’. Homing ants, having almost reached their nest but, suddenly displaced to unfamiliar areas, did not show the characteristic undirected headings of systematic searches. Instead, these ants backtracked in the compass direction opposite to the path that they had just travelled. The ecological function of this behaviour is clear as we show it increases the chances of returning to familiar terrain. Importantly, the mechanistic implications of this behaviour stress an extra level of cognitive complexity in ant navigation. Our results imply: (i) the presence of a type of ‘memory of the current trip’ allowing lost ants to take into account the familiar view recently experienced, and (ii) direct sharing of information across different navigational systems. We propose a revised architecture of the ant's navigational toolkit illustrating how the different systems may interact to produce adaptive behaviours.

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15

Freeman, Theodore M. "Imported Fire Ants: The Ants from Hell!" Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/108854194778816580.

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16

Razin, Nitzan, Jean-Pierre Eckmann, and Ofer Feinerman. "Desert ants achieve reliable recruitment across noisy interactions." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 82 (May 6, 2013): 20130079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0079.

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We study how desert ants, Cataglyphis niger , a species that lacks pheromone-based recruitment mechanisms, inform each other about the presence of food. Our results are based on automated tracking that allows us to collect a large database of ant trajectories and interactions. We find that interactions affect an ant's speed within the nest. Fast ants tend to slow down, whereas slow ones increase their speed when encountering a faster ant. Faster ants tend to exit the nest more frequently than slower ones. So, if an ant gains enough speed through encounters with others, then she tends to leave the nest and look for food. On the other hand, we find that the probability for her to leave the nest depends only on her speed, but not on whether she had recently interacted with a recruiter that has found the food. This suggests a recruitment system in which ants communicate their state by very simple interactions. Based on this assumption, we estimate the information-theoretical channel capacity of the ants’ pairwise interactions. We find that the response to the speed of an interacting nest-mate is very noisy. The question is then how random interactions with ants within the nest can be distinguished from those interactions with a recruiter who has found food. Our measurements and model suggest that this distinction does not depend on reliable communication but on behavioural differences between ants that have found the food and those that have not. Recruiters retain high speeds throughout the experiment, regardless of the ants they interact with; non-recruiters communicate with a limited number of nest-mates and adjust their speed following these interactions. These simple rules lead to the formation of a bistable switch on the level of the group that allows the distinction between recruitment and random noise in the nest. A consequence of the mechanism we propose is a negative effect of ant density on exit rates and recruitment success. This is, indeed, confirmed by our measurements.

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17

Hightower, Lawrence E. "Desert Ants." Science 268, no. 5216 (June 9, 1995): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.268.5216.1417.a.

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18

Jaffe, Klaus. "Surfing Ants." Florida Entomologist 76, no. 1 (March 1993): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3496029.

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19

Kuzma, Greg. "The Ants." Iowa Review 37, no. 2 (October 2007): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6343.

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20

Rhoades, Robert. "Stinging ants." Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.all.0000011036.74215.95.

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21

Choi, Charles Q. "Sacrificial Ants." Scientific American 299, no. 6 (December 2008): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1208-42c.

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22

Garner, Lynne. "Amazing ants." Practical Pre-School 2015, Sup175 (August 2015): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prps.2015.sup175.7.

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23

Holloway, Marguerite. "Hot Ants." Scientific American 267, no. 3 (September 1992): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0992-23b.

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24

Pingyang, Lei, and Ming Di. "Happy Ants." Manoa 31, no. 1 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/man.2019.0032.

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25

Hightower, L. E. "Desert Ants." Science 268, no. 5216 (June 9, 1995): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.268.5216.1417.

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26

Blaeser, Kimberly M. "Red Ants." Wasafiri 32, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690055.2017.1290389.

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27

Reid, Judy. "Ancient ants." New Scientist 195, no. 2613 (July 2007): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61822-3.

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28

Rhoades, Robert. "Stinging ants." Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1, no. 4 (August 2001): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130832-200108000-00010.

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29

Conway, John R. "Honey Ants." American Entomologist 40, no. 4 (1994): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/40.4.229.

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30

Milius, Susan. "Ambush Ants." Science News 167, no. 17 (April 23, 2005): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4016241.

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31

Wheeler, Diana. "The Ants." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84, no. 2 (March 1, 1991): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/84.2.212.

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32

Kotsireas, Ilias, and Emil Volcheck. "ANTS VI." ACM SIGSAM Bulletin 38, no. 3 (September 2004): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1040034.1040041.

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33

Elmes, Graham W. "The ants." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 11 (November 1990): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90111-p.

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34

Sendova-Franks, Ana B. "Exotic ants." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9, no. 12 (December 1994): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90327-1.

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35

Palmer, Todd M. "Acacia ants." Current Biology 33, no. 11 (June 2023): R469—R471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.002.

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36

Muller, Peter. "Why Ants?" Ballarat Naturalist (2016:Mar) (March 2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.385142.

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37

Dalman, Peter. "Excursion – Ants." Ballarat Naturalist (2016:Mar) (March 2016): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.385143.

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38

Waruwu, Irena Santy, Marheni, and Lahmuddin Lubis. "Jumlah semut Myopopone castaneae (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) yang dihasilkan dengan pakan berbagai instar larva Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaidae) di laboratorium." Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v5i2.2988.

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Ants of Myopopone castaneae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is a one potential predators of larvae palm stem borer Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabidae). These ants are able to prey on all stadia of larvae O. rhinoceros L. This research was aimed to know the number of ants Myopopone castaneae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) generated by feeding the various instar larvae of palm stem borer Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaidae) in the laboratory. The research was conducted at Laboratory of Plant Pest, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara from April until September 2017. This research used nonfactorial Randomize Completely Design with 3 treatments and 6 replications. The results showed that various instar larvae O. rhinoceros was significantly different to number of ants generated. The highest number of ants was instar I (0,67 queen ants, 2,17 male ants, and 68 working ants) dan the lowest number of ants was instar III (0 queen ant, 0 male ant and 65,83 working ant). The highest consumption was instar I (130,17 ants) and lowest one was instar III (73,83 ants). There were three types of ants in colony including queen, male and working ants.

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39

Hayashi, Masayuki, Masaru K. Hojo, Masashi Nomura, and Kazuki Tsuji. "Social transmission of information about a mutualist via trophallaxis in ant colonies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (August 30, 2017): 20171367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1367.

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Partner discrimination is crucial in mutualistic interactions between organisms to counteract cheating by the partner. Trophobiosis between ants and aphids is a model system of such mutualistic interaction. To establish and maintain the mutualistic association, ants need to correctly discriminate mutualistic aphids. However, the mechanism by which ants recognize aphids as their partners is poorly understood, despite its ecological and evolutionary importance. Here, we show for the first time the evidence that interaction with nest-mates that have tended aphids ( Aphis craccivora ) allows ants ( Tetramorium tsushimae ) to learn to recognize the aphid species as their partner. When ants had previously tended aphids, they moderated their aggressiveness towards aphids. More importantly, ants that had interacted with aphid-experienced nest-mates also reduced their aggressiveness towards aphids, even though they had never directly experienced them, indicating that aphid information was transmitted from aphid-experienced ants to inexperienced ants. Furthermore, inhibition of mouth-to-mouth contact (trophallaxis) from aphid-experienced ants to inexperienced ants by providing the inexperienced ants with artificial honeydew solution caused the inexperienced ants to become aggressive towards aphids. These results, with further supporting data, strongly suggest that ants transfer information on their mutualists during trophallactic interactions.

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40

CARLIN, N. F. "Troublesome Insects: Fire Ants and Leaf-Cutting Ants." Science 235, no. 4796 (March 27, 1987): 1682b—1683b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4796.1682b.

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41

Stimac, Jerry L. "The Ants and Nothing but the Ants The Ants Bert Hölldobler Edward O. Wilson." BioScience 41, no. 3 (March 1991): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311458.

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42

Venable, Cameron P., and Tracy Langkilde. "Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) display an ontogenetic shift in relative consumption of native and invasive prey." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 5 (May 2019): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0228.

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Interactions between invasive prey and native predators can provide an opportunity to better understand predator–prey dynamics and how these may change through ontogeny. Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus (Bosc and Daudin in Sonnini and Latreille, 1801)) are ant specialist, particularly as juveniles. Invasive red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972) pose a lethal risk to S. undulatus that eat them, especially smaller-bodied juveniles. We examine ontogenetic shifts in S. undulatus consumption of toxic invasive fire ants versus palatable native pyramid ants (Dorymyrmex bureni (Trager, 1988)). We predicted that hatchlings should avoid eating fire ants in favor of native ants, whereas less-vulnerable adults should take advantage of both prey sources. However, when given the choice between fire ants and native ants, hatchlings consumed similar numbers of these species, whereas adults consumed nearly three times as many native ants as invasive fire ants. Increased consumption of fire ants in adulthood could be the result of lifetime experience, strategies to safely consume fire ants, ontogenetic shifts in the ability to distinguish between ants, or reduced costs to adults of eating venomous ants. Future research should aim to distinguish these alternative mechanisms and examine the long-term consequences of native species incorporating toxic invasive prey into their diets.

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43

Wang, Bo, Min Lu, Yan-Qiong Peng, and Simon T. Segar. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Invasive vs. Native Ant-Hemipteran Mutualism: A Meta-Analysis That Supports the Mutualism Intensity Hypothesis." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112323.

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Mutualism can facilitate the colonization, establishment, and spread of invasive species. By modifying interactions with third parties, mutualisms can have cascading community-wide effects. Both native and invasive ants are capable of forming mutualisms with hemipteran insects, preying on non-hemipteran herbivores and indirectly affecting primary production. Comparative research on the effects of both native and invasive ant exclusions on multitrophic interactions is therefore crucial for understanding the invasive potential of ants, along with any ecological consequences that invasions may have. We performed a quantitative review of the multitrophic effects of invasive and native ants on insect–plant food webs. Herbivorous insects are the most common food source for both invasive (comprising 56% of prey species caught) and native ants (55% of the prey species caught), followed by predators (31% for invasive ants, 45% for native ants). Excluding both invasive and native ants significantly reduced hemipteran abundance, and excluding invasive ants had a greater negative impact on hemipteran abundance than native ants. Native ant predation significantly reduced herbivore abundance, but excluding invasive ants had no effect. Cascading effects of native ants on plant fitness were significantly positive, but there was no significant impact of invasive ants. These findings suggest a weak relationship between the presence of invasive ants and non-hemipteran herbivore abundance. We suggest that the hemipteran–ant mutualism could represent a ‘symbiotic invasion’. The ecological dominance of invasive ants is often facilitated by hemipteran insects. This association requires invasive ant control strategies to expand beyond ants to consider mutualists.

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44

Zheng, Shanshan, Raquel Loreto, Philip Smith, Andrew Patterson, David Hughes, and Liande Wang. "Specialist and Generalist Fungal Parasites Induce Distinct Biochemical Changes in the Mandible Muscles of Their Host." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 4589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184589.

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Анотація:

Some parasites have evolved the ability to adaptively manipulate host behavior. One notable example is the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato, which has evolved the ability to alter the behavior of ants in ways that enable fungal transmission and lifecycle completion. Because host mandibles are affected by the fungi, we focused on understanding changes in the metabolites of muscles during behavioral modification. We used High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass/Mass (HPLC-MS/MS) to detect the metabolite difference between controls and O. unilateralis-infected ants. There was a significant difference between the global metabolome of O. unilateralis-infected ants and healthy ants, while there was no significant difference between the Beauveria bassiana treatment ants group compared to the healthy ants. A total of 31 and 16 of metabolites were putatively identified from comparisons of healthy ants with O. unilateralis-infected ants and comparisons of B. bassiana with O. unilateralis-infected samples, respectively. This result indicates that the concentrations of sugars, purines, ergothioneine, and hypoxanthine were significantly increased in O. unilateralis-infected ants in comparison to healthy ants and B. bassiana-infected ants. This study provides a comprehensive metabolic approach for understanding the interactions, at the level of host muscles, between healthy ants and fungal parasites.

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45

Reemer, Menno. "Review and Phylogenetic Evaluation of Associations between Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/538316.

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The immature stages of hoverflies of the subfamily Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) develop in ant nests, as predators of the ant brood. The present paper reviews published and unpublished records of associations of Microdontinae with ants, in order to discuss the following questions. (1) Are all Microdontinae associated with ants? (2) Are Microdontinae associated with all ants? (3) Are particular clades of Microdontinae associated with particular clades of ants? (4) Are Microdontinae associated with other insects? A total number of 109 associations between the groups are evaluated, relating to 43 species of Microdontinae belonging to 14 genera, and to at least 69 species of ants belonging to 24 genera and five subfamilies. The taxa of Microdontinae found in association with ants occur scattered throughout their phylogenetic tree. One of the supposedly most basal taxa (Mixogaster) is associated with ants, suggesting that associations with ants evolved early in the history of the subfamily and have remained a predominant feature of their lifestyle. Among ants, associations with Microdontinae are known from subfamilies Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Pseudomyrmecinae. These subfamilies comprise more than 95% of all ant species. Interestingly, no associations are known with “dorylomorph” ants (army ants and relatives).

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Swenson, Jon E., Anna Jansson, Raili Riig, and Finn Sandegren. "Bears and ants: myrmecophagy by brown bears in central Scandinavia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 4 (September 15, 1999): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-004.

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To determine general patterns of myrmecophagy in bears, we tested hypotheses regarding selection of ant species, factors important to bears when selecting ant species, factors influencing seasonal use of ants, and foraging behavior of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in central Sweden. Ants were an important food for these bears, constituting 12, 16, and 4% of fecal volume in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Ants were abundant, 30.5-38.5 tonnes per bear, and bears excavated 8-33% (mean 23%) of the mounds of red forest ants annually. Carpenter ants (Camponotus herculeanus) were highly preferred. Among mound-building red forest ants, the Formica aquilonia/polyctena complex was preferred over Formica exsecta and Formica lugubris. The ants selected by bears had high digestible energy and low formic acid content and behaved passively when the colony was disturbed. Colony size and density may also have influenced the selection of ants. Seasonal use of ants was related not to the availability of pupae or the quality of plant foods but probably to the availability of other foods. Bears consumed only a small proportion of the ants, 4000-5000, each time they opened a mound, probably because of rapidly increasing difficulty in capturing them after the colony was attacked. Eurasian brown bears feed more on ants than North American bears do, perhaps because of greater availability of large colonies of red forest ants. Carpenter ants may have been especially available in our study area following intensive clear-cutting.

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Khafidhan, Abied, Rahayu Widyastuti, and Soetanto Abdoellah. "Ant Abundance, identification and relation with cocoa pest attacks under several shade trees." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 37, no. 3 (December 27, 2021): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i3.474.

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Ants are soil macrofauna that plays an essential role in preventing pods of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) from Helopeltis antonii and Conopomorpha cramerella attack. However, the method of those pests control primarily using pesticides and that will disturbed ant's life. This research aims to determine the abundance and diversity of ants in cocoa plantations with different shade and to determine the correlation between ant abundance and intensity of pest attack from Helopeltis antonii and Conopomorpha cramerella. Ants sample was carried out using pitfall traps and Berlese funnels based on purposive sampling method. The results showed that five subfamilies were found in cocoa plantations with different shade. Subfamily Myrmicinae was the dominant group in all observation sites. The ant abundance has a strong correlation with intensity of pest attack. This was influenced by a role of the ant as natural enemies from Helopeltis antonii and Conopomorpha cramerella.

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Nogueira, Rodrigo R., Danilo Ferreira Borges Santos, Eduardo S. Calixto, Helena Maura Torezan-Silingardi, and Kleber Del-Claro. "Negative effects of ant-plant interaction on pollination: costs of a mutualism." Sociobiology 68, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): e7259. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v68i4.7259.

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The mutualism of ants and extrafloral nectary (EFN)-bearing plants is known to reduce rates of herbivory. However, ants may have negative impacts on other mutualisms such as pollination, constituting an indirect cost of a facultative mutualism. For instance, when foraging on or close to reproductive plant parts ants might attack pollinators or inhibit their visits. We tested the hypothesis that ants on EFN-bearing plants may negatively influence pollinator behavior, ultimately reducing plant fitness (fruit set). The study was done in a reserve at Brazilian savannah using the EFN-bearing plant Banisteriopsis malifolia (Malpighiaceae). The experimental manipulation was carried out with four groups: control (free visitation of ants), without ants (ant-free branches), artificial ants (isolated branches with artificial ants on flowers) and plastic circles (isolated branches with plastic circles on flowers). We made observations on flower visitors and their interactions, and measured fruit formation as a proxy for plant fitness. Our results showed that pollinators hesitated to visit flowers with artificial ants, negatively affecting pollination, but did not hesitate to visit flowers with plastic circles, suggesting that they recognize the specific morphology of the ants. Pollinators spent more time per flower on the ant-free branches, and the fruiting rate was lower in the group with artificial ants. Our results confirm an indirect cost in this facultative mutualism, where the balance between these negative and positive effects of ants on EFN-bearing plants are not well known.

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HILL, JANE K., REBECA B. ROSENGAUS, FRANCIS S. GILBERT, and ADAM G. HART. "Invasive ants-are fire ants drivers of biodiversity loss?" Ecological Entomology 38, no. 6 (November 5, 2013): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.12077.

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McGlynn, Terrence P. "Non‐native Ants Are Smaller than Related Native Ants." American Naturalist 154, no. 6 (December 1999): 690–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/303270.

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