Статті в журналах: "Antiwear film"

1

Schwarz, Udo D. "Tracking antiwear film formation." Science 348, no. 6230 (April 2, 2015): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa3276.

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2

Topolovec-Miklozic, Ksenija, T. Reg Forbus, and Hugh A. Spikes. "Film thickness and roughness of ZDDP antiwear films." Tribology Letters 26, no. 2 (January 9, 2007): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11249-006-9189-2.

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3

Sun, Zhiyong, and Xianhua Cheng. "Self-Assembly and Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Film on Silicon Substrates." Nano 10, no. 07 (October 2015): 1550098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292015500988.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) film was prepared on silicon ( Si ) substrate with a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) film as the interlayer in a multistep self-assembly process. The formation and microstructure of the CNTs film were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angles (WCAs) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). Tribological properties were evaluated with a UMT-2MT reciprocating friction tester. Results show that the CNTs were successfully assembled on Si substrates by chemical bonding between functional groups. CNTs film exhibited excellent friction reduction, high load-bearing capacity and antiwear ability. The friction coefficient was reduced drastically from 0.7 to 0.16, with markedly prolonged antiwear lifetime compared to bare Si substrates or APTES film. These superior tribological properties are attributable to the remarkable mechanical properties of CNTs and strong bond properties with the APTES film. CNTs film is thus expected to find wider application as high-performance lubricating film in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (M/NEMS) in future.

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4

Chen, Huan, Jing Li, Tianhui Ren, Lei Zheng, and Yidong Zhao. "Tribological behaviors of three novel imidazoline-type thiadiazole derivatives as multifunctional lubricant additives in biodegradable lithium grease." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 226, no. 8 (March 7, 2012): 668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650112439808.

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Three novel imidazoline-type thiadiazole derivatives are prepared and used as antiwear and extreme-pressure additives in biodegradable lithium grease, and their tribological performances are evaluated using a four-ball tester. Tribological tests show that all derivatives are effective in reducing wear, especially at lower additive concentrations. Oleic acid-imidazoline-type thiadiazole derivative is a preferred additive to reduce wear. For the friction-reducing property of base grease, improvements after using these derivatives are not remarkable. On the other hand, these derivatives are also effective extreme-pressure additives. In order to understand the friction process further, chemical composition of tribofilms under antiwear/extreme-pressure regime is analyzed by X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, and thermal films are also considered for comparison. Thermal films formed by these imidazoline-type thiadiazole derivatives consist of adsorbed organic sulfide and ferrous sulfide. Sulfur presents several chemical valences in the antiwear regime, and tribofilms generated by stearic acid and lauric acid-imidazoline-type thiadiazole derivatives at 1.0 wt% are composed of ferrous disulfide, ferrous sulfide and ferrous sulfate. The appearance of disulfide suggests that the interfacial temperature between the upper ball and three lower balls under antiwear conditions is considerably low. Composition of extreme-pressure films generated by oleic acid and lauric acid-imidazoline-type thiadiazole derivatives is only ferrous sulfide, and the extreme-pressure film for stearic acid imidazoline-type thiadiazole derivative is a mixture of ferrous sulfide, ferrous sulfate, and adsorbed organic sulfide.

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5

Wan, Ping Nan, Jie Yang, and You Quan Zhong. "Tribological Property of some Triazine Derivatives in Hydrogenated Oil." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.323.

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Two ashless triazine derivatives, 2,4-bi-amido-6-(O,O′-di-i-octhyl dithiophosphate)- 1,3,5 - triazine were synthesized. Their tribological properties as lubricating oil additives compared with ZDDP in hydrogenated oil were evaluated using a four-ball tester. The results show that these triazine derivatives possess extreme pressure capacity, and they can improve antiwear and friction-reducing performance of base stock than that of ZDDP. Their tribological performance is corresponding to the amide. The elements chemical states of the worn surface were estimated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that a protective film containing sulphide, phosphate and some organic nitrogen compounds was formed on the worn surface during the lubrication process, and the film possesses extreme pressure and antiwear properties.

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6

Gao, X.-M., M. Hu, J.-Y. Sun, L.-J. Weng, F. Zhou, and W.-M. Liu. "Copper films deposited by arc ion plating at low temperatures exhibiting excellent antiwear behaviour." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 225, no. 11 (September 19, 2011): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650111413638.

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Cu films were prepared by arc ion plating (AIP) at low temperature ( Ts) and investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscope, etc. It is found that low Ts (≤ 221 K) can refine the crystallite size of the Cu films and leads to compact and smooth surface structure. Further decreasing Ts to 135 K makes the inter-grain gaps turn bigger. The wear behaviours of the Cu films in vacuum were characterized using a ball-on-disk tribometer. The results show that the Cu films deposited at the Ts range of 135–221 K have better wear resistance, and the wear rates are two to three orders lower than that of the film deposited at room temperature. The compact and dense arrangement of nanoscale crystallites significantly contributes to the improved film–substrate adhesion and so the excellent antiwear behaviour.

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7

Wang, Xiao Li, Bin Shi Xu, Yi Xu, Qian Liu, and Pei Jing Shi. "The Nano-Effect of Nanometer Lubricating Material in Equipment Maintenance." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.716.

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The nano-effects of nano-Cu lubricating material in equipment maintenance were researched from reducing friction effect, antiwear effect and repairing effect by comparing tribology properties of nano-Cu lubricating material with micro-Cu material. The nano-effect mechanism was discussed. The results indicated that the reducing friction effect and the antiwear effect can make the friction coefficient and the worn track width of lubricant reduce to 16% and 40% respectively. The repairing effect can make the nano-Cu lubricating material forms repairing film on wore surface. That of all is decided by the characteristics of nano-Cu lubricating material.

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8

Boichenko, Sergii, Kazimierz Lejda, Anna Iakovlieva, Hubert Kuszewski, and Oksana Vovk. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ANTIWEAR PROPERTIES FOR BLENDS OF JET FUEL WITH BIO-COMPONENTS DERIVED FROM RAPESEED OIL." Transactions of the Institute of Aviation 245, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/05096669.1230970.

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Antiwear properties of jet fuel, two kinds of biocomponents derived from rapeseed oil and their mixtures were investigated experimentally. Antiwear properties were estimated by the value of the scuffing load and the limiting load of scuffing applied to the friction pair working in a fuel medium. Biocomponents, mainly rapeseed oil FAME and rapeseed oil FAME modified via vacuum distillation were used during the study. It is found that lubricity of biocomponents is significantly higher comparing to conventional jet fuel. It is explained by the chemical composition of FAME: highly polarity of molecules stipulate their good adsorption at the surface of friction pair. High viscosity of biocomponents due to chemical structure positively influence on their lubricity. Adding biocomponents into jet fuel results in strengthening boundary film and thus improves antiwear properties of fuel blends. It is determined that FAME modified via vacuum distillation possess better lubricating ability comparing to standard FAME derived from rapeseed oil. Correlation between viscosity and lubricity of fuel is shown

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9

Chanchikov, Vasiliy Aleksandrovich, Ivan Nikolaevich Guzhvenko, Nina Vladimirovna Pryamuhina, Mariya Sergeevna Pryamukhina, and Oleg Petrovich Kovalev. "Experimental studying tribological characteristics of lubricating oils with layered friction modifiers and their application in marine technology." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2022, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2022-1-22-34.

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The paper presents the results of studying the lubricity of several lubricating compositions, two of which contain an antiwear additive based on a layered friction modifier - molybdenum diselenide. Oil MC-20, which does not contain functional antiwear additives, is used as a base lubricating medium and an object of comparison. Two variants for combining an antiwear additive with this oil differ in the process of initial preparation of the additive before adding it to the base lubricating oil by rotary pulsation grinding and stirring. Antiwear tests are arranged in the form of a consistent tribological rating of the given types of lubricating media at various operating time of the friction path of the test samples. The test tool is a rotary-type friction machine of an original design. There are analyzed the differences in the antiwear test methodology and the advantages of the proposed scheme over the analogous one, which is relevant for GOST R 51860-2002. Among the results of the tribological study carried out, topographic patterns of wear of test specimens, the dependence of the wear rate of tribological surfaces on contact pressures, and the dependence of the wear scar diameter on the amount of specimen wear are given. The antiwear additive has been found to contain a layered friction modifier of selenium dichalcogenide (molybdenum diselenide) type, it improves the lubricating film on friction surfaces and reduces their wear compared to the use of nonadditive oil MS-20. The wear degree of a stationary ball-shaped specimen when testing a lubricating medium with the antiwear additive is reduced by 66-85% compared to a base lubricating oil without additives. The diameter of the wear spot on a stationary specimen under these test conditions is reduced by 28-67%, which proves the effectiveness of preliminary preparation by rotary-pulsation mixing of a lubricant composition with a solid suspended base even with a relatively short preparation time.

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10

Xiong, Li Ping, Zhong Yi He, Jun Xiao Wang, Liang Qian, and Sheng Han. "Tribological Property of a Triazine Derivative in Rapeseed Oil." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.293.

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2-propylamino-4,6-(O,O’-dibuthyldithiophosphate)-s-1,3,5-triazine(DPOB)was synthesized and it’s tribological behavior as lubricant in rapeseed oil (RSO) were evaluated using a four-ball tester. The lubrication mechanism was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the compound possess excellent load-carrying capacity and antiwear ability, and has some friction-reducing property only under the low load condition. Based on the results of XPS and SEM analysis, it can be seen that tribochemical reaction occurred between the synthesized compounds and metal surfaces during the sliding process, to form a complex film which has excellent load-carrying capacity and antiwear ability.

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11

Yamaguchi, E. S., S. H. Roby, and S. W. Yeh. "Time-Dependent Film Formation from ZnDTPs and Nonphosphorus Antiwear Agents." Tribology Transactions 48, no. 1 (January 2005): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698190590899949.

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12

Eickworth, Jennifer, Enes Aydin, Martin Dienwiebel, Thomas Rühle, Patrick Wilke, and Tobias Reinhard Umbach. "Synergistic effects of antiwear and friction modifier additives." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 8 (March 20, 2020): 1019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2019-0293.

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Purpose Interactions of different additive types for antiwear/friction modification on surfaces can be synergistic or antagonistic in nature. This paper aims to investigate whether there are interactions between different additives in the adsorption process and whether they synergistic or antagonistic. The yielded correlations will be validated with tribological experiments to answer the question whether synergistic effects in adsorption also lead to synergistic effects in wear reduction. Design/methodology/approach In a representative study, zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphate and dithiophosphate were elaborated in combination with two different friction modifiers, a glycerol monooleate and an organic friction modifier. As base oils, mineral oil and poly alpha olefine were used. The adsorption behavior was studied via quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation using Fe2O3 coated quartz crystals. The tribological performance was evaluated in a ball-on-three disk tribometer. White light interferometry was used to determine the wear volume and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiles of the tribofilms were obtained on selected systems. Findings The combination of dithiophosphate and an organic friction modifier (OFM) revealed a synergistic effect in terms of wear. If the initially formed films are viscoelastic, the third body formation during a tribo experiment is more pronounced and thereby wear can be reduced. As a mechanism, the adsorption of the OFM on the formed antiwear layer is proposed. Originality/value Correlating the analytical findings with performance experiments provides further understanding of the interactions between different constituents and their implications on film formation processes and wear reduction mechanisms. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-07-2019-0293/

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13

Nehme, Gabi N., and Saeed Ghalambor. "Towards minimizing wear by improving antiwear additives and surface characteristics using reduced phosphorus plain ZDDP oil under boundary lubrication." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2015-0109.

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Purpose – This study aims to examine the effect of the antiwear resistance of plain zinc-dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) oil in the presence of Titanium-fluoride/iron-fluoride/polytetrafluoroethylene (TiF3/FeF3/PTFE) in the time to tribofilm breakdown and extent of wear under extreme boundary lubrication using a contact load of 317 Newton and a rotational speed of 700 rpm to simulate the cold start of a car engine. The mechanism of tribofilm formation and breakdown was followed carefully by monitoring the friction coefficient for different surface roughnesses over the duration of several reproducible tests that were performed in a ball on cylinder tribometer. Design/methodology/approach – The heating time of the cylinder dipped in the specified lubricant blend then set for one minute before testing and the break in period of 2 minutes to cool the contacting metal to metal surfaces during tribological testing played important roles in minimizing friction and wear, and are directly proportional to the durability and time for breakdown of the tribofilm. This article addresses the improvement of water drop contact angles for different surfaces during heat treatment and the tribological enhancement of antiwear additives when optimum concentration of fluorinated catalysts and PTFE is used in connection with reduced surface roughness and break in period. Findings – Design of Experiment software, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and nanoindentation were used in this study to evaluate the antiwear resistance films when using 0.05 per cent phosphorus ZDDP plain oil with 0.5 weight per cent TiF3 + 0.5 weight per cent FeF3 + 2 weight per cent PTFE and when applying 2 minutes break in time to cool down the contacting bodies when temperature rises. Results indicated that the coated film on the thermally treated surfaces that is reflected as white patches on the SEM images is a function of the antiwear additives contribution; it is also shown to have positive influence on the friction and wear performances during tribological testing. Originality/value – This research involved the study of lubricant and surface interactions with antiwear additives under boundary lubrication and extreme pressure loading. Several researchers studied these effects and submitted articles to the journal. This is the first time that a break in period was used with surface conditions to simulate car stops in heavy traffic conditions.

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14

Lacey, I. N., G. H. Kelsall, H. A. Spikes, and P. B. Macpherson. "Thick Antiwear Films in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts. Part I: Film Growth in Rolling/Sliding EHD Contacts." A S L E Transactions 29, no. 3 (January 1986): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698198608981689.

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15

Liu, Xiang, Zhiyu Huang, Weiwei Tang, and Baogang Wang. "Remarkable Lubricating Effect of Ionic Liquid Modified Carbon Dots as a Kind of Water-Based Lubricant Additives." Nano 12, no. 09 (September 2017): 1750108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292017501089.

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Ionic liquid modified carbon dots (CDs-IL) were successfully synthesized by one-pot pyrolysis. The tribological properties of CDs-IL as a kind of water-based lubricant additive were investigated under four-ball mode. The experimental results demonstrated that the added CDs-IL not only increased load-carrying capacity of base liquid but also displayed remarkable friction-reducing and antiwear properties. At an optimal concentration of 0.05[Formula: see text]wt.% and a proper load of 50[Formula: see text]N, the mean friction coefficient and wear volume reduced by 65% and 60%, respectively. The remarkable lubricating effect of CDs-IL was attributed to the boundary tribofilm formed by absorption and deposition of CDs-IL on rubbing surfaces. The lubricating effect of CDs-IL especially antiwear effect greatly attenuated when the load was lower or higher than 50 N because the function of deposition tribofilm formed by CDs-IL was suppressed by the absorption tribofilm or tribochemical film derived from triethanolamine in base liquid, respectively.

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16

Deng, Haishun, Shiju He, Feiyu Mao, and Chuanli Wang. "Effects of Micropit Depths on Tribology Performance of Textured Port Plate Pair." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (November 11, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9501708.

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In order to improve the friction and wear performance of textured port plate pair, effects of the micropit depth on the tribology performance is studied in the paper. The relation between the micropit depth and the port plate pair’s oil loading carrying capacity is analyzed in theory; with the friction coefficient, the wear volume and the surface roughness as the evaluation criteria, effects of the micropits’ depth on the tribology performance are investigated. The conclusions are shown as follows: oil loading capacity would come to its peak when the oil film thickness is equal to the micropit depth; the optimal micropit depth is unrelated to the area ratios and micropits’ diameters. With the same parameters, the effects of antifriction is optimal when the micropits’ depth is 10 μm, while antiwear and surface integrity are optimal when 15 μm. When the micropits’ depth is 5 μm, the antiwear, surface roughness, and antifriction are worse compared with those of the untextured port plate pair.

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17

Shi, Pei Jing, Bin Shi Xu, Yi Xu, and Q. Liu. "Surface Optimizing Behaviour of Nano-Cu Lubricant to Tribosurfaces by Mechanochemical Process." Key Engineering Materials 339 (May 2007): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.339.223.

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A special kind of surface modified copper nanoparticles was selected as the auto-reconditioning materials to in situ generate a copperized protective film on iron-base metal surfaces under designed tribological conditions. The morphologies and element distributions of the formed film were observed and determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The micro mechanical properties and tribological behaviors were investigated by nano test system and ball-on-disc tribotester. The results show that the morphology of the protective film is smooth, the nano-hardness decreases by 46% and the friction coefficient of the copperized protective film is about 0.10. The forming mechanism of the auto-reconditioning film can be described that the copper nanoparticles deposit on the worn surfaces and form iron-copper alloy film with lower hardness and shear strength, which has better friction-reducing, antiwear and surface-optimizing behaviors.

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18

Su, Yu, Le Gong, and Dandan Chen. "An Investigation on Tribological Properties and Lubrication Mechanism of Graphite Nanoparticles as Vegetable Based Oil Additive." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/276753.

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This paper used graphite nanoparticles with the diameter of 35 and 80 nm and LB2000 vegetable based oil to prepare graphite oil-based nanofluids with different volume fractions by two-step method. The tribological properties of graphite nanoparticles as LB2000 vegetable based oil additive were investigated with a pin-on-disk friction and wear tester. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to examine the morphology and the content of some typical elements of wear scar, respectively. Further, the lubrication mechanism of graphite nanoparticles was explored. It was found that graphite nanoparticles as vegetable based oil additive could remarkably improve friction-reducing and antiwear properties of pure oil. With the increase of volume fraction of graphite nanoparticles, the friction coefficient and the wear volume of disk decreased. At the same volume fraction, the smaller particles, the lower friction coefficient and wear volume. The main reason for the improvement in friction-reducing and antiwear properties of vegetable based oil using graphite nanoparticles was that graphite nanoparticles could form a physical deposition film on the friction surfaces.

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19

Masuko, M., A. Suzuki, and T. Ueno. "Influence of Chemical and Physical Contaminants on the Antiwear Performance of Model Automotive Engine Oil." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 220, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065005x34053.

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The antiwear performance of simulated used-engine-oil that contained a chemical contaminant (degraded zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZnDTP)) was studied with and without physical contamination (carbon black) using a four-ball tribometer. By reacting with cumene hydroperoxide, sec-C6-ZnDTP was degraded and produced many compounds containing both phosphorous and sulphur. The simulated used-oils were found to promote wear. This wear was considered to be due to corrosive wear by the excess reaction of surfaces with the sulphur contained in the degraded compounds. Carbon black was used to model carbon soot, which is another key substance of degraded engine oils, especially in diesel engines, to study the synergism between chemical contamination (ZnDTP degradation) and physical contamination (carbon soot contamination). Carbon black increased wear irrespective of the level of ZnDTP degradation, and the acceleration was much greater in the degraded oils. The wear acceleration by carbon black was observed even when the antiwear film from ZnDTP was already present on the surface. It was suggested that the wear acceleration by carbon black was due to abrasion.

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20

Chen, Xiaorong, Wenting Chen, Linyi Zhang, Minli Zeng, Shiming Yang, Zanhe Yang, Oluwafunmilola Ola, Kunyapat Thummavichai, Nannan Wang, and Yanqiu Zhu. "Implanting MnO2 into Hexagonal Boron Nitride as Nanoadditives for Enhancing Tribological Performance." Crystals 12, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040451.

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Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNs) show great potential in the field of tribology due to their typical two-dimensional layered structure and are essential for replacing conventional sulfur/phosphate-containing additives. However, the large particle size and poor dispersion of h-BNs seriously restrict their green lubrication application. In this paper, MnO2@h-BNNs nanocomposites were successfully prepared by ultrasonically exfoliating a hydrothermal method. The tribological properties of MnO2@h-BNNs nanocomposites as lubricant additives in poly-alpha-olefin oil (PAO) were investigated. The results show the oil dispersed with 0.25 wt% MnO2@h-BNNs had the best friction reduction and antiwear effect with 42% and 11.2% reduction, respectively, compared with the plain oil. Through further wear surface analyzing, we verified the antiwear mechanism of additives in filling the micropits and grooves on the wear surface and forming a friction protection film including Fe2O3, MnO2, and BN on the wear surface, avoiding direct contact between the friction subsets. This can provide ideas for other lubricating oil additives.

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21

FUJITA, H., R. P. GLOVNEA, and H. A. SPIKES. "Study of Zinc Dialkydithiophosphate Antiwear Film Formation and Removal Processes, Part I: Experimental." Tribology Transactions 48, no. 4 (October 2005): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698190500385211.

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22

Boiko, M. V., A. V. Sidashov, T. G. Boiko, and A. A. Bicherov. "Arctic transmission oil." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 042031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/4/042031.

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Abstract The tasks of the development of the Far North, the Arctic and the Antarctic require ensuring the operability of equipment units in low temperatures. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop lubricants using new synthetic oils, a distinctive feature of which are low pour points. On the basis of polyethylsiloxane fluid and petroleum oil, we have developed a gear oil for the Arctic latitudes, which is efficient at temperatures down to -75 ° C (TMarktic). It is shown TMarktic’s antifriction properties are better than those of TSgip helicopter tail gear oil. The combined use of XPS and IR-Fourier methods for the analysis of the friction surface made it possible to conclude that the formation of the boundary film involves both antiwear additive molecules, which are part of the modified oil, due to the P-O, P=O, S=O bonds, so and molecules of polyethylsiloxane liquid due to C-O and Si-O bonds. Secondary surface structures are formed by TMarctic oil on the surface of iron oxide and include hydrocarbon and siloxane fragments. The high antiwear and extreme pressure properties of TMarktic are due to free sulfur and bound in iron sulfide.

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23

Wang, Jiu, Bo Shui Chen, Jian Hua Fang, and Jiang Wu. "The Fretting Wear Property of Grease Containing Antiwear Nanoparticles Additives." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.179.

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First the fretting wear behavior of CuS nanoparticles additives in grease were studied. The results show that the fretting wear volume reduce significantly when CuS nanoparticles additives add to grease. At the same time the existence of sulfid nanoparticles can reduce friction coefficient at the latter fretting time. The results of XPS tests show that Cu, Zn, Ni, S and B elements were founded in the film of wear scar. Secondly the effect of antiwear and oiliness additives on fretting wear behavior of nanoparticles additives in Grease were studied. It was found that when some antiwear, oiliness additives (such as T203, T322, stearyl alcohol or stearic acid) and sulfide nanoparticles were added to urea grease, a synergy effect between the two types of additives made fretting wear volume more small than that of either additive. Based on the results of contrast experiment and some analysis of fretting wear scars, we present the idea that two additives react with friction surface step by step. That is to say, the high chemical activity of CuS nanoparticles decompose first and form protective layer, the heat converted from chemical reaction of CuS decomposition and mechanical motion promote composition of common oil additives, thus protective layer is formed once again and wear volume further decrease.

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24

Ji, Xian Bing, and Yin Xia Chen. "Anti-Wear Performance of Novel Tri(hydroxymethyl) Propane Esters as Additives in Rapeseed Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.219.

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Three novel B, N, S-containing tri (hydroxymethyl) propane (TMP) esters were synthesized. The anti-wear performance of the synthesized compounds as additives in rapeseed oil (RO) was evaluated with a four-ball tester. The results show that the novel TMP esters have good antiwear performance when they are used as additives in rapeseed oil under all test loads. The action mechanism was investigated through analysis of the X-ray photoelectron energy spectrometer. The results indicate that the additives in RO adsorb and react with metal surface to form a protective film composed of organic compounds, B2O3 and iron oxide.

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25

Li, Chao Long, Li Ping Xiong, Hong Liu, Li Ting Xiong, and Wei Wang. "Tribological Study of Xanthate-Containing Acetic Ester as Additives in Hydrogenated Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.123.

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A novel ester derivative, dodecyl xanthate acetic dodecyl xanthate ester(DXAD) was synthesized and it’s tribological behaviors as additives in hydrogenated oil, were evaluated using a four-ball tester. Results show that the compound possesses good antiwear performance, extreme pressure capacity, and good friction-reducing property. The action mechanism was estimated through analysis of the worn surface with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of XPS and SEM analyses illustrate that the prepared compound as an additive in hydrogenated oil forms a protective film containing ferric sulfide and ferric sulfate compounds on the rubbed surface.

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Yu, L. G., E. S. Yamaguchi, M. Kasrai, and G. M. Bancroft. "The chemical characterization of tribofilms using XANES — Interaction of nanosize calcium-containing detergents with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-045.

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A Plint friction and wear tester was used to investigate the effect of several calcium-containing detergents on the tribological and tribochemical performance of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) lubricating oil additive in a low-sulfur base stock, 100N. Thus, the friction and wear behavior of a steel-on-steel contact lubricated by 100N oil containing ZDDP alone and ZDDP–detergent mixtures at 100 °C was evaluated in a pin-on-disc configuration. The wear scar width of the upper steel pins was determined using an optical microscope, while the tribofilms formed on the lower steel discs were analyzed using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At the same time, the thermal-oxidation films of the oil blends containing different additives were also prepared on the same steel discs and analyzed using XANES spectroscopy for comparative studies. It was found that in simple formulations the three kinds of calcium-containing detergents improved the friction-reducing and antiwear abilities of the 100N base stock. This was related to the individual tribochemical reactions and the deposition (in one case) of nanosized CaCO3 on the rubbing steel surface, indicating that the calcium-containing detergent had a synergistic antiwear performance with the ZDDP tested in the present work. Moreover, the calcium-containing detergents contributed to retarding the thermo-oxidation and friction-induced decomposition of ZDDP in 100N oil and influenced the composition and thickness of the tribofilms, which could be dependent on the molecular structures of the detergents and directly related to the tribochemistry of ZDDPs in mineral oil. The rubbing of the steel–steel pair at 100 °C was more beneficial for the deposition of nanosized calcium carbonate on the steel surface than heating at 150 °C. The calcium-containing detergents alone in the base stock also experienced tribochemical reactions, leading to obvious changes in the oxidation state of S in the corresponding tribofilms. Therefore, it was supposed that the tribochemical reactions of the ZDDP and detergents together with the deposition of nanosized CaCO3 on the rubbing steel surfaces accounted for the good antiwear performance of the blended oils.Key words: ZDDP, detergent, thermal film, tribofilm, tribochemistry, XANES, XPS.

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27

Singh, Arun Kumar. "Characterization of Tribofilm from Sulfurized Mohwa Oil." ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2011 (November 1, 2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/340276.

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The reaction products of sulfurized Mohwa oil with iron powder in hydrocarbon medium at 150°C for 8 h were studied to investigate the type of lubricant films formed during their application as antiwear and extreme pressure additives. The main reaction product was isolated on the basis of its solubility in mixed solvent. Surface characterization was carried out using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high frequency reciprocal rig (HFRR). An examination of their elemental analysis and instrumental analysis data reveals that there is reduction in the length of the alkyl chains and carbonyl ester groups with formation of inorganic iron sulfides. Polymerized product with a number of ketonic and aldehydic groups containing iron and sulfur in the polymeric films in the form of unsaturated cyclic rings was also formed. The films are organo-inorganic in nature, unlike the purely inorganic iron sulfide type. The load-carrying characteristic of this product is strongly influenced by the type of the film formed on the iron surfaces.

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28

FUJITA, H., and H. A. SPIKES. "Study of Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate Antiwear Film Formation and Removal Processes, Part II: Kinetic Model." Tribology Transactions 48, no. 4 (October 2005): 567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698190500385187.

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29

Yamaguchi, E. S., S. H. Roby, M. M. Francisco, S. G. Ruelas, and D. Godfrey. "Antiwear Film Formation by ZnDTP, Detergent, and Dispersant Components of Passenger Car Motor Oils." Tribology Transactions 45, no. 3 (January 2002): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402000208982569.

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30

Nicholls, M., M. N. Najman, Z. Zhang, M. Kasrai, P. R. Norton, and P. U. P. A. Gilbert. "The contribution of XANES spectroscopy to tribology." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 816–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-093.

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X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) analysis has been routinely used to study the complex chemical interactions between additives in engine oil and metallic surfaces during high-temperature and pressure reciprocating wear conditions. XANES analysis provides detailed chemical and structural information on the resultant antiwear and tribo films formed on metallic surfaces. The following review will illustrate how XANES analysis on the macro scale can provide the information required to elucidate complex film formation mechanisms, then describes the use of emerging XANES spectromicroscopy to such systems, and concludes by showing the complementary nature of the macro and micro scale spatially resolved XANES analysis; Professor Bancroft has utilized the combination of these to stay at the forefront of XANES research in the field of tribology and in spectroscopy science in general.Key words: tribology, XANES, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, metals, thiophosphates, spectromicroscopy, tribochemistry.

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31

Wang, Hai-Zhong, Song-Wei Zhang, Dan Qiao, Da-Peng Feng, and Wei-Min Liu. "Tribological Performance of Silahydrocarbons Used as Steel-Steel Lubricants under Vacuum and Atmospheric Pressure." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/852386.

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The silahydrocarbons of tetraalkylsilanes with different substituted alkyl groups (named as SiCH) were synthesized and evaluated as lubricants for steel-steel contacts by a home-made vacuum four-ball tribometer (VFBT-4000) under atmospheric pressure and under vacuum pressure (5×10-4 Pa). The SiCH oils possess better thermal stability, low temperature fluidity, and lower saturated vapor pressure than those of multialkylatedcyclopentanes (MACs). The tribological performances of the SiCH oils are also superior to those of MACs and PFPE-Z25 in terms of friction-reduction ability and antiwear capacity under sliding friction at vacuum. The SEM/EDS and XPS results reveal that the boundary lubricating film consisting of(-O-Si-R-)ncompounds is formed by tribochemical reactions and serious adhesion wear under atmospheric pressure and the film consisting of(-Si-R-Si-)ncompounds is formed on the worn surface under vacuum pressure.

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32

Fan, Zhitao, Chao Zhi, Lei Wu, Pei Zhang, Chengqiang Feng, Liang Deng, Bingjun Yu, and Linmao Qian. "UV/Ozone-Assisted Rapid Formation of High-Quality Tribological Self-Assembled Monolayer." Coatings 9, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110762.

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UV/ozone (UVO)-assisted formation of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDS) was prepared on a glass surface. The effect of UVO exposure time on surface roughness and hydrophilicity was investigated through goniometer and atomic force microscope (AFM), and deposition time-dependent SAM quality was detected by AFM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The glass surface became smooth with UVO radiation after 10 min, and the hydrophilicity was also improved after the treatment. Confirmed by surface topography detection and chemical composition analysis, a high-quality SAM can be formed rapidly on glass with 10 min UVO treatment followed by 2 h deposition in PFDS solution. Excellent tribological performances of SAM coated with UVO treatment glass were demonstrated by friction and wear tests on AFM compared to film-deposited glass without UVO treatment and original glass. The study sheds a light on preparing high-quality lubrication and antiwear self-assembled films on the surface of engineering materials.

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33

Li, Weimin, Cheng Jiang, Nan Xu, Rui Ma, and Xiaobo Wang. "Tribological properties of polyol-ester-based lubricants and their influence on oxidation stability." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 6 (September 13, 2018): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650118799546.

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Unlike oxidative degradation of lubricants, tribology-induced degradation is rarely studied. In this work, the tribological performance and oxidative stability of ester-based lubricants were evaluated before and after tribological testing. Results showed that the tribological performances of base oils are highly dependent on the lubricant formulation and test conditions. Tribological processes could cause detrimental effects on oxidative stability even under moderate conditions. The addition of antiwear additives seems to effectively inhibit the chemically breakdown of esters by forming a protective film. Mechanical shearing, high temperature in contact zones, catalytic effect of nascent surface, wear debris, as well as self- catalysis are the major reasons that are responsible for the oxidative deterioration of the lubricant after tribological testing.

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34

Yin, Ji Hui, Jian Jun Qu, Bao Yu Song, and Dai Zhong Su. "Influences of Nano-Calcium Carbonate on Friction Properties of Titanium Complex Grease." Key Engineering Materials 486 (July 2011): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.159.

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The effect of nano-calcium carbonate particles as additives on the titanium complex grease was investigated in this paper. Tribological properties of the titanium complex grease containing nano-calcium carbonate were evaluated with a four-ball tester. The morphology of wear scar of steel ball was observed using the sweep electron microscope. The chemical states of typical elements on the wear scars of steel balls were analyzed by means of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that the titanium complex grease including 3% or 5% nano- calcium carbonate has better antifriction and antiwear properties. The nano-calcium carbonate particles through generating calcium oxide and adsorption to form a protective film effectively inhibited the adhesive wear and contact fatigue of the friction surface to reduce wear.

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35

Senatore, Adolfo, Vincenzo D'Agostino, Vincenzo Petrone, Paolo Ciambelli, and Maria Sarno. "Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Effective Friction Modifier for Oil Lubricant: Materials, Methods, and Tribological Results." ISRN Tribology 2013 (February 25, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/425809.

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The tribological behaviour of graphene oxide nanosheets in mineral oil was investigated under a wide spectrum of conditions, from boundary and mixed lubrication to elastohydrodynamic regimes. A ball-on-disc setup tribometer has been used to verify the friction reduction due to nanosheets prepared by a modified Hummers method and dispersed in mineral oil. Their good friction and antiwear properties may possibly be attributed to their small structure and extremely thin laminated structure, which offer lower shear stress and prevent interaction between metal interfaces. Furthermore, the results clearly prove that graphene platelets in oil easily form protective film to prevent the direct contact between steel surfaces and, thereby, improve the frictional behaviour of the base oil. This evidence is also related to the frictional coefficient trend in boundary regime.

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36

Jia, Jiajia, Guangbin Yang, Chunli Zhang, Shengmao Zhang, Yujuan Zhang, and Pingyu Zhang. "Effects of magnetic ionic liquid as a lubricant on the friction and wear behavior of a steel-steel sliding contact under elevated temperatures." Friction 9, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0324-0.

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AbstractA magnetic ionic liquid (abridged as MIL) [C6mim]5[Dy(SCN)8] was prepared and used as the magnetic lubricant of a steel-steel sliding pair. The tribological properties of the as-prepared MIL were evaluated with a commercially obtained magnetic fluid lubricant (abridged as MF; the mixture of dioctyl sebacate and Fe3O4, denoted as DIOS-Fe3O4) as a control. The lubrication mechanisms of the two types of magnetic lubricants were discussed in relation to worn surface analyses by SEM-EDS, XPS, and profilometry, as well as measurement of the electric contact resistance of the rubbed steel surfaces. The results revealed that the MIL exhibits better friction-reducing and antiwear performances than the as-received MF under varying test temperatures and loads. This is because the MIL participates in tribochemical reactions during the sliding process, and forms a boundary lubrication film composed of Dy2O3, FeS, FeSO4, nitrogen-containing organics, and thioether on the rubbed disk surface, thereby reducing the friction and wear of the frictional pair. However, the MF is unable to form a lubricating film on the surface of the rubbed steel at 25 °C, though it can form a boundary film consisting of Fe3O4 and a small amount of organics under high temperature. Furthermore, the excessive Fe3O4 particulates that accumulate in the sliding zone may lead to enhanced abrasive wear of the sliding pair.

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37

Fu, Xun, Xiaodong Zhou, Huaqiang Shi, Danmei Wu, and Zhengshui Hu. "Investigation of the Tribological Properties of Surfactant-Modified MoS2 Microsized Spheres in Base Oil 500 SN." Journal of Tribology 129, no. 4 (March 26, 2007): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2768612.

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The tribological properties of MoS2 microsized spheres (MS-MoS2) with diameter of 0.5–3μm modified by self-prepared surfactant quaternary ammonium salt of 2-undecyl-1-dithioureido-ethyl-imidazoline (SUDEI) as an additive in base oil 500 SN were investigated and compared with those of commercial colloidal MoS2(CC-MoS2) on a four-ball tester and an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in a ball-on-disk contact configuration. The worn surfaces of the bottom flat disk were examined with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the MoS2 microsized spheres product was a much better extreme-pressure additive and antiwear and friction-reduction additive in 500 SN than commercial colloidal MoS2(CC-MoS2). Under the appropriate concentration of 0.1% and 0.25% for MS-MoS2 and CC-MoS2 and the load of 400N, the friction coefficient of MS-MoS2/oil and CC-MoS2/oil decreased about 25.0% and 12.5% and the wear volume loss decreased about 50.4% and 12.9% compared with the pure base stock. The boundary lubrication mechanism could be deduced as the effective chemical adsorption film formed by the long chain alkyl (C11H23) and active elements (S and N) in the surfactant SUDEI and tribochemical reaction film composed of the tribochemical reaction products.

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38

Li, Zhan-Jun, Xia Wang, Qiang He, San-Ming Du, Xian-Juan Pang, and Yong-Zhen Zhang. "Tribological Investigation of Multilayer Graphene as Lithium Grease Additives." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3747.

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As an advanced antiwear and friction reducing material, graphene has been widely studied and applied in many fields. In this study, the tribological characteristics of lithium grease with multilayer graphene (MLG) additive were studied on a four-ball tester. The micro-morphologies and elemental distributions of the wear surfaces of steel balls were identified by FESEM and EDAX. The tribological properties of grease were obviously improved by MLG additive. When the content of MLG was 0.1 wt%, the improvement effect was the best. The coefficient of friction and the wear scar diameter (WSD) decreased by 22.6% and 9%, respectively, at 686 N and 1450 rpm as compared to the original lithium grease. Because of the layered structure of graphene along with its high strength and surface activity, a layer of lubricating film which was favorable for improving the anti-friction and anti-wear property of the friction pair was formed on the friction surface during the friction process.

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39

Narita, Keiichi. "Tribological Properties of Metal V-Belt Type CVT Lubricant." Advances in Tribology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/476028.

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The priority for lubricant performance for metal V-belt-type CVT (B-CVTFs) should be the improvement of transmittable torque capacity between the belt and pulley plus excellent antishudder properties for lockup clutch used in B-CVTs. This study intends to investigate the effect of lubricant additives for improving these performances of B-CVTs. In addition, surface analysis techniques were utilized to gain a novel insight into the chemical composites and morphology of the tribofilms. As a result, it is vital for greater torque capacity to give higher boundary friction coefficient between the metal contacting interfaces, and the process of boundary lubricant film formation derived from antiwear additives used in B-CVTFs strongly impacts on the torque capacity. Moreover, it is found that a sort of lubricant formulation gave an excellent antishudder performance for wet clutch with keeping higher friction coefficient between the metals, which would result in improving the performance of B-CVTs.

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40

Tóth, Álmos, Ádám Szabó, Máté Leskó, Jan Rohde-Brandenburger, and Rajmund Kuti. "Tribological Properties of the Nanoscale Spherical Y2O3 Particles as Lubricant Additives in Automotive Application." Lubricants 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10020028.

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The continuous tribological development of engine lubricants is becoming more and more vital due to its fuel efficiency improvement and lifetime increasing potential. The antiwear additives play a high role in the lubricants to protect the contacting surfaces even in the presence of thinner oil film. Nanoscale spherical particles in the lubricant may increase the necessary protecting effect. This paper presents the results of the experimental tribological investigation of nanoscale spherical Y2O3 (yttria) ceramic particles as an engine lubricant additive. The ball-on-disc tribological measurements have revealed an optimum concentration at 0.5 wt% with about 45% wear scar diameter and 90% wear volume decrease, compared to the reference, neat Group III base oil. The high-magnitude SEM analysis revealed the working mechanisms of yttria: the particles collected in the roughness valleys resulted in a smoother contacting surface, they were tribo-sintered and they have also caused slight plastic deformation of the outer layer of the metallic surface.

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41

Ping, Ou Yang, and Xian Ming Zhang. "The Performance and Antiwear Mechanism of 3-(N-mono-n- butylaminomethyl) Quinazolin-4-One as Additive in Liquid Paraffin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.294.

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A heterocyclic derivative of 3-(N-mono-n-butylaminomethyl) quinazolin-4-one was synthesized and its tribological behavior as an ashless additve without phosphorus and sulphur in liquid paraffin was evaluated using a four-ball tester. On the basis of the experimental results, the novel additive has been found to be quite effective as a potential additive in liquid paraffin. The nature of the film on the rubbed surface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

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42

Roby, S. H., E. S. Yamaguchi, M. M. Francisco, and S. G. Ruelas. "Antiwear Film Formation by ZnDTP, Detergent, and Dispersant Components of Passenger Car Motor Oils—Part II: Effects of Low-Molecular-Weight Dispersant on Film Formation." Tribology Transactions 47, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698190490494868.

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43

Liu, Weimin, Litian Hu, and Zefu Zhang. "Friction and wear of the film formed in the immersion test of oil containing antiwear and extreme pressure additives." Thin Solid Films 271, no. 1-2 (December 1995): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(95)06908-9.

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44

Kasrai, M., M. Vasiga, M. Suominen Fuller, G. M. Bancroft, and K. Fyfe. "Study of the effects of Ca sulfonate on antiwear film formation by X-ray absorption spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 6, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 719–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049598016574.

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45

Narita, K., and M. Priest. "Boundary lubrication film formation from phosphorus antiwear additives with application to metal V-belt type continuously variable transmission lubricants." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 222, no. 3 (March 2008): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet340.

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46

Cao, Yang, Yong Jiang Zhang, and Tao Yue Yang. "Effect of Addition of Montmorillonite and Indium Composite Powder on Tribological Properties of 45 Steel Friction Pairs." Key Engineering Materials 866 (October 2020): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.866.152.

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The oil soluble modified montmorillonite (MMT)/indium (In) composite nanoscale powders were prepared into four disperse systems by adding 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% to the base oil respectively. The friction properties of the 45 steel samples were tested by MMU-10G friction and wear testing machine, and the surface composition of the samples was analyzed by SEM and EDX. The mechanism that affects the tribological properties is compared and analyzed. The results show that the wear weight loss of the sample added with MMT/In nano powder is smaller than that in the base oil, and the average friction factor of the sample with 3% additions is 43.14% ,lower than that of the base oil, and the total wear is negative weightlessness.EDX analysis showed that the surface of the friction specimen was composed of Mg, Al and In repair membranes. The main mechanism of anti friction and friction reduction is that the composite powder will form a repair film on the surface of the friction pair during the friction process, and the repair layer can reduce the friction, compensate for the wear and play the role of resisting wear and reducing the effect of friction. With the increase of adding amount, the repair layer is gradually improved and the tribological performance is enhanced. But if the amount of addition is too high, the micro cutting and furrow effect of a large number of hard particles on the matrix and the new film will be greater than the compensation effect of the repair film, making the antiwear and antifriction properties decrease.

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47

Xiao, Zhou, Xun Jia Su, Gen Liang Hou, Song Bi, and Zhao Hui Liu. "Tribological Properties of Magnesium Silicate Powders Prepared by Ball Milling." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.731.

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Hydroxyl magnesium silicate powders were prepared by planetary-milling machine and a certain amount of No.46 mechanical oil was canned into the stainless steel vial in order to investigate its influence on the size of particles. The tribological properties of the powders in the oil were investigated on a four-ball machine. The morphologies and the chemical components of the worn surfaces were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The ball milling results showed that the adding of mechanical oil decreased the cold welding and agglomeration, finally, fine silicate powders of 2μm in mean size were made. The tribological test results showed that the extreme pressure and antiwear properties of No.46 mechanical oil were improved by the additive obviously. The lubrication mechanism is inferred that a boundary lubrication film is formed and the tribochemical reactions occur on the friction surfaces due to the active agents in the silicate crystal, thus it can be seen that the silicate powders is a new and enviroment friendly lube additive.

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48

Chen, Cheng Bin, Da Heng Mao, Chen Shi, and Yang Liu. "Experimental Study on the Tribological Characteristics of Nanometer WS₂ Lubricating Oil Additive Based on Engine Oil." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.203.

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Nano-WS2(tungsten disulfide nanoparticles)lubricating oil additive, prepared by the nanometer WS2particulates and semi-synthetic engine base oil as raw materials, was added into Great Wall engine oil with different mass ratio. With a contrast study on these oil samples, the results show that it can improve the extreme pressure, antiwear and viscosity-temperature properties of the engine oil effectively by adding a certain amount of nano-WS2additive, and the optimal concentration is 2wt%. The oil film strength, sintering load and viscosity index of this lubricating oil is respectively 1.35 times, 1.58 times and 1.05 times as that of Great Wall engine oil. In addition, when tested under the grinding conditions of 392 N, 1450 r /min and 30 min, the diameter of worn spot reduces 0.018mm, and the average friction coefficients of friction pairs decrease 16.3%, both of which are lubricated by the oil containing nano-WS2additive. Meanwhile, the experiments testify that the tribological and viscosity-temperature properties of the nano-WS2additive are better than that of the Henkel MoS2additive.

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49

Fuller, Marina L. Suominen, Masoud Kasrai, G. Michael Bancroft, Kim Fyfe, and Kim H. Tan. "Solution decomposition of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and its effect on antiwear and thermal film formation studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy." Tribology International 31, no. 10 (October 1998): 627–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-679x(98)00084-x.

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50

Vattikuti, S. V. Prabhakar, and Chan Byon. "Synthesis and Characterization of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoflowers and Nanosheets: Nanotribology." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/710462.

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This paper reports the solvothermal synthesis of MoS2nanoflowers and nanosheets. The nanoflowers have a mean diameter of about 100 nm and were obtained using thioacetamide (C2H5NS) as a sulfur source. The few layered nanosheets were obtained using thiourea (CH4N2S) as a sulfur source. The obtained powders were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lubricating effect of MoS2nanoflowers and nanosheets were analyzed using four-ball test, the topography of the wear scar was analyzed using SEM, EDS, and 3D surface profilometry. The relationship between the tribological properties and morphology of the materials was determined. It is observed that the engine oil containing the MoS2nanomaterials penetrated more easily into the interface space, and it formed a continuous film on the interface surface. The tribological performance showed that the synthesized nanosheets had superior antiwear and friction-reducing properties as a lubrication additive compared with nanoflowers. Also, the wear scar of balls lubricated with nanoflowers revealed a larger diameter compared to nanosheets. In conclusion, nanosheets dispensed in oil have better tribological performance compared to nanoflowers oil in terms of capability to reduce friction.

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