Книги: "Antibiotic management"

1

III, Arch G. Mainous. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance. 2nd ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010.

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2

Serrano, Pilar Hernández. Responsible use of antibiotics aquaculture. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005.

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3

Pak, Yong-ho. Insu kongyong hangsaengje ŭi wihae kwalli: Chuyo chʻuk, susanyong hangsaengje yŏnghyang pʻyŏngka = Risk management of critically important veterinary antibiotics. [Seoul]: Sikpʻum Ŭiyakpʻum Anjŏnchʻŏng, 2007.

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4

Olisa, Nzedegwu Robert. Biological agents index: Quality management of infectious disease intervention programs : achieving cost-effective outcomes using macroeconomics and microbiology, in additions to new public management concepts for implementation and evaluation of best practices in community based sanitation, health promotion, large scale antibiotics and vaccines manufacturing, and laboratory analytical platforms. 3rd ed. El Paso, Tex: American Journal of Biological Defense Press, 2008.

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5

Amyes, Sebastian G. B. Magic Bullets, Lost Horizons. London: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2004.

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6

Gilchrist, Francis J., and Alex Horsley. Management of respiratory exacerbations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0005.

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Cystic fibrosis lung disease is characterized by chronic infection, inflammation and a progressive loss of lung function. Patients are also affected by recurrent episodes of increased respiratory symptoms, called exacerbations which have a detrimental effect on quality of life, the rate of lung function decline, and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment is vital. Diagnosis relies on a combination of symptoms, examination findings, the results of laboratory tests, and lung function. Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment but airway clearance, nutrition, and glucose homeostasis must also be optimized. Mild exacerbations are usually treated with oral antibiotics and more severe exacerbations with intravenous antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic is guided by the patient’s chronic pulmonary infections, the in-vitro antibiotic sensitivities, known antibiotic allergies, and the previous response to treatment. In patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, antibiotic monotherapy is thought to increase the risk of resistance and treatment with 2 antibiotics is therefore suggested (usually a β‎-lactam and an aminoglycoside). Although there is a lack of evidence on the duration of treatment, most patients receive around 14 days. This can be altered according to the time taken for symptoms and lung function to return to pre-exacerbation levels. If patients are carefully selected and receive appropriate monitoring, home intravenous antibiotics can be as effective as in-patient treatment. They are also associated with decreased disruption to patients / family life, decreased risk of cross infection and decreased costs.

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7

Antibiotic Development and Resistance. London: Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2004.

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8

Nadel, Simon, and Johnny Canlas. Management of meningitis and encephalitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0241.

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Management of CNS infections requires specific antimicrobial agents, as well as specific supportive treatment targeted at reducing raised intracranial pressure and other life-threatening complications. It is important that the need for management in an intensive care setting is considered early in the illness. Antibiotic resistance amongst the most common organisms causing bacterial meningitis is becoming more common and antibiotic therapy should be adjusted accordingly. Anti-inflammatory treatment such as steroids should be started as soon as possible in patients with proven acute bacterial meningitis. Optimally, this should be before or with the first dose of antibiotics. Vaccine research is progressing so that effective vaccines should be available in the future against all the common causes of bacterial meningitis and encephalitis, including Neisseria meningitidis serogroup b.

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9

III, Arch G. Mainous, and Claire Pomeroy. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance. Humana, 2012.

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10

III, Arch G. Mainous, and Claire Pomeroy. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance. Humana Press, 2011.

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11

Wickens, Hayley. Measuring antibiotic consumption and outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0006.

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Understanding how antimicrobial usage is monitored and reported is crucial when reading the literature on antimicrobial stewardship and assessing outcomes of local programmes. This chapter covers the methods used to monitor antimicrobial usage and the associated terminology, such as defined daily dose (DDD), average daily quantities (ADQs), and days of therapy (DOT), and gives and overview of usage monitoring in primary and secondary healthcare in the UK and beyond. This chapter also covers potential roles for electronic prescribing and information management systems in the monitoring of antimicrobial usage, and highlights some issues in the monitoring process and the outcome of antimicrobial stewardship initiatives.

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12

Arch G. Mainous III (Editor) and Claire Pomeroy (Editor), eds. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance (Infectious Disease). Humana Press, 2001.

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13

Sevransky, Jon. Management of sepsis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0296.

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Sepsis is triggered by an infection, and treatment of sepsis requires timely identification of the patient, and rapid treatment with antibiotics, source control, and fluids. The site of infection, patient’s phenotype, and location of the patient will help drive decisions about initial antibiotic therapy. Patients with sepsis should be treated to ensure adequate cardiac output and organ perfusion, which usually requires infusion of intravenous fluids. In addition to haemodynamic and fluid support, some patients require infection source control. Many sepsis patients require additional supportive therapy with vasoactive agents, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and nutritional therapy.. When using these supportive therapies, the clinician should attempt to minimize the complications of the therapies, including withdrawal of therapies that are no longer necessary.. Patients who do not respond to initial therapy should be evaluated for resistant organisms, persistent sources, or alternate diagnoses.

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14

Flury, Sarah C. Contemporary Antibiotic Management for Urologic Procedures and Infections, an Issue of Urologic Clinics 42-4. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2015.

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15

Antibiotic-resistant strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae: Policy guidelines for detection, management, and control. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Prevention Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1988.

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16

Center for Prevention Services (U.S.). Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases., ed. Antibiotic-resistant strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae: Policy guidelines for detection, management, and control. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Prevention Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1988.

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17

Center for Prevention Services (U.S.). Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases., ed. Antibiotic-resistant strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae: Policy guidelines for detection, management, and control. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Prevention Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1988.

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18

Antibiotic-resistant strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae: Policy guidelines for detection, management, and control. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Prevention Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1988.

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19

Center for Prevention Services (U.S.). Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases., ed. Antibiotic-resistant strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae: Policy guidelines for detection, management, and control. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Prevention Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1988.

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20

Center for Prevention Services (U.S.). Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases., ed. Antibiotic-resistant strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae: Policy guidelines for detection, management, and control. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Prevention Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1988.

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21

Antibiotic-resistant strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae: Policy guidelines for detection, management, and control. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Prevention Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1988.

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22

Hawkey, Peter, and Dilip Nathwani. Icss 263, the Practical Management of Antibiotic Resistance (International Congress and Symposium Series). Royal Society of Medicine Press, 2007.

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23

Spevetz, Antoinette, and Joseph E. Parrillo. Diagnosis and management of shock in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0150.

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Sepsis is triggered by an infection and treatment of sepsis requires timely identification of the patient, and rapid treatment with antibiotics, source control, and fluids. In the absence of a true biomarker for sepsis, the clinician needs to recognize which patients are at risk, as well as the common signs and symptoms of infection. The site of infection, the patient’s phenotype, and the location of the patient will help drive decisions about initial antibiotic therapy. Patients with sepsis should be treated to ensure adequate cardiac output and organ perfusion, which usually requires infusion of intravenous fluids. Crystalloid fluids are most frequently infused, and patients will often require large doses in the first 6–24 hours of treatment. In addition to haemodynamic and fluid support, some patients require infection source control. Many sepsis patients require additional supportive therapy with vasoactive agents, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and nutritional therapy. The use of these supportive therapies allows for a patients host defence system to work in conjunction with antibiotics to fight off the infection. When using these supportive therapies, the clinician should attempt to minimize the complications of the therapies and the causative infection. Once a patient starts to clinically improve, it is essential that therapies that are no longer necessary are withdrawn. Patients who do not respond to initial therapy should be evaluated for either resistant organisms, persistent sources, or alternate diagnoses.

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24

Narang, Sanjeet, Alison Weisheipl, and Edgar L. Ross, eds. Surgical Pain Management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199377374.001.0001.

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Surgical Pain Management is a guide of surgical techniques and the perioperative management of the unique needs of chronic pain patients who are potential candidates for implantable and unique invasive therapies. This book provides the pain practitioner and the staff needed to support a implant program essential step-by-step information and resources to assist with surgical and anesthetic management, patient selection, considerations for device selection, pre-incision management, patient education, incision-onward surgical techniques, wound closure, common intraoperative complications and their management, and postoperative management including potential complications and systematic approaches to trouble shoot stimulator and pump malfunction, technology guide comparing capabilities of the leading stimulator manufacturers and a resource guide to the acquisition of intrathecal medications and admixtures. This book also provides the needed resources to develop a dedicated interdisciplinary implant team capable of managing a implant program, suggestions for surgical instrument kits, considerations for antibiotic prophlaxis, and ensuring quality improvement via FDA reporting mechanisms. X-rays, photographs and case studies are used throughout the book to facilate understanding of discussion points.

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25

Champigneulle, Benoit, and Frédéric Pène. Pathophysiology and management of neutropenia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0274.

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Neutropenia is defined by an absolute neutrophil count <500 per mm3. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression represents the main mechanism accounting for neutropenia, although various bone marrow disorders might also result in impaired granulopoiesis. Neutropenia, especially when profound and prolonged, is a major risk factor for severe bacterial and fungal infections. Early initiation of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy represents the cornerstone of the treatment of febrile neutropenia. A number of infected neutropenic patients may exhibit organ failures, such as acute respiratory failures and/or severe sepsis requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. This chapter discusses the particularities in the management of neutropenic patients in the ICU, including outcome and criteria for ICU admission, management of antimicrobials with respect to the current epidemiological trends, and other measures specific to this subgroup of patients.

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26

DeAugustinas, M., and A. Kiely. Periocular Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0015.

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Periocular Infections occur when there is inflammation of the conjunctiva. Uncomplicated viral infections can usually be managed with careful hand hygiene and lubrication of the eye with artificial tears. More severe infections are notable for purulent discharge, membrane formation, and scarring, and can lead to corneal change. For suspected bacterial conjunctivitis, empiric therapy begins with broad spectrum antibiotic eye drops or ointment, which are supplemented with oral antibiotics in cases associated with pharyngitis and in children with H. influenzae infection. For gonococcal conjunctivitis, systemic ceftriaxone is recommended for both adults and children (including neonates) due to the increasing prevalence of penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. If the cornea is not involved and the patient is extremely reliable, next day referral to an ophthalmologist in addition to management with IM ceftriaxone is sufficient. Otherwise, admission for IV therapy is advised. Copious, repeated irrigation is also advised to remove inflammatory mediators and debris that can contribute to corneal melting.

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27

Ali, Ased. Pathogenesis of urinary tract infection. Edited by Rob Pickard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0001.

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The realization of the harms resulting from indiscriminate use of antibiotics for minor infection has added impetus to the need to understand better the interaction between urogenital tract epithelium and invading bacteria during the initial stages of urinary tract infection (UTI). It is thought that uropathogenic Escherichia coli clones develop in the gut and migrate across the perineum to the urethra and up into the bladder. The response of the epithelium to bacterial adherence and the evolution of the invading bacteria will then govern the clinical consequences. These can vary between rapid invasion and further migration to produce systemic sepsis to tolerance of the bacteria in a planktonic state in asymptomatic bacteriuria. The key to these differences is the activation of epithelial pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors by expressed proteins on the bacterial cell wall. Increased understanding of these interactions will lead to non-antibiotic-based strategies for clinical management of urinary infection.

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28

Kelleher, Clare. Diabetic Foot Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0043.

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Diabetic foot infections (DFI) are diagnosed by two or more classic findings of inflammation (redness, swelling, warmth, and tenderness) or purulent drainage within an existing diabetic foot wound. Wounds without clinical evidence of soft tissue or bone infection often do not require antibiotic therapy. When infection is present, empiric antibiotic regimens must be based on the available clinical and local epidemiologic data, but definitive therapy should be based on cultures of infected tissues or clinical response. Consideration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) coverage should be given when local prevalence is high, in patients with a prior history of MRSA infection, or when the systemic manifestations are severe. Surgical intervention and vascular assessment play key roles in the management of many DFI; deep DFI require incision, drainage, and debridement. Redistribution of pressure off of the wound is a tenet in the management of DFI.

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29

Miller, Aaron E., and Teresa M. DeAngelis. Neuroborreliosis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199732920.003.0008.

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Neuroborreliosis, an infection of the nervous system by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is a controversial entity both in its proper diagnosis and management. In this chapter, we review the common presentations of Lyme infection affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems, the utility of diagnostic screening and confirmatory tests, and the recommended course of antibiotic treatment.

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30

Foster, Brogan, and Paul A. Brogan. Infection and immunization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738756.003.0006.

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This chapter provides detailed reviews of the musculoskeletal manifestations of tuberculosis and mycobacterial disease; other bone and joint infections; infections in immunocompromised paediatric patients; and guidance for the workup of pyrexia of unknown origin. Updated guidance on the management of rheumatic fever and Lyme disease is provided, including detailed antibiotic regimens. Management algorithms for immunocompromised patients exposed to VZV are described, as well as treatment of VZV should it occur in an immunocompromised patient. It also provides detailed guidance on immunization schedules for the immunocompromised. A highlight of the second edition is a section on HIV, with emphasis on rheumatological manifestations and their management.

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31

Varma, Ajit, Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi, and Vladimir Strezov. Antibiotics and Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Soils: Monitoring, Toxicity, Risk Assessment and Management. Springer, 2018.

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32

Varma, Ajit, Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi, and Vladimir Strezov. Antibiotics and Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Soils: Monitoring, Toxicity, Risk Assessment and Management. Springer, 2018.

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33

Krishnan, Raja Shanmuga, S. Raja Sabapathay, and Roderick Dunn. Infection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757689.003.0010.

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Hand infections are common and range from minor nail fold or pulp infections to severe necrotizing sepsis (often in the presence of other significant co-morbidity). We discuss general principles of the surgical management of soft tissue infection, the microbiology of hand infection and antibiotic policy. Cellulitis, abscess, and specific hand infections are covered, including flexor tendon sheath infection, intra-articular sepsis, and bites (human and animal). The chapter concludes with osteomyelitis and chronic infections, including leprosy, and other conditions which can mimic infection.

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34

Singhi, Pratibha, Naveen Sankhyan, and Sunit Singhi. Acute Bacterial Meningitis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0144.

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Bacterial meningitis is one of the severest infections in childhood. Neuronal damage in meningitis is largely due to the extensive inflammatory cascade induced by pathogenic bacteria. This chapter discusses the current understanding of the interaction of multitude of factors in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis. This includes the mechanisms involved in transcellular traversal of the bacteria, and induction and release of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The management of a child with bacterial meningitis requires meticulous supportive care and timely, appropriate, and adequate antibiotic therapy. The chapter also reviews the current understanding of some important clinical aspects of care of a child with bacterial meningitis.

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35

Habib, Gilbert, and Franck Thuny. Infective endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0018.

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Echocardiography plays a key role in the assessment of infective endocarditis. It is useful for the diagnosis of endocarditis, the assessment of severity of the disease, the prediction of short-term and long-term prognosis, the prediction of embolic risk, the management of the complications of endocarditis, and the follow-up of patients under specific antibiotic therapy.The ‘Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis’ of the European Society of Cardiology and the ‘Recommendations for the practice of echocardiography in infective endocarditis’ of the European Association for Echocardiography recently underlined the value and limitations of echocardiography in infective endocarditis, and gave clear recommendations for the optimal use of both transthoracic echocardiography and transoesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis.

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36

Chastre, Jean. Diagnosis and management of nosocomial pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0117.

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Quantitative culture techniques, performed before the introduction of new antibiotics, enable physicians to identify most patients who need immediate treatment for nosocomial pneumonia, and help select optimal therapy in a safe, well-tolerated manner. These techniques avoid resorting to broad-spectrum coverage of all patients with a clinical suspicion of infection, and may minimize the emergence of resistant micro-organisms in the intensive care unit. However, the full impact of this decision tree on patient outcome remains controversial. Antimicrobial therapy of patients with nosocomial pneumonia is a two-stage process. The first stage involves administering broad-spectrum antibiotics at doses maximizing bacterial killing as soon as possible to avoid inadequate treatment in patients with true bacterial pneumonia. The second stage focuses on trying to achieve this objective without overusing or abusing antibiotics. This will need the combination of a number of different steps, including commitment to focused and narrow treatment once the aetiological agents are known, switching to monotherapy after day 3, and shortening duration of therapy to 7–8 days in most patients, as dictated by the patient’s clinical response and microbiological information.

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37

Management of cystic fibrosis: A review of commonly used antibiotics. Newbury: Bayer UK, 1985.

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38

Chanmugam, Arjun S., Richard Rothman, Sanjay Desai, and Shannon Putman, eds. Infectious Diseases Emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.001.0001.

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Infectious Diseases Emergencies is a compact reference that summarizes the key topics of those infectious disease processes that are most commonly seen in emergency departments, clinics, and urgent care facilities. The opening section reviews principles of infectious disease management and general management of severe infections in acute and emergency environments. The following sections provide a “head-to-toe” synopsis of common infections presenting in both outpatient and acute care settings, including the following human areas: central nervous system; ear, nose, and throat; ocular; cardiovascular; pulmonary; gastrointestinal; genitourinary; skin and soft tissue; and bone and joint. The concluding sections discuss vector-borne infections, infections in special populations, bioterrorism, and finally antibiotic resistance. Each chapter covers some basic elements of the disease, epidemiology, diagnosis and tests, organisms involved, treatment, and other key issues. Concisely written and consistently organized chapters outline the most useful elements of diagnosis and treatment for easy memorization and clarity.

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39

Catanzaro, Michael P., and Rachel J. Kwon. Acute Appendicitis. Edited by Rachel J. Kwon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0049.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark historical study in surgery involving management and treatment of acute appendicitis. It describes the history of the disease, gives a summary of the study including study design and results, and relates the study to a modern-day principle of evidence-based medicine: observational studies in study design. Reginald H. Fitz’s insights over a century ago in a seminal case series regarding the nature of appendicitis, its potential sequelae, and the value of urgent surgical intervention changed the disease from a deadly one into one that can be easily cured by surgery. However, with the advent of modern broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, Fitz’s assertion that immediate surgical therapy is always mandated has recently come under question.

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40

Grisoli, Dominique, and Didier Raoult. Prevention and treatment of endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0161.

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Initially always lethal, the prognosis of infective endocarditis (IE) has been revolutionized by antibacterial therapy and valve surgery. Nevertheless, it remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases, with ≥30% of patients dying within a year of diagnosis. Its incidence has also remained stable at 25–50 cases per million per year, and results predominantly from a combination of bacteraemia and a predisposing cardiac condition, including endocardial lesions and/or intracardiac foreign material. While antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended by various learned societies to cover healthcare procedures with the potential of causing bacteraemia in at-risk patients, there is no evidence to support this strategy. Even though the benefits are hypothetical, national guidelines should still be followed to avoid medico-legal issues. General preventive measures, such as education of clinicians and at-risk patients appear to be more crucial. Invasive procedures, especially intravenous catheterization, should be kept to the minimum possible. The severity of IE mandates a multidisciplinary and standardized approach to treatment, with involvement of dedicated surgeons within specialist centres. Standardized antibiotic protocols have produced dramatic reductions in hospital and 1-year mortality in reference centres. Most deaths now result from complications that constitute definite surgical indications, so optimization of surgical management and avoidance of delay will clearly improve prognosis. This disease has now entered an ‘early surgery’ era, with a more aggressive surgical approach showing promising results. Conditions such as septic shock, sudden death, and vancomycin-resistant staphylococcal endocarditis still constitute therapeutic and research challenges, and justify an important role for specialist centres.

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41

Simmonds, Nicholas, and Elaine Dhouieb. Management of stable CF lung disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0004.

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This chapter addresses the nuts and bolts of everyday management of CF lung disease. It outlines the most up-to-date recommendations to ensure lung function is optimised and remains as stable as possible, including all the latest specialist CF drugs and advancements in respiratory physiotherapy techniques. Topics covered include clinical and radiological assessments of lung disease; airway clearance techniques; inhaler device selection; inhaled therapies (including the new antibiotics and drugs targeting mucus production and clearance); oral antibiotics, including azithromycin; fungal treatment; and the new era of mutation-specific drug therapy. There is also important advice on the current recommendations for exercising and travelling with CF. Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview to the busy clinician requiring the latest information on the day-to-day management of CF lung disease.

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42

Calder, Peter. Chronic long bone osteomyelitis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.011001.

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Pathological features of chronic osteomyelitis♦ Necrotic bone♦ Compromised soft tissues with reduction in vascularity♦ Ineffective host response♦ Sequestrum formation♦ New bone formation from viable periosteum and endosteum♦ Formation of involucrum:Treatment principles in chronic osteomyelitis♦ Surgical debridement – remove all devitalized necrotic tissue♦ Dead space management:• Soft tissue defect – avoid healing by secondary intention. Consider local and free flaps• Bone defects – small structural with autologous bone graft, consider Papineau ‘open bone grafting’ where free tissue transfer is not an option, distraction osteogenesis with bifocal and bone transport for large defects including fibula transfer♦ Bone stability – movement needs to be eliminated♦ Antibiotic therapy – based on culture and sensitivity, local administration with PMMA beads or collagen sponge, Lautenbach procedure in resistant cases.

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43

Ali, Ased, and Rob Pickard. Infection of the lower urinary tract. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0176_update_001.

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Lower urinary tract infection is common, distressing, and when recurrent can have a significant impact on quality of life. The normally sterile urinary tract is the site of an ongoing but complex interplay between an evolving pathogen and a highly developed host immune defence system. The development of an active infection generally requires either greater virulence in the pathogen or deficient host immune defence. Nonetheless, even where infection has occurred, the interplay between pathogen and host continues, influencing the extent and level of invasion as well as the duration of infection and extent of tissue damage caused.Asymptomatic bacteriuria is discussed, with implications for treatment (usually not). The risk factors, diagnosis and management of simple cystitis are discussed, with a discussion of approaches to managing recurrent infections. Urethritis requires consideration of sexually transmitted infections and co-infections. Prostatitis requires more prolonged antibiotic treatment.

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44

Dondorp, Arjen M. Other tropical diseases in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0294.

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A wide range of tropical infectious diseases can cause critical illness. Knowledge of the local epidemiology where the disease is acquired is essential. In addition, local resistance patterns of common bacterial pathogens can be very different in tropical countries, so that antibiotic regimens might need adaptation. The ‘surviving sepsis’ guidelines are not always appropriate for the treatment of tropical sepsis. Both diseases require a more restricted fluid management. Leptospirosis is another important tropical disease that can cause sepsis with liver and renal failure or ARDS with pulmonary haemorrhages. Neglected tropical diseases causing neurological syndromes include trypanosomiasis (Sub-Saharan Africa) and rabies. Several viruses in the tropics can cause encephalitis. Recent epidemics of respiratory viruses causing life-threatening pneumonia have had their origins in tropical countries, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, influenza A subtype H5N1 (‘avian influenza’), and recently Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

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45

Chinai, Sneha A. Brain Abscess. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0008.

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A brain abscess is a life-threatening infection within the brain that originates as cerebritis and evolves into an encapsulated collection of purulent material. Epidemiologically, brain abscesses are seen more frequently in immunocompromised patients. The signs and symptoms of a brain abscess are influenced by the location and size of the infection, the causative pathogen, and the patient’s immune status and medical comorbidities. This diagnosis requires neurosurgical consultation for management and inpatient admission. The majority of patients undergo either needle aspiration or surgical excision. This is critical for obtaining a specimen for culture in order to direct accurate and specific antimicrobial therapy. Needle aspiration is more commonly utilized and has a lower mortality rate than surgical excision. Repeat imaging is required for any change in mental status. Empiric antibiotic selections are guided by the most likely source of infection and are adjusted for renal function.

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46

Cancer Management in Man: Biological Response Modifiers, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, Hyperthermia, Supporting Measures. Springer, 2012.

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47

Woolley, Paul V. Cancer Management in Man: Biological Response Modifiers, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, Hyperthermia, Supporting Measures. Springer, 2012.

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48

V, Woolley Paul, ed. Cancer management in man: Biological response modifiers, chemotherapy, antibiotics, hyperthermia, supporting measures. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

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49

Woolley, Paul V. Cancer Management in Man: Biological Response Modifiers, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, Hyperthermia, Supporting Measures. Springer Netherlands, 2011.

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50

Habib, Gilbert, Franck Thuny, Guy Van Camp, and Simon Matskeplishvili. Endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0041.

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Echocardiography plays a key role in the assessment of infective endocarditis (IE). It is useful both for the diagnosis of endocarditis, the assessment of the severity of the disease, the prediction of short-term and long-term prognosis, the prediction of embolic risk, the management of the complications of endocarditis, and the follow-up of patients under specific antibiotic therapy. The Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology and the ‘Recommendations for the practice of echocardiography in infective endocarditis’ of the European Association for Echocardiography have underlined the value and limitations of echocardiography in IE, and gave clear recommendations for the optimal use of both transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography in IE. New data in the field of echocardiography in IE includes more extensive use of three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography, inclusion of other imaging techniques, and new important publications in the field of the prediction of embolic risk by echocardiography.

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