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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 21 лютого 2023

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1

ZHOU, WEIHUAN. "Circumvention and Anti-Circumvention: Rising Protectionism in Australia." World Trade Review 15, no. 3 (January 14, 2016): 495–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000762.

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Анотація:

AbstractThe article discusses circumvention and anti-circumvention in international trade with a focus on Australia's anti-circumvention mechanism and in particular the first anti-circumvention investigation in Australia. It identifies the major issues relating to circumvention and anti-circumvention in the GATT/WTO negotiations which have led to the failure of WTO members to conclude uniform rules on anti-circumvention. The article argues that multilateral anti-circumvention rules are necessary to standardize national anti-circumvention laws and practice and discipline unilateral use of anti-circumvention measures. The article further argues that Australia's anti-circumvention law and practice, as reflected in its first anti-circumvention investigation, may have violated WTO rules and is likely to lead to increasing protectionism to cost of WTO members and Australia's FTA trading partners. Australia's unjustified use of anti-circumvention measures is unlikely to foster the development of its import-competing industries and may provoke retaliation by other countries.

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2

Burk, D. L. "Anti-circumvention misuse." IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 22, no. 2 (2003): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mtas.2003.1216242.

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3

Cornelis, Joris. "Anti-Circumvention: A Comparison." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016070.

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No basic multilateral definition of ‘circumvention’ is embedded within Article VI, nor in any subsequent Anti-Dumping Code or Agreement. This lack of a multilateral framework is striking, given the prominence this issue has assumed in the world of anti-dumping. Indeed, as reported in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Chapter, 36 of the 87 AD legislations that were notified to the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices already include anticircumvention provisions and more nations are expected to follow suit. This article provides a comparison of the relevant provisions and practices in the nine jurisdictions discussed in this Special Edition of the Global Trade and Customs Journal. This article also describes certain potential WTO concerns arising from this growing unilateral ‘self-regulation’ and practice. This overview does not include other possible means of combatting circumvention that could exist outside the traditional dumping ‘arena’, such as, for example, national criminal investigations, special customs proceedings or specific antifraud investigations.

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4

Uruchurtu, Gustavo A. "Anti-Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Mexico." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016066.

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This article addresses the origin of the Anti-Circumvention provisions in Mexico. In addition it explains the current provisions under Mexican law and if they incorporate the most common practices of Circumvention. It is explained the practice of the Mexican Investigating Authority of the application of such provisions through the analysis of the investigations that ended with a final determination. Finally, explains the current Anti- Circumvention procedure in Mexico.

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5

Sud, Juhi Dion. "Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of India." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016065.

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This article presents an overview of the substantive and procedural aspects of the anti-circumvention rules introduced in the Indian anti-dumping law in 2011. Invoked for the first time this year since their introduction, the Indian anti-circumvention provisions while covering the traditional forms of circumvention, in the author’s view, are multi-interpretable and give the investigating authority significant discretion in their application. While the WTO-compatibility of anti-circumvention rules in general remains questionable, seen against the law and practice of other WTO members such as the European Union, the Indian anti-circumvention rules need further clarity and precision, and can be reasonably expected to be influenced by the approach of more experienced users.

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6

Baskin, Serdar. "Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of Turkey." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016068.

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Анотація:

Anti-circumvention is one of the most controversial areas in the Anti-Dumping Agreement Negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It seems that it is very difficult for members to reach an agreement on what constitutes circumvention and establishing rules and procedures for anticircumvention investigations. Although there are no internationally agreed rules and procedures regarding anti-circumvention investigations today, members are free to put into effect their own rules and procedures. Based on that fact, the number of anti-circumvention investigations have been increasing significantly in recent years in all over the world. Turkey is one of the most active countries in the use of anti-circumvention measures. This article aims to shed light onto Turkish anti-circumvention legislation and practices. The author hopes that this article will assist a better understanding of Turkish practice in this area and contribute to the efforts to reach an agreement on this matter within the multilateral rules based trading system.

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7

Yano, Hiromi, Jesse Kreier, and Seref Coskun. "Anti-Circumvention in the Multilateral System: Plus ça Change." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016060.

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Анотація:

World Trade Organization (WTO) Members have long struggled to distinguish between acceptable responses to the imposition of anti-dumping duties and inappropriate efforts to ‘circumvent’ such duties. This article summarizes the efforts to formulate multilateral norms on anti-circumvention, from the early General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dispute settlement challenges through the Uruguay Round, the WTO's Informal Group on Anti-Circumvention and the more recent Rules negotiations of the Doha Round. Despite these efforts, WTO Members have been unable to agree on what constitutes circumvention, much less adopt rules governing the use of anti-circumvention measures. Yet despite the legal uncertainties, thirty-six Members have notified include anti-circumvention provisions to the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices, and six Members have reported the initiation of 103 anti-circumvention proceedings to the Committee since 2009. While Members would appear to share a common interest in having some predictability and certainty in defining what is and is not appropriate behaviour, both for exporters and importing Members, the gaps, both of principle and practical, have to date proved insurmountable.

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8

Hammond, Herbert J., Heather C. Brunelli, Jocelyn E. Dabeau, Luke A. Walker, and Thomas Yoo. "The Anti-Circumvention Provision of The Digital Millennium Copyright Act." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 8, no. 3 (July 2002): 593–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v8.i3.9.

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Анотація:

The DMCA's ban on circumvention technology, however, has been the subject of some dispute. In the "arms race" between encryption and decryption technologies, the anti-circumvention provision seems to have recently won out. The anti-circumvention provision also appears to have altered the contours of copyright law and to have disturbed the balance between protecting the rights of authors and promoting the advancement and flow of information. This Article begins with a brief history of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and its anti-circumvention provision. It then describes the features of the anti-circumvention provision, its exceptions, and the remedies provided by the Act. Finally, it reviews three recent cases that raise important issues that, when ultimately resolved, may permanently affect copyright law.

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9

Alhayat, Aditya Paramita. "KETIDAKEFEKTIFAN KEBIJAKAN ANTI-DUMPING PRODUK IMPOR BAJA INDONESIA: SEBUAH ANALISIS AWAL." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v11i2.230.

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Meskipun Indonesia telah mengenakan tindakan anti-dumping terhadap beberapa jenis produk baja, namun impor produk tersebut masih meningkat. Salah satu kemungkinan penyebabnya adalah importasi melalui produk yang dimodifikasi secara tidak substansial atau melalui negara ketiga yang tidak dikenakan tindakan anti-dumping, yang dalam perdagangan internasional umum disebut sebagai praktik circumvention. Studi ini ditujukan untuk membuktikan bahwa circumvention mengakibatkan tindakan anti-dumping atas impor produk baja Indonesia tidak efektif dan untuk memberikan masukan berdasarkan praktik di negara lain supaya kebijakan anti-dumping Indonesia lebih efektif. Circumvention dianalisis dengan membandingkan pola perdagangan antara sebelum dan setelah pengenaan bea masuk anti-dumping (BMAD) menggunakan data sekunder dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) maupun Global Trade Information Services (GTIS). Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya indikasi kuat bahwa circumvention mengkibatkan pengenaan tindakan anti-dumping impor produk baja di Indonesia menjadi tidak efektif. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting bagi Pemerintah Indonesia untuk segera melakukan penyempurnaan terhadap Peraturan Pemerintah No. 34/2011 tentang Tindakan Antidumping, Tindakan Imbalan, dan Tindakan Pengamanan Perdagangan dengan memasukkan klausul tindakan anti-circumvention yang setidaknya mencakup bentuk-bentuk dan prosedur tindakan, sebagaimana yang telah dilakukan beberapa negara seperti: AS, EU, Australia, dan India. Although Indonesia has imposed anti-dumping measures on several types of steel products, the import of steel products is still increasing. One possible cause is that imports are made by non-substantial modification of product or through a third country which is not subject to anti-dumping measures, which is generally referred as circumvention practice. This study is aimed to prove that circumvention made Indonesian anti-dumping actions on the steel products ineffective. This also study provides recommendation for a best practice for other countries so that Indonesia's anti-dumping policy can be more effective. Circumvention was analyzed by comparing trade patterns between before and after the imposition of anti-dumping duty using secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and the Global Trade Information Services (GTIS). The results of the analysis indicate that circumvention became the reason why Indonesian anti-dumping measures on imported steel products are ineffective. Therefore, it is very important for the Government of Indonesia to immediately make amendments to the Government Regulation No. 34/2011 on Antidumping, Countervailing, and Safeguard Measures by adopting clauses of anti-circumvention. This can be done bycovering the forms/types and procedures of action, as has been implemented by several countries such as the US, EU, Australia, and India.

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10

Yu, Yanning. "Circumvention and Anti-circumvention in Anti-dumping Practice: A New Problem in China’s Outbound Trade." Journal of World Trade 41, Issue 5 (October 1, 2007): 1015–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2007039.

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11

Kokoly, Zsolt. "The Anti-Circumvention Procedure in the Audiovisual Media Services Directive." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies 8, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/ausleg.2019.8.1.03.

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Анотація:

Recent challenges in the EU business sector also comprise the revision of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (the new text in force since December 2018), the main media policy tool of the EU which establishes the legal framework for a convergent media landscape that comprises linear, non-linear audiovisual media services and, recently, also video-sharing platforms (VSPs) and user-generated content. One of the novelties in the revised text of the AVMSD is the new set of legal provisions enshrined in Art. 4 referring to the anti-circumvention procedure, a phenomenon the European media landscape has long been familiar with (i.e. broadcasters from another Member State circumventing the stricter rules of the target Member State). The need for a more transparent and efficient regulation originated in the practical difficulties of applying (pre-revision) Art. 4 by national regulating authorities (NRAs) as in many cases providers of audiovisual media services falling under another Member State’s jurisdiction refused to comply with their stricter rules or did not show any willingness to collaborate. The burden of proving the existence of circumvention or the evidence base to identify has proved to be a particularly difficult task for NRAs. The amended text of the AVMSD extends the power of the Member States to trigger the anti-circumvention procedure based on reasonable cause rather than the former requirement to prove the intention of circumvention by the provider. Also, the new set of provisions allows Member States to have circumvention reasonably established. Another novelty in the anti-circumvention procedure is the mandatory opinion that is to be requested by the European Commission from the European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services(ERGA). The paper proposes to discuss the evolution of anti-circumvention measures in the two versions of the AVMSD as well as the projected effect on the phenomenon of circumvention of stricter rules on the new provisions.

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12

Guan, Wenwei. "Copyright Anti-Circumvention & Free Trade." Journal of World Trade 52, Issue 2 (April 1, 2018): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2018012.

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The article examines the contrasting implementation of Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Internet Treaties’ anti-circumvention obligation and its free trade implications. While the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)’s implementation established a brand new exclusive right of access control for rightholders, the EU’s InfoSoc Directive attempted to balance rightholder’s access control with interests of fair use beneficiaries. Examination of copyright’s private right nature shows access control in anti-circumvention finds no support from traditional theory, and actually turns copyright into a negative right in rem. Further examination on copyright limitations and exceptions shows that the anti-circumvention mechanism sits right at the centre of the dynamics between the idea-expression dichotomy, and the tension between rights and obligations. Critical examination of the circumstances of treaty conclusion of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and Internet Treaties respectively shows that neither framework’s settlements have successfully balanced rights and obligations, or private rights and public access. New development of regional trade fragmentation from Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), to the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), to the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), brings the anti-circumvention diversity further into a terrain of uncertainty. The article concludes with a call for attention to access control’s negative impact on public information access and the balance of rights and obligations.

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13

Samuelson, Pamela. "Anti-circumvention rules limit reverse engineering." Communications of the ACM 58, no. 7 (June 25, 2015): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2770890.

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14

Samuelson, Pamela. "New exemptions to anti-circumvention rules." Communications of the ACM 59, no. 3 (February 25, 2016): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2879643.

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15

Brown, Ian. "The evolution of anti-circumvention law." International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 20, no. 3 (November 2006): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600860600852119.

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16

Vermulst, Edwin. "Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of the European Union." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016064.

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Анотація:

This contribution provides an overview of EU anti-circumvention law and practice as developed over the past 25 years. It shows that the EU has been an intensive user of its anti-dumping legislation, but that by far the most cases have involved clear-cut transhipment situations. It is submitted that clear and detailed multilaterally agreed anti-circumvention rules are preferred over the current variety of national rules and interpretations.

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17

Caetano, Ana. "Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of Brazil." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016063.

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Анотація:

This article aims to explain the background and history behind the current anti-circumvention (AC) law and proceeding in Brazil, to define the legal circumstances that characterize a circumvention practice and to inform the requirements necessary to present an application for the initiation of an AC review and the provisions in such a proceeding. It provides a look and understanding of the few AC cases in Brazil that have, thus far, taken place and the lessons learned from them. The article also explains the difference between circumvention and other practices that evade the application and effectiveness of anti-dumping (AD) duties, and the means to combat these practices, such as transshipments, origin investigations, scope assessments and redetermination proceedings.

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18

Vermulst, Edwin, and Edwin Vermulst. "Origin Rules in EU Anti–dumping Law and Practice: An Update." Global Trade and Customs Journal 3, Issue 10 (October 1, 2008): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2008044.

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This article examines the role of origin rules in EU anti–dumping law and practice. It analyses the use of such rules as an operative tool during the investigative process and as an enforcement mechanism once anti–dumping measures are imposed and compares their operation with third country anti–circumvention mechanisms. It concludes that harmonization of non–preferential origin rules remains desirable, but that such harmonization realistically should go hand in hand with the establishment of third country anti–circumvention legislation.

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19

Komuro, Norio. "U.S. Anti-Circumvention Measures and GATT Rules." Journal of World Trade 28, Issue 3 (June 1, 1994): 5–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1994014.

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20

Kim, Taeha, Youngshin Kim, and Alex Talalayevsky. "Managing Anti-Circumvention Technology for Digital Content." Journal of Information Privacy and Security 4, no. 1 (January 2008): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2333696x.2008.10855832.

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21

Kobayashi, Tomohiko. "Revisiting the Role of Anti-Circumvention Provisions under the wto Agreement: Lessons for East Asia." Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 2, no. 2 (November 18, 2014): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340037.

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Анотація:

“Circumvention” is a growing challenge to the effectiveness of international law as the incentive to circumvent laws grows as the “legalization” of international society continues. This analysis on the anti-circumvention provisions within the wto Agreement reveals a lack of clarity and coherence in the existing disciplines. Ongoing negotiations to modify trade rules also do not fully address these concerns. Therefore, this article proposes that there is a need for a comprehensive approach consisting of amendment, coherent interpretation, use of general principles, and functional reallocation for the wto Agreement to address circumvention more effectively. In particular, to establish an efficient legal framework for economic integration in East Asia, this article notes that the priority in improving and clarifying anti-circumvention disciplines is to strike multi-dimensional balances between legitimate interests, including those between sovereign liberty and the effectiveness of international agreements, and those between the predictability of obligations and the effectiveness thereof.

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22

Jacobsz, Thinus. "Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of South Africa." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016067.

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As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), South Africa has honoured its international trade obligations through the enactment of domestic legislation which govern the requirements and procedures for the setting or changing of anti-dumping duties. In line with other WTO members introducing measures to curtail the circumvention of dumping activities by other WTO -members, South Africa adopted anti-circumvention measures in 1994. A guide introduced amongst others measures to counter those events where an exporter would absorb an anti-dumping duty; or if a related party supply the goods in the same or some other country; or where goods are exported as parts or components to be assembled in the South African Customs Union. Some of these anti-circumvention measures have on occasion been relied on and applied by the International Trade Administration Commission (ITAC) in South Africa as discussed hereunder.

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23

Beck, Jochen, and Laurent Ruessmann. "Enforcement of EU TDI Measures: Addressing the Challenges of the 21st Century." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 9 (August 1, 2020): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020082.

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The EU’s trade defence instruments (TDI) enforcement tools are around twenty-five years old and circumvention activities have expanded considerably beyond what the existing rules initially sought to address. This article examines the main enforcement challenges and suggests legislative changes to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the EU TDI enforcement tools. subsidies, anti-subsidy, countervail, dumping, anti-dumping, circumvention, enforcement, trade, trade defence, absorption, transhipment, channelling, simple assembly, non-cooperation

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24

Holmes, Simon. "Anti-Circumvention under the European Union's New Anti-Dumping Rules." Journal of World Trade 29, Issue 3 (June 1, 1995): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1995023.

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25

Spicer, Margaret, and Peggy Clarke. "Anti-Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of the United States." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016069.

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Анотація:

Circumvention is a mechanism used by companies to avoid applicable anti-dumping duties on merchandise they seek to ship (David W. Leebron, An Overview of the Uruguay Round Results, 34 COLUM. J. TRANSNAT’L L. 11, 20 (1995)). Companies can use different means to ‘circumvent’ an order, including minor alterations, transshipment, or by shipping parts not subject to the order for assembly in either the final destination country or a third country (ibid.). This has the effect of changing the country of origin for the merchandise, resulting in circumvention of the order.

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26

Arnolt, Paola. "Anti-Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of Argentina." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016061.

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Анотація:

The article intends to summarize the Argentinean approach to anti circumvention processes. As these kinds of investigations are scarce and procedures are vague, we tried to review existing precedents to reach to some conclusions on the main variables considered to determine the presence of a circumventing behaviour. I analysed the main conclusions of two cases: radial ball bearings from China and parts of bicycle frames and forks, also originated in China; both involving the import of parts of the product subject to dumping duties in order to be assembled in Argentina. I realized that these investigations do not follow strict pre-fixed parameters except for identifying a change in the characteristics of trade flows that could be related to a practice, process or activity for which there is no adequate cause or economic justification other than the imposition of the duty. I also concluded that these procedures did not necessarily require evidence of dumping’s existence but gave importance to the presence of the same exporters and importers of the original dumping investigation. From a procedural point of view, circumvention processes could be initiated ex officio or by party request, and although being a bifurcated procedure where two technical departments are involved, it is the National Trade Commission the one that carries out a detailed analysis of the circumventing practice, whereas the technical body normally in charge of calculating the dumping margin, limits its participation to supporting the decision made by the Commission. Argentina applies additional controls to prevent circumvention, such as red channel of selectivity for the products subject to dumping duties and the demand for a certificate of origin when they are imported from a different origin. The additional requirements our country has established for goods subject to anti-dumping duties that originated in third countries, cover an important part of the broad range of circumventing manoeuvers. However, there is a full range of scenarios that surpasses these control mechanisms and for these situations that may be developed by a “creative” potential circumventing party, it is necessary to have instruments that could promptly react in case of circumvention of the measures applied.

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27

Tian (George), YiJun. "Business implications of anti-circumvention legislation and recommendations." Computer Law & Security Review 20, no. 6 (November 2004): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(04)00089-5.

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28

Samuelson, Pamela, Jerome H. Reichman, and Graeme Dinwoodie. "How to achieve (some) balance in anti-circumvention laws." Communications of the ACM 51, no. 2 (February 2008): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1314215.1314220.

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29

López, Julio Antonio García, and María Moreno Sancho. "The US and EU Solar Trade Remedies Saga: The Globalization of Mercantilism." Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 4 (June 1, 2022): 615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022025.

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Анотація:

This article explores the different trade-restrictive measures and legal strategies carried out by the United States and the European Union during the solar trade remedies saga. It focuses on the US and EU use of rules of origin as a protectionist device against the alleged circumvention of anti-dumping and countervailing duties, as well as on the cartelizing effect of US and the EU legal strategies with respect to solar trade remedies. It concludes that the US and EU solar trade remedies saga has resulted in the globalization of mercantilism. The elimination of trade remedies on products used in renewable energy is hereby proposed trade remedies, trade-restrictive measures, anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties, safeguard measures, circumvention, globalization, environment, solar trade remedies, CSPV cells products

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30

Marcoux, Jean-Michel, and Andrea K. Bjorklund. "Duty Evasion in Free Trade Agreements: Norm Emergence and Implications." Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 2 (March 1, 2022): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022009.

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Despite the failure of states to adopt multilateral rules to address the circumvention of anti-dumping and countervailing duties, efforts have more recently been deployed by the United States to focus on the issue of ‘duty evasion’. After failed attempts to discuss the issue at the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) specifically addresses cooperation between Parties regarding information sharing and duty evasion verification requests with a view to ensuring the enforcement of trade remedy laws. Can the elaboration of duty evasion provisions in regional trade agreements facilitate the negotiation of rules to address the issue of anti-circumvention at the multilateral level? This article argues that the motivations and inherent limits underlying the USMCA duty evasion provisions are most likely to impede broad adoption at the multilateral level. It proceeds in two steps. First, while the United States is playing a pivotal role as a norm entrepreneur in the emergence of these duty evasion provisions, the article demonstrates a clear evolution in its strategy toward a populist approach to international economic policy. Second, after identifying similarities with other provisions, the article addresses the lacunae in the USMCA duty evasion provisions from a legal perspective. duty evasion, anti-circumvention, anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties, United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, World Trade Organization, norm entrepreneur, populism

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31

Castleton, Anna, Aditi Dey, Brendan Beaton, Bella Patel, Anne Aucher, Daniel M. Davis, and Adele K. Fielding. "Human mesenchymal stromal cells deliver systemic oncolytic measles virus to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the presence of humoral immunity." Blood 123, no. 9 (February 27, 2014): 1327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-09-528851.

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Key Points Human BM-MSCs can be used to successfully deliver systemic oncolytic measles virotherapy to ALL tumor targets. This approach permits circumvention of preexisting anti-measles humoral immunity and enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

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32

Mah, Jai S. "Anti-circumvention and the Harmonized Rules of Origin in the WTO." World Competition 22, Issue 2 (June 1, 1999): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco1999009.

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33

Poretti, Pietro. "The ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION provision in the light of the WTO framework." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 9, no. 1 (2006): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2006-1-71.

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34

Liu, Xuepeng, and Huimin Shi. "Anti‐dumping duty circumvention through trade rerouting: Evidence from Chinese exporters." World Economy 42, no. 5 (December 13, 2018): 1427–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12747.

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35

Band, Jonathan, and Taro Isshiki. "The new US anti-circumvention provision: Heading in the wrong direction." Computer Law & Security Review 15, no. 4 (July 1999): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(99)80044-2.

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36

Gillen, Martina, and Gavin Sutter. "DRMS and anti-circumvention: Tipping the scales of the copyright bargain?" International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 20, no. 3 (November 2006): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600860600852192.

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37

Erbahar, Aksel, and Laura Puccio. "Circumvention of Anti-dumping: A Law and Economics Analysis of Proportionality in EU Rules." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 3 (June 1, 2016): 391–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016018.

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This paper deals with one of the controversial trade issues on the agenda for negotiations in the WTO since the Uruguay Round. Anti-circumvention rules (AC) allow the application of trade remedies to products that would fall outside the scope of the trade remedy regulation. The rationale is that some practices allow circumvention of the extra duties and so lessen the effective application of remedies. In this article, we argue that, in order to avoid protectionist abuses, these AC rules should only extend trade measures to those goods that both effectively circumvent and undermine those remedies, meaning the tests included in AC investigations must lead to the proportional application of AC measures. More specifically, we use a law and economics approach to analyse the proportionality of AC rules in the context of the largest AC user, the EU, who, according to our estimations, have extended its existing anti-dumping coverage by an additional annual import value of USD 2 billion via new AC measures imposed in 1995–2013.

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38

Moulis, Daniel. "Anti-Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of Ten World Trade Organization Members Australia." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016062.

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Laws dealing with practices that ‘get around’ tariffs imposed by World Trade Organization (WTO) Members on dumped or subsidized goods are well established in some Members but have only recently been introduced in Australia. The compliance of these laws with WTO norms is open to debate. The economic rationale for penalizing some kinds of commercial practice as circumvention may be similarly contested. This article outlines the Australian laws and accompanying investigation procedures, with available case studies, and poses questions about the need for them and about their legitimacy in policy terms.

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39

Leberknight, Christopher S., Mung Chiang, and Felix Ming Fai Wong. "A Taxonomy of Censors and Anti-Censors." International Journal of E-Politics 3, no. 2 (April 2012): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jep.2012040104.

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The tug-of-war on the Internet between censor and anti-censor technologies is intensifying. With an aim to raise awareness on Internet censorship and its circumvention, this paper and its companion Part II present a conceptual study of Internet censorship and anti-censorship. This first paper focuses on Internet censorship. It outlines an historical account of censorship through the lens of news coverage in the past decade, and presents a taxonomy of the principles, techniques, and technologies of Internet censorship. The interplay between social, political, and technological factors is presented to highlight the challenges in anti-censorship. Part II of the paper focuses on anti-censorship.

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40

Willems, Arnoud R., and Bregt Natens. "What’s Wrong with EU Anti-Circumvention Rules and How to Fix it." Journal of International Economic Law 19, no. 2 (May 6, 2016): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgw045.

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41

Hu, X. F., M. Veroni, M. de Luise, A. Wakeling, R. Sutherland, C. K. W. Watts, and J. R. Zalcberg. "Circumvention of tamoxifen resistance by the pure anti-estrogen ICI 182, 780." International Journal of Cancer 55, no. 5 (November 11, 1993): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910550529.

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42

FUKUDA, Yaichirou, Peng Zhuo HUI, Shigeru YAMAMOTO, Makoto MINO, and Kunio YAGI. "Circumvention of Multidrug Resistance of Leukemia Cells by the Anti-Allergic Agent Azelastine." Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 14, no. 1 (1993): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.14.7.

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43

YAMAMOTO, Shigeru, Peng Zhuo HUI, Yaichiro FUKUDA, Makoto MINO, Nakao KOJIMA, and Kunio YAGI. "Circumvention of Adriamycin-Resistance of Leukemia Cells by the Anti-Allergic Drug Azelastine." Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 6, no. 3 (1989): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.6.205.

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44

Clinton, William J. "The United States’ New Anti–Circumvention Provision and Its Application by the Commerce Department." Journal of World Trade 24, Issue 3 (June 1, 1990): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1990019.

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45

Beck, W. T. "Circumvention of Multidrug Resistance With Anti-P-glycoprotein Antibodies: Clinical Potential or Experimental Artifact?" JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87, no. 2 (January 18, 1995): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.2.73.

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46

Beck, W. T. "Do Anti-P-Glycoprotein Antibodies Have a Future in the Circumvention of Multidrug Resistance?" JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 83, no. 19 (October 2, 1991): 1364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/83.19.1364.

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47

Platt, Jeffrey R. "A Comparison of Anti-Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Duty Rules in the United States and the Dunkel Draft Proposal." World Competition 16, Issue 4 (June 1, 1993): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco1992028.

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48

BACCARANI, M. "Re: Circumvention of Multidrug Resistance With Anti- P-glycoprotein Antibodies: Clinical Potential or Experimental Artifact?" JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87, no. 11 (June 7, 1995): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.11.845.

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49

Mack, Charles A., Wen-Ru Song, Heather Carpenter, Tom J. Wickham, Imre Kovesdi, Ben-Gary Harvey, Christopher J. Magovern, et al. "Circumvention of Anti-Adenovirus Neutralizing Immunity by Administration of an Adenoviral Vector of an Alternate Serotype." Human Gene Therapy 8, no. 1 (January 1997): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hum.1997.8.1-99.

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50

Unni, V. K. "Indian copyright law and anti-circumvention provisions: can a please-all regime meet the global yardsticks?" Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 10, no. 5 (February 17, 2015): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpv001.

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