Готові списки джерел за темами / Anti-circumvention

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Anti-circumvention"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 21 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Anti-circumvention"

ZHOU, WEIHUAN. "Circumvention and Anti-Circumvention: Rising Protectionism in Australia." World Trade Review 15, no. 3 (January 14, 2016): 495–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000762.

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AbstractThe article discusses circumvention and anti-circumvention in international trade with a focus on Australia's anti-circumvention mechanism and in particular the first anti-circumvention investigation in Australia. It identifies the major issues relating to circumvention and anti-circumvention in the GATT/WTO negotiations which have led to the failure of WTO members to conclude uniform rules on anti-circumvention. The article argues that multilateral anti-circumvention rules are necessary to standardize national anti-circumvention laws and practice and discipline unilateral use of anti-circumvention measures. The article further argues that Australia's anti-circumvention law and practice, as reflected in its first anti-circumvention investigation, may have violated WTO rules and is likely to lead to increasing protectionism to cost of WTO members and Australia's FTA trading partners. Australia's unjustified use of anti-circumvention measures is unlikely to foster the development of its import-competing industries and may provoke retaliation by other countries.

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Burk, D. L. "Anti-circumvention misuse." IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 22, no. 2 (2003): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mtas.2003.1216242.

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Cornelis, Joris. "Anti-Circumvention: A Comparison." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016070.

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No basic multilateral definition of ‘circumvention’ is embedded within Article VI, nor in any subsequent Anti-Dumping Code or Agreement. This lack of a multilateral framework is striking, given the prominence this issue has assumed in the world of anti-dumping. Indeed, as reported in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Chapter, 36 of the 87 AD legislations that were notified to the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices already include anticircumvention provisions and more nations are expected to follow suit. This article provides a comparison of the relevant provisions and practices in the nine jurisdictions discussed in this Special Edition of the Global Trade and Customs Journal. This article also describes certain potential WTO concerns arising from this growing unilateral ‘self-regulation’ and practice. This overview does not include other possible means of combatting circumvention that could exist outside the traditional dumping ‘arena’, such as, for example, national criminal investigations, special customs proceedings or specific antifraud investigations.

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Uruchurtu, Gustavo A. "Anti-Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Mexico." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016066.

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This article addresses the origin of the Anti-Circumvention provisions in Mexico. In addition it explains the current provisions under Mexican law and if they incorporate the most common practices of Circumvention. It is explained the practice of the Mexican Investigating Authority of the application of such provisions through the analysis of the investigations that ended with a final determination. Finally, explains the current Anti- Circumvention procedure in Mexico.

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Sud, Juhi Dion. "Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of India." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016065.

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This article presents an overview of the substantive and procedural aspects of the anti-circumvention rules introduced in the Indian anti-dumping law in 2011. Invoked for the first time this year since their introduction, the Indian anti-circumvention provisions while covering the traditional forms of circumvention, in the author’s view, are multi-interpretable and give the investigating authority significant discretion in their application. While the WTO-compatibility of anti-circumvention rules in general remains questionable, seen against the law and practice of other WTO members such as the European Union, the Indian anti-circumvention rules need further clarity and precision, and can be reasonably expected to be influenced by the approach of more experienced users.

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Baskin, Serdar. "Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of Turkey." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016068.

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Anti-circumvention is one of the most controversial areas in the Anti-Dumping Agreement Negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It seems that it is very difficult for members to reach an agreement on what constitutes circumvention and establishing rules and procedures for anticircumvention investigations. Although there are no internationally agreed rules and procedures regarding anti-circumvention investigations today, members are free to put into effect their own rules and procedures. Based on that fact, the number of anti-circumvention investigations have been increasing significantly in recent years in all over the world. Turkey is one of the most active countries in the use of anti-circumvention measures. This article aims to shed light onto Turkish anti-circumvention legislation and practices. The author hopes that this article will assist a better understanding of Turkish practice in this area and contribute to the efforts to reach an agreement on this matter within the multilateral rules based trading system.

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Yano, Hiromi, Jesse Kreier, and Seref Coskun. "Anti-Circumvention in the Multilateral System: Plus ça Change." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016060.

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Анотація:

World Trade Organization (WTO) Members have long struggled to distinguish between acceptable responses to the imposition of anti-dumping duties and inappropriate efforts to ‘circumvent’ such duties. This article summarizes the efforts to formulate multilateral norms on anti-circumvention, from the early General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dispute settlement challenges through the Uruguay Round, the WTO's Informal Group on Anti-Circumvention and the more recent Rules negotiations of the Doha Round. Despite these efforts, WTO Members have been unable to agree on what constitutes circumvention, much less adopt rules governing the use of anti-circumvention measures. Yet despite the legal uncertainties, thirty-six Members have notified include anti-circumvention provisions to the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices, and six Members have reported the initiation of 103 anti-circumvention proceedings to the Committee since 2009. While Members would appear to share a common interest in having some predictability and certainty in defining what is and is not appropriate behaviour, both for exporters and importing Members, the gaps, both of principle and practical, have to date proved insurmountable.

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Hammond, Herbert J., Heather C. Brunelli, Jocelyn E. Dabeau, Luke A. Walker, and Thomas Yoo. "The Anti-Circumvention Provision of The Digital Millennium Copyright Act." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 8, no. 3 (July 2002): 593–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v8.i3.9.

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The DMCA's ban on circumvention technology, however, has been the subject of some dispute. In the "arms race" between encryption and decryption technologies, the anti-circumvention provision seems to have recently won out. The anti-circumvention provision also appears to have altered the contours of copyright law and to have disturbed the balance between protecting the rights of authors and promoting the advancement and flow of information. This Article begins with a brief history of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and its anti-circumvention provision. It then describes the features of the anti-circumvention provision, its exceptions, and the remedies provided by the Act. Finally, it reviews three recent cases that raise important issues that, when ultimately resolved, may permanently affect copyright law.

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Alhayat, Aditya Paramita. "KETIDAKEFEKTIFAN KEBIJAKAN ANTI-DUMPING PRODUK IMPOR BAJA INDONESIA: SEBUAH ANALISIS AWAL." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v11i2.230.

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Meskipun Indonesia telah mengenakan tindakan anti-dumping terhadap beberapa jenis produk baja, namun impor produk tersebut masih meningkat. Salah satu kemungkinan penyebabnya adalah importasi melalui produk yang dimodifikasi secara tidak substansial atau melalui negara ketiga yang tidak dikenakan tindakan anti-dumping, yang dalam perdagangan internasional umum disebut sebagai praktik circumvention. Studi ini ditujukan untuk membuktikan bahwa circumvention mengakibatkan tindakan anti-dumping atas impor produk baja Indonesia tidak efektif dan untuk memberikan masukan berdasarkan praktik di negara lain supaya kebijakan anti-dumping Indonesia lebih efektif. Circumvention dianalisis dengan membandingkan pola perdagangan antara sebelum dan setelah pengenaan bea masuk anti-dumping (BMAD) menggunakan data sekunder dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) maupun Global Trade Information Services (GTIS). Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya indikasi kuat bahwa circumvention mengkibatkan pengenaan tindakan anti-dumping impor produk baja di Indonesia menjadi tidak efektif. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting bagi Pemerintah Indonesia untuk segera melakukan penyempurnaan terhadap Peraturan Pemerintah No. 34/2011 tentang Tindakan Antidumping, Tindakan Imbalan, dan Tindakan Pengamanan Perdagangan dengan memasukkan klausul tindakan anti-circumvention yang setidaknya mencakup bentuk-bentuk dan prosedur tindakan, sebagaimana yang telah dilakukan beberapa negara seperti: AS, EU, Australia, dan India. Although Indonesia has imposed anti-dumping measures on several types of steel products, the import of steel products is still increasing. One possible cause is that imports are made by non-substantial modification of product or through a third country which is not subject to anti-dumping measures, which is generally referred as circumvention practice. This study is aimed to prove that circumvention made Indonesian anti-dumping actions on the steel products ineffective. This also study provides recommendation for a best practice for other countries so that Indonesia's anti-dumping policy can be more effective. Circumvention was analyzed by comparing trade patterns between before and after the imposition of anti-dumping duty using secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and the Global Trade Information Services (GTIS). The results of the analysis indicate that circumvention became the reason why Indonesian anti-dumping measures on imported steel products are ineffective. Therefore, it is very important for the Government of Indonesia to immediately make amendments to the Government Regulation No. 34/2011 on Antidumping, Countervailing, and Safeguard Measures by adopting clauses of anti-circumvention. This can be done bycovering the forms/types and procedures of action, as has been implemented by several countries such as the US, EU, Australia, and India.

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Yu, Yanning. "Circumvention and Anti-circumvention in Anti-dumping Practice: A New Problem in China’s Outbound Trade." Journal of World Trade 41, Issue 5 (October 1, 2007): 1015–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2007039.

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Дисертації з теми "Anti-circumvention"

Latter, Gareth Paul. "Copyright law in the digital environment: DRM systems, anti-circumvention, legislation and user rights." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003196.

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This thesis deals with the way in which copyright law is changing in the digital environment and the mechanisms which are facilitating this change. It deals with these issues by analysing the mechanisms of this change, specifically Digital Rights Management (DRM)Systems and anti-circumvention legislation, and the impact which this change is having on the rights of copyright users. The purpose of copyright is to provide an incentive to authors to continue creating while simultaneously providing a public good in allowing the public to use those creations in certain ways. Copyright achieves this purpose by granting both the author and user certain rights. The author is given a limited monopoly over their work in exchange for allowing this work to enter the public sphere and ensuring that users of that work can utilise that work in certain limited ways. The success of copyright thus rests on maintaining the balance between the rights of these parties. The rise of digital technology has created a situation in which copyright content can be easily copied by any party with a Personal Computer and disseminated around the globe instantly via the Internet. In response to these dangers, copyright owners are making use of DRM systems to protect content. DRM systems include various measures of control within its scope. Theses systems allow for copyright owners to control both access and use of content by copyright users. DRM Systems are not foolproof measures of protection however. Technologically sophisticated users are able to circumvent these protection measures. Thus, in order to protect DRM Systems from circumvention, anti-circumvention legislation has been proposed through international treaties and adopted in many countries. The combined effect of these protection measures are open to abuse by copyright owners and serve to curtail the limited rights of copyright users. The end result of this is that the balance which copyright law was created to maintain is disrupted and copyright law no longer fulfils its purpose. This thesis undertakes an analysis of these issues with reference to how these issues affect copyright users in developing countries. This is done with particular reference to possible approaches to this issue in South Africa as South Africa is a signatory to these anti-circumvention treaties.

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Hollis, Richard. "An Impotent Aegis: An economic analysis of the effectiveness of Australia’s anti-circumvention laws." Thesis, Discipline of Business Law, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2253.

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This paper examines the degree to which anti-circumvention laws meet their policy objectives of reducing piracy and protecting copyright owners’ interests. This paper develops economic models of ‘rational contravention’ and applies them to Australian anti-circumvention laws. These models are used to analyse the impact that the laws have on potential contraveners, and the extent to which these parties may be dissuaded from engaging in their illegal activities. The results indicate that Australian anti-circumvention laws will not deter a substantial number of contraveners, nor significantly improve copyright owner protection.
Discipline of Business Law

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Garcia, Natanya. "Anti-circumvention technology legislation in Canada : drafting a new law in the wake of the DMCA." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19625.

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In becoming a signatory to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Treaties, Canada has undertaken the obligation to provide protection against the circumvention of technological measures designed to protect copyright works. While on its face the obligation appears simple, in reality it brings about an intersection of policy, law and technology; a complex situation with far reaching repercussions. The U.S., a co-signatory to the WIPO Treaties, responded to this tension by enacting the Digital Milennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which heavily regulated circumvention technology and garnered wide-spread criticism. Critics labeled the law as unpredictable and overbroad legislation, which has chilled free speech, violated fair use, stifled research and study and encouraged monopolies by eliminating competition. Drawing largely on the U.S. experience, this thesis aims to suggest a possible route for Canada to take when fulfilling its own obligations under the WIPO. It will begin with a review of the relevant provisions of the Treaties to determine the extent of Canada's obligation. It will then examine Canada's proposal papers and the responses of its citizens to the questioned posed regarding future anti-circumvention legislation. It will also examine the DMCA in detail and attempt to distil its flaws. Finally, it will investigate the extent of the need for new anti-circumvention legislation in Canada by examining Canada's existing laws dealing with the protection of technology measures. Such process will provide evidence that Canada has, to a large extent, complied with its obligations under the WIPO while maintaining the delicate balance between the stakeholders of copyright law. Thus while new anti-circumvention legislation may still be in order, Canada has the latitude to craft a law that fully recognizes the rights of all stakeholders in the copyright equation and is consistent with its own copyright policies.

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Bastabak, Burcu. "A Data Mining Framework To Detect Tariff Code Circumvention In Turkish Customs Database." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614616/index.pdf.

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Customs and foreign trade regulations are made to regulate import and export activities. The majority of these regulations are applied on import procedures. The country of origin and the tariff code become important when determining the tax amount of the merchandise in importation. Anti-dumping duty is defined as a financial penalty, published by the Ministry of Economy, enforced for suspiciously low priced imports in order to protect the local industry from unfair competition. It is accrued according to tariff code and the country of origin. To avoid such an obligation in order to not to pay tax, a tariff code that is different from the original tariff code may be declared on the customs declaration which is called as "
Tariff Code Circumvention"
. To identify such misdeclarations, a physical examination of the merchandise is required. However, with limited personnel resources, the physical examination of all imported merchandise is not possible. In this study, a data mining framework is developed on Turkish customs database in order to detect &ldquo
Tariff Code Circumvention&rdquo
. For this purpose, four types of products, which are the most circumvented goods in the Turkish customs, have been chosen. First, with the help of Risk Analysis Office, the significant features are identified. Then, Infogain algorithm is used for ranking these features. Finally, KNN algorithm is applied on the Turkish customs database in order to identify the circumvented goods automatically. The results show that the framework is able to find such circumvented goods successfully.

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LIN, YUN-HAN, and 林筠涵. "New Development of Anti-circumvention Provisions." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/syxh7m.

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碩士
輔仁大學
財經法律學系碩士班
107
The rapid development and advancement of digital technology enables the public to more easily access or use a large number of works, and protecting the works by technology to avoid it from unauthorized access or use of “Technological Protection Measure” (TPM) is beginning to prevail. In order to prevent the protection of the technology from being decrypted or descrambled , the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) had adopted two international treaties, requiring countries to enact legislation on TPM. The United States enacted the “Anti-circumvention Provisions ” in the “Digital Millennium Copyright Act” (DMCA) in 1998 is the main reference regulation of each country. In 2004, Taiwan,our country also enacted the rules against circumventing technological protection measures. However, the application of TPM sometimes imposes excessive restrictions on the use and development of works. Therefore, in order to balance the interests between owner of copyrights and users, the US anti-circumvention provisions have exceptions that do not apply anti-circumvention provisions, and by 2018,the seventh “Exemptions” to reviewed every three years had been announced. Nevertheless, with the exceptions mentioned above, the application of anti-circumvention provisions continues to derive problems, such as competition and compatibility with industry, abuse of copyright, fair use, freedom of speech, and the rise of consumer and environmental awareness in recent years. Consumers’ “Self-repairment awareness” advocates that technological protection measures should not limit their repairment behavior for products. Therefore, in addition to bring this awareness in exemptions in the United States, the states also discussed the relevant legislation on “Right to Repair Act”. This article will use the copyright TPM as a starting point to discuss the US anti-circumvention provisions and EU directives related to TPM. Additionally, it will introduce the contents of the “Exemptions” with the US anti-circumvention provisions , and analyz cases of past disputes restricted by anti-circumvention provisions. In the end , it will talk about the development and legislative content regarding technological protection measures in Taiwan, and compare it with the US anti-circumvention provisions to discuss the existing problems and propose improvements and suggestions of TMP regulations in Taiwan.

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Tsai, Ren-jie, and 蔡仁傑. "A Legal Study on Interoperability Issues in Anti-Circumvention Provision." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98ewb7.

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Wu, Chun-chih, and 吳俊幟. "Technological Protecting Measures and Anti- circumvention Provisions: Comments on the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pe8m38.

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碩士
國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
92
Recently, copyright owners had tried implementing various technological protecting measures to prevent their works from reproducing and distributing among the digital network without their authorization. But these technology protecting measures could hardly protect their works due to user’s circumvention. Therefore, many countries have begun their anti-circumvention provision to protect copyright infringement further, and the United States had taken the lead. Section 1201 of The “Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998” (DMCA) strictly prohibits others from circumventing technological protecting measures to access the copyrighted works, and from helping such circumvention to access or duplicate the copyrighted works. But criticisms argue that such strict prohibitions will adversely affect public interests and will ultimately damage the spirit of copyright law – to promote the progress of science and useful arts. Since recently our administrative department have started drafting DMCA-like anti-circumvention provision, it’s important to realize it’s critical impact on public interests. This thesis will introduce the anti-circumvention provision of DMCA and some crucial rulings of U.S. courts in detail. Through such introduction and my personal point of view, this thesis summarize some adverse impact of the anti-circumvention provision of DMCA. In order to achieve the goal of the copyright law, our anti-circumvention legislation should avoid overprotecting copyright owners at the expense of public access and use of the information.

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Lin, Kang-Ping, and 林康平. "Evolution and Trend of Development on the Anit-circumvention Regulation of Anti-dumping Law of European Community." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46131384485458041645.

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Chen, Guan-Ting, and 陳冠廷. "The Reflection on the Anti-Circumvention Provision of Technological Protection Measures－From the 2014 Amendments of Copyright Act of Taiwan." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74mt6n.

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Анотація:

碩士
逢甲大學
財經法律研究所
103
In our ever growing world of technology, digitization had a profound impact on the creation, reproduction, and dissemination of works protected by copyright. Works in digital format are vulnerable to infringement, and technological protection measures are accordingly applied as protection. Technological protection measures can, however, easily be circumvented, and additional legal protection against circumvention was needed. Anti-circumvention provisions bans the circumvention of a technological protection measure without authority. However, technological measure do not distinguish between uses which are not authorized by the copyright owner but are permitted by law, on the one hand, and those uses which are not authorized by the owner and also infringing. For example, the same copy-control mechanism, which prevents a person from making infringing copies of a copyright work, may also prevent a student from making legitimate fair use copies. This essay will focus on the balance between the rights of authors to protect their interests through technical means and those of users to circumvent such measures for legitimate, non-infringing purposes. United States for instance, in 1998 the Congress passed “The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)” to establish anti-circumvention provisions. In Taiwan add provisions regarding technological protection measures as Article 80-2 in copyright law in 2004. Both the U.S. and German systems prohibit the circumvention of, and the trafficking in, access control devices, the United States regime does not prohibit the circumvention of copy control devices. Consequently, U.S. users who can circumvent a copy control device without trafficking in such devices may make fair use of the copyrighted material. The German system does not permit the circumvention of copy control devices in any respect, but it does require the copyright holder to provide the user, in exchange for compensation, with the means to bypass the copy control devices and make fair use of the copyrighted material. In Taiwan, in order to guarantee the anti-circumvention provisions would not lead to the narrowing of fair use, the Amendment of Copyright Act was passed on January 23, 2014. Fair use doctrine can be an exception from anti-circumvention provisions. Thus, everyone can circumvent a copy control device without permission, resulting in the legislation on anti-circumvention provisions has become “meaningless”. After the collection of materials has been completed about U.S.A., German and Taiwan, analysis has been made about the advantages. This essay recommends that we should reference the German legislation which expands the degree to which copyrighted material is made more accessible for fair use.

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Книги з теми "Anti-circumvention"

Yu, Yanning. Circumvention and anti-circumvention measures: The impact on anti-dumping practice in international trade. Austin, [Tex.?]: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2008.

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Fan gui bi fa lü zhi du yan jiu: Study on the anti-circumvention legal system. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo zheng fa da xue chu ban she, 2013.

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CIRCUMVENTION AND ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION MEASURES: The Impact on Anti-dumping Practice. Kluwer Law Intl, 2007.

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Shemtov, Noam. Licence-Created Monopolies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716792.003.0001.

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This chapter examines whether contract law may be used to override or redefine the exceptions and limitations in existing copyright laws with regard to software licences. It shows that right holders favour licensing over sales and use the licensing model to regulate the ability of licensees to utilize functional elements of the software and reverse engineer it. The chapter also explains how the software industry uses technology-based solutions to restrict reverse engineering and reproduction. The principle of the freedom of contract is examined, and the legal principles that may limit its application are surveyed. Next, the combined effect of contracts of adhesion and technological protection measures on the use of software and software products are examined. Finally, software’s unique specificities as a protectable subject matter, as a ground for a balanced juridical approach in relation to the combined effect of copyright law, contract law, and anti-circumvention provisions, are discussed.

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Частини книг з теми "Anti-circumvention"

Schneck, Paul. "Restricting Anti-Circumvention Devices." In Cybercrimes: A Multidisciplinary Analysis, 73–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13547-7_4.

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Samuelson, Pamela. "Towards More Sensible Anti-circumvention Regulations." In Financial Cryptography, 33–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45472-1_3.

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Hua, Jerry Jie. "Toward a More Balanced Model: Revision of Anti-circumvention Rules." In Toward A More Balanced Approach: Rethinking and Readjusting Copyright Systems in the Digital Network Era, 69–100. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43517-5_3.

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Dusollier, Séverine. "Tipping the Scale in Favor of the Right Holders: The European Anti-Circumvention Provisions." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 462–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10941270_29.

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Fitzgerald, Brian. "The Australian Sony PlayStation Case: How Far Will Anti-circumvention Law Reach in the Name of DRM?" In Digital Rights Management. Technologies, Issues, Challenges and Systems, 32–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11787952_3.

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Puccio, Laura. "20 Years After Marrakesh: Reconsidering the Effects of Preferential Rules of Origin and Anti-Circumvention Rules on Trade in Inputs and Global Production Networks." In European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2014, 173–200. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40913-4_8.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Anti-circumvention"

Chan, Siu-yan. "Cracking the Cracks - An Economic and Legal Perspective to Circumvention and Anti-Circumvention." In 2009 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2009-Fall). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vetecf.2009.5378879.

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Šokinjov, Stefan. "ODGOVORNOST TREĆIH LICA ZA KRŠENjE KARTELNE ZABRANE U PRAVU KONKURENCIJE EVROPSKE UNIJE." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.791s.

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Анотація:

Since decision in Italian cast glass case of 17th December 1980 European Commission considers independent service providers liable for facilitation of cartel implementation. Such legal stance of European Commission was confirmed by the judgment of Court of European Union brought in Heat stabilizers case (C-194/14 P so called Treuhand II). This way the scope of cartel prohibition is noticeable extended. Striving to penalize and to prevent creation of new forms of collusion with assistance of undertakings which are not active on the markets concerned by the restriction of competition the Court extensively interpreted elements of cartel prohibition conception especially the notions of undertaking, agreement between undertakings and distortion of competition by object and concluded that nothing in the Article 81(1) EC (now Art. 101(1) of TFEU) limits the scope of cartel prohibition to “(i) the undertakings operating on the market affected by the restrictions of competition or indeed the markets upstream or downstream of that market or neighbouring markets or (ii) undertakings which restrict their freedom of action on a particular market under an agreement or as a result of a concerted practice” (rec. 34). Providing that an agreement between undertakings is the expression of the concurrence of wills of at least two parties, the form in which the concurrence is expressed not being by itself decisive (rec. 28), it follows that scope of cartel prohibition embraces “all agreements and concerted practices which, in either horizontal or vertical relationships, distort competition on the common market, irrespective of the market on which parties operate, and that only the commercial conduct of one of the parties need be affected by the terms of arrangements in question” (rec. 35). Whereas the liability of independent third person is not explicitly prescribed, such judiciary interpretation can be challenged from several reasons. First, it is generally accepted that (Community) legislation, in particular where there is а possibility of imposition of penalties must be clear and precise. With regard to opponent opinions given by Advocate General Wahl and scholars as well, independent service providers’ responsibility for facilitation of cartel implementation is obviously not laid down clearly and precisely. The second objection concerns the accessorial nature of a service agreement to a cartel agreement. Liability of independent service providers should not be dependent on market behavior of cartel participants. It must be regulated as an autonomous infringement. And third, activity of cartel facilitators cannot cause circumvention of the Anti-trust law. Complication of cartel detectability yes but circumvention of Anti-trust law no because the prohibition of the basic anti-trust conduct remains untouched.

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