Дисертації: "Anthropology of the Ancient World"

1

Davidson, Matthew J. "Interaction on the Frontier of the 16^th-17^th Century World Economy: Late Fort Ancient Hide Production and Exchange at the Hardin Site, Greenup County, Kentucky." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/20.

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This study assesses the organization and intensity of hide processing from sequential occupations at the Late Fort Ancient (A.D. 1400-1680) Hardin Site located in the central Ohio Valley. Historical and archaeological sources were drawn on to develop expectations for production intensification: 1) an increase in production tool quantity, 2) an increase in production debris quantity, and 3) an increase in tool utilization intensity. Many Native groups situated on the periphery of early European colonies intensified hide production to meet demand generated by an emerging global trade in hides. As this economic activity intensified in the 16th and 17th centuries it incorporated and ever greater network of native communities. By documenting production intensification at the Hardin Site, this study evaluates the degree to which global markets incorporated regions beyond the colonial periphery before A.D. 1680. This study also examines the social dimensions of economic activity by asking who processed hides, who may have benefited from the products of this labor, and whether or not either of these were influenced by participation in the tumultuous interaction sphere of the eastern North American Contact Period.

2

Margolis, Julie Anna. "Tetracycline Labeled Bone Content Analysis of Ancient Nubian Remains from Kulubnarti." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429808453.

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3

Padgett, Brian David. "The Bioarchaeology of Violence During the Yayoi Period of Japan." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586549883443371.

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4

Scaccuto, Alessandra. "La sexualité animale dans l'Antiquité grecque et romaine : science, morale et imagination." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2007.

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Le but de cette étude est de reconstruire les représentations que les zoologies anciennes se faisaient des comportements sexuels des animaux. Pour ce faire, nous avons défini un corpus de textes grecs et latins, composé par les traités zoologiques d'Aristote (en particulier l'"Histoire des animaux" et la "Génération des animaux"), l'"Économie rurale" de Varron, le "De l'agriculture" de Columelle, l'"Histoire naturelle" de Pline l'Ancien, les traités consacrés aux animaux par Plutarque (surtout "L'intelligence des animaux" et "Gryllos"), la "Personnalité des animaux" d'Élien, les "Halieutiques" d'Oppien de Cilicie et les "Cynégétiques" d'Oppien d'Apamée. Dans l'Antiquité, la sexualité animale est souvent présentée comme l'expression d'une sexualité originaire à laquelle s'oppose celle des humains, ré-élaborée ou pervertie moralement et socialement. L'animal est invoqué comme un modèle de référence, une « pierre de touche » par l'homme lorsqu'il veut mesurer ses pratiques à un schéma simple et considéré comme intact. Toutefois, les comportements sexuels des animaux sont caractérisés par une diversité considérable, trop mal prise en compte par cette approche, mais bien attestée dans les textes zoologiques antiques. Dans notre étude, nous avons voulu dépasser la doxa simpliste et idéalisée d'une sexualité animale brute et naïve, en portant une attention spéciale aux pratiques particulières et spécifiques attestées, considérées pour elles-mêmes et non seulement comme un miroir de la sexualité humaine. En s'affranchissant de ces biais d'interprétation on peut remarquer que sont décrits chez les autres animaux des comportements très souvent considérés comme uniquement culturels et humains, tel que la sexualité à but récréatif. La première partie de la thèse porte sur la reproduction. Les différentes configurations anatomiques liées à la différenciation sexuelle et les différentes positions d'accouplement sont ici prises en compte. Cette première partie se termine par une section théorique consacrée à la question de l'usage idéologique de la sexualité des animaux dans l'Antiquité. Les passages privilégiés ici ne sont pas centrés spécifiquement sur les animaux, mais mentionnent toutefois leur sexualité comme source d'exempla pour la sexualité humaine. La deuxième partie se penche, au contraire, sur toutes les pratiques sexuelles généralement écartées ou niées par une vision idéologique de la sexualité des animaux. Plusieurs passages représentent les animaux comme des êtres désirants et qui peuvent rechercher le plaisir, dans une dynamique qui rappelle les manifestations du désir sexuel humain et qui s'exprime dans un vocabulaire commun. Les textes font état d'une palette de comportements, de la monogamie aux pratiques homosexuelles, sans exclure les relations interspécifiques, qui peuvent s'avérer fertiles. La troisième partie porte sur les pratiques sexuelles que les sources elles-mêmes présentent comme excessives, et au premier chef l'inceste. Certains actes sexuels sont associés à différentes formes de violence et le désir peut aussi pousser les individus à agir contre la reproduction elle-même : c'est le cas des animaux qui essaient de se libérer de leur progéniture pour s'accoupler à nouveau. Cette réflexion autour de la sexualité des animaux a été enrichie par une approche interdisciplinaire combinant la critique littéraire et la philologie avec des méthodologies et des approches empruntées à l'anthropologie, à l'éthologie, aux études sur la sexualité et à la réflexion philosophique sur la question de l'animalité
The aim of this study is to reconstruct the representations of animal sexual behaviour in the ancient zoologies. To this end, we have defined a corpus of Greek and Latin texts, consisting of Aristotle's zoological treatises (mainly "History of Animals" and "Generation of Animals"), Varro's "On Agriculture", Columella's "On Agriculture", Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", Plutarch's treatises on animals (mainly "On the Cleverness of Animals" and "Whether Beasts Are Rational"), Elian's "On the Characteristics of Animals", Oppian of Cilicia's "Halieutica" and Oppian of Apamea's "Cynegetica". In Antiquity, animal sexuality was often presented as the expression of an original sexuality opposed to that of humans, which was described as morally and socially constructed or even perverted. Animals are invoked as a reference model, a 'touchstone', to measure human behaviours against a homogenous pattern that is considered to be intact. However, the sexual behaviour of animals is characterised by a considerable diversity, which is too poorly taken into account by this approach. Nonetheless, this diversity is well attested in ancient zoological texts. In our study, we wanted to go beyond the simplistic and idealised doxa of a naïve animal sexuality, by paying special attention to the particular and specific practices attested by passages which describe animals sexual behaviours as such and not just as a mirror of human sexuality. If we avoid these biases of interpretation, we can see that our sources attribute behaviours that are very often considered to be purely cultural and human to other animals, such as sexuality for recreational purposes.The first part of the thesis deals with reproduction. The different anatomical configurations linked to sexual differentiation and the different mating positions are considered here. This first part concludes with a theoretical section devoted to the question of the ideological use of animal sexuality in Antiquity. The passages highlighted here do not focus specifically on animals, but mention their sexuality as a source of exempla for humans. The second part, on the other hand, looks at all the sexual practices generally dismissed or denied by an ideological view of animal sexuality. Several passages depict non-human animals as desiring beings who can seek pleasure, in a dynamic reminiscent of the manifestations of human sexual desire and expressed in a common vocabulary. The texts cover a range of behaviours, from monogamy to homosexual practices, without excluding interspecific relationships, which can prove fertile. The third part deals with behaviours that the sources themselves present as excessive, first and foremost incest. In addition, certain sexual acts are associated with various forms of violence. Desire can also drive individuals to act against reproduction itself: this is the case with animals that try to free themselves from their offspring in order to mate. This reflection on animal sexuality has been enriched by an interdisciplinary approach combining literary criticism and philology with methodologies and reflections borrowed from anthropology, ethology, sexuality studies and Animal Studies

5

Schwartzman, Lauren J. "Contest and community : wonder-working in Christian popular literature from the second to the fifth centuries CE." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a3de02f7-18a9-4363-8bbf-cea5a73eb223.

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In this thesis, I hope to demonstrate that what I call the magic contest tradition, that is the episodes of competitive wonder-working that appear in a wide variety of apocryphal and non-canonical Christian texts, made an important contribution to the development of Christian thought during the second to the fifth centuries CE. This contribution was to articulate ‘the way’ to be a Christian in a world which was not isolated from the secular, and not insulated from the reality of the Roman empire. First, I demonstrate that a tradition of texts which feature magic contests exists within the broader scope of non-canonical Christian literature (looking at this literature across communities, regions and time periods). Second, I identify what the major features of the traditions are, e.g. what form the narratives take, what the form for a magic contest is, and what the principles used to build the magic contests are, and how these principles feature in the texts. The principles I identify are power, authority, ritual, and conversion, as well as their use as historical exempla. Third, I discuss what the texts did in the context of the time period, and for the communities that produced and read them: in other words, how did the this tradition work? I show that they served multiple purposes: as tests of faith, religious truth and ways to proclaim such; as constructors and markers of group identity (and the perilous task of identifying the insiders and those who should be outsiders); as calls to unity within the overarching diversity of the times and places, and a unified front for the ‘battle’ against evil. I suggest that the texts present a model for how one could decide what the ‘true faith’ was and how one could practice it in the turbulent environment that early Christians faced both before and after Constantine.

6

Williams, Clemency J. "Eclipse theory in the ancient world /." View online version; access limited to Brown University users, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3179451.

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7

Dasen, Veronique. "Dwarfs in ancient Egypt and Greece." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294062.

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8

Cole, Nicholas. "The ancient world in Thomas Jefferson's America." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440649.

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9

Christodoulou, D. "The hetaira in the ancient Greek world." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597665.

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This thesis is a study of the image and idea of the hetaira in Greek antiquity. I argue that the hetaira was primarily a product of classical Athenian democratic ideology, especially in terms of the construction of the Athenian politeia as an exclusive and impenetrable body. Using a wide range of sources, I relate the discourse and imagery of the hetaira to the Athenian cultural context and forms of social organisation. The image of the hetaira, I argue, belongs to a specifically democratic ideological rhetoric, and, as such, may not have been a category of identity used by the women who were actually described as hetairai. Instead, the hetaira was a strategically mobilised symbol, which acted as rhetorical 'other' to the Athenian wife. Hetairai became a highly resonant figure in the Athenian social imaginary. When democracy was effectively ended, in the late fourth century, images of hetairai, and women in general, became far more ambiguous. Conversely, I also argue that our sources present a particularly skewed perception of Athenian society, being the products of a politically active elite minority. In this sense, another aim of the thesis has been explore approaches to the study of Athenian democratic society, speculating on the other sub-cultures and discourses which may have been possible. An additional aim has been to investigate some of the assumptions, both ancient and modern, which surround the hetaira. During the Second Sophistic, the image of the hetaira was reappropriated as a specifically Athenian paradigmatic figure in an archaising discourse. These later images of the hetaira often act as a filter through which modern scholars read the classical Athenian hetaira, further complicating modern perceptions of, and the approaches to the hetaira.

10

Schmidt, Brent James. "Utopia and community in the ancient world." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3303880.

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11

Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd. "Women and veiling in the ancient Greek world." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251431.

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12

Barry, Marie Porterfield. "Lesson 05: Ideal Beauty in the Ancient World." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/art-appreciation-oer/6.

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13

Mohr, Kyle A. "The Mechanics of Imperialism in the Ancient World." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1210189238.

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14

De, Souza Philip Charles. "Piracy in the Ancient World : from Minos to Mohammed." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318048/.

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This thesis is an historical analysis of the phenomenon of piracy in the ancient world from the Bronze Age to the Arab conquests. It is based on detailed examination and discussion of the ancient sources. There is a short introduction (Part One) which establishes the scope of the enquiry, defines the subject and surveys modern scholarly literature. Part Two (The Image of Ancient Piracy) consists of a study of the Greek and Latin vocabulary for piracy, and six separate studies of Classical literature, from Homer to the fourth century A.D. These studies analyze the development of the literary image of pirates and piracy, from the ambivalent attitude of the Homeric poems, to the wholly negative presentation of pirates and piracy found in the works of later writers. Part Three (War and Piracy) analyzes the early similarity between warfare and piracy, the gradual emergence of distinctions between the two, warfare as a promoter of piracy, and the involvement of pirates in warfare. Part Four (Trade and Piracy) is an analysis of the relationship between piracy and various forms of trade. The importance of piracy as both a contributor and a threat to long-distance maritime trade is analyzed, as well as the involvement of pirates in the slave trade. The link between trade and the suppression of piracy is also discussed. Part Five (The Suppression of Piracy) examines in detail attempts to suppress piracy from the Classical period to the end of the Roman Empire. Emphasis is laid upon the practical and political implications of suppression, and the relative ineffectiveness of most measures until the Late Republic and Early Principate, when piracy was suppressed with considerable success. There follows a brief statement of the general conclusions (Part Six) and suggestions for further research. One map and a bibliography are included.

15

Kunen, Julie Lynn 1968. "Study of an ancient Maya Bajo landscape in northwestern Belize." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280242.

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This dissertation investigates the organization of ancient Maya settlements with respect to the use and management of critical agricultural resources. I find that inhabitants of my study area divided the landscape into discrete zones, each with a distinct use pattern. Residences were located in upland areas, where open spaces among the houses were used for gardens. Farming was practiced on terraced slopes in a second zone, where clusters of agricultural installations were designed to sustain cultivation. Finally, a nearby seasonal wetland served as a reservoir of important raw materials. The pattern of land use I document suggests a variation of the infield-outfield model of agriculture. According to this model, farming households invest decreasing amounts of labor in cultivation as the distance from house to agricultural field increases. Some scholars suggest, however, that during the Classic Period (A.D. 600-900) population in the Maya lowlands was so dense as to create continuous rural settlements, with little space separating the sustaining area of one center from that of its neighbors. In consequence, reliance on various forms of intensive cultivation increased, the infields of one polity overlapping those of the neighboring polity. No vacant terrain remained for extensively cultivated outfields, and long-fallow cultivation dropped out of the subsistence repertoire. My research supports this conclusion, with the important exception that certain lands, such as seasonal wetlands, were not conducive to the demands of intensive agriculture, and thus continued to be used as reservoirs of other essential resources. I not only documented the partition of the landscape into discrete zones of use, but also investigated the relationship between access to resources and the social and spatial organization of three ancient Maya communities. My study suggests that the founders of communities gain access to the greatest number of production options. My research links aspects of residential variability, most notably length of occupation, size and complexity of house compounds, and extent of architectural elaboration, to access to productive resources by demonstrating that the residences of community founders---those with evidence for the longest occupation---are also the largest, most complex, and most elaborate in each community.

16

Vallières, Claudine. "A taste of Tiwanaku: daily life in an ancient Andean urban center as seen through cuisine." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114168.

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This dissertation explores issues of identity at Tiwanaku, the urban cosmopolitan capital of an ancient Andean polity. This is done through an in-depth investigation of domestic culinary practices within the non-elite neighbourhood of Mollo Kontu. Recent research on the creation and maintenance of Tiwanaku socio-political relations has emphasized the importance of communal feasting events as the process through which residents were integrated into a broad Tiwanaku inclusive state identity. In particular, the consumption of maize beer (chicha), and the use of attractive ceramic paraphernalia attached to chicha production and consumption, are viewed as key aspects of the consensual integration to the Tiwanaku lifestyle. Results from my investigation of everyday culinary practices suggest that this Tiwanaku state inclusive identity was not as universally accepted as previously suggested. A detailed analysis of faunal remains from selected domestic contexts is presented and integrated with ceramic, paleoethnobotanical, ichtyoarchaeological, and bioarchaeological results, to illustrate the chaîne opératoire of cuisine at Mollo Kontu. I demonstrate that its residents managed their own camelid herds for meat production and consumption, independently from the Tiwanaku state. Their presence represents the exploitation of a shared food preference rather than an epiphenomenon of the residents' economic and political situation. Mollo Kontu daily cuisine emphasized and valued the ingestion of local resources, especially domesticated camelids, in contrast to the Tiwanaku state identity manifested in the commensal consumption of beer made of non-local maize. This suggests both an independence from the state, and the reinforcement of a local highland identity through the ingestion of locally produced staples, in an increasingly cosmopolitan urban context. Combined with isotopic results which showed Mollo Kontu residents consumed little maize, I argue that Mollo Kontu residents did not fully embrace the pluri-ethnic nature of the Tiwanaku state; in their daily lives they embraced their local roots through their culinary practices.
Cette dissertation explore des phénomènes identitaires ayant cours à Tiwanaku, capitale urbaine et cosmopolitaine d'une ancienne unité politique andine, grâce à l'étude approfondie des pratiques culinaires domestiques associées au quartier non-élite de Mollo Kontu. Des recherches récentes sur la création et le maintien des relations socio-politiques à Tiwanaku insistent sur le rôle stratégique des festins communautaires dans l'intégration des résidents à l'intérieur d'une même identité étatique Tiwanaku, vaste et inclusive. Plus particulièrement, la consommation de bière de maïs (chicha) et l'utilisation de céramiques d'une grande qualité esthétique pour la production et la consommation de chicha sont vues comme jouant un rôle clé dans l'intégration consensuelle des résidents à l'intérieur d'un mode de vie Tiwanaku. Les résultats de mon étude des pratiques culinaires quotidiennes (à Mollo Kontu) indiquent toutefois que cette identité étatique Tiwanaku n'était pas universellement acceptée, contrairement à ce que les études antérieures suggéraient. Une analyse détaillée des restes fauniques provenant d'une sélection de contextes domestiques est présentée et combinée à des résultats obtenus à partir de vestiges céramiques, paléobotaniques, ichtyologiques et bioarchéologiques afin d'illustrer la chaîne opératoire des pratiques culinaires à Mollu Kontu. Je démontre que les résidents de ce quartier géraient leurs propres troupeaux de camélidés à des fins de production et de consommation, et ce indépendemment de l'état de Tiwanaku. Je soutiens que l'existence de ces troupeaux n'est pas qu'un épiphénomène résultant de la situation socioéconomique des résidents, mais bien le reflet d'une préférence culinaire partagée. La cuisine quotidienne de Mollo Kontu favorisait et mettait en valeur l'ingestion de ressources locales, notamment celle de camélidés domestiques, et contrastait en cela avec l'identité étatique Tiwanaku qui se manifestait par la consommation commensale de bière produite à partir de maïs, une ressource non-locale. Ceci suggère à la fois une indépendence face à l'état et le l'existence d'une identié locale associée aux hautes-terres et renforcée par l'ingestion de produits du terroir, dans un contexte urbain de plus en plus cosmopolitain. Sur la base de ces données, combinées à des résultats d'analyse isotopique démontrant que les résidents de Mollo Kontu consommaient très peu de maïs, je soutiens que ceux-ci n'adhéraient pas complétement au caractère multi-ethnique de l'état de Tiwanaku; dans leur vie quotidienne ils célébraient leurs racines locales par le biais de leurs pratiques culinaires.

17

Ellis, Nicholas J. "Jewish hermeneutics of divine testing with special reference to the epistle of James." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0046deb6-8d05-4b36-aa1c-0b61b464f253.

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The nature of trials, tests, and temptation in the Epistle of James has been extensively debated in New Testament scholarship. However, scholarship has underexamined the tension between the author’s mitigation of divine agency in testing ( Jas 1:13–14) and the author’s appeal to well-known biblical testing narratives such as the creation account (1:15– 18), the Binding of Isaac ( Jas 2:21–24), and the Trials of Job ( Jas 5:9–11). is juxtaposition between the author’s theological apologetic and his biblical hermeneutic has the potential to reveal either the author’s theological incoherence or his rhetorical and hermeneutical creativity. With these tensions of divine agency and biblical interpretation in mind, this dissertation compares the Epistle of James against other examples of ancient Jewish interpretation, interrogating two points of contact in each Jewish work: their portrayals of the cosmic drama of testing, and their resulting biblical hermeneutic. The dissertation assembles a spectrum of positions on how the divine, satanic, and human roles of testing vary from author to author. These variations of the dramatis personae of the cosmic drama exercise a direct influence on the reception and interpretation of the biblical testing narratives. When the Epistle of James is examined in a similar light, it reveals a cosmic drama especially dependent on the metaphor of the divine law court. Within this cosmic drama, God stands as righteous judge, and in the place of divine prosecutor stand the cosmic forces indicting both divine integrity and human religious loyalty. These cosmic and human roles have a direct impact on James’ reading of biblical testing narratives. Utilising an intra-canonical hermeneutic similar to that found in Rewritten Bible literature, the Epistle appeals to a constructed ‘Jobraham’ narrative in which the Job stories mitigate divine agency in biblical trials such as those of Abraham, and Abraham’s celebrated patience rehabilitates Job’s rebellious response to trial. In conclusion, by closely examining the broader exegetical discourses of ancient Judaism, this project sheds new light on how the Epistle of James responds to theological tensions within its religious community through a hermeneutical application of the dominant biblical narratives of Job’s cosmic framework and Abraham’s human perfection.

18

Stremlin, Boris. "Constructing a multiparadigm world history civilizations, ecumenes and world-systems in the ancient Near East /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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19

Willett, Elizabeth Ann Remington. "Women and household shrines in ancient Israel." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288986.

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High infant mortality and short female life span threatened Israelite women, who were respected as household administrators and educators. The concept of a personal god first observed in second millennium BCE Mesopotamian texts and house shrines involved apotropaic measures against a malevolent goddess who sickened and stole newborn children. Protective blessing inscriptions and deemphasis on the sexual aspect of Israelite figurines indicate that the personal goddess Asherah's function in Israelite religion was connected with protection more than with fertility. Offering benches and incense burners that define semi-public cult rooms in Syria-Palestine accompany female figurines in Israelite houses at Tell Masos, Tell el-Far'ah, Beer-sheba, and Tell Halif. Eye amulets such as those from the eighth century Lachish houses as well as the large-breasted pillar-figurines reflect a long-standing Near Eastern tradition of using eye and breast motifs to protect against the evil eye and child-stealing demons. The figurines' occurrence with women's textile and food preparation implements in female domains indicates that women set up a household shrine with an Asherah figurine near an entrance. The figurines interpreted as votives that mean "this is me" or "this is you" represent a covenant relationship between the breast-feeding mother of a newborn infant and a nurturing and protecting female deity. Israelite women dedicated votive gifts to Asherah and burned incense or oil with prayers and incantations on a regular basis during the vulnerable neonatal stage of a child's life, or at signs of illness. Ancient and modern Near Eastern parallels attest that women burn incense and oil to invoke the presence of a deity they contract with for protection. Pronouncing the deity's name is essential, and in iconic cultures, visual images empowered by prayers form important parts of these rituals.

20

Bowman, Michael R. "Creating the Elsewhere: Virtual Reality in the Ancient Roman World." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429644077.

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21

Ibrahim, M. A. "A study of dental attrition and diet in some ancient Egyptian populations." Thesis, Durham University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379754.

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22

Emanuel, Jeffrey P. "Black Ships and Fair–Flowing Aegyptus: Uncovering the Late Bronze–Early Iron Age Context of Odysseus’ Raid on Egypt." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:24078343.

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While the “Second Cretan Lie” of Odyssey xix 199–359 and xvii 417–44 is presented as fictional tales within Homer’s larger myth, some elements have striking analogs in Late Bronze–Early Iron Age reality. This thesis examines these portions of the hero’s false ainos within their fictive context for the purpose of identifying and evaluating those elements. Particular focus is given to Odysseus’ declaration that he led nine successful maritime raids prior to the Trojan War; to his twice–described ill–fated assault on Egypt; and to his claim not only to have been spared in the wake of that Egyptian raid, but to have spent a subsequent seven years in the land of the pharaohs, during which he gathered great wealth. Through a comparative examination of literary and archaeological evidence from the Late Bronze–Early Iron transition in the Eastern Mediterranean, it is shown that these aspects of Odysseus’ stories are not only reflective of the historical reality surrounding the time in which the epic is set, but that Odysseus’ fictive experience is remarkably similar to that of one specific member of the ‘Sea Peoples’ groups best known from 19th and 20th dynasty Egyptian records: the ‘Sherden of the Sea.’

23

Evren, Sahan. "The Uses Of The World Soul In Plato&#039." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610325/index.pdf.

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The purpose of the present study is to assess the explanatory value of the concept of the World Soul in the cosmological account of Plato&rsquo
s Timaeus. The World Soul plays a crucial role in the account of the world of Becoming in the Timaeus and in Plato&rsquo
s philosophy of science. The World Soul explains why there is motion at all in the universe and sustains the regularity and uniformity of the motion of the celestial objects. Its constitution and the way it is generated by the Demiurge endow it an intermediary status between the world of Being and the world of Becoming. Through this status the World Soul facilitates the applicability of the items of the former world (Forms and Numbers) in the explanation of the latter, hence makes natural science possible. The appreciation of the place of the World Soul in the natural philosophy of Plato leads us to a better place to view Plato&rsquo
s contribution to ancient natural philosophy and science.

24

Leitch, Roberta Ann. "Prepared for a world that no longer exists : white Afrikaner males revise identity for a transformed world." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3624.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-87).
Following the peaceful transition in 1994 from apartheid to democracy, and the political realignment of power from the Afrikaner minority to the Black majority, South Africa has been thrust into a social climate of radical and far reaching change. As one formerly advantaged group in the new dispensation, white Afrikaners are facing new and often bewildering challenges as they struggle to carve out an appropriate space for themselves in the new political ethos of non-racialism and equality for all. This study examines how a particular group of white Afrikaner men between the ages of 28-42 in the town of Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, are negotiating their way in post-apartheid South Africa.

25

Cook, Patricia Maria 1965. "Basal platform mounds at Chau Hiix, Belize: Evidence for ancient Maya social structure and cottage industry manufacturing." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282545.

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Traditional interpretations of ancient Maya social organization formulated more than half a century ago persist in current reconstructions. These proffer an ancient culture dichotomized into two distinct groups, elites and commoners, based on distinct social or economic characteristics. Recent research has shown that this theoretical dichotomy is unrealistic. A continuum in artifact assemblages and quantities, architectural sizes, styles and construction techniques, burial and cache contents, and other data sets indicate that interpretations identifying specific contexts as either elite or commoner are difficult to make. This has led some Mayanists to propose the existence of a middle class in ancient Maya society. This separate class is identifiable in the archaeological record by certain architectural units and limited access to restricted items. A multiple class reconstruction of ancient Maya culture more easily explains the diversity found in the archaeological record, and offers alternative models of Maya social, economic, and political systems. The Basal Platform Mound Project investigated a particular architectural type, the basal platform mound, that was hypothesized to represent the middle class. Excavations were undertaken at the site of Chau Hiix, in northern Belize, between 1993 and 1997. The four goals of the project were: (1) to identify and define a middle class within an ancient Maya community; (2) to determine the economic and social roles of this class within the ancient society at Chau Hiix during the Late Classic through Postclassic periods; (3) to determine the internal variability within this stratum as an indicator of the complexity of social systems among the ancient Maya; and (4) to determine if using the intersection of particular architectural styles and select artifact categories to identify social class is appropriate. This dissertation reports the results of the Basal Platform Mound Project, and offers a reconstruction of ancient Maya social, economic, and political trajectories that incorporates a middle class as a dynamic factor. A model is presented in which the middle class played a crucial role during the transition from the Late and Terminal Classic to the Postclassic periods, participating directly in the economic system as producers and perhaps as distributors. The flexibility and variability documented within this social group may be key to understanding the diverse developmental trajectories exhibited by different sites across the Maya Lowlands.

26

Strong, Rebecca Anne. "The most shameful practice temple prostitution in the ancient Greek world /." [S.l. : s.n.], 1997. http://books.google.com/books?id=-_7ZAAAAMAAJ.

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27

Gleason, Kathryn Louise. "Towards an archaeology of landscape architecture in the ancient Roman world." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359735.

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28

Ray, Nicholas Martin. "Household consumption in ancient economies : Pompeii and the wider Roman world." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8465.

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This thesis draws upon modern consumption theory to provide an interpretive research framework for examining material culture and consumer behaviour in the Roman world. This approach is applied to data from twelve Pompeian households to identify patterns of consumption, materiality, and motivations for the acquisition of commodities. Analysis of the assemblage data is performed at multiple levels comprising weighted ranking of goods and the application of Correspondence Analysis, with investigation performed on both functional categories and artefact types. Setting the results against theories of consumption and rationality, consumer choice in the ancient world is examined. From this detailed examination of twelve Pompeian houses, ‘core’ and ‘fringe’ commodities and recurring suites of goods are identified. Non-luxury goods are given particular attention as they provide information concerning the consumption of everyday utility objects. This approach also allows the evaluation of statements about the state of occupation of houses in sites such as Pompeii. The results validate this form of analysis as an important tool for assessing the role of the consumer in economies of the ancient world, moving beyond concepts of conspicuous consumption and group values. This research provides a structured interpretive framework upon which varied archaeological data can be superimposed to interrogate the motivations behind commodity acquisition. This research also raises the potential for future consumption modelling using multivariate statistics. Through the application of consumer theory to Roman data, discussion of ancient economies is shifted away from a focus on production to one of demand, choice, and sites of consumption.

29

Chapman, D. W. "Perceptions of crucifixion among Jews and Christians in the Ancient World." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597477.

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This thesis explores the variety of perceptions of crucifixion among Jews and Christians in antiquity, especially focusing on the period from Alexander the Great until Constantine. Earlier studies of crucifixion in antiquity have either concentrated on the Graeco-Roman world more broadly, or have limited themselves to discussing the thorny issue of whether certain Jews in the ancient world favoured the penalty of crucifixion. This study, in contrast, examines Jewish literature more broadly in order to demonstrate the range of general perceptions about crucifixion as a penalty. Early Christian literature is then shown to reflect awareness of, and interaction with, these Jewish perceptions. Knowledge of crucifixion in ancient Jewish communities is frequently reflected, for example, in the writings of the Qumran community, Philo, Josephus, and in early rabbinic literature. These passages are examined, as well as important references from apocryphal and pseudepigraphal literature. Special attention is also paid in this thesis to ancient Jewish interpretations of key Old Testament texts which mention human bodily suspension in association with execution; this concern has led to analyses of Septuagintal and targumic renderings, of other expansions of biblical texts, and of specific halakhic and haggadic treatments. The perceptions attested in this diverse material are then compared with the New Testament and early patristic literature. Pervious studies have rightly demonstrated how pervasive in antiquity was the view of the cross as a terrible and shameful death. This thesis provides further evidence that such views were taken in ancient Jewish communities. In addition, an attempt is made to complement this view by indicating that more positive perceptions could also be attached to crucifixion insofar as the death could be associated with the innocent sufferer or martyr as well as with latent sacrificial images. Christian literature, committed to proclaiming a crucified Messiah, betrays awareness of all these various perceptions by seeking to reject or transform negative stereotypes, or by embracing some of these more positive associations. Thus early Christian literature on the cross exhibits, to a greater degree than is commonly recognized, a reflection upon the various Jewish perceptions of the cross in antiquity.

30

Barry, Marie Porterfield. "Lesson 04: Death and Mourning in the Prehistoric and Ancient World." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/art-appreciation-oer/5.

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This lesson covers death and mourning in the prehistoric and ancient world by discussing related art and architecture including, but not limited to, Varna Necropolis, The Flood Tablet / The Gilgamesh Tablet, Ziggurat in Uruk, Royal Tombs of Ur, Great Pyramids of Giza, Tomb of King Tutankhamun, and Book of the Dead of Hunefer.

31

Leonard, Daniel Ian. "The Yalahau Regional Wetland Survey| Ancient Maya Land Use in Northern Quintana Roo, Mexico." Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3600580.

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This dissertation focuses on a little-explored system of freshwater wetlands in the northeastern Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. Previous archaeological research at one wetland in the Yalahau region found evidence for manipulation in the form of constructed rock alignments, which likely functioned as dikes and dams to control soil and water for food production. There are 175 wetlands in the Yalahau region, therefore the goal of the regional survey was to assess the extent of wetland manipulation, and correlate this manipulation with wetland environmental variables such as vegetation, topography, soil type, and flood regime. A sample of 25 wetlands was selected for survey. Fieldwork involved vegetation mapping, rock alignment mapping, plant collections, topographic transects, installation of water loggers, and extraction of soil cores. Using these data, I evaluate hypotheses regarding patterns in the distribution of alignments, chronology of wetland use, and relationship between developed wetlands and nearby ancient sites. My research shows that wetland manipulation with rock alignments was widespread in the Yalahau region, and that the Maya tended to build rock alignments in very particular physiographic contexts. This project provides a basis for future investigations into rock alignment function and how the Maya adapted to changing environmental conditions in the wetlands.

32

Hasel, Michael Gerald. "Domination and resistance: Egyptian military activity in the southern Levant during the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age transition." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282220.

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Military activity by Egyptians, Israelites, "Sea Peoples," rival city-states and other factors have been promoted as causative agents for the destructions that sweep across the southern Levant and eventually bring about the collapse of Bronze Age civilization. The association of wide scale destruction and historical military campaigns are primarily made on the basis of chronological factors. There is no systematic analysis of the correlates of destruction and little work to ascertain whether they correspond to the claims of original historical sources. Yet decisive conclusions continue to be made concerning (1) sociopolitical history; (2) chronology; and (3) archaeological interpretation. This dissertation focuses on Egyptian military activity during the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age transition. The research design is formulated from questions pertaining to the identification, history, and chronology of specific sites; the destruction correlates that provide the focus, means, extent, and content of military activity; and elements of continuity/discontinuity. These questions are directed to Egyptian military documents, iconography, and sites in the southern Levant. Chapter One presents an introduction to the problem, the purpose, research design, and methodology of the study. Chapter Two contains the first comprehensive analysis of Egyptian terminology and iconography of Dynasties XIX through XX. Chapters Three and Four discuss the extent of Egyptian presence in the southern Levant and analyze sites, socioethnic and geographical/sociocultural entities located in the southern Levant and mentioned in Egyptian military documents. The appendices contain complete concordances of Egyptian military terminology, toponym determinatives, and analyze the structure of the final hymnic-poetic unit of the Merenptah Stela. A paradigm for Egyptian military activity during the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age transition is suggested based on the wholistic analysis of all sources presently available.

33

Burgh, Theodore William. "Do you hear what I hear? A study of musical instruments and musical activity in Iron Age Israel/Palestine and surrounding cultures of the ancient Near East." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284124.

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It is true that the music of antiquity is now mute, but archaeology has provided valuable artifacts pictorial representations showing musical activity and musical instruments of the ancient world. Several scholars have conducted paramount research regarding music from every period in the ancient Near East, and contributed greatly to the field. Further study, however, is required. This paper presents new questions to previously studied Near Eastern musical artifacts and iconography. These queries explore the areas of identifying instruments in artifacts and iconographic depictions, performance techniques, gender identification of musicians in depictions, and the use of space in cultic activities involving music. The goal of this study is to shed additional light and generate further discussion in these areas of musical activity in the Ancient Near East. As expected, this study is difficult. Nevertheless, these questions must be addressed in an effort to better understand music activity in ancient Israel/Palestine and surrounding Near Eastern cultures.

34

Hardin, James Walker. "An archaeology of destruction: Households and the use of domestic space at iron II Tel Halif." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289845.

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The dissertation investigates household organization for the inhabitants of southern Judah during the Iron Age II (late 8th century B.C.E.). It specifically attempts to broaden our understanding of the social unit which occupies the pillared dwellings so prevalent throughout the southern Levant during this time. This understanding comes through a spatial analysis of the de facto refuse from a single pillared dwelling preserved well in a destruction stratum and excavated at Tel Halif in southern Israel. Patterns observed in the occurrences, distributions, and frequencies of the de facto refuse, especially the ceramics, are associated with past activities and activity areas and used to infer the socio-economic organization of the occupants of the pillared dwelling, but only after patterns introduced by formation processes in various contexts are isolated and accounted for. Organization of the dwelling's space and inhabitants is inferred using ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological data and archaeometric techniques, and an "archaeological household" is identified. This is compared with the biblically reconstructed household, but only after the use of biblical texts for historical reconstructions of the Iron II is addressed. Thus, in addition to study of the Iron II household, the dissertation determines the usefulness of destruction strata from tell-type sites of the southern Levant, particularly ceramics, for reconstructing household organization. It also examines the "goodness of fit" between archaeological and biblical reconstructions for the Iron II household of the southern Levant--two disparate and sometimes dialectical sources of data.

35

Raff, Jennifer Anne. "An ancient DNA perspective on the prehistory of the Lower Illinois Valley." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3342196.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology and Anthropology, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 2, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-02, Section: A, page: 0604. Adviser: Frederika A. Kaestle.

36

Millward, Georgia Grunewald. "The genetic prehistory of the lower Illinois River valley| An ancient DNA analysis of Yokem Mounds 1-5." Thesis, Indiana University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3742824.

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Yokem Mounds and its neighboring lower Illinois River valley sites were part of a dramatic cultural shift that occurred during the transition from the Late Woodland period (A.D. 400-1050) to the Mississippian period (A.D. 1050-1400) of Illinois prehistory. Evident changes in diet, burial treatment, and material culture accompanied this transition at Yokem Mounds. What remains unknown is whether the transition co-occurred with a population displacement by originators of the Mississippian culture, the Cahokians, or other Mississippian immigrants. My ancient DNA analysis of Yokem Mounds 1-5 tackled this question, as well as described other cultural behaviors in order to identify additional impacts of the Mississippian culture.

I typed the mitochondrial DNA of 21 Late Woodland and 23 Mississippian individuals and placed the results within the context of previous genetic studies of the lower Illinois River valley and other ancient Midwest populations. I determined that there was genetic continuity between the Late Woodland and Mississippian populations, both populations practiced patrilocal postmarital residence patterns, and neither had burial patterns organized by matrilines. The differences in maize consumption as determined by stable isotopic signatures amongst the Late Woodland population were not associated with matrilineal familial diet preference. The population genetic analysis identified genetic connections between Yokem Mounds and contemporaneous populations at Schild Cemetery, Orendorf, and Angel Mounds; but Yokem Mounds was significantly different from the Oneota population at Norris Farms #36. Additionally, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNA was recovered from eleven individuals from Yokem Mounds and Schild Cemetery. Notably, two of these individuals date to the Middle Woodland period (100 B.C.-A.D. 400), which is the earliest identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA in the lower Illinois River valley. Overall, this research further expands our understanding of Native American prehistory and the demographic changes that occurred prior to European contact.

37

Clark, Dylan J. "The Residential Spaces, Social Organization and Dynamics of Isla Cerritos, an Ancient Maya Port Community." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:26718709.

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In this study I explore the social archaeology of a Maya coastal port community through household archaeology at the site of Isla Cerritos, a small center for maritime trade on the north coast of Yucatán, Mexico from c.300 BCE to 1250 CE. Known as the principal port for the regional polity of Chichén Itzá during the Terminal Classic Period (800-1100 CE), the island is located at the crossroads of a rich marine resource zone, a major salt production area, and the confluence of sea and overland trade routes that served greater Mesoamerica. While the economic importance of trading enclaves such as Isla Cerritos is often recognized, the domestic contexts of these kinds of settlements remain understudied, so we know less about who actually lived in these communities, how they were organized socially, and how the maritime branch of Maya culture related to and contributed to Mesoamerican civilization. This goal of this thesis is to combine the recent archaeological excavation of three residential structures and a shared patio space at Isla Cerritos with multiple lines of evidence from both macro-level and micro-level scales of analysis to examine the material expressions of collective identity and social organization at the port during a particularly dynamic historical period in the history of the region from the late 9th through 11th centuries CE (Late to Terminal Classic transition). The results of this analysis provide new insights into the occupational history of the site, the domestic settlement pattern and activities of the port community, labor and resource investment in port construction and maintenance, the sociocultural and political relationship between the coast and the regional center of Chichén Itzá, and the complexity of collective identity and social inequalities even among the Maya “non-elite.” Through this study I also argue that port residents took advantage of the liminality and fluid movement of life along the “edge” of the Maya world for increased social mobility in ways inaccessible to people in inland regions. This motivated coastal communities to actively forge and alter social and political alliances and networks with interior centers, like Chichén Itzá, over the course of the Classic period, obviating the need for urban polities to rapidly colonize the coast.
Anthropology

38

Morrow, Giles. "Analyzing the invisible: an assessment of the applicability of space syntax analysis to ritual and domestic architecture at ancient Tiwanaku, Bolivia." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66988.

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This thesis addresses the archaeological application of spatial syntax analysis to ritual and domestic architecture, focusing on the pre-Inka state of Tiwanaku in the highlands of South America. The pan-Andean tradition of ceremonial architecture known as the Sunken-Court is examined from both hermeneutic and quantitative perspectives. To test the practicality of the quantitative methods explored, topographic and geophysical prospection techniques were used to detect and visualize buried ritual and domestic architecture at the site of a non-elite residential sector of Tiwanaku known as Mollo Kontu. The potential of an archaeological methodology that combines geophysical and quantitative spatial analyses is then critically assessed in light of the survey results, suggesting the need for more nuanced qualitative approaches to the analysis of the ancient built environment.
Cette thèse porte sur l'application d'une analyse spatial syntaxique sur l'architecture rituelle et domestique, avec focus sur l'état pré-Inka de Tiwanaku dans les hautes terres de l'Amérique du Sud. La tradition pan-Andine d'architecture cérémoniale connu sous le nom de Temple Semi-Souterrain est examinée avec une perspective herméneutique et quantitative. Pour tester la faisabilité des méthodes quantitatives explorées, des techniques de prospection topographiques et géophysiques ont été utilisées pour détecter et visualiser l'architecture rituelle et domestique enfouie dans une aire résidentielle non-élite de Tiwanaku, nommée Mollo Kontu. Le potentiel d'une méthodologie qui combine l'analyse spatiale géophysique à une analyse quantitative est ensuite jugé de façon critique à la lumière des résultats de prospection, et suggère ainsi le besoin d'ajouter une approche qualitative nuancée à l'analyse d'anciens environnements construits.

39

Tietze, Christian. "Methodische Grundlagen für die Rekonstruktion der Tempelanlage von Tell Basta." Universität Potsdam, 1994. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3289/.

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Inhalt: 1. CHARAKTER DER ANLAGE 2. AUFGABENSTELLUNG 3. ZIEL DER ARBEIT 4. ANTIKE QUELLEN 5. FORSCHUNGSGESCHICHTE 6. VERMESSUNG DER ANLAGE (Blatt 1) 7. BESTANDSAUFNAHME (Blatt 2) 8. GRABUNGSARBEITEN 8.1 Die Plana - schichtenweises Abtragen (Blätter 2, 3, 4) 8.2 Anlegen von Schnitten (Blätter 5, 6, 7) 8.3 Zeichnen der Profile (Blätter 8, 9, 10) 8.4 Beschreibung 9. ARCHITEKTURELEMENTE 9.1. Architrave (Blatt 11) 9.2. Säulenfragmente (Blatt 12) 9.3. Hohlkehlen, Steine mit dem Uräusschlangenmotiv und andere Architekturelemente (Blätter 11, 13, 14, 15) 9.4. Fundamentsteine ( Blatt 16) 10. SKULPTUREN (Blätter 17, 18, 19) 11. KLEINFUNDE (Blatt 20) 12. SONSTIGE FUNDE (Blätter 21, 22, 23) 13. KERAMIK 13.1. Vereinfachte Keramikbearbeitung (Blätter 24, 25) 13.2. Verfeinerte Methode der Keramikbearbeitung (Blatt 26) 13.3. Vollständige Keramikgefäße 14. FOTOARBEITEN 15. REKONSTRUKTION

40

Selim, Mahmud Oma, and Christian Tietze. "Tell Basta : Geschichte einer Grabung." Universität Potsdam, 1996. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3291/.

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Inhalt: - TELL BASTA - Jahresbericht 1996 - Fünf Jahre archäologische Arbeit in der Tempelanlage von Teil Basta (Christian Tietze, Mahmud Omar Selim) - Die Stadt Per Bastet und ihre Tempel (Mahmud Omar Selim)

41

Tietze, Christian, and El Maksoud Mohamed Abd. "Tell Basta : ein Führer über das Grabungsgelände." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4201/.

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Aus der Einleitung: Bubastis [Tell Basta] gelangte zu einer einmaligen Berühmtheit, als es in der 22. und 23. Dynastie - unter der Herrschaft eines libyschen Herrschergeschlechts stehend - zur Hauptstadt des nördlichen Ägyptens wurde. Es war ein Ort, der schon seit dem Alten Reich durch seine Bauten, seine Feste und den Kult des heiligen Tieres des Ortes, der Katze, bekannt war. In den letzten Jahren hat sich das Bild dieser antiken Anlage sehr verändert. Neben der Freilegung einzelner Teile der Stadt entstanden Magazine und Bauten für die Funde und für die Verwaltung sowie ein Freilichtmuseum. Neue, Aufsehen erregende Funde, wie die monumentale Statue einer Königin und das mehrsprachige Kanopus-Dekret, lassen auch in Zukunft eine lohnende Arbeit auf diesem archäologischen Gelände erwarten. So ist zu hoffen, dass die antike Stätte, ihrer einstigen Geschichte entsprechend, eine adäquate Förderung erfährt.

42

Libero, Loretana de. "Obstruktion : politische Praktiken im Senat und in der Volksversammlung der ausgehenden römischen Republik (70-49 v. Chr.)." Universität Potsdam, 1992. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4509/.

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Inhalt: I. VERSCHLEPPUNGSMASSNAHMEN a.) Longa Oratio b.) Aktive und passive Art der Verschleppung II FORMALE VERHINDERUNGSTECHNIKEN a.) Intercession b.) Das Aufdecken und Herbeiführen von Formfehlern III. SAKRALE OBSTRUKTIONSMÖGLICHKEITEN a.) Manipulationen im Kalender b.) Servatio und Obnuntiatio c.) Mißachtung, Verbot und gesetzliche Restriktionen IV. VERWEIGERUNGSHALTUNG a.) Verweigerung der Beschlußfassung durch den Gesamtsenat b.) Boykott des Senats durch Senatoren c.) Magistratische Verweigerung V. KASSATION SCHLUSSBETRACHTUNG

43

Kwoka, Joshua Jenack. "Ideological presentism and the study of ancient technology| Preclassic Maya lithic production at San Bartolo, Guatemala." Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3629777.

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This is a dissertation about technology in both the past and present. In terms of the past, it is a study of ancient Maya lithic production practices at the site of San Bartolo, Guatemala. During the Preclassic (600 B.C.–A.D. 300) the inhabitants of San Bartolo developed a method for producing oval bifaces (i.e., celts) that was fairly unique within the Lowlands. It involved the collection of large quantities of unmodified nodular chert which were deposited in numerous small piles both within and along the bajo margins. Data resulting from typological and aggregate analyses of 36,497 pieces of lithic debitage were used in conjunction with a variety of other data sets to construct a chaîne opératoire for Preclassic oval biface production at San Bartolo. This data in and of itself is significant, as few detailed lithic studies have been published for sites in the Petén. Comparative data sets from Colha are employed to demonstrate that Preclassic flintknappers at the two sites approached oval biface production in significantly different ways. Perhaps more importantly this study demonstrates that the differential production strategies were the result of technological choice rather than environmental or material constraints. This leads to the other focus of this study—technology in the present. A significant portion of this dissertation is concerned with documenting the historical development of the social field of archaeological technology studies. I explore the issue of whether or not dominant themes within archaeological technology studies represent a form of ideological presentism, and the validity of privileging formalist economic models in the study of ancient Maya technological practice.

44

Richardson, Edmund Martin Daniel. "The failure of history : nineteenth-century Britain's pursuit of the ancient world." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611962.

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45

Posthumus, Liane. "Hybrid monsters in the Classical World : the nature and function of hybrid monsters in Greek mythology, literature and art." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6865.

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Thesis (MPhil (Ancient Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to explore the purpose of monster figures by investigating the relationship between these creatures and the cultures in which they are generated. It focuses specifically on the human-animal hybrid monsters in the mythology, literature and art of ancient Greece. It attempts to answer the question of the purpose of these monsters by looking specifically at the nature of manhorse monsters and the ways in which their dichotomous internal and external composition challenged the cultural taxonomy of ancient Greece. It also looks at the function of monsters in a ritual context and how the Theseus myth, as initiation myth, and the Minotaur, as hybrid monster, conforms to the expectations of ritual monsters. The investigation starts by considering the history and uses of the term “monster” in an attempt to arrive at a reasonable definition of monstrosity. In aid of this definition, attention is also given to themes that recur when considering monster beings. This provides a basis from which the hybrid monsters of ancient Greece, the centaur and Minotaur in particular, can be considered. The next section of the thesis looks into the attitudes to animals prevalent in ancient Greece. The cultural value of certain animal types and even certain body parts have to be taken account, and the degree to which these can be traced to the nature and actions of the hybrid monster has to be considered. The main argument is divided in two sections. The first deals with the centaur as challenger to Greek cultural taxonomy. The centaur serves as an eminent example of how human-animal hybrid monsters combine the familiar and the foreign, the Self and the Other into a single complex being. The nature of this monster is examined with special reference to the ways in which the centaur, as proponent of chaos and wilderness, stands in juxtaposition to the ideals of Greek civilisation. The second section consists of an enquiry into the purpose of the hybrid monster and considers the Minotaur’s role as a facilitator of transformation. The focus is directed towards the ritual function of monsters and the ways in which monsters aid change and renewal both in individuals and in communities. By considering the Theseus-myth and the role of the Minotaur in the coming-of-age of the Attic hero as well as the city of Athens itself, the ritual theory is given application in ancient Greece. The conclusion of this thesis is that hybrid monsters, as manifestations of the internal dichotomy of man and the tenuous relationship between order and chaos, played a critical role in the personal and communal definition of man in ancient Greece.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling van hierdie tesis is om die sin van monsters te ondersoek deur te kyk na die verhouding wat bestaan tussen hierdie wesens en die gemeenskappe waarbinne hulle hul ontstaan het. Die tesis fokus spesifiek op die mens-dier hibriede monster in die mitologie, literatuur en kuns van antieke Griekeland. Dit probeer om tot ‘n slotsom te kom oor die bestaansrede van monsters deur te kyk na die aard van die man-perd monster. Hierdie wese se tweeledige samestelling – met betrekking tot beide sy interne en eksterne komposisie – het ‘n wesenlike bedreiging ingehou vir die kulturele taksonomie van die antieke Grieke. Die tesis kyk ook na die rol, van monsters in die konteks van rituele gebeure. Die mite van Theseus as ‘n mite met rituele verbintenisse, en die Minotaurus as hibriede monster, word dan oorweeg om te bepaal wat die ooreenstemming is met die verwagtinge wat daargestel is vir rituele monsters. Ten einde ‘n redelike definisie van monsteragtigheid daar te stel, begin die ondersoek deur oorweging te skenk aan die geskiedenis en die gebruike van die woord “monster”. Ter ondersteuning van hierdie definisie word daar ook aandag geskenk aan sekere temas wat herhaaldelik opduik wanneer monsters ter sprake kom. Dit skep ‘n basis vir die ondersoek na die hibriede monsters van antieke Griekeland, en meer spesifiek na die kentaurus en die Minotaurus. Die tesis oorweeg ook die houding van die antieke Griekse beskawing teenoor diere. Die kulturele waarde van sekere soorte diere, en selfs seker ledemate van diere, moet in ag geneem word wanneer die hibriede monsterfiguur behandel word. Aandag moet geskenk word aan die maniere waarop die assosiasies wat die Grieke met diere gehad het, oorgedra word na die aard en handelinge van die monsterfiguur. Die hoofargument van die tesis word in twee dele uiteengesit. Die eerste gedeelte behandel die kentaurus as uitdager van die kulturele taksonomie van die antieke Grieke. Die kentaurus dien as ‘n uitstekende voorbeeld van die manier waarop die mens-dier monster dit wat bekend is en dit wat vreemd is, die Self en die Ander, kombineer in een komplekse wese. Die aard van hierdie wese word ondersoek met spesifieke verwysing na die maniere waarop die kentaurus, as voorstander van die ongetemde en van chaos, in teenstelling staan teenoor die ideale van die Griekse beskawing. Die tweede gedeelte vors die doel van die hibriede monster na en oorweeg die Minotaurus se rol as bevorderaar van transformasie. Hier word gefokus op die rol van die monster in ’n rituele konteks en die maniere waarop monsters verandering en vernuwing teweegbring in enkelinge sowel as in gemeenskappe. Hierdie teorie word van toepassing gemaak op antieke Griekeland deur die mite van Theseus en die rol van die Minotaurus te oorweeg binne die konteks van die proses van inburgering wat beide die held en sy stad, Athene, ondergaan. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie tesis is dat hibriede monsters, as uitbeeldings van die interne tweeledigheid van die mens sowel as van die tenger verband tussen orde en chaos in die wêreld, ‘n noodsaaklike rol gespeel het in die persoonlike en sosiale definisie van die individu in antieke Griekeland.

46

Borstad, Karen A. "Ancient roads in the Madaba Plains of Transjordan: Research from a geographic perspective." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284261.

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The milestones, curbstones, and stone roadbeds that appear as discontinuous fragments in the Transjordanian landscape are identified as the remains of constructed Roman roads. The major Roman highway in Transjordan, built by the emperor Trajan in 111-114 CE and known today as the via Traiana nova ("Trajan's new road"), has many gaps in its material remains, particularly through the Madaba Plains. This lack of remains marking the route is an obstacle to research because the route of the via Traiana nova is thought to provide clues to the routes of pre-Roman highways. This research assumption, formulated as a hypothesis that constructed Roman roads followed the course of the natural, indigenous routes, conflicts with many of the Roman remains that appear as bridges, tunnels, and rock-cut steps that significantly changed the landscape. The via Traiana nova's route through Transjordan provides a unique opportunity to test the relationship between the routes of Roman and indigenous roads because its construction can be dated precisely, thereby providing evidence for dating the preceding, pre-Roman road. Modeling the via Traiana nova through Transjordan, using a new approach that includes GIS technology to synthesize the disparate archaeological and suggest that the via Traiana nova, when it was new, incorporated both indigenous Nabataean highways and new Roman sections that provided direct, paved roads through the Wadi al-Mujib and the Wadi al-Hasa. These new, Roman shortcuts eventually effected changes in the demographic and economic systems of Transjordan in Byzantine times.

47

Gallego, Llorente Marcos. "The origins and spread of the Neolithic in the Old World using ancient genomes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273458.

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One of the biggest innovations in human prehistory was the advent of food production, consisting of the ability to grow crops and domesticate animals for consumption. This wide-scale transition from hunting and gathering to food production led to more permanent settlements, and set in motion major societal changes. In western Eurasia, this revolution spread from the Near East into Europe, Africa and diverse regions of Asia. Agriculture was brought into Europe by the descendants of early Anatolian farmers starting approximately 8,000 years ago. But little was known of the people who developed agriculture in the Fertile Crescent: where they all closely related to the early Anatolian farmers, or were there multiple ethnic groups who developed agriculture in parallel? In the first data chapter, I use the first genome from a Neolithic woman from Ganj Dareh, in the Zagros Mountains (Iran), a site with evidence of early goat domestication 10,000 years ago. I showed that Western Iran wan inhabited by populations mostly similar to Hunter- gatherer populations from the Caucasus, but remarkably, very distinct from the Anatolian farmers who spread the Neolithic package into Europe. While a degree of cultural diffusion between Anatolia, Mesopotamia and the Zagros highlands likely happened, genetic dissimilarity supports a model in which Neolithic societies of that area were distinct. The second chapter deals with how Africa was affected by population movements, originating in the Near East, during the Neolithic times. Characterising genetic diversity in Africa is a crucial step for analyses reconstructing human evolution. Using Mota, an ancient genome from a male from the Ethiopian highlands, I showed a backflow into Africa by populations closely related to the Anatolian Neolithic farmers. The third chapter deals with some common problems and themes in the analysis of ancient DNA, such as merging capture datasets with diverse number of ascertained SNPs, combining capture and shotgun data in the same analysis, and the effect of UDG treatment in ancient samples. I describe the most common problems and their effect in summary statistics, and propose a guide on how to work with ancient DNA to avoid data compatibility problems.

48

Joyce, Coralie Field. "World views in transition: a study of the contours of world views of Christian Communities in Eastern Indonesia : with particular reference to the Christian Church of Luwuk-Banggai and the implications of changing transitional world views for the life and." Thesis, Open University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283674.

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49

Stade, Ronald. "Pacific passages : world culture and local politics in Guam." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Socialantropologiska institutionen, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-45875.

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50

McCallum, Peter. "Oracular prophecy and psychology in Ancient Greek warfare." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2017. http://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/774/.

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This thesis examines the role of oracular divination in warfare in archaic, classical and Hellenistic Greece, and assesses the extent to which it affected the psychology and military decision-making of ancient Greek poleis. By using a wide range of ancient literary, epigraphical, archaeological and iconographical evidence and relevant modern scholarship, this thesis will fully explore the role of the Oracle in warfare especially the influence of the major oracles at Delphi, Dodona,Olympia,Didyma and Ammon on the foreign policies and military strategies of poleis and their psychological preparation for war as well as the effect of oracular prophecies on a commander's decision making and tactics on the battlefield and on the psychology and reactions for soldiers before and during battle. This thesis contends that oracular prophecy played a fundamental and integral part in ancient Greek warfare and that the act of consulting the Oracles and the subsequent prognostications issued by the Oracles had powerful psychological effects on both the polis citizenry and soldiery, which in turn had a major influence and impact upon military strategy and tactics, and ultimately on the outcome of conflicts in the Ancient Greek World.

Дисертації з теми "Anthropology of the Ancient World"

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