Дисертації: "Anthropology, Archaeology and Religion"

1

Elliott, Mark 1948. "Archaeology, Bible and interpretation: 1900-1930." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288877.

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This is a study of the interpretation of archaeological data by Anglo-American Bible scholars, though the emphasis is primarily American, in scholarly and popular publications from 1900-1930. The major archaeological research interest for many Anglo-American biblical scholars was its direct reflection on the biblical record. Many were devout and reared on a literal reading of Scripture. Traditional scholars insisted that the function of archaeology was to provide evidence to validate the Bible and to disprove higher criticism. They were clearly motivated by theological concerns and created an archaeology of faith that authenticated the word of the Lord and protected Christian doctrines. Liberal or mainstream scholars rejected conservative methods that simply collated archaeological data to attack the documentary hypothesis and its supporters. Several eminent Bible scholars developed important studies on the interpretation of archaeological results from Palestine. They participated eagerly in analyzing archaeological material and refused to concede the field of biblical archaeology to theologically-motivated conservative scholars and theologians. They were determined to conduct important investigations of the archaeological evidence free from theological bias. Palestinian excavations lacked the spectacular architectural and inscriptural remains unearthed in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The popular press did occasionally report on the progress of several excavations from Palestine, but, for the most part, Palestinian excavations concentrated on tells and pottery and the results were disappointing. However, by the 1920s the New York Times was a major source of information concerning archaeological news and frequently carried stories that indicated that archaeology was confirming the biblical record and many of the Bible's revered figures. The Times played a vital role in popularizing biblical archaeology and contributed many illustrations of amazing archaeological discoveries that "proved" the historicity of the biblical text. W. F. Albright's scholarly conclusions in the 1920s were moderate. Albright's scholarship was not motivated by theological concerns as many have assumed. Though his religious convictions were assuredly conservative, his scholarship had little in common with the tendentious archaeological assumptions created by conservative Bible scholars and theologians. Albright's interpretations were based on the archaeological data and not on theological dogma.

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2

Willett, Elizabeth Ann Remington. "Women and household shrines in ancient Israel." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288986.

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High infant mortality and short female life span threatened Israelite women, who were respected as household administrators and educators. The concept of a personal god first observed in second millennium BCE Mesopotamian texts and house shrines involved apotropaic measures against a malevolent goddess who sickened and stole newborn children. Protective blessing inscriptions and deemphasis on the sexual aspect of Israelite figurines indicate that the personal goddess Asherah's function in Israelite religion was connected with protection more than with fertility. Offering benches and incense burners that define semi-public cult rooms in Syria-Palestine accompany female figurines in Israelite houses at Tell Masos, Tell el-Far'ah, Beer-sheba, and Tell Halif. Eye amulets such as those from the eighth century Lachish houses as well as the large-breasted pillar-figurines reflect a long-standing Near Eastern tradition of using eye and breast motifs to protect against the evil eye and child-stealing demons. The figurines' occurrence with women's textile and food preparation implements in female domains indicates that women set up a household shrine with an Asherah figurine near an entrance. The figurines interpreted as votives that mean "this is me" or "this is you" represent a covenant relationship between the breast-feeding mother of a newborn infant and a nurturing and protecting female deity. Israelite women dedicated votive gifts to Asherah and burned incense or oil with prayers and incantations on a regular basis during the vulnerable neonatal stage of a child's life, or at signs of illness. Ancient and modern Near Eastern parallels attest that women burn incense and oil to invoke the presence of a deity they contract with for protection. Pronouncing the deity's name is essential, and in iconic cultures, visual images empowered by prayers form important parts of these rituals.

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3

Ortiz, Steven Michael. "The 11/10th century B.C.E. transition in the Aijalon Valley Region: New evidence from Tel Miqne-Ekron Stratum IV." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289139.

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Recent deconstructionist trends within Syro-Palestinian archaeology and biblical studies have now converged on the Israelite Monarchy causing two major ceramic reappraisals of the Iron Age I and II Periods. The result is a proposal for a new low chronology in Syro-Palestinian archaeology. These trends are creating more problems than they are solving by naively assuming ceramic change was consistent throughout Syro-Palestine and manipulating the archaeological data to fit the new models. The dissertation addresses the radical archaeological and historical reconstructions of the current trend by focusing on the Iron Age I-II transition in the northern parts of the Philistine coast and Shephelah (foothills)--Aijalon Valley Region. Excavations at Tel Miqne-Ekron provide new evidence for an evaluation of recent chronological proposals and aide in the development of a ceramic corpus of the Aijalon Valley Region. As a border site between the coastal region and the hills, Tel Miqne is an important site to isolate and compare regional variations and the complex socioeconomic variables that pattern the archaeological record. The dissertation is divided into three parts. Part I includes a review of current work in Syro-Palestinian Iron Age research and an overview of ceramic theory development. Part II contains the core database: (1) development of the Tel Miqne Stratum IV typology, and (2) a comparanda, with other sites in the region and attempt to isolate the chronological and spatial patterns of the Iron Age transition (11/10th century B.C.E.). Part III contains the results and interpretations. This study concludes that: (1) ceramic change is not chronologically homogeneous and therefore regional variation must be incorporated in all ceramic analyses; (2) the proposed new Low Chronology for the Iron Age in the southern Levant cannot be supported by the archaeological evidence; and (3) the Aijalon Valley Region reflects the complexity of the Iron Age transition as many ethnic elements and political groups vied for control of the important crossroads and access to coastal ports.

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4

Dungan, Katherine Ann. "Religious Architecture and Borderland Histories: Great Kivas in the Prehispanic Southwest, 1000 to 1400 CE." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595696.

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Historically, archaeologists working on non-state societies have tended to interpret religion and large-scale religious architecture as necessarily integrative, that is, as naturalizing the social order or producing an abiding sense of community. I argue here that this focus on integration has limited our ability to understand how and why religion changed through time and how religion may have been a driver of social change. We will benefit from considering the political dimensions of religious practice in non-state societies as much as in more "complex" settings. This study explores the articulation of religious practice and religious architecture with social and spatial boundaries in the prehispanic U.S. Southwest. In particular, I examine variability and change in rectangular great kivas—large, semi-subterranean religious structures—in west-central New Mexico and east-central Arizona between 1000 and 1400 CE in relationship to socially diverse contexts that might be viewed as borderlands or frontiers. The study pulls together two broads strands of research. The first is an examination of the unusual great kiva at the thirteenth-century CE Fornholt site (LA 164471) near Mule Creek, New Mexico, in relation to the broader history of the surrounding Upper Gila area. This portion of the research is based on two seasons of excavation at Fornholt and on an examination of records and ceramic collections from the Upper Gila. I suggest that the Upper Gila may be considered a borderland or frontier through time and that viewing Fornholt as a borderland site sheds light on the site's material culture, including its great kiva. The second strand of research is a comparison of great kiva architecture and assemblages across the larger study area based on the examination of museum collections and the aggregation of published and unpublished architectural data. The broader study demonstrates that, while these great kivas make up a coherent tradition and fit within the larger world of southwestern religion, great kivas in borderland contexts show experimentation and change in ways that more centrally located great kivas do not. I argue that this diversity can be viewed in light of the negotiation of social boundaries in borderland contexts, including the role of great kivas as political venues or contested spaces.

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5

Leduc, Celine. "Interprétation d'artéfacts anthropomorphiques féminins de l'époque des Vikings en fonction de la mythologie islandaise." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28129.

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Cette thèse tente de fournir de nouvelles avenues pour interpréter les figures féminines scandinaves d'avant l'an mil. L'étude décrit en premier lieu les images et leur contexte archéologique, culturel, social, politique et religieux pour ensuite les interpréter à la lumière des textes qui nous sont parvenus: l'Edda de Snorri Sturluson, l'Edda poétique, le Gragas et quelques sagas. Après avoir analysé le pendentif en forme de femme, trouve à Aska (Suède), l'étude se penche sur le cas des "valkyries" et, enfin, sur celui des guldgubber à figures féminines et à figures doubles (couples). Alors que l'image du pendentif d'Aska peut être identifiee a Freyja sans aucune ambiguïté, le cas des "valkyries" et des guldgubber est plus complexe, dépendant probablement en grande partie des propriétaires originaux des artéfacts en question.

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6

Teitelbaum, Dina. "The Jewish ossuary phenomenon: Cultural receptivity in Roman Palestine." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29265.

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The discovery of Jewish ossuaries in the nineteenth century raised a host of questions, paramount among them the questions of the origin and purpose of the ossuaries. It was also realized that ossuaries were a short lived phenomenon, appearing and disappearing relatively suddenly. A number of theories were proposed: The ossuaries were thought to have to do either with transport or space-saving, protection, martyrdom, resurrection, atonement, individuation, or Roman convention. All of these theories focused on Judea as the origin of the phenomenon. However, no one theory was satisfactory in itself. The dissertation presents a fresh examination of all available evidence in the light of ancient Jewish burial customs from the First Temple period to the Hellenistic and Roman times, using the approaches of archaeology, anthropology, and socio-rhetorical analysis. It concludes that foreign influence triggered the adoption of the ossuary in Judea during the Herodian period and that Judeans adopted the Greco-Roman ash chest as a model, modifying an aniconic version for use with bones alone. A comparison of the Jewish ossuary with the Greco-Roman ash urn reveals parallels and striking similarities in terms of ritual, material culture, terminology, manufacture and time lines. In particular, the temporal distribution of ossuaries and ash chests points to a general diffusion of the concept throughout the Empire over a long period of time, with ossuaries appearing relatively late in Judea. Using the innovation-diffusion theory of Roberts, the dissertation argues that, once implanted, the idea of ossuaries, in conjunction with ossilegium, spread rapidly throughout Judea, each special interest group or individual adopting it for their own unique reasons. Ultimately it became a fashionable secondary burial instrument. The disappearance of the Judean ossuary can be explained in terms of the adoption of the subsequent fashion in the Roman Empire to bury the dead in coffins or sarcophagi. In conclusion, it has been shown in the dissertation that Jews of the Second Temple Period were attracted to, adopted, re-invented and reconfigured a foreign convention in such a way that it became consistent with their Torah laws and their beliefs.

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7

Heacock, Erikalyn Karen Bassaraba. "Shell use in the Mimbres region| Not so black and white." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1590325.

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The Harris site (A.D. 500-1000) is an unusual Mimbres site because it has a Late Pithouse period component with no overlying Classic period pueblo. The excavations by the University of Las Vegas-Nevada (UNLV) were conducted at this site between 2007 and 2013. Shell artifacts, and their role in the Mimbres area, have not been extensively studied. I analyzed shell data from the UNLV field school, combined with Haury's excavated shell assemblage from his work at the site in the 1930's to interpret the role of shell at the Harris site. More specifically, I look at the role shell may have played in the ritual life of Mimbres society. Using context, artifact form, and co-occurring assemblage materials illuminates how shell was used in ritual practice.

My methodology includes recording specific information about the shell, including, but not limited to: context, condition (i.e., burnt vs. unburnt), description, measurements, artifact form, genus, and species if the shell is identifiable to that degree. Using this methodology allows me to observe patterns and infer whether specific artifact forms and/or genera correlate with certain contexts. Observing these patterns, I seek to observe the ritual practices in which shell was incorporated.

I use Bell (1992, 1997) and Bradley’s (2010) framework on ritual, which posits that ritual-like behavior has marked characteristics and occurs in a variety of quotidian and sacred contexts, which suggests a continuum rather than a dichotomy in the use of these spaces. To further understand the use of shell in ritual practices, looking at spatial and diachronic data is imperative. Therefore, five other sites along the Mimbres River have been chosen for comparison. These sites include Pithouse and Classic period components. This comparison allows me to investigate how shell use changed over time in the Mimbres region. The comparative sites include: NAN Ranch (A.D. 600/650-1150), Mattocks Ruin (A.D. 750/800-1130), Galaz Ruin (A.D. 550-1130), Swarts (A.D. 950-1150), and the Old Town site (A.D. 750-1150).

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8

Sharpe, Heather Fiona. "From Hieron and Oikos the religious and secular use of Hellenistic and Greek Imperial bronze statuettes /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3210047.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Art History, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-03, Section: A, page: 0754. Adviser: Wolf Rudolph. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed March 16, 2007)."

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9

Nell, Erin Ann. "Astronomical orientations and dimensions of Archaic and Classical Greek temples." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291618.

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Previously it has been assumed that the majority of Greek temples were oriented towards the eastern horizon, in the direction of sunrise. The author of this thesis conducted a GPS temple orientation survey of eight Greek Doric temples and concluded that these structures were actually oriented to the western, not eastern, horizon, in the direction of sunset. The following facts support this hypothesis: (1) of the eight temples surveyed, the western orientations of six were more precise than their eastern orientations, (2) in the Archaic and Classical periods of ancient Greece, architecturally aligning structures to the western horizon could have been accomplished with far greater ease and higher precision than to the eastern horizon, (3) literary evidence by Vitruvius supports this claim of western temple alignments, and (4) the lengths of each temple surveyed appear to have been determined via the same technique which oriented them to the sun on the western horizon.

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10

Tillesen, Brian. "Fairy Forts and the Banshee in Modern Coastal Sligo, Ireland: An Ethnography of Local Beliefs and Interpretations of These Traditions." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3097.

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This thesis examines issues of cultural identity and modernity, and the anthropology of spirituality and sacred sites by conducting ethnographic research on fairy beliefs in contemporary Ireland. Irish folk belief has traditionally identified a spirit world intertwined with our own which is inhabited by spirits, often collectively referred to as fairies. Belief in these spirits was once widespread. My research sought to determine the prevalence of these traditional beliefs among modern Irish people within my research area, as well as differences in belief across variables including age, gender, and religious preference. I conducted eight weeks of ethnographic fieldwork during June-August 2008 in and around Sligo Town in County Sligo, Ireland. I selected County Sligo as a research site because it is a sparsely populated, largely rural area, identified in an earlier major study of Irish folklore as a region where belief in the Irish spirit world persisted more strongly than in other parts of the country. My primary research methodology was to conduct structured and unstructured interviews, complemented by visual site surveys. In the preparation of this thesis I utilized data from 52 Sligo residents plus ten other visitors to the area from surrounding Irish counties. While my research suggests that few Sligo residents from the project area continue to believe in the literal existence of fairies, it also shows a much more common belief in a "power" associated with sites identified as "fairy forts," which are natural features of the landscape or the remains of ancient burials or dwellings apocryphally endowed by folk tradition with supernatural or mysterious energies. These beliefs led to a taboo against intruding on, altering, or destroying these "forts" that is still very much alive today. Additionally I was able to discuss at length the subject of the Irish death-herald spirit called the banshee (bean sidhe) with several study participants. Although it can be classified under the umbrella label of "fairy", my research indicates that the banshee is seen as a stand-apart element of Irish tradition by research area residents, and is believed in by those who do not otherwise profess a belief in "fairies" in general.
M.A.
Department of Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology MA

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11

Kikiloi, Kekuewa Scott T. "Kukulu Manamana| Ritual power and religious expansion in Hawai'i The ethno-historical and archaeological study of Mokumanamana and Nihoa Islands." Thesis, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3692049.

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This dissertation examines a period in the late expansion phase (A.D. 1400-1650) of pre-contact Hawaiian society when formidable changes in ritual and social organization were underway which ultimately led to the emergence of Hawai.i as a powerful complex chiefdom in East Polynesia. Remotely located towards the northwest were two geographically remote and ecologically marginal islands called Mokumanamana and Nihoa Islands. Though quite barren and seemingly inhospitable, these contain over 140 archaeological sites, including residential features, agricultural terraces, ceremonial structures, shelters, cairns, and burials that bear witness to an earlier occupation and settlement efforts on these islands. This research demonstrates that over a four hundred year period from approximately ca. A.D. 1400-1815, Mokumanamana became the central focus of chiefly elites in establishing this island as a ritual center of power for the Hawaiian system of heiau (temples). These efforts had long lasting implications which led to the centralization of chiefly management, an integration of chiefs and priests into a single social class, the development of a charter for institutional order, and ultimately a state sponsored religion that became widely established throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. The ideological beliefs that were developed centered on the concept of the cord (.aha) as a symbolic connection between ancestors and descendants came to be a widespread organizing dimension of Hawaiian social life. Through commemorative rituals, the west was acknowledged and reaffirmed as a primary pathway of power where elite status, authority, and spiritual power originated and was continually legitimized.

This research utilizes an interdisciplinary approach in combining ethno-historical research with archeology as complimenting ways of understanding the Hawaiian past. Through these approaches ritual power is established as a strategic mechanism for social political development, one that leads to a unified set of social beliefs and level of integration across social units. Ethno-historical analysis of cosmogonic chants, mythologies, and oral accounts are looked at to understand ritualization as a historical process one that tracks important social transformations and ultimately led to the formation of the Hawaiian state religious system. Archaeological analysis of the material record is used to understand the nature of island settlement and the investments that went into developing a monument at the effective edge of their living universe. A strong regional chronology is created based on two independent chronometric dating techniques and a relative ordering technique called seriation applied to both habitation and ceremonial sites. An additional number of techniques will be used to track human movement as source of labor, and the transportation of necessary resources for survival such as timber resources through paleo-botanical identification, fine-grained basalt through x-ray fluorescence, and food inferred through the late development of agriculture.

The results of this study indicate that Mokumanamana and Nihoa islands were the focus of ritual use and human occupation in a continuous sequence from ca. A.D. 1400- 1815, extending for intermittent periods well into the 19th century. The establishment and maintenance of Mokumanamana as a ritual center of power was a hallmark achievement of Hawaiian chiefs in establishing supporting use on these resource deficient islands and pushing towards greater expressions of their power. This island temple was perhaps one of the most labor intensive examples of monumentality relying heavily on a voyaging interaction sphere for the import and transportation of necessary outside resources to sustain life. It highlights the importance of integration of ritual cycles centered on political competition (and/or integration) and agricultural surplus production through the calibration of the ritual calendar. The creation of this ritual center of power resulted in: (1) a strong ideological framework for social organization and order; (2) a process in which a growing class of ramified leaders could display their authority and power to rule; and increased predictability and stability in resource production through forecasting- all of which formed a strong foundation for the institutional power of Hawaiian chiefdoms.

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12

Saltzgiver, Ryan W. "Prototype for Zion: The Original Provo Tabernacle and the Construction of Mormon Zion in the American West." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4422.

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During the winter of 2011–2012, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and Office of Public Archaeology (OPA) at Brigham Young University (BYU) conducted archaeological explorations in urban Provo, Utah. The purpose of the research was to uncover and document the extant remains of the Original or Old Provo Tabernacle (OPT; 42UT1844). The data recovered from that excavation was the impetus for the current study. Through a combination of documentary and archaeological evidence, and using Mormon theology as a lens through which to interpret the actions of nineteenth century Latter-day Saints, this thesis demonstrates the important role played by the OPT in the project of Mormon Zion in the American West. The OPT was the first proposed and eighth completed tabernacle in the LDS Church. In the OPT, Brigham Young initiated a dynamic new building form which was intended to accommodate both the political and economic needs of LDS settlements at a distance from Salt Lake City and the central hierarchy of the Church while simultaneously providing space for Mormon worship and ritual practice. These buildings sought to prepare the Saints of early Utah for the eventual construction of temples throughout the region and, like the Tabernacle of the Congregation anciently, served to build strong communal ties in outlying Mormon settlements.

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13

Reusch, Kathryn. ""That which was missing" : the archaeology of castration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8118fe7-67cb-4610-9823-b0242dfe900a.

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Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.

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14

Meek, Philippa Juliet. "Growth, and Development of Care for Leprosy Sufferers Provided by Religious Institutions from the First Century AD to the Middle Ages." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6321.

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This thesis aims to outline the causes, symptoms, and treatments related to leprosy, and how it can be diagnosed in patients and identified in human remains. The thesis also aims to demonstrate the ways in which care for leprosy sufferers developed as the disease became more prevalent and more commonly, and correctly identified. It analyses the social stigmas inflicted upon sufferers, and the medical care and attention provided for them by religious institutions when other groups or organisations shunned those suffering from leprosy. The rationale for this study is to identify trends surrounding the social stigmas attached to leprosy and care from the first identifiable case of strain three of Mycobacterium leprae in the 1st century AD to the late Middle Ages when the number of cases of leprosy appears to begin to decline. Using archaeological evidence, historical records, and the published research of experts in the field, this thesis demonstrates that as leprosy spread throughout the Middle East and Europe, religious organisations often took on the role as care givers for leprosy sufferers through the ideal of religious, often Christian, charity; to look after the poor, sick, and needy. As the trends presented in this study have yet to be published elsewhere in this way, this thesis aims to contribute via an interdisciplinary approach to the fields of religious archaeology, anthropology and bioarchaeology.

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15

Saidel, Deborah J. "Women in Music: Letting a Long Story Be Long Contemplating Women’s Sonic, Musical, and Spiritual Experiences in Prehistory." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5635.

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Situated within deep history, this study explores the auditory and spiritual lives of Paleolithic women. It considers their personal agency in mediating the spiritual power of sound and how doing so contributes to a multifaceted musicality. The theoretical framework involves a wide spectrum of topics, from ways of rethinking the writing of history and reckoning with time, to sound studies and the study of acoustics in ancient sites, to a critical examination through a feminist lens of normative disciplinary scholarship in anthropology and archaeology, religious studies, and musicology. I explore potential audio-visual-lithic relationships for their implications for deepening an understanding of the spiritual aspects of Paleolithic life. Drawing from this interdisciplinary literature, integrative discussions are constructed which when considered collectively, not only provide different types of role models and different criteria pertaining to women's experiences of music-making, but also facilitate the emergence of a more nuanced understanding of Paleolithic spiritual practices. In this women-centric narrative innumerable generations of women's participation as spiritual healers within the shamanic musical paradigm are acknowledged and valued, broadening the parameters of women's cultural heritage and spiritual experience. This expansion can help women today turn away from a compensatory music history perspective that is oriented toward figuring out how to fit into a prescribed androcentric narrative of Western art music and turn towards a more holistic narrative in which women can better consider their lineage(s) on their own terms. It fosters re-conceptualizations of women's musical and spiritual identities by reorienting the timeline, contexts, and definition of women's experiences of music-making as sound-producers and sound-interpreters. This project is intended to provide one possible starting point for new conversations about women in music regardless of one's positionality. From a more inclusive gynocentric vantage point, the toxic self-perpetuating loop which has affected how musicology has thus far been shaped, namely through the undervaluing of women’s musical experiences and the ways that they think and feel about music, is being contested. Ultimately, it is a matter of ownership.

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16

Quinlan, Angus Robert. "Towards an archaeology of religion." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239349.

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17

AMORE, MARIA GRAZIA. "SETTLEMENT AND BURIAL IN APOLLONIA AND ITS AREA (ALBANIA)." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1109186628.

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18

Poupart, Melanie. "The oases in the desert: mobility and settlement in the Middle Paleolithic record of Jordan." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66707.

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The Levantine Paleolithic record is central to understanding human migrations out of Africa and the relationship between Neanderthals and Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens. Lithic remains are the most plentiful source of information on these ancient peoples, and understanding how they can be used to infer cognitive abilities, mobility patterns and settlement strategies is essential to Paleolithic studies. A review of published Middle Paleolithic sites in Jordan demonstrates that currently accepted theories on Levantine Middle Paleolithic archaeology can be used as a framework only. Sites must be understood according to their specific contexts, and local Jordanian environments depend as much on tectonics and base water levels as they do on generalized climatic records. Lithic assemblages show that organizational flexibility was a key component to human adaptations and modern behavior is already present in Jordan early in the Middle Pleistocene.
Les données du Levant paléolithique sont indispensables pour l'étude des migrations humaines hors de l'Afrique et pour celle des relations entre les Néanderthaliens et Homo sapiens sapiens. Les vestiges lithiques représentent la source de renseignements la plus importante au sujet de ces populations anciennes. Il est essentiel pour l'étude du Paléolithique de comprendre comment l'on peut utiliser ces renseignements afin d'en déduire les capacités cognitives, les trajectoires de mobilité et les stratégies d'établissement de ces hommes. Une révision des publications au sujet des sites du Paléolithique moyen en Jordanie démontre que les théories archéologiques courantes s'y rapportant ne peuvent constituer qu'un cadre. En effet, les sites doivent être étudiés selon le contexte particulier de chacun. Ainsi, la tectonique et le niveau de la nappe phréatique produisent des environnements locaux en Jordanie qui diffèrent des données climatiques généralisées. En outre, l'on peut démontrer à l'aide d'assemblages lithiques que la souplesse organisationnelle représentait un élément clé de l'adaptation humaine. Le comportement moderne est déjà présent en Jordanie au début du Pléistocène moyen.

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19

Wright, Joyce Marie. "A quest for meaning at the early 16th-century St. Lawrence Iroquoian Maynard-McKeown site." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66659.

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The Maynard-McKeown site is an early 16th-century St. Lawrence Iroquoian village situated near present-day Prescott, Ontario. During the summer of 1987 approximately a quarter of the 1.6 hectare settlement was excavated, including all or portions of twenty-three longhouses, multiple palisades, a defensive ditch, two sweatlodges, and numerous other features of social significance. To date, this site constitutes the largest excavation of a St. Lawrence Iroquoian site in either Canada or the United States and the only such site that has produced evidence of trade with Europeans. It is also one of only a few sites attributable to what was probably a confederation of tribes for which strong contextual data exists. The availability of these data presents the as yet rare opportunity to assess hypotheses concerning the past behaviour of this now culturally extinct people. Historic and ethnographic evidence indicates that past Iroquoian cosmology was premised on the tenuousness of human and horticultural vitality and the means by which these could be addressed for the betterment of the populace. Commonly expressed through an emphasis on such opposing dualities as men and women, destruction and creation, hunting and horticulture, and extra-societal influence versus intra-societal influence, these efforts were ultimately perceived as complementary and, consequently, socially sustaining. Material culture and settlement pattern data from the Maynard-McKeown site was used to gain an improved appreciation for some of the ways in which this cosmology is reflected in the archaeological record. In particular, attention was paid to the interpretation of individual ritual features, purification structures including the two aforementioned sweatlodges and a possible woman's house, longhouses for indications of clan ownership, and material culture iconography. Analysis was facilitated through extensive recourse to extant histo
Le site Maynard-McKeown regroupe les vestiges d'un village d'Iroquoïens du Saint-Laurent. Trouvé près de la ville actuelle de Prescott, en Ontario, ce site date du XVIe siècle. Pendant l'été 1987, environ le quart de ses 1.6 hectare a été fouillé. On y a fouillé des parties ou l'ensemble de 23 maisons longues, plusieurs palissades, une tranchée, deux huttes à sudation et de nombreux autres vestiges ayant une portée sociale. Aucun autre site Iroquoïen du Saint-Laurent n'a donné lieu à des fouilles aussi extensives que celui de Maynard-McKeown ; c'est aussi le seul à fournir des preuves d'échanges commerciaux avec des Européens. De plus, il s'agit de l'un des seuls sites qui comporte d'importantes données contextuelles et que l'on puisse attribuer à cette confédération de tribus. Ces données permettent maintenant d'évaluer des hypothèses au sujet du comportement ancien de cette population dont la culture s'est éteinte. Ainsi, selon des sources historiques et ethnographiques, la cosmologie iroquoïenne aurait été axée sur la précarité des récoltes et de la vie humaine, ainsi que les stratégies pouvant contrer cette précarité au bénéfice de la communauté. Ces efforts étaient exprimés à travers des dualités perçues comme complémentaires et donc positifs pour la société, telles que le masculin et le féminin, la destruction et la création, la chasse et l'horticulture, et les influences venant de l'intérieur et de l'extérieur de la société. Cette reconstruction de la cosmologie iroquoïenne est enrichie par l'examen de ses vestiges matériels et par des données sur la disposition du peuplement. Plusieurs éléments du site ont été analysés en cette optique, par exemple des vestiges à portée rituelle, des structures visant la purification telles que les deux huttes de sudation et une maison attribuée aux femmes, des maisons longues pouvant comporter des$

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20

Morrow, Giles. "Analyzing the invisible: an assessment of the applicability of space syntax analysis to ritual and domestic architecture at ancient Tiwanaku, Bolivia." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66988.

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This thesis addresses the archaeological application of spatial syntax analysis to ritual and domestic architecture, focusing on the pre-Inka state of Tiwanaku in the highlands of South America. The pan-Andean tradition of ceremonial architecture known as the Sunken-Court is examined from both hermeneutic and quantitative perspectives. To test the practicality of the quantitative methods explored, topographic and geophysical prospection techniques were used to detect and visualize buried ritual and domestic architecture at the site of a non-elite residential sector of Tiwanaku known as Mollo Kontu. The potential of an archaeological methodology that combines geophysical and quantitative spatial analyses is then critically assessed in light of the survey results, suggesting the need for more nuanced qualitative approaches to the analysis of the ancient built environment.
Cette thèse porte sur l'application d'une analyse spatial syntaxique sur l'architecture rituelle et domestique, avec focus sur l'état pré-Inka de Tiwanaku dans les hautes terres de l'Amérique du Sud. La tradition pan-Andine d'architecture cérémoniale connu sous le nom de Temple Semi-Souterrain est examinée avec une perspective herméneutique et quantitative. Pour tester la faisabilité des méthodes quantitatives explorées, des techniques de prospection topographiques et géophysiques ont été utilisées pour détecter et visualiser l'architecture rituelle et domestique enfouie dans une aire résidentielle non-élite de Tiwanaku, nommée Mollo Kontu. Le potentiel d'une méthodologie qui combine l'analyse spatiale géophysique à une analyse quantitative est ensuite jugé de façon critique à la lumière des résultats de prospection, et suggère ainsi le besoin d'ajouter une approche qualitative nuancée à l'analyse d'anciens environnements construits.

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21

Ames, Christopher. "From chipped to ground: the spatio-temporal systematics of 9,000 years of archaeological change in southwest British Columbia." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66987.

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Over the past 9000 years of prehistory on the southwest coast of British Columbia there was a technological transition from early artifact assemblages of chipped stone to more recent ones of ground and polished stone, bone, and antler. Current accepted explanations of this transition rely on relatively few sites and a deeply entrenched set of chronological phases. In this study, I combine the data being produced by archaeological consultants, known as "gray" literature, with academic sources and archived provincial reports, to assess the nature of the documented transition and determine if the phase concept is influencing the interpretation of archaeological change. The results show that current conceptions of a uniform and gradual transition from assemblages dominated by chipped stone to ones dominated by ground stone are inaccurate, highlighting the interpretive constraints of the phase concept for analyzing archaeological change and the need to conceptualize space and time as continuous variables.
Au cours des 9000 dernières années de la préhistoire sur la côte sud-ouest de la Colombie-Britannique il y a eu une transition technologique des assemblages composés principalement d'outils de pierre taillée vers des assemblages composés de pierre polie, d'os et d'andouiller. Les explications courantes de cette transition se fondent sur relativement peu d'assemblages et un concept de phases chronologiques profondément enraciné. Dans cette étude, je combine les données produite par les firmes archéologiques, connus sous le nom de littérature « grise », avec des sources académiques et des rapports provinciaux archivés, pour évaluer la nature de la transition et déterminer si le concept de phase influence l'interprétation du changement archéologique. Les conceptions actuelles d'une transition uniforme et progressive d'assemblages dominés par la pierre taillée vers les assemblages dominés par la pierre polie sont inexactes. Elles accentuent les contraintes interprétatives sur l'analyse du changement archéologique et elles démontrent la nécessité de conceptualiser l'espace et la chronologie comme variables continues plutôt que comme unités.

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22

Mattox, Christopher. "Materializing value: a comparative analysis of status and distinction in urban Tiwanaku, Bolivia." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106512.

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This study seeks to better understand the expression of wealth and status within two sectors of the capital of the Tiwanaku polity, which expanded out of highland Bolivia between 250 and 1100AD. The city of Tiwanaku consisted of a cosmopolitan urban environment, complete with magnificent monumental works, statues, and an elaborate material culture at the city's core, and simultaneously featured extensive residential sectors which housed the majority of the population along the periphery. This urban pattern has been taken, sometimes uncritically, to suggest differences in wealth and status between inhabitants of different sectors of the site. My analysis of the architecture and ceramics from two ritual and residential compound excavations focuses on problematizing the idea of wealth at Tiwanaku; understanding the specific ways which the inhabitants of these areas defined and utilized valuable objects; and recognizing the way these valuable objects, in turn, defined the users. Using a model which assumes that ideas of wealth are heavily embedded in culture and context, I argue that inhabitants of Tiwanaku did, in some, but not all cases, exhibit distinction through the use of material goods at the site. This conclusion highlights the importance of holistic interpretation when looking to the questions of the materialization of past ideas of status and wealth.
Cette étude cherche à mieux comprendre comment la richesse et le statut social étaient exprimés dans deux secteurs de la capitale de l'État de Tiwanaku qui s'étendait hors des hauts plateaux Boliviens entre 250 et 1100 ap. JC. La ville de Tiwanaku était un environnement urbain cosmopolite, comprenant dans son centre de magnifiques structures monumentales, statues, et une culture matérielle élaborée, tout en comprenant une vaste étendue de secteurs résidentiels qui abritaient la majorité de sa population dans sa périphérie. Ce patron urbain est souvent utilisé pour suggérer des différences entre les résidents de secteurs distincts du site en terme de richesse et statut social, parfois sans esprit critique. Mon analyse de l'architecture et de la céramique de deux enceintes rituelles et résidentielles excavées porte sur la problématique de l'idée de la richesse à Tiwanaku; sur la compréhension spécifique de la manière dont les habitants de ces secteurs définissaient et utilisaient les objets de valeur; et sur la reconnaissance de comment ces objets de valeur définissaient à leur tour les utilisateurs. En utilisant un modèle qui assume que l'idée de la richesse est profondément imbriquée dans la culture et le contexte social, je propose que les habitants de Tiwanaku manifestaient leur distinction à travers leur utilisation de biens matériels dans certain cas particuliers. Cette conclusion souligne l'importance d'une interprétation holistique lors de l'étude de la question de la matérialisation physique de concepts de statut et de richesse tenus par le passé.

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23

Hahn, Randy. "Andean commensal politics and alternative rituals of power at Jatanca, Peru." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66978.

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In this study, I examine evidence for feasting at Jatanca, an ancient ceremonial center on the Peruvian North Coast occupied by peoples associated with Gallinazo material culture as early as 300 B.C.. I conducted a surface collection of ceramic sherds to compare activities between Jatanca's ceremonial compounds and non-elite residential areas to determine whether the site contains evidence of feasting in plazas within the compounds. My analysis finds evidence that might point to the hosting of feasts, but at the same time Jatanca contrasts markedly from other ceremonial centers, including Late Moche sites in the Jequetepeque, in that a strong correlation between feasting vessels and specialized ceremonial space is for the most part lacking. My analysis leads me to question the uncritical application of Inka models that tend to homogenize the diversity of Andean ritual practices, belief systems, and the sociopolitical relations they ultimately mediated.
Dans cette étude, j'examine des données suggérant la présence de festins à Jatanca, un ancien centre cérémonial sur la côte Nord Péruvienne, occupé par des peuples associés à la culture matérielle dite Gallinazo depuis au moins 300 B.C.. J'ai entrepris une collection de surface de tessons de céramiques pour comparer les activités représentées entre certains complexes cérémoniaux et aires résidentielles non-élites dans le but de déterminer si le site démontre la présence de festins dans les places publiques à l'intérieur des complexes. Mon analyse suggère la présence de festins, mais diffère de façon marquée avec d'autres centres cérémoniaux, incluant les sites Moche Tardifs dans le Jequetepeque, par le manque d'une corrélation forte entre les contenants associés aux festins et les espaces cérémoniaux spécialisés. Mon analyse me porte à questionner l'application non-critique de modèles Inkas qui tendent à homogénéiser la diversité des pratiques rituelles andines, les systèmes croyances, et les relations sociopolitiques dont ils sont médiateurs.

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24

Gupta, Neha. "Behind the frontline: local communities, national interests and the practice of Indian archaeology." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110444.

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This study is concerned with change and continuity in the practice of Indian archaeology. Its characterization as a national tradition is examined in light of relations between local communities and the national government, and in terms of archaeological practices that developed in colonial India. The research employed geographic information systems and historical methods to highlight the importance of changes in the social and political organization of society for the study of the history of archaeology. It is argued that the questions archaeologists asked, the methods they employed and the evidence they deemed credible, served the interests of the colonial government, and that these understandings were reinterpreted as Indian or nationalistic ones. Moreover, in Independent India, archaeologists often served the social and political aims of the national government by justifying the displacement of local communities and by obscuring their interests in the preservation of cultural heritage and in the interpretation of archaeological data. In the Republic of India, a nationally-oriented framework has taken a caste-based view of prehistory. This perspective justified economic, social, cultural and political marginalization of aboriginal peoples. This view of the Indian past has excluded India's ethnic and linguistic minorities from social dynamics and social history. This, in turn, has influenced the potential and aims of Indian archaeology.
Cette étude porte sur les changements et la continuité des pratiques de l'archéologie indienne. Le fait qu'elle soit considérée comme tradition nationale est examiné en fonction des relations entre les communautés locales et le gouvernement national, et en fonction des pratiques archéologiques développées à l'époque coloniale. Cette recherche a été menée en ayant recours au système d'information géographique ainsi qu'à des méthodes historiques afin de souligner l'importance, pour l'histoire de l'archéologie, de changements dans l'organisation sociale et politique de la société. On y comprend que les questions archéologiques posées, les méthodes employées, ainsi que les preuves jugées crédibles ont servi les intérêts du gouvernement colonial, et ont souvent été réinterprétées en tant qu'indiennes ou nationalistes. On y comprend aussi que, en Inde indépendante, les archéologues ont souvent servi les visées sociales et politiques du gouvernement national en justifiant le déplacement de communautés locales et en négligeant leurs intérêts dans la préservation du patrimoine culturel et dans l'interprétation de données archéologiques. Au sein de la République indienne, une approche orientée sur la nation a mené au développement d'une compréhension de la préhistoire basée sur les castes. Cette perspective a permis de justifier la marginalisation économique, sociale, culturelle et politique de peuples autochtones. Cette vision de l'histoire indienne a exclu les minorités ethniques et linguistiques indiennes des dynamiques sociales et de l'histoire sociale. Ceci a exercé une influence sur le potentiel ainsi que sur les visées de l'archéologique indienne.

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25

Vallières, Claudine. "A taste of Tiwanaku: daily life in an ancient Andean urban center as seen through cuisine." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114168.

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This dissertation explores issues of identity at Tiwanaku, the urban cosmopolitan capital of an ancient Andean polity. This is done through an in-depth investigation of domestic culinary practices within the non-elite neighbourhood of Mollo Kontu. Recent research on the creation and maintenance of Tiwanaku socio-political relations has emphasized the importance of communal feasting events as the process through which residents were integrated into a broad Tiwanaku inclusive state identity. In particular, the consumption of maize beer (chicha), and the use of attractive ceramic paraphernalia attached to chicha production and consumption, are viewed as key aspects of the consensual integration to the Tiwanaku lifestyle. Results from my investigation of everyday culinary practices suggest that this Tiwanaku state inclusive identity was not as universally accepted as previously suggested. A detailed analysis of faunal remains from selected domestic contexts is presented and integrated with ceramic, paleoethnobotanical, ichtyoarchaeological, and bioarchaeological results, to illustrate the chaîne opératoire of cuisine at Mollo Kontu. I demonstrate that its residents managed their own camelid herds for meat production and consumption, independently from the Tiwanaku state. Their presence represents the exploitation of a shared food preference rather than an epiphenomenon of the residents' economic and political situation. Mollo Kontu daily cuisine emphasized and valued the ingestion of local resources, especially domesticated camelids, in contrast to the Tiwanaku state identity manifested in the commensal consumption of beer made of non-local maize. This suggests both an independence from the state, and the reinforcement of a local highland identity through the ingestion of locally produced staples, in an increasingly cosmopolitan urban context. Combined with isotopic results which showed Mollo Kontu residents consumed little maize, I argue that Mollo Kontu residents did not fully embrace the pluri-ethnic nature of the Tiwanaku state; in their daily lives they embraced their local roots through their culinary practices.
Cette dissertation explore des phénomènes identitaires ayant cours à Tiwanaku, capitale urbaine et cosmopolitaine d'une ancienne unité politique andine, grâce à l'étude approfondie des pratiques culinaires domestiques associées au quartier non-élite de Mollo Kontu. Des recherches récentes sur la création et le maintien des relations socio-politiques à Tiwanaku insistent sur le rôle stratégique des festins communautaires dans l'intégration des résidents à l'intérieur d'une même identité étatique Tiwanaku, vaste et inclusive. Plus particulièrement, la consommation de bière de maïs (chicha) et l'utilisation de céramiques d'une grande qualité esthétique pour la production et la consommation de chicha sont vues comme jouant un rôle clé dans l'intégration consensuelle des résidents à l'intérieur d'un mode de vie Tiwanaku. Les résultats de mon étude des pratiques culinaires quotidiennes (à Mollo Kontu) indiquent toutefois que cette identité étatique Tiwanaku n'était pas universellement acceptée, contrairement à ce que les études antérieures suggéraient. Une analyse détaillée des restes fauniques provenant d'une sélection de contextes domestiques est présentée et combinée à des résultats obtenus à partir de vestiges céramiques, paléobotaniques, ichtyologiques et bioarchéologiques afin d'illustrer la chaîne opératoire des pratiques culinaires à Mollu Kontu. Je démontre que les résidents de ce quartier géraient leurs propres troupeaux de camélidés à des fins de production et de consommation, et ce indépendemment de l'état de Tiwanaku. Je soutiens que l'existence de ces troupeaux n'est pas qu'un épiphénomène résultant de la situation socioéconomique des résidents, mais bien le reflet d'une préférence culinaire partagée. La cuisine quotidienne de Mollo Kontu favorisait et mettait en valeur l'ingestion de ressources locales, notamment celle de camélidés domestiques, et contrastait en cela avec l'identité étatique Tiwanaku qui se manifestait par la consommation commensale de bière produite à partir de maïs, une ressource non-locale. Ceci suggère à la fois une indépendence face à l'état et le l'existence d'une identié locale associée aux hautes-terres et renforcée par l'ingestion de produits du terroir, dans un contexte urbain de plus en plus cosmopolitain. Sur la base de ces données, combinées à des résultats d'analyse isotopique démontrant que les résidents de Mollo Kontu consommaient très peu de maïs, je soutiens que ceux-ci n'adhéraient pas complétement au caractère multi-ethnique de l'état de Tiwanaku; dans leur vie quotidienne ils célébraient leurs racines locales par le biais de leurs pratiques culinaires.

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26

Ames, Christopher. "Hominin occupation and landscape evolution during the Middle and Late Pleistocene at the Druze Marsh site in northeast Jordan." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121317.

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The Druze Marsh is a spring-fed wetland in northeast Jordan that, due to years of over-pumping the aquifer, dried out completely in the 1980s. This study combines detailed stratigraphic and sedimentological analysis of seven test pits and one controlled excavation in the exposed marsh bed, with artifact analysis and radiometric dating, to reconstruct the changing landscape since the Middle Pleistocene and relate hominin use of the area to environmental change. The results show that there are extensive hominin occupations in the Druze Marsh from the Late Lower Paleolithic through the Epipaleolithic that correspond to relatively dry environments when the wetland was reduced in size, suggesting the Druze Marsh acted as a desert refugium for hominins during adverse climatic conditions, with important implications for regional population continuity, turnover, and/or extinctions. Separating these occupations are extended periods when the wetland increased in size and depth, becoming a shallow lake that drowned land previously available for hominin occupation and forcing these populations into the surrounding river channels that flow into the central basin. Positioned at the north end of a string of paleolakes that connects the Levantine Corridor to the west and central Arabian Peninsula to the southeast, river networks around the Druze Marsh may have provided an additional inland route for hominins dispersing between Africa, Eurasia, and the Arabian Peninsula during wetter climates. Establishing the full significance of the Druze Marsh and other desert paleolakes for hominin survivorship and dispersal during the Middle and Late Pleistocene requires additional joint paleoenvironmental and archaeological research.
Situé dans nord-est de la Jordanie, le Marais Druze est une région marécageuse alimentée par une source complètement asséchée depuis les années 1980 à cause de pompages excessifs qui ont abaissé sa nappe phréatique. Afin de reconstruire l'évolution du paysage depuis le Pléistocène moyen jusqu'à aujourd'hui et d'établir la nature des liens entre la présence des hominidés et des changements environnementaux dans la région, la présente étude combine les analyses stratigraphiques et sédimentologiques de sept sondages géologiques et d'une fouille effectuée dans le lit du marais, l'analyse d'artéfacts archéologiques et la datation radiométrique des dépôts archéologiques. Les résultats de ces analyses indiquent que les hominidés occupèrent à plusieurs reprises et d'une manière soutenue le marécage entre la fin du Paléolithique inférieur et l'Épipaléolithique, pendant des intervalles climatiques arides durant lesquelles l'étendue du marais était considérablement réduite. Ces données se complémentent pour suggérer que le marais ait servi de zone de refuge pour les hominidés quand les conditions climatiques se détérioraient dans la région. En ce qui concerne la continuité des populations régionales et leurs extinctions localisées, les résultats de cette étude impliquent notament que les populations préhistoriques occupaient le marais quand le climat était moins clément et l'abandonnait quand le climat s'améliorait et que le basin se remplissait, devenant parfois un lac peu profond qui les repoussait le long des rivières qui se déversent dans le bassin. Étant donné leur situation à l'extrémité nord d'une chaîne de paléolacs reliant le Corridor Levantin à l'ouest et le centre de la Péninsule Arabique au sud-est, ces rivières entourant le marais pourraient ainsi avoir fourni une route intérieure additionnelle pour les migrations humaines entre l'Afrique, l'Eurasie et l'Arabie pendant les périodes humides du Pléistocène. La juste importance du Marais Druze, d'autres paléolacs et des déserts dans le contexte de l'histoire des populations humaines du Pléistocène moyen et supérieur du Proche-Orient reste néanmoins à être étoffée par de futures études paléoenvironnementales et archéologiques plus poussées.

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27

Collins, Benjamin. "The taphonomy and subsistence strategies from the Middle Stone Age occupation at Sibudu Cave, South Africa." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121447.

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Анотація:

This study examined the faunal assemblage from Sibudu Cave, a final Middle Stone Age site in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A two-part hierarchical method was employed, with the assemblage's taphonomy being first assessed, followed by a zooarchaeological interpretation of the hunting strategies used by Sibudu's final Middle Stone Age occupants. These data and the other archaeological information from the final Middle Stone Age occupation were then compared with other sites from similar temporal and geographic contexts to contribute to a broader regional interpretation of the archaeology from this period and the Middle-to-Later Stone Age transition. The taphonomic study demonstrated that humans were the primary agents in the accumulation of the faunal assemblage, and that the faunal materials were heavily burned and fragmented as a result of human activity. Based on the geoarchaeology and the similarity of this assemblage to those from previous occupations, the burning and fragmentation are most parsimoniously interpreted as site maintenance and cleaning behaviours. Site maintenance and cleaning by discarding refuse into fires and hearth features is also posited for earlier occupations at Sibudu, suggesting behavioural continuity through time. The zooarchaeological analysis identified a bimodal focus on Size 1 and Size 3 ungulates. A comparison of the ethology for the species identified in the assemblage shows that the Size 1 ungulates are generally solitary and prefer closed, wooded habitats close to the site. In contrast, the Size 3 ungulates are generally gregarious and prefer more open savanna habitats further away from the site. This pattern was compared against the ethnographic record, and is posited to demonstrate two different, but complementary hunting strategies. Small groups of men are suggested to have hunted the larger Size 3 ungulates, while mixed groups of men, women and children are suggested to have hunted the Size 1 ungulates. To place Sibudu's final Middle Stone Age occupation within its regional and temporal context, it was compared to roughly contemporaneous occupations from Umhlatuzana Rockshelter and Border Cave. This comparison identifies technological similarities between Umhlatuzana and Sibudu, but differences in both technology and hunting strategies between Sibudu and Border Cave, with the latter being identified as Later Stone Age. These differences emphasise the complex nature of the Middle-to-Later Stone Age transition within this region, and may demonstrate a potential cultural boundary between the northern and southern parts of KwaZulu-Natal.
Cette étude prends comme sujet l'assemblage faunique grotte Sibudu Cave, un site du paléolithique moyen-finale au KwaZulu-Natal, en Afrique du Sud. Une méthode en deux parties hiérarchique est utilisé: premièrement l'assemblage de la taphonomie est évaluée, suivie d'une interprétation archéozoologique des stratégies de chasse utilisés pendant le paléolithique moyen-finale par les occupants de Sibudu. Ces données et les autres informations archéologiques de l'occupation du paléolithique moyen-finale sont ensuite comparé avec d'autres sites de contextes temporels et géographiques semblables afin de contribuer à une interprétation plus régional de l'archéologie de cette période de transition et le paléolithique moyen-finale.L'étude taphonomique démontre que les humains étaient les principaux agents de l'accumulation de l'assemblage faunique, et que les matériaux fauniques ont été fortement brûlé et fragmentée parl'activité humaine. Basé sur la géoarchéologie et sur la ressemblance de cet assemblage à ceux des occupations antérieures, la combustion et la fragmentation sont les plus parcimonieusement interprété comme les résultats de l'entretien du site et du nettoyage. Cette tendance à nettoyer le site en brûlant les déchets dans des feux et des foyers caractérise aussi les périodes d'occupation antérieures à Sibuduce qui suggère une continuité de comportement dans le temps sur ce site. L'analyse archéozoologique identifie un accent bimodale sur les ongulés des groupes de grandeur 1 et 3. Une comparaison éthologique des espèces identifiées dans l'assemblage montre que les ongulés du groupe 1 on des habitudes généralement solitaires et préfèrent les milieux boisés clos, à proximité du site. En revanche, ongulés du groupe 3 sont généralement plus sociables et préfèrent les environnements de savane plus ouverts qui sont plus loin du site. Ce modèle est comparé à la documentation ethnographique, et il est proposé que ça démontre deux stratégies de chasse qui sont différentes, mais complémentaires. Il est proposé que des pettits groupes exclusivement males ont chassé les ongulés de grand taille du groupe 3, tandis que des groupes mixtes d'hommes, de femmes et d'enfants sont suggérées pour avoir chassé les ongulés plus petits du groupe 1.Pour placer la période d'occupation de la grotte Sibudu pendant le paléolithique moyen-finaledans un contexte régional et temporel, il est comparé à des occupations de site à peu près contemporaine à Umhlatuzana Rockshelter et la grotte Border Cave. Cette comparaison met en évidence les technologies comparables de Umhlatuzana et Sibudu, mais aussi les différences dans la technologie et les stratégies de chasse de Sibudu et Border Cave, ce dernier un occupation de site du période paléolithique finale.. Ces différences soulignent la nature complexe de la transition entre le paléolithique moyen et le paléolithique finale dans cette région, et peuvent peut-être montrer une frontière culturel entre les régions nord et sud du KwaZulu-Natal.

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28

Ferris, Iain M. "Studies in Roman archaeology, art and religion." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573912.

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29

Phann, Sambath. "Archaeology of (missing) knowledge." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10241595.

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Анотація:

In this study, I re-tell the life stories of two Khmer high school “dropouts,” Thom and Kevin. Through the collection and reflection of their life stories, I specifically discovered what led Thom and Kevin to “drop out” and uncover whether either had planned on pursuing or dreamt of a four-year postsecondary education in high school. Through interviewing, surveying, and participant-produced visual art, I offered glimpses into their everyday experiences and hopes and dreams for their futures. Based on the stories of Thom and Kevin and Khmer stories in the literature, I provided “Khmer-up,” culturally responsive, and proactive actions to see educational justice for Khmer lives. Issues of invisibility, loneliness, lack of a sense of belonging, personal hardships, challenges in school and community, and their desires for better lives for themselves ricocheted from their stories.

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30

Livers, Michael. "Airport Rings: Stone Circle Archaeology In Yellowstone National Park." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01102010-233321/.

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Анотація:

This report contains the results of the archaeological investigations performed at the Airport Rings Site in the Montana portion of Yellowstone National Park. During the 2007-2008 Montana Yellowstone Archaeology Project (MYAP) Field school, University of Montana Students excavated three stone circles or tipi rings. The crew uncovered three hearths and collected several hundred lithic artifacts, including stone tools, and faunal remains. The Airport Rings Site was the first stone circle site to be excavated inside Yellowstone National Park.

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31

Dick, David Scott. "Cinnabar: Archaeology and History of Yellowstone's Lost Train Town." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06182010-004451/.

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The archaeological work completed by the Montana Yellowstone Archaeological Project (MYAP)at Cinnabar, Montana in part as a requirement for Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). The project was conducted as a project between The University of Montana and Yellowstone National Park prior to the 2008 Boundary Land Re-seeding Project within Yellowstone National Park.

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32

Mortensen, Lena. "Constructing heritage at Copan, Honduras an ethnography of the archaeology industry /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3204306.

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Анотація:

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Anthropology, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: A, page: 0239. Adviser: Richard R. Wilk. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 22, 2007)."

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33

MacWilliams, Arthur Carson. "The archaeology of Laguna Bustillos Basin, Chihuahua, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289765.

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Laguna Bustillos Basin in central Chihuahua is one of several closed basins having abundant remains of human occupation. During several field seasons of survey and excavation in this basin and surrounding areas, 75 sites were recorded, and ten of these partially excavated. Objectives of this research were describing archaeological remains, introducing a preliminary culture historical framework for the Ceramic period, and both identifying and addressing topics for research. Late Archaic period sites are abundant in a dunefield north of Laguna Bustillos. Most excavated sites are small Ceramic period rancheria settlements. Radiocarbon dates from these sites span roughly AD 200 to AD 1200, with a preponderance of calibrated dates spanning AD 800-1200. These are referred to as La Cruz sites. Additionally, one multi-component cave site and a cerro de trincheras were tested. The cave provided evidence of repeated use of mountains bounding the north side of Laguna Bustillos Basin. Radiocarbon dates from the cerro de trincheras indicate later occupation, probably after AD 1400. A pit house was excavated in one site 80 km north of Laguna Bustillos. This site is the same radiocarbon age as most or all La Cruz sites but distinctly different, belonging to the Viejo period of Northwest Chihuahua. These results are used to suggest that a social boundary existed between these areas 1000 years ago and that Laguna Bustillos Basin was temporarily abandoned at approximately AD 1200. Cultural persistence and emphatic dependence on local resources by dispersed populations are also viable interests for future research.

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34

Pinsky, Valerie Ann. "Anthropology and the new archaeology : a critical study of disciplinary change in American archaeology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272789.

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35

Pennefather-O'Brien, Elizabeth. "Biological affinities among Middle Woodland populations associated with the Hopewell horizon." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3229573.

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Анотація:

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Anthropology, 2006.
"Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 3, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-08, Section: A, page: 3047. Adviser: Della Cook.

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36

Alex, Bridget Annelia. "Establishing Contexts of Encounters: Radiocarbon Dating of Archaeological Assemblages With Implications for Neanderthal-Modern Human Interactions." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493527.

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This dissertation seeks to reconstruct the distribution of Neanderthals and modern humans in time and geographic space in order to better understand the nature of interactions between the groups. Because human fossils from the Late Pleistocene are so rare, the biogeography of Neanderthals and moderns is primarily inferred from radiocarbon dates of archeological industries, which are assumed to have been made by one group or the other. Following this methodology, I critically reviewed published radiocarbon dates and produced new dates from active excavations in three regions: the Levant, Balkans, and Northeast Europe. The resulting regional chronologies were compared to the distributions of Neanderthals and moderns predicted from interaction models of no overlap, rapid replacement, and prolonged coexistence. The scenario of prolonged coexistence was subdivided into models of integration, displacement, and avoidance. Informative archaeological chronologies were produced for each region. In Northeast Europe, my new dates and site chronologies for Ciemna and Obłazowa Caves, Poland, suggest that the Middle Paleolithic ended before 45 kcalBP. In the greater region, a number of distinct assemblages appeared during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS-3), but the duration and sequence of these industries is not well resolved due to the large uncertainties of the available chronometric dates. In the Levant, the dates and chronology reported here for Manot Cave, Israel, help to clarify the timing of Early Upper Paleolithic industries and test proposed migrations of modern humans between the Near East and Europe. Specifically, at Manot the Early Ahmarian industry was present by 46 kcalBP and the Levantine Aurignacian occurred between 37-35 kcalBP. However, it was the results from the Balkans that were most applicable to the interaction models proposed in this dissertation, and therefore most informative on the nature of Neanderthal-modern human interactions. The new dates from Pešturina, Hadži Prodanova, and Smolućka Caves, combined with published dates from other sites, suggest that Neanderthals and moderns overlapped for several thousand years in the Balkans. During this period of overlap the groups occupied distinct geographic zones, consistent with the models of prolonged coexistence by displacement or avoidance. The period of overlap ended by 39,000 calBP at the time of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption and onset of the Heinrich Event 4 cold phase.
Anthropology

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37

Egeland, Charles P. "Zooarchaeological and taphonomic perspectives on hominid and carnivore interactions at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274912.

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Анотація:

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Anthropology, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 11, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: A, page: 2998. Adviser: Travis R. Pickering.

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38

Fischer, Alysia Anne. "Integrating anthropology in pursuit of the Byzantine period glass industry in northern Israel." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279932.

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Анотація:

Humans have utilized glass for over five thousand years. This dissertation seeks to show how, following a variety of anthropological avenues, one can come to a richer understanding of glass-working in the past. The research deals with the application of ethnoarchaeology, excavation, experimental archaeology, archaeometry and physical anthropology to an archaeological case study in an integrated manner. The case study in question is the production and distribution of glass in the Galilee region of Israel during the Byzantine period (363-640 C.E.). Remains of glass production, vessel production, and even the transportation of glass have all been excavated in the Galilee dating to this era. Integrating the data from the various anthropological sources yields a glimpse into the lives of glass-workers in antiquity.

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39

McClelland, John Alan. "Refining the resolution of biological distance studies based on the analysis of dental morphology: Detecting subpopulations at Grasshopper Pueblo." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280433.

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The study of variation in dental morphology has long been an accepted method of assessing biological distance between human populations. Recently, greater emphasis has been placed on detecting biological differences within populations. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine if a refined method of dental morphological analysis is capable of detecting the presence of population subsets. A large collection of skeletal remains from Grasshopper Pueblo in east-central Arizona is the subject of the study. The pueblo was occupied from A.D. 1275 to 1400. Previously, researchers have demonstrated through the application of archaeological and chemical isotope evidence that there were population subsets at Grasshopper that had differing geographic origins within the region. Therefore, the efficacy of intrasite biodistance based on analysis of dental morphology may be tested against this independent source of information regarding population subdivisions. The principal refinement in method involves the measurement of tooth crown components through the use of digital imaging. More than 600 specimens were examined and a full suite of nonmetric and metric traits were recorded. Intra- and interobserver tests were conducted and some traits were excluded from further analyses because of questionable reliability. Replicability of the digital image measurements is encouraging. In general, univariate comparisons of trait frequencies among suspected population subdivisions were not conclusive. Multivariate analysis, using Gower's general coefficient of similarity with subsequent cluster analysis, proved more successful. The spatial distributions of the adult population subdivisions that are suggested by the chemical isotope study and this dental biodistance study are similar. This result tends to confirm the efficacy of dental morphology as a tool for intrasite biodistance investigation. The spatial patterns formed by cluster analysis of juveniles differ substantially from the adult patterns. Furthermore, the use of tooth crown component measurements proved more effective at detecting population subdivisions than the use of standard ordinal traits.

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40

Lyons, Patrick Daniel. "Winslow Orange Ware and the ancestral Hopi migration horizon." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280552.

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Анотація:

This project involved instrumental neutron activation analysis of 428 ceramic vessels and clays, typological analysis of 1135 vessels, and stylistic analysis of more than 400 bowls. Most of the items analyzed were recovered from the Homol'ovi villages, a group of eight Pueblo III--Pueblo IV (circa A.D. 1250--1400) sites located near Winslow, Arizona. These studies were conducted in order to address the question of the origin(s), geographically speaking, of the ancient inhabitants of the Homol'ovi villages. The results of the compositional analysis indicate local production of Winslow Orange Ware at Homol'ovi and in the Petrified Forest. Circulation of Winslow Orange Ware to the Anderson Mesa area, the Tonto Basin, and the Verde Valley is also evident. Furthermore, among the earliest ceramic assemblages from the Homol'ovi sites were found locally-produced versions of ancestral Hopi pottery types and vessel forms. The compositional data also point to local production of Roosevelt Red Ware at Homol'ovi and in the Petrified Forest. The whole vessel study resulted in the observation that most Winslow Orange Ware vessels represent attempts to produce Jeddito Orange Ware using materials indigenous to the Middle Little Colorado River Valley. An examination of the dating and distribution of different kiva forms revealed that Homol'ovi ceremonial architecture reflects western Kayenta and Tusayan patterns, supporting the ceramic-based inference of ancestral Hopi migration. Placing these results in broader context, it is possible to discern an ancestral Hopi migration horizon which corresponds with what has been called the Salado archaeological culture or the "Salado phenomenon." By examining Hopi oral texts, it was observed that many include information that correlates with archaeological and anthropological models of Hopi origins. By hypothesizing that these accounts represent significantly restructured texts, it is possible to resolve apparent disconformities between Hopi oral tradition and anthropological inferences. This conception of Hopi migration accounts allows resolution of conflicting interpretations of Homol'ovi, i.e., the idea that it is an ancestral Hopi place because its inhabitants moved to the Hopi Mesas circa A.D. 1400, versus the notion that it is an ancestral Hopi place because its inhabitants were immigrants from the Hopi Mesas.

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41

Carpenter, John Philip 1957. "El ombligo en la labor: Differentiation, interaction and integration in prehispanic Sinaloa, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282237.

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Анотація:

Northwest Mexico, often characterized as a vast gulf (the so-called Chichimec Sea) between the complex societies associated with the Mesoamerican superarea and the middle-range societies of the American Southwest, remains poorly understood by both Mesoamericanists and Southwesternists. This research analyzes funerary remains in order to reconstruct aspects of social, political, economic and ideological organization of the Huatabampo/Guasave culture, a prehispanic complex in northern Sinaloa and southern Sonora, Mexico. The data are primarily derived from Gordon F. Ekholm's excavation of a large burial mound situated on an abandoned meander of the Rio Sinaloa, approximately six kilometers from the modern town of Guasave, Sinaloa. Whereas previous models have traditionally considered this area as a marginal periphery of both Mesoamerica and the American Southwest, this study directs attention to the role of indigenous developments in culture change, inter-regional interaction and integration. The results support the interpretation of this region as an environmentally, spatially and culturally intermediate area between West Mexico and the Southwest.

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42

Fratt, Lee 1953. "Grinding in the Anasazi household: A study of aggregation and technology in the northern San Juan region of the American Southwest." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282285.

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Aggregation, which includes village formation, refers to the concentration of population into larger settlements or communities from previously small, dispersed settlements. An outgrowth of studies of aggregation is explaining the social organization of aggregated communities. This study examines the impact of aggregation on Anasazi social organization and community dynamics in the northern San Juan region using information from milling tools. Milling tools (manos and metates) are usually associated with studies of subsistence. By considering technology to be imbedded in social contexts and taking a technological approach to milling tool (mano) analysis, this project produced new insights into mano variability and the relationship between technological behavior and social change. The theoretical basis of this study are design theory and ideas about changes in the structure of organizations. Theories of organizational change in response to growth such as that entailed by aggregation, propose that one way in which unranked societies with no formalized leadership positions mediate scalar stress and promote community integration is by elaborating the ritual-ceremonial system. Another proposed consequence of aggregation is an increase in the size of households. Both of these consequences have implications for grinding activities such as maize milling. This study uses information from a technological analysis of manos to refine models of household milling activities and the organization of aggregated communities inferred from architecture and ceramic analysis. The research focuses on investigating (1) whether there were differences in milling between households in aggregated and unaggregated settlements and (2) whether there were differences in milling among households in villages. By using design theory as a framework for the technological analysis, technological profiles of mano assemblages from households in unaggregated and aggregated Pueblo I and Pueblo III period communities were developed. The analysis results suggest that milling was more intensive at aggregated settlements than unaggregated settlements, and that the level of this activity in different households in aggregated settlements varied with the household's inferred status and participation in the ritual-ceremonial system. The household was identified as the locus of technological change, and the study suggests that changes in grinding technology are linked to household differentiation.

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43

Cook, Patricia Maria 1965. "Basal platform mounds at Chau Hiix, Belize: Evidence for ancient Maya social structure and cottage industry manufacturing." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282545.

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Анотація:

Traditional interpretations of ancient Maya social organization formulated more than half a century ago persist in current reconstructions. These proffer an ancient culture dichotomized into two distinct groups, elites and commoners, based on distinct social or economic characteristics. Recent research has shown that this theoretical dichotomy is unrealistic. A continuum in artifact assemblages and quantities, architectural sizes, styles and construction techniques, burial and cache contents, and other data sets indicate that interpretations identifying specific contexts as either elite or commoner are difficult to make. This has led some Mayanists to propose the existence of a middle class in ancient Maya society. This separate class is identifiable in the archaeological record by certain architectural units and limited access to restricted items. A multiple class reconstruction of ancient Maya culture more easily explains the diversity found in the archaeological record, and offers alternative models of Maya social, economic, and political systems. The Basal Platform Mound Project investigated a particular architectural type, the basal platform mound, that was hypothesized to represent the middle class. Excavations were undertaken at the site of Chau Hiix, in northern Belize, between 1993 and 1997. The four goals of the project were: (1) to identify and define a middle class within an ancient Maya community; (2) to determine the economic and social roles of this class within the ancient society at Chau Hiix during the Late Classic through Postclassic periods; (3) to determine the internal variability within this stratum as an indicator of the complexity of social systems among the ancient Maya; and (4) to determine if using the intersection of particular architectural styles and select artifact categories to identify social class is appropriate. This dissertation reports the results of the Basal Platform Mound Project, and offers a reconstruction of ancient Maya social, economic, and political trajectories that incorporates a middle class as a dynamic factor. A model is presented in which the middle class played a crucial role during the transition from the Late and Terminal Classic to the Postclassic periods, participating directly in the economic system as producers and perhaps as distributors. The flexibility and variability documented within this social group may be key to understanding the diverse developmental trajectories exhibited by different sites across the Maya Lowlands.

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44

Grindell, Beth 1948. "Unmasked equalities: An examination of mortuary practices and social complexity in the Levantine Natufian and Pre-pottery Neolithic." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282815.

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Анотація:

This study presents the results of an analysis of mortuary practices as reflected in 637 burials from 19 Natufian and Pre-pottery Neolithic sites in the southern Levant. The analysis focuses on selected dependent variables such as primary or secondary state, position, orientation, location, skull presence or absence, and grave goods presence or absence. It analyzes their frequency against such independent variables as age and sex of the deceased, period, and site. The analysis reveals that Natufian burial practices differed fundamentally from Prepottery Neolithic practices in that they reflect a much lower level of ritual involvement in disposing of the dead than is seen in the Pre-pottery Neolithic. The unstandardized burial practices and seemingly expedient nature of Natufian burials are found to be consistent with, but not exactly parallel to, the types of practices found in Woodburn's (1982a) "immediate return" societies and Douglas' (1970) "weak grid and group" societies. Increased standardization of burial practices in the Pre-pottery Neolithic, and greatly increased emphasis on skull removal and reburial, indicates a greater emphasis on ritual through which the body was a symbol of society. In the Middle and Late PPNB, mortuary practices emphasized an increasingly "group" oriented society with well defined social boundaries with respect to outside groups. Internal differentiation, however, was slight: some difference based on age is present but differentiation based on sex is not reflected in burial practices. Skull removal practices accelerated through the PPNA and Middle PPNB. Such practices represent ancestor cults that may have provided mechanisms of social negotiation over control of critical but restricted resources in an otherwise egalitarian society. With the advent of the PPNC, the ancestor cult symbolized by the skulls disappeared. This undoubtedly reflects the disappearance of the PPNB agricultural and herding way of life and the advent of a more pastorally based economy. In the face of new economic opportunities presented by such a shift, ancestors were less necessary in attempts to control local resources.

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45

Towner, Ronald Hugh 1957. "The dendrochronology of the Navajo pueblitos of Dinetah." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288823.

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Анотація:

Pueblito sites include masonry structures and forked-stick hogans in defensible positions in the traditional Navajo homeland of Dinetah. Pueblitos have been a key piece of evidence used to infer a massive immigration of Puebloans into the Navajo country following the Spanish Reconquest of New Mexico. Archaeological and tree-ring evidence places the sites in their proper temporal and geographic perspectives and suggests that immigration has been overstated as a factor in models of Navajo cultural development. An expanded pueblito site tree-ring database illuminates early Navajo wood use behavior, the temporal and spatial patterning of pueblito site occupations, and relationships between climate and the Navajo occupation and abandonment of Dinetah. Wood use behaviors identified at the pueblito sites include construction with freshly cut and stockpiled timbers, beam reuse, repair and remodeling of structures, and dead wood use. Different selection criteria by the builders, combined with differential preservation, have resulted in different qualitative and quantitative data for pueblitos and forked-stick hogans. The wood use model developed has serious implications for dating early Navajo structures. The tree-ring and archaeological data indicate that most pueblitos are neither temporally nor spatially related to Puebloan immigration or the Spanish Reconquest. Masonry structures and hogans at the sites are contemporaneous and were constructed by Navajos for protection against Ute raiders. Furthermore, most pueblitos were occupied for relatively short periods of time and the regional population density was much lower than has been previously assumed. A dendroclimatic reconstruction indicates that the 1300s and late 1400s were both periods of relatively stable and favorable conditions that may have facilitated Navajo entry into the Dinetah. The drought of 1748, often cited as a cause of the abandonment of the Dinetah, was a single-year event and probably not a "push" in the abandonment. The wide geographic distribution of early Navajo settlement has been ignored because of the spectacular nature of and good preservation in pueblitos. A new model of Navajo ethnogenesis is based on a different early Navajo population distribution and a variety of other means of incorporating non-Athapaskan elements into Navajo culture.

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46

Strand, Jennifer Gail 1958. "An analysis of the Homol'ovi fauna with emphasis of ritual behavior." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288835.

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Анотація:

An extensive analysis of the faunal material recovered from the four Homol'ovi pueblos yielded data on the past environment and changes in human and animal interactions. Life-history models incorporating ethnographic and ecological literature were developed and used to identify behaviors associated with the acquisition, processing, use, and disposal of animals in general, and specifically animals used in ritual context. The expectations created by these models were evaluated using a detailed, deposit driven, contextual analysis of each structure. Changes in ritual behaviors involving the fauna, ritual objects, and structures were identified; and included the introduction of new or expanded ritual abandonment processes at the two large, aggregated villages of Homol'ovi I and II. These changes in ritual behaviors suggest that ritual specialization occurred as a possible response to scalar stress during the plaza-oriented aggregation period (post A.D. 1330), and that ritual-based social power was enhanced by this specialization.

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47

Herr, Sarah Alice. "The organization of migrant communities on a Pueblo frontier." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288985.

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The Mogollon Rim Region of the eleventh and twelfth centuries presents a contradiction to those who study it. Population reconstructions demonstrate low populations, but the region, situated on the far southwestern edge of the puebloan world, is overbuilt with a form of community integrative architecture called the "great kiva." Situated outside the areas of Southwest archaeology's strong organizations, the region is considered one of archaeology's "weak patterns." "Weak patterns" indicate a lack of normative behavior and are associated with patterns of expediency, diversity, and mobility, and identify regions with alternative forms of social organization, including frontiers. The frontier can be understood as both a "place" and a "process." This definition provides an analytic bridge between weakly patterned behavioral manifestations and sociopolitical interpretations of areas beyond and between archaeology's strong patterns. It also clarifies the implications of the coincidence of the processes migration, integrative architecture, and situations of low population density. In this dissertation, ethnographic and historical accounts are used to develop a model of the frontier. The frontier situation has an effect on the organization of households and communities. Understanding the relationships of households and communities is a means of reconstructing the social and political organization of a region. The frontier model is operationalized by deriving expectations for household and community production, distribution, transmission, reproduction, and coresidence. Data from five excavated Mogollon Rim region great kiva sites: Cothrun's Kiva Site, Hough's Great Kiva Site, AZ P:16:160(ASM), Tla Kii Pueblo, and Carter Ranch Pueblo, four management projects, and over 20 surveys provide information about household and community production, distribution, transmission, reproduction, and coresidence. These data are then used to reconstruct the sociopolitical organization of the region as a frontier. Comparison of the material culture of the Mogollon Rim region to that of the three contemporaneous regional organizations of Chaco, Mimbres, and Hohokam suggests that the Mogollon Rim region was a frontier to the Chacoan organization. This application of a frontier model suggests that is possible to use ethnographic and historical information to construct models that integrate regions of weak patterns and temporary social formations into models of social and political organization.

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48

Nielsen, Axel Emil. "Andean caravans: An ethnoarchaeology." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289098.

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This dissertation reports on ethnoarchaeological research conducted among present-day llama pastoralists, (or llameros) in the community of Cerrillos (Province Sud Lipez, Department of Potosi, Bolivia). Using a theoretical framework that combines elements of Marxism and Practice Theory, it aims at defining archaeological correlates for Andean pastoralism and caravan traffic, identifying ways in which the material remains of these activities can be used to explore aspects of the political economy in which they were immersed. Pastoral settlement systems include a minimum of four settings where traces of this activity could potentially be found; these are termed main residences, herding posts, grazing areas, and gathering places. Caravan settlement systems involve six, i.e., caravanners' residences, routes, overnight stops, rest places, articulation points, and extractive loci. Each one of these settings is analyzed in terms of activities, location, artifact content, internal organization, and medium-term processes that condition the relative redundancy in their use. The principles that regulate the organization of behavior and its their material residues in these contexts are discussed, extracting several general propositions that could serve to identify the archaeological record of prehistoric pastoralism and caravan traffic. These remains could also provide important information regarding six variables that are crucial to understand the role of caravan trade in broader social and economic processes: degree of pastoral specialization of caravanners; goods transported; elites' involvement in traffic; ethnic context of trade; geopolitical context of trade; and network configuration.

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49

Elson, Mark David 1955. "An ethnographic perspective on prehistoric platform mounds of the Tonto Basin, Central Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290644.

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The function of prehistoric platform mounds in the American Southwest has been a subject of archaeological debate for more than 100 years. Two basic theories have been suggested: platform mounds were the residential domains of elite leaders who ruled socially complex groups, or platform mounds were nonresidential ceremonial centers used by groups of low social complexity. These theories have been based primarily on archaeological data because platform mounds were not constructed by any historic period Southwestern group. To better understand the nature of these features and the groups that used them, a cross-cultural analysis is undertaken of ethnographic or ethnohistoric platform mound-using groups from the Pacific Ocean region, South America, and the southeastern United States. Nine groups are examined in detail, and common attributes of mound-using groups are abstracted and synthesized. Insights gained through this analysis are then applied to a prehistoric settlement system in the Eastern Tonto Basin of central Arizona. This system was most intensively occupied during the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350), when it contained five platform mounds within a 6-km stretch of the Salt River. A new model for Roosevelt phase settlement is presented that suggests that the platform mounds were constructed by two competing descent groups. Although the mounds were not residential, the groups that used them were socially complex with well-defined, institutionalized leadership. The mounds played a role in the management of irrigation and other subsistence systems and were used to integrate groups of different enculturative backgrounds and to mark descent group territory.

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50

Welch, John Robert 1961. "The archaeological measures and social implications of agricultural commitment." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290674.

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This is a case study of the causes and consequences of the shift from a forager-farmer adaptive strategy to village agriculture in the Southwest's mountainous Transition Zone. The earliest inventions and adoptions of agriculture have attracted a steady stream of archaeological research, but far less attention has been given to the subsequent change to dietary dependence on and organizational dedication to food production--agricultural commitment. Although there is little doubt that the Southwest's large villages and small towns were committed to successful farming, methodological and conceptual problems have impeded archaeological analyses of the ecological and evolutionary implications of this revolutionary shift in how people related to the world and to one another. The rapid and radical change that occurred in the Transition Zone's Grasshopper Region during the late AD 1200s and early 1300s provides a high resolution glimpse at the processes and products of agricultural commitment--notably increasing reliance on farming and the development of permanent towns and institutionalized systems for resource and conflict management. The model proposed for the Grasshopper Region involves population immigration and aggregation leading to increased agricultural reliance and related changes in settlement and subsistence ecology as well as social organization. Critical issues involve the ecological, social, and theoretical significance of these shifts, the methodological capacity to track dietary, settlement, and organizational change archaeologically, and the implications for understanding Western Pueblo social development in terms of seeing the Grasshopper occupation as an experiment in agriculturally-focused village life.

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Дисертації з теми "Anthropology, Archaeology and Religion"

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